HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 97-13; CARLSBAD OAKS NORTH; EXISTING CONDITIONS / BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES, WETLAND DELINEATION AND IMPACT ANALYSIS; 1997-11-26I
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Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The Faraday Avenue Extension study area consists of 34.9 acres in the east-central portion of the City
of Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, at the eastern terminus of Faraday Avenue. It lies
between existing developed land in the vicinity of the City's Safety Center, Carlsbad Oaks South
(developed lands off Loker Avenue) and Carlsbad Oaks North (a proposed development).
Topographically, the site consists of a canyon area and steep slopes; elevation varies between about
250 and 340 feet above mean sea level. A narrow incised drainage cuts through the central part of
the site. Low-lying portions of the study area have been disturbed for installation of an underground
utility line and access road. Based on species composition and general physiognomy, seven plant
communities or habitat types were identified onsite: coastal sage scrub (2. 0 acres), coyote brush scrub
(0.2 acre), southern mixed chaparral (1.9 acres), disturbed southern mixed chaparral (2.6 acres), scrub
oak chaparral (15.7 acres), southern coast live oak riparian forest (2.0 acres), and cismontane alkali
marsh (0.1 acre). In addition, six altered or non-native habitat types are present: disturbed wetland
(0.3 acre), non-native (annual), grassland (0.8 acre), ornamental plantings (0.1 acre), disturbed habitat
(1.86 acres), and developed land (7.2 acres).
No species of plant listed as endangered by the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG) or
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) was detected onsite, however four of lesser status but
considered sensitive by the California Native Plant Society were observed: California adolphia
(Adolphia califo_rnica), summer-holly (Comarostaphylis diversifolia), southwestern spiny rush (Juncus
acutus var. !eopoldii) and Nuttall's scrub oak (Quercus nuttal!ii).
No animal species listed as rare, threatened, or endangered by the USFWS or CDFG were observed
onsite. Four species formerly recognized as Category 2 candidates for listing were observed on
adjacent properties and may occur there: southern California rufous-crowned sparrow (Aimophi/a
ruficeps canescens), northern red-diamond rattlesnake (Crota!us ruber ruber), orange-throated whiptail
lizard (Cnemidophorus hyperythrus), and San Diego horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum blainvil/ei).
Impacts of extending Faraday Avenue through the site include the direct losses of the following
natural habitats: coastal sage scrub (0.4 acre); coyote brush scrub (0.1 acre) i southern mixed chaparral
(0.2 acre); disturbed southern mixed chaparral (1.4 acres); scrub oak chaparral (2.8 acres); southern
coast live oak riparian forest (1.1 acres); cismontane alkali marsh (0.1 acre); disturbed wetland (less
than 0.1 acre); and non-native (annual) grassland (0.1 acre). Impacts also will occur to individuals
of the following plant species: California adolphia, spiny rush, Nuttall' s scrub oak and summer-holly.
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Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Faraday Avenue Extension study area consists of 34.9 acres in the east-central portion of the City
of Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, at the eastern terminus of Faraday Avenue. It lies
between existing developed land in the vicinity of the City's Safety Center, Carlsbad Oaks South
(developed lands off Loker Avenue) and Carlsbad Oaks North (a proposed development). Biological
surveys of the property were conducted in January, May, and June 1996, in conjunction with the
adjacent Carlsbad Oaks North proposed development (Dudek & Associates, Inc. 1997) to assess the
existing conditions of the biological resources. The purposes of this report are to describe the
biological character of the study area in terms of vegetation, flora, wildlife, and wildlife habitatsj and
analyze the biological significance of the proposed road extension in view of federal, state, and local
laws and policies.
I 2.0 METHODS AND SURVEY LIMITATIONS
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Data regarding biological resources present on the project site were obtained through a review of
pertinent literature and through field reconnaissance; both are described in detail below.
