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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 80-25; LA COSTA MEADOWBROOK; ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT; 1980-12-01I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I. INTRODUCTION This report has been prepared based on an archaeological investigation and testing phase in accordance with the needs and requirements of the City of Carlsbad and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The fieldwork and subsequent analysis was designed to delineate the extent and signifJcance of a cultural resource, recorded as SDM-W-915 at the Museum of Man, San Diego, California. The archaeological site is located immediately adjacent to the Meadowbrook project area, and as development plans called for the grading of portions of the site, impacts to the resource had been determined to be of a significant level. As a result of this testing program, and in conjunction with the anal- yses, impacts to the data base have been reduced to an insignificant level. II. ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING A. LOCATION The site SDM-W-915 is located within the Rancho Carrillo ·Planned Community property immediately north of and adjacent to the Meadowbrook project in Carlsbad, California. It is located in the northwest quarter of the southeast quarter of Section 19, Township 12 South, Range 3 West, S.B.M. on the 7.5' U.S.G.S. Rancho Santa Fe Quadrangle (see Figure 1). B. PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Native Americans of San Diego County were greatly influenced in their daily lives by their environment. Dependent on natural resources for their survival, they were very sensitive to water sources, natural protection and material resources. An under- standing and appreciation of the environment is important in any proper analysis of cultural resources. Archaeological site SDM-W-915 is located on the crest of a small ridge trending in a northeast-southwest direction. Elevation of the site is 550 feet above Mean Sea Level. Earlier grading activities have removed that portion of the site that extended south of the currently defined site's present area. The twelve-foot bank resulting from this grading revealed the geomorphological structure of this ridge and demonstrated the presence of subsurface artifacts. An on-site inspection by Soil Scientist George Borst revealed the principal soils of the area to be classified as 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL SETTING A. CULTURAL OVERVIEW The earliest well-defined and accepted cultural tradition occurring in San Diego county is the San Dieguito (Rogers, 1939). These early hunter-gatherers made stone tools which consisted of percussion-flaked scrapers and planes, large blades and projectile points, hammerstones, and distinctive chipped stone crescents. Also attributed to the San Dieguito are trail shrines and stone sleeping circles (Rogers, 1966). This tradition has been divided into four phases: San Dieguito I, occurring in the California desert east of the Laguna Mountains; San Dieguito II, the first phase well documented in San Diego county from 10,000-11,000 years ago; San Dieguito III, in evidence in the County until approximately 7500 years ago (Warren and True, 1961); and San Dieguito IV, known only from Baja California. Through time, an evolution within the San Dieguito Tradition occurred which included the abandonment of the sleeping circle and the increased use of finer lithic (stone) materials for tools (more cryptocrystalline material). In addition, there was a shift in the use of land with San Dieguito III camps occupying the valleys of the major rivers instead of the mesas and ridges where the San Dieguito II camps were located. Following the San Dieguito Tradition is the La Jolla complex, which is the apparent coastal expression of the extens- ive Milling Stone Horizon in Southern California (Wallace, 1955). The La Jolla complex is characterized by flexed inhumation, small pressure retouched flakes, manos and metates, and a subsistence strategy including marine shellfish exploita- tion, as evidenced by shell middens, particularly at locations near bays and lagoons. Generally recognized as being an inland variety of the same group whose coastal manifestation is La Jollan, is the Pauma. Pauma sites are usually located on alluvial fans and exposed knolls or terraces overlooking intermittent watercourses (True, 1958). Material culture elements include portable milling (grinding) implements, basalt and felsite scrapers, flakes, cores, cobble hammers and some core hammers; projectile points, though present, are not common (True, 1958). The La Jollan complex was followed by the late prehistoric period between 2500 and 2000 years ago. The late prehistoric period began with the appearance of the Shoshonean culture (San Luis Rey I and II) in northern San Diego county, and Yuman culture (Cuyamaca, Kumeyaay) in the southern portion (Wirth Associates, 1978). The San Luis Rey complex, defined by Meighan (1954) in the San Luis River drainage, is divided into two phases. San Luis Rey I is characterized by small pressure- flaked triangular projectile points, bedrock mortars and metates, 4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ·- manos and pestles, flake scrapers and drilled stone ornaments. San Luis Rey II contains those aforementioned elements of San Luis Rey I with the addition of cremations, pottery, and rock paintings. The Cuyamaca material assemblage is similar to the San Luis Rey II. Variations include well-defined cemeteries, cremation jars, grave offerings, and a greater variety of ce~amic ~orms. Additional views on cultural dynamics and traditions may be reviewed within Overview of the Prehistory and History of Inland San Diego County (Wirth Associates, 1978) and Evaluation of Ear1y Human .Activities and Remains -in the California Desert (Davis, 1980). An Intensive Archaeological Reconnaissance of the La Costa Land Company Property (Kaldenberg, 1976) and Prehistoric Lifeways at La Costa North (Bull, 1978) may be consulted for a more regional perspective. B. RECORD SEARCH . A review of pertinent literature and files maintained by the San Diego State University Cultural Resource Management Center and the San Diego Museum of Man revealed the presence of 18 archaeological sites within one mile of SDM-W-915 (see Table 1). Based on the present information generated by archaeological surveys _conducted within the Carlsbad area, it appears that primarily the earlier aboriginal groups utilized this area. These surveys are often conducted within San Diego County as a result of requests by City and County agencies normally associated with present-day land development. As many areas within the_County have not been surveyed and only certain types of projects require surveys., an inherent bias appears in the archaeological data base. Fortunately the La Costa area has been extensively surveyed and many sites have been recorded, specifically through the efforts of the La Costa Land Company and Archaeologist Russell Kaldenberg. A review of Table 1 suggests the area was primarily used by pre-pottery horizon individuals as only one of the sites encountered revealed pottery. It is possible some of these sites are in reality post-ceramic horizon sites exhibiting a specialized activity separate from one involving the utilization of ceramics. Any of the seven sites exhibiting primarily shell such as SDM-W-1088, SDM-W-1087 and SDM-W-1089 fit this category. Typical shell encountered include Chione, Pectin and Donax. Kaldenberg (1976) extracted a shell sample during his 1975 survey from an unknown portion of the exposed cut bank and submitted it to the University of California Rivers.ide Radio Carbon Lab. This sample, taken from approximately 30 centimeters below the surface, was dated by Dr. Irv Taylor as 6880 + 280 B.P. 5 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ·- SDM-W 191 659 917 1078 1079 1080 1081 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 Table 1. Archaeological Sites Within One Mile of the Project Site SDi 4498 4397 4679 4680 4681 4682 4684 4685 4686 4687 4688 4689 4690 Site Description Campsite, "scattered occupation with no concentrations," San Dieguito II. Milling site, stone ·enclosures, 40+ flakes, potter½manos, midden, 4,000 square meters, Kumeyaay (Kaldenberg, 1975). Quarry, l00's of flakes/debitage, hammerstones, core fragments, blades, 6000 square meters, late prehistoric (?) (Kaldenberg, 1976). Campsite, 6 flakes/debitage, light scatter of shell, 380 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, very light shell scatter (clam?), 200 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, very light dispersed shell scatter · 100 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, undesignated shell and£ flakes/ debitage, 360 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, 5 flakes/debitage, some burnt undesignated shell, knife base, ·90 square meters, possibly Late Prehistoric (Hanna, 1976). Quarry lithic workshop, 2 cores, 50 flakes/ debitage, 400 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, 2 flakes, 1 scraper, 50 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Village, 60 flakes/debitage, hammerstones, cores, mano fragments, shell, charcoal, 1500 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, very light shell scatter (bean clam) 300 square meters (Hanna, 1976). Campsite, very light shell scatter of Chione and Pectin, 200 square meters (Hanna, 1976); Camp, 20 flakes/debitage, Chione and Donax shell, 250 square meters (Hanna, 1976). 6 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I SDM-W 1090 4692 2380 SDi 4691 1091 7306 4843 Site Description Lithic workshop/camp, 20 flakes/debitage, 90 square meters {'Hanna, 1976}. Campsite, light scatter of artifacts, 1 flake, 1 mano, 1 chopping tool, Chione and Pectin shell {Cook, 1976). Lithic workshop/campsite, 1 scraper, 1 blade, 1 mano, hammerston~ fragment, debitage, 3500 square meters {Graham, 1979). Adobe house with ~ooden roof, a few flakes, 35 square meters (Kaldenberg, 1976). 7 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I A review of the literature revealed discrepancies in the results of previous on-site investigations. The 1975 survey inspection of SDM-W-915 revealed the presence of +40 flakes and debitage, 12 scrapers, a broken blade fragment and aboriginal shell including Chione, Pectin and Oyster. Artifact lithologies were defined as highly patinated felsite and basalt. All of the scrapers were typed of felsite. A revisit of the site by Hatley in April of 1980 dis.closed that none of the previously recorded felsite scrapers were visible. Further investigation recorrected the misidentified oyster shell as that of a natural marine deposit. Ten small flakes were collected by Hatley, several of which were hypothesized to represent possible harvesting practices as utilization appeared to have occurred on one side only. Hanna (1980) has suggested vandalism has occurred at this site which explains the non-recordation of these artifacts by later investigative teams. IV. ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING A. METHODS Archaeological testing methods were implemented based on an assessment of SDM-W-915 by MSA, Inc. staff archaeologists after an on-site inspection and a review of pertinent literature (Kaldenberg, 1976; Bull, 1976; Hanna, 1980). A meeting with Principal Planner Michael Holzmiller, City of Carlsbad, revealed that the archaeological testing/mitigation procedures outlined by MSA, Inc. complied with the intent of Condition No. 25 of Planning Commission Resolution No. 1666, approving the project. Recommended testing/mitigation procedures which were implemented included (1) the excavation of postholes placed on 10-meter centers throughout the site, (2) the excavation of six 1-meter by 1-meter units to test for midden and to generate an artifact population and (3) a systematic geometric surface collection sample over the site. The site was revisited and resurveyed in late October, 19-S0. Project Archaeologist Steven Apple utilized the services of R. P. Case, A. Rock, R. L. Mccorkle and M. Austin during the field phase. Those talents of E. McPheeters and R. L. Mccorkle were utilized as laboratory analysts while R. -Keith Olmo provided general guidance, assessments and technical advice (see Section VIII, Project Staff). An on-site analysis by soils scientist George Borst was conducted and his observations and comments were integrated into this report. Site boundaries were determined based on the observed presence of surface artifacts. After appropriate brush clearing, 8 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I which required approximately 8 person days, as vegetation was extremely dense, a grid was superimposed over the site and 23- centimeter-diameter auger holes emplaced. A total of 69 auger holes were excavated and screened through 1/8" mesh {see Figure 2). These excavations provided clues to the extent of sub- surface deposits while further defining.the site's boundaries. A representative surface artifact population was collected by gathering all artifacts within a 1-meter radius of each of the 69 auger holes. • Based upon an analysis of the distribution of encountered surface and subsurface artifacts, unit placement was felt to be most advantageous utilizing an appropriate statistical sampling strategy. A stratified random sample exhibiting uneven proportions was utilized in addition to the iptuitive emplace- ment of one unit. The archaeological site or target population was divided into the maximum number of 1-meter by 1-meter units possible so that each area received an equal representation. Then the target population was subdivided into four approx- imately equal stratums {see Figure 3). One random number representing the location of the subsequently excavated unit was then drawn for stratums 1, 2 and 3. As this was a stratified random sample of unequal proportions, stratum 4 had two random numbers generated as this area contained the suspected original site. Stratum 3 received an additional unit intuitively placed which was not part of the statistical sampling strategy. Stratification sampling procedures are most useful in situations where previous investigations have divulged clues as to the basic structure and location of the investigated remnants {Redman, 1974, p. 12). As the auger excavation and screening provided a handle on subsurface densities and gross artifact types, this type of sampling strategy was felt to be most relevant (Austin, 1980). A total of six 1-meter by 1-meter units were excavated and screened through 1/8" mesh revealing subsurface artifacts. Appropriate maps were generated, black and white photographs were taken of the test units and other relevant data collected. Test unit level forms, posthole forms, notes and all photographs will be maintained as part of MSA, Inc. permanent files and are available, upon request, for inspection. Laboratory analysis, as standardly practiced by MSA, Inc., included cleaning of the artifacts and recordation of length, ·width, thickness, weight and rock type .. Additionally, provenience codes reflecting location, too·l type, tool shape, medial and flake angles, variations of specific attributes and wear patterns were.recorded as appropriate. These data will be maintained with the collection under the care of MSA, Inc. or with the proprietors of this project, the Anden Group. 9 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I B. EMPIRICAL DATA Subsurface testing revealed that the Meadowbrook site is intensively riddled by animal burrows, probably those of the California Ground Squirrel. Because of this, soil development is patchy, and the cultural materials contained in the soil are out of primary coptext. Of significance is the insight this gives archaeolo- gists to site genesis. Ground squirrels are apparently attracted to disturbed soils. This will routinely be the situation if the soil has supported aboriginal activities. Once ground squirrels are established they will continue to attract other members of their species until a community exists. As a result of the intense burrowing associated with this community, site-soil will be completely mixed in under a thousand years, and possibly in under half that. After some time soil formational processes (Horizon development) will re-establish their characteristics in areas that have been mixed but do not currently contain active burrows. The re-establishment of horizon distinctions could effectively mask the presence of earlier bioperturbations and cause the investigator to believe that cultural material is in a primary context, except in those few areas where more recent animal burrowing is observed. This is an erroneous assumption, and one which has probably characterized many archaeological investigations. Also it was observed that Huerhuero-loam soil is found on the site. This soil is the product of.the in-situ disaggregation and-chemical weathering of the underlying Del Mar Formation. As such it is a process that generates soil from the surface downward. There is no way to introduce a subsurface cultural component without it being introduced by the soil mixing activities of the burrowing animal. The implications of these observations are enormous. Archaeological sites containing subsurface deposits that occur in soils formed by in-situ weathering instead of alluviation should be immediately suspect. Furthermore if sites contain crotovinas or animal burrows, especially those of the California Grey Squirrel, the site inte_grity should be totally suspect. Excavation of unit 1 in stratum 1 revealed a total of three flakes, seven debitage fragments and one shell fragment. As evidenced .b¥-the paucity of materials encountered in auger holes within stratum 1, the area appears to· repres~nt an erosional secondary deposition. Stratum 2 also appears to be the result of tbis same secondary deposition as it is also downslope. Excavation of unit 2 within this stratum disclosed two debitage fragments and one retouched flake. A total of two flakes and seven debitage fragments were encountered in unit 3, stratum 3. This area also appears to represent an area outside of the original site boundaries. 12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Unit 6, intuitively placed within stratum 3 along the cut bank, revealed a total of four flakes, 19 debitage fragments and 88.7 grams of shell. As ·in each unit, excavation was conducted utilizing an arbitrary 10-centimeter level with. exhumed materials screened through a l/8"·mesh. Excavation was terminated-when a sterile level was encountered. Although a sterile level was encountered at the -10 cm to -20 cm level, excavation was continued to a depth of -78 cm. This was done to determine the presence of the suspected marine deposit. encountered in units 4 and 5, and also visible in the cut bank. This deposit was encountered at -78 cm with one questionable aboriginal shell fragment and 1 debitage fragment disclos-ed within the -20 cm to -78 cm area. Although a few more artifacts were revealed in unit 6 than in units 1, 2 and 3, this region within stratum 3 also appears to be outside of the main activity area of SDM-W-915. The excavation and screening of auger holes and test units demonstrated that stratum 4 contained the largest amount of cultural material and was most likely that area of the original deposit. A large portion of the area immediately south of SDM-W-915 was cut away previous to the site's 1975 recordation. The presence of subsurface material up to an_d within the cut bank implies that the site did indeed extend beyond this point. Excavation and screening of unit 4 resulted in the largest amount -0f cultural debris recovered in any of the six units. A total of 338 flakes, 1201 debitage fragments, 4 cores, 5 scrapers, 1 hammerstone, 1 projectile point, 1 possible blade fragment and 1 mano fragment were disclosed. A tally of the rock types of encountered flakes revealed the presence of metaquartzites {38%), fine grained metavolcanics, sometimes termed felsites {30%), quartzites {9%}, medium and low quartz porphyry {9% each) while the remaining 5% were composed of high quartz porphyrys, chalcedony or agates, metavolcanics and one clear quartz crystal. Debitage fragment rock types revealed metaquartzites {56%), fine grained metavolcanics (19%), medium quartz porphyrys (8%), low quartz porphyrys (6%), quartzite {4%) while the remaining (7%) consisted of high quartz porphyrys, gabbroids, chalcedony or agate, chert, jasper, metasediments, metavolcanics, clear quartz crystal and unclear vein quartz. Unit 5 contained the_ second largest artifact count of the six units, however, unit 4 contained more artifacts than all of the other units combined. A total of 40 flakes, 109 debitage fragments, 1 scraper and 2 hammerstones were encountered. Exactly 35% of the flakes were fine matrix volcanics with the remainder identified as medium quartz porphyrys (28%), quartz- ites (18%), metaquartzites (5%), higq quartz porphyry (2%) and low quartz porphyry (2%). Debitage rock types were similar to flake types: fine matrix volcanics {44%), medium quartz porphyrys (28%), quartzites (12%), metaquartzites (11%) with 13 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I high and low quartz porphyrys, chalcedony and agate representing 5%. Relatively few lithic tools were encountered during this archaeological investigation. Of the 648 catalogued artifact groupings, only 23 were lithic tools. Table 2 demonstrates the frequencies of tools relative to their lithologies. All four of the cores were of different rock types, while both hammer- stones were fine grained unidentified volcanics. Five of° the nine scrapers were metaquartzite, three were chalcedony and one was an extremely small clear quartz crystal. All three manos encountered at SDM-W-915 were classified as different rock types. The presence of manos implies the utilization of metates which were. not encountered. Since no metates and only three manos were encountered their utilization at this site was quite likely very minor. However, since lithic tools have apparently been removed from the site via vandalism (Hanna, 1980), and only part of SDM-W-915 remains as the result of pre-1975 earth moving/cutting activities (Kaldenberg, 1976) any statistical analysis or site reconstruc- tions must be considered as educated guesses. One projectile point, catalogued as #147, was recovered from the site in stratum 4, unit 4. Its size and shape implies its utilization as a spear head or dart. This would most likely be propelled through the use of an atl-atl or thrown with the full force of the user's hand, arm and shoulder muscles to be effective. A total of five bone fragments were unearthed, all within unit 4 between -60 cm and -80 cm. These were quite likely the remains of a relatively recent small rodent. As no other bone was encountered within the site and 1/8" mesh was utilized, which normally results in increased bone recovery compared to 1/4" mesh, osteological material probably did not preserve well at this site, or was never present in large quantities. The presence of so many rodent burrows and so little bone suggests the former but does not necessarily negate the latter hypothesis. • One small piece of graphite was recovered whic~ is not indigenous to this knoll. It is possible the graphite was used as a body paint as it has been in other later cultures. A review of the catalogue sheets generated as the result of the laboratory analysis disclosed the presence of ten identifiable shell genus at SDM-W-915. These include Chione (40%), Pectin (20%), Mytilus (10%), Ostrea (10%} and Tagelus (5%). Percentages have been given as approximations of all identifiable shell. Balanus was identified twice, and Tellina, Acimaea, Donax and Anemia Peruviana were each identified once. All shell except for one specimen was collected from within the 14 ------------------- Table 2. Frequency and Rock Types of Lithic Tools at SDM-W-915 Utilized Hammer/ Projectile Flake Scraper Hammer Core Core Blade Point Mano Total High quartz porphyry 1 l Medium quartz porphyry l l 1 3 Low quartz porphyry l 1 2 Unidentifiable -volcanic 2 1 l 4 Chalcedony or agate 3 3 I-' Quartzite lJl 1 l Metaquartzite 5 l 6 Clear vein quartz 1 l Granitoid 1 1 Intermediate Pl utoni c 1 l TOTAL 2 9 2 1 4 1 1 3 23 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 6 units while the majority was recovered from units 4, 5 and 6. The ..;nomia Peruvibna specimen was arbitrarily collected from the surface in addition to the systematic _geometric sample. It should be noted that the non-aboriginal marine deposit associated with this knoll contains oyster shell as well as other shell types and a precise separation of cultural and natural deposits was not always possible. SDM-W-915 appears to be the partial remnants of a specialized aboriginal utilization area. The amount of debitage and the relative smallness in size of the many .flakes indicate a secondary flaking or retouch station, probably for the production-or refinement of lithic tools. At -least partially, some of these tools as they appear in.the archaeological record appear to be scrapers, although vandalism has resulted in a partial uncontrolled collection. These generalizations are based on the _assumption that the southern portion of SDM-W-915 removed before its recordation was similar to the investigated portion. The lithic typologies encountered, the known recorded sites in the vicinity, the Radiocarbon dates for this and other sites in the vicinity and the site's regional location support earlier researchers' hypotheses of an early milling or La Jollan cultural ·classification of SDM-W-915 (Hanna, 1980; Kaldenberg, 1976). V. IMPACTS As a result of the investigations at the Meadowbrook site (SDM-W-915) it was determined that the artifact material was not in-situ, either vertically or horizontally~ having been emplaced as the result of biological activity. This has caused the research potential of the site to be restricted to its spatial position with respect to the surrounding countryside and resources. The traditional types of analysis, concerned with intrasite variability and chronostratigraphy, cannot validly be done. We have determined that the site has little to contribute to the archaeological data base, which will therefore suffer insignificantly from the project impacts. VI. MITIGATION The results of this investigation more than adequately contribute the information site SDM-W-915 has to offer to the archaeological data base. As a result of this work impacts to the cultural resources have been reduced to a level of insignificance. No further work is deemed necessary to mitigate the site. 16 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I VII. PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONSULTED Ken Hedges San Diego Museum of Man Kaye Miller Cultural Resource Management Center, San Diego State University George Borst Soil Scientist Melissa Austin VIII. Steven A. Apple B.A. Anthropology R.K. Olmo M.A. Anthropology M.A. Geology Rebecca Mccorkle B.A. Anthropology Robert P. Case B.A. Anthropology M.A. Candidate, Anthropology Andrea Rock B.A. Anthropology Melissa Austin B.S. Mathematics M.s. Biostatistics Statistician PROJECT STAFF Project Archaeologist Geo-Archaeologist and Technical Adviser Field Supervisor Assistant Archaeologist Assistant Archaeologist Assistant Archaeologist 17 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IX. REFERENCES Austin, Melissa 1980 Personal Communication. Borst, George n.d. The occurrence of crotovinas in some Southern Californian soils. 9th International Congress of·soil Science, Vol. II, Paper 3, pp. 19-27. 1980 Letter on file at MSA, Inc. Bull, Charles S. 1978 Prehistoric Lifeways at La Costa North: An Investigation of Archaeological Sites. Carrillo, Charles C. and C. s. Bull 1980 Archaeological Testing at La Costa-Mission Hills. Davis, Emma Lou 1980 Evaluation of Early Human Activities and Remains in the California Desert. Hedges, Ken 1967 Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany. Kaldenberg, Russell 1976 An Intensive Archaeological Reconnaissance at the La-Costa Land Company Property. Meighan, Clement W. 1954 A late complex in Southern California prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10(2):215-227. Redman, Charles L. 1974 Archaeological Sampling Strategies. An Addison-Wesley Module Number 55, p. 11. Rogers, 1939 Malcolm J. Early lithic industries of the lower basin Colorado River and adjacent desert areas. Museum Paper Number 3, May 1939. of the San Diego 1966 The Ancient hunters -who were they? In Ancient Hunters of the Far West, edited by R. F. Pourade. Union Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Shipek, Florence 1970 The Autobiography of Delfina Cuero. True, D. L. 1958 An early complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23(3) :255-259. 18 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Wallace, William J. 1955 A suggested chronology for Southern California coastal archaeology. Southwes-te-rn Journa·1 of Anthropology 11(3) :214-230. Warren, 1961 Claud N. and D. L. True The San Dieguito complex and its place in California prehistory. Archaeology Survey Annual Report 196.0-1961, pp. 246-291. University of California, Los Angeles. Wirth Associates, Inc. 1978 (n.p.) Overview of the Prehistory and History of Inland San Diego County. Prepared for U.S.D.I., BLM. 19