2. 1 Literature Review
Sensitive biological resources present or potentially present onsite were identified through a literature
search using the following sources: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1989, 1990, 1991, 1993), California
Department ofFishand Game (1980, 1986, 1987), California Native Plant Society's Inventory of Rare
and Endangered Vascular Plants (Skinner and Pavlik 1994), Murphy (1990), RECON (1984), and the
vegetation and sensitive species mapping performed for the North County Wildlife Forum's Multiple
Habitat Conservation Program (SANDAG 1994). General information regarding wildlife species
present in the region was obtained from Unitt (1984) for birds, Bond (1977) for mammals, Stebbins
(1985) for reptiles and amphibians, and Emmel and Emmel (1973) for butterflies.
2.2 Field Reconnaissance
This report reflects the results of biological surveys conducted by Dudek &Associates, Inc., biologists
Brock A. Ortega (BAO) and John W. Brown (JWB), Ph.D., during January, May, and June 1996,
according to the schedule illustrated in Table 1 and follow-up surveys and wetland delineation and
mapping by Harold A. Wier and Jeff L. Thomas in 1997. All surveys were conducted in conjunction
with the adj a cent Carlsbad Oaks North proposed project (DUDEK 1997). All surveys were conducted
by foot; the entire property was surveyed and inventoried for biotic components.
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-9 Jan 1996
10 Jan 1996
18 Jan 1996
19 Jan 1996
24 Jan 1996
25 Jan 1996
1 May 1996
3 May 1996
8 May 1996
10 May 1996
26 May 1996
17 May 1996
24 May 1996
30 May 1996
31 May 1996
3 Jun 1996
5 Jun 1996
10 Jun 1996
13 Jun 1996
24 Jun 1996
8 Jul 1996
24 Jul 1997
25 Jul 1997
Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Table 1
Schedule of Surveys
i ij~~f ~< ! g~f:riri~~; ,,,.
0700-1400 BAO Cool, foggy, 55-62' F, no breeze.
0800-1300 BAO Partly cloudy, 55-65° F, wind 0-3 mph from west.
1400-1730 BAO Partly cloudy, 60-65° F, wind 3-5 mph from west.
0700-1100 BAO light drizzle, 60° F, wind 0-3 mph from west.
0700-1300 BAO Cloudy, 60-65° F, wind 0-3 mph from west.
0830-1330 BAO light drizzle, 55-60° F, wind 3-5 mph from west.
0800-1300 BAO Clear, sunny, 65-70° F, light breeze from west.
0800-1300 BAO Clear, sunny, 65-70° F, light breeze from west.
1200-1600 JWB Clear, sunny, 75-80' F, light breeze from west.
0800-1300 BAO Clear, sunny, 65-70° F, light breeze from west.
1200-1500 JWB Clear, sunny, 70-75° F, light breeze from west.
0800-1300 BAO Clear, sunny, 68-75° F, light breeze from west.
0630-1100 BAO Clear, 65-75° F, light breeze from west.
0830-1200 JWB Clear, 65-75° F, light breeze from west.
1300-1800 JWB Clear, 70-75' F, light breeze from west.
0800-1200 BAO Clear, 68-75' F, calm.
1200-1600 JWB Clear, 70-75' F, light breeze.
0830-1200 BAO Clear, 68-75° F, light breeze from west.
0830-1200 BAO Cloudy, 65-70' F, light breeze from west.
0730-1200 BAO Cloudy, 65-70' F, light breeze from west.
0800-1200 BAO Clear, 70-75' F, light breeze from west.
Not recorded HAW/JLT Not recorded.
Not recorded HAW/JLT Not recorded.
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2.2.1
Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Resource Mapping
In 1996, plant communities were mapped in the field directly onto a clear acetate on a 200-scale
(1"=200') aerial photograph of the area from Aerial Fotobank, flown 6 April 1996. Vegetation
boundaries and locations of sensitive species were transferred onto a 200-scale topographic map of
the site from O'Day Consultants. These boundaries and locations were digitized by DUDEK GIS
technician Martie Clemons using the ArcCadd system at DUDEK. Following this work, in 1997,
additional field work was conducted that resulted in modifications to the vegetation boundaries,
particularly as the result of a focus on wetland communities in 1997.
Boundaries of jurisdictional wetlands were determined in the field. All areas within or adjacent to
a recognizable streambed were examined for their potential as "other waters of the U.S., 11 using the
ordinary high water mark as the criterion, or as wetlands using the presence of hydrophytic, hydric
soils, and evidence of hydrology as criteria per the 1987 Corps of Engineers Manual. Thus, wetland
community delineations were made first, and adjacent community boundaries adjusted in deference
to the wetland. Completed wetland delineation forms for two sites representing study area
conditions are attached as Appendix D for reference.
Plant community classifications used in this report follow Holland (1986), with modifications to
accommodate the lack of conformity of the observed communities to those of Holland. Locations
of rare or sensitive plant species also were mapped throughout 1996 and 1997 field visits, and the
numbers present were estimated. Locations of rare or sensitive wildlife species were mapped only
during the focused studies in 1996.
2.2.2 Flora
All plant species encountered during the 1996 and 1997 field surveys were identified and recorded.
Those species that could not be identified immediately were brought into the laboratory for further
investigation. Latin and common names of plants follow the Jepson Manual (Hickman 1993).
Where not listed in Hickman (1993), common names are taken from Beauchamp (1986) or Abrams
(1923). A list of plant species observed on the property is presented in Appendix A.
2.2.3 Fauna
Wildlife species detected during the 1996 and 1997 field surveys by sight, calls, tracks, scat, or other
signs were recorded. Binoculars (7 x 35 power) were used to aid in the identification of observed
animals. Records from previous biological studies and accounts from local residents also were
consulted. In addition to species actually observed, expected wildlife use of the site was determined
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Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
by known habitat preferences oflocal species and knowledge of their relative distributions in the area.
A list of wildlife species observed or detected onsite is presented in Appendix B.
Latin and common names of animals follow Stebbins (1985) for reptiles and amphibians, American
Ornithologists' Union (1983, 1989) for birds, Jones et al. (1992) for mammals, and Emmel and Emmel
(1973) for butterflies.
2.2.4 Sensitive Biological Resources
Sensitive biological resources are those defined as follows: (1) species that have been given special
recognition by federal, state, or local conservation agencies and organizations due to limited,
declining, or threatened population sizes; (2) species and habitat types recognized by local and
regional resource agencies as sensitive; (3) habitat areas or plant communities that are unique, are of
relatively limited distribution, or are of particular value to wildlife; and 4) wildlife corridors and
habitat linkages.
During the focused field surveys a special effort was made to examine more thoroughly those areas
suspected to support sensitive resources. The timing of the surveys was nearly optimal for the
detection of most annual plants in 1996, and the ambient temperature was warm enough for most
summer-active reptiles during most surveys. Surveys for the federally-listed threatened California
gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica) were conducted following the USFWS protocol: three surveys of
each 100-acre potential habitat area, each survey separated by one week. Six visits were conducted.
Surveys for the state-and federal-listed least Bell's vireo (Vireo bellii pusillus) and the state-listed
southwestern willow flycatchers also were conducted following the protocol of tlie USFWS: eight
surveys each separated by one week.
I 3.0 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
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3.1 Site Description
The Faraday Avenue Extension study area is situated in the eastern part of the City of Carlsbad in
western San Diego County, California (Figure 1). It is bordered to the south by the large industrial
and commercial complex along Loker Avenue (Carlsbad Oaks South), to the west by the industrial
development in the vicinity of the City's Safety Center, and to the north and east by undeveloped
open space (most of which supports native habitat). The property lies approximately 4 miles east
of Interstate Highway 5 and about 0.1 mile north of Palomar Airport Road, on the eastern edge of
the USGS 7.5 minute San Luis Rey quadrangle and the western edge of the San Marcos quadrangle,
T.12S., R.4W. (Figure 2).
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Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Topographically, the site is diverse and elevations vary between approximately 250 and 340 feet
above mean sea level. Topographically, the site consists of a canyon area and steep slopes. A narrow
incised drainage cuts through the central part of the site. Low-lying portions of the study area have
been disturbed for installation of a utility line and provision of an access road.
According to Bowman (1973), the following soils are present onsite: Altamont clay (AtE), Cieneba
coarse sandy loam (C1G2), and Huerhuero loam (HrD).
Soils of the Altamont series consist of well drained clays that formed in material weathered from
calcareous shale. Altamont clay (AtE) occurs on slopes of 15 to 30 percent and on rounded hills, and
supports primarily grasslands with scattered shrubs. Soils of the Cieneba series (C 1E2, Cl G2) consist
of excessively drained, very shallow to shallow, coarse, sandy loams. These soils formed in material
weathered in place from granitic rock. Cieneba coarse sandy loam occurs on hilly uplands with 15
to 30 percent slopes. Soils of the H uer huero series consist of moderately well drained loams that have
a clay subsoil. These soils developed in sandy marine sediments. Huerhuero loam (HrD) occurs on
5 to 9 percent eroded slopes.
Altamont clays in the Carlsbad area have a moderate to high potential of supporting sensitive native
plants that typically are restricted to such heavy clay soils, i.e., thread-leaved brodiaea (Brodiaea
filifo/ia), San Diego golden-stars (Mui/la c!evelandii), California adolphia (Adolphia ca/ifornica), and San
Diego thorn-mint (Acanthomintha ilicifolia).
4.0 RESULTS OF SURVEY
4. 1 Botany -Plant Communities and Floral Diversity
Based on species composition and general physiognomy, seven plant communities or habitat types
were identified onsite: coastal sage scrub (2.0 acres), coyotebrush scrub (0.2 acre), southern mixed
chaparral (1.9 acres), disturbed southern mixed chaparral (2.6 acres), scrub oak chaparral (15.7 acres),
southern coast live oak riparian forest (2.0 acres), and cismontane alkali marsh (0.1 acre). In addition,
five altered or non-native ha bi tat types are present: disturbed wetland (0. 3 acre), non-native (annual)
grassland (0.8 acre), ornamental plantings (0.1 acre), disturbed habitat (1.86 acres), and developed
land (7.2 acres). These habitat types are described below, their acreages are presented in Table 21 and
their spatial distribution is presented in Figure 3.
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4.1.1
Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Table 2
Acreages by Habitat Type
Coastal Sage Scrub
Coyotebrush Scrub
Southern Mixed Chaparral
Disturbed Southern Mixed Chaparral
Scrub Oak Chaparral
Southern Coast Llve Oak Riparian Forest
Cismontane Alkali Marsh
Disturbed Wetland
Non-native (Annual) Grassland
Ornamental Plantings
Disturbed Habitat
Developed
TOTAL
Coastal Sage Scrub
2.0 acres
0.2 acre
1.9 acres
2.6 acres
15.7 acres
2.0 acres
0.1 acre
0.3 acre
0.8 acre
0.1 acre
1.86 acres
7.2 acres
34.9 acres
Coastal sage scrub is a native plant community composed of a variety of soft, low, aromatic shrubs,
characteristically dominated by drought-deciduous species such as California sagebrush (Artemisia
californica), flat-top buckwheat (Eriogonum fasciculatum), and sages (Salvia spp.), with scattered
evergreen shrubs, including lemonadeberry (Rhus integrifo!ia), laurel sumac (Ma/osma !aurina), and
toyon (Heterome!es arbutifolia). It typically develops on south-facing slopes and other xeric situations.
Coastal sage scrub occurs primarily in the western half of the site. It is dominated by either
California sagebrush or black sage (Salvia mellifera) with flat-top buckwheat, lemonadeberry,
coyotebrush (Baccharis pilularis), and laurel sumac as lesser components. It supports a diverse
understory of native herbs and forbs, including golden-yarrow (Eriophyllum confertifiorum), fascicled
tarweed (Hemizonia fasciculatum), deerweed (Lotus scoparius), blue dicks (Dichelostemma capitata),
canchalagua (Centaurium venustum), and several grasses.
Coastal sage scrub occurs in two relatively small patches within the study area.
Coastal sage scrub is recognized as a sensitive community by local, state, and federal resource
agencies. It supports a rich diversity of sensitive plants and animals, and it is estimated that it has
been reduced by 75-80% of its historical coverage throughout southern California. It is the focus of
the current State of California Natural Communities Conservation Program (NCCP).
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4.1.2
Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Coyotebrush Scrub
Coyotebrush scrub is not recognized as a native plant community by Holland (1986). Nonetheless,
it is a distinct vegetational association in southern California, dominated by coyotebrush (Baccharis
pilularis), usually with a few scattered shrubs of other native species. It is a successional community
that frequently occurs in more mesic sites and along drainages where coastal sage scrub or chaparral
has been eliminated by perturbation.
Onsite this habitat is characterized by nearly uniform stands of coyotebrush with a few other native
shrubs in low density. The habitat is definitely disturbance associated and occurs in the margins of
disturbed wetlands.
Coyotebrush scrub frequently is considered a subcategory of coastal sage scrub by the resource
agencies because it is a shrub type that does not adhere well to another category, and its general
structure and composition are similar enough to the latter to support many of the "target" coastal
sage scrub animal species, including the California gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica). No sensitive
species were observed in this habitat onsite.
4.1.3 Southern Mixed Chaparral
Southern mixed chaparral is a drought-and fire-adapted community of woody shrubs, 1.5-3.0 m tall,
frequently forming dense, impenetrable stands. It develops primarily on mesic north-facing slopes
and in canyons, and is characterized by crown-or stump-sprouting species that regenerate following
burns or other ecological catastrophes. This association typically is a mixture of chamise (Adenostoma
fasciculatum), Mission manzanita (Xylococcus bicolor), ceanothus (Ceanothus spp.), scrub oak (Quercus
berberidifolia), laurel sumac (Malosma laurina), and black sage.
Southern mixed chaparral and disturbed southern mixed chaparral are relatively uncommon within
the study area, and occur contiguous with scrub oak chaparral and coastal sage scrub.
4.1.4 Scrub Oak Chaparral
According to Holland (1986), scrub oak chaparral is "a dense, evergreen chaparral to 20 feet tall,
dominated by (scrub oak] Quercus dumosa with considerable [mountain-mahogany] Cercocarpus
betuloides." Holland considers this community to be restricted to the western Sierran foothills and
the mountains of southern California and northern Baja California, Mexico rather than coastal areas.
However, our coastal community dominated by Nuttall's scrub oak fits better into "scrub oak
chaparral" than it does into any other Holland community type. Hence, we are using this category
for patches of chaparral dominated by Nuttall's scrub oak (Quercus dumosa).
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Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Scrub oak chaparral is the dominant native upland habitat on the site. Patches of this habitat. are
dominated by Nuttall's scrub oak nearly to the exclusion of all of all other shrub species.
4.1.5 Southern Coast Live Oak Riparian Forest
Southern coast live oak riparian forest is an open to locally dense evergreen sclerophyllous riparian
woodland dominated by coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). According to Holland (1986) it is richer in
herbs and poorer in understory shrubs than other riparian communities. It typically occurs in
bottomlands and outer floodplains along larger streams, on fine-grained, rich alluvium.
Onsite, this community is represented by a narrow band of coast live oak and an understory of
poison-oak (Toxicodendron diversilobum), California wild rose (Rosa californica), mugwort (Artemisia
douglasiana), and several annuals.
4.1.6 Cismontane Alkali Marsh
Cismontane alkali marsh is a wetland community dominated by low, perennial, herbaceous plants
adapted to places where standing water or saturated soils are present for a considerable portion of
the year. High evaporation and low input of fresh water render these marshes somewhat salty,
especially during the summer. Plant species composition tends to favor halophytes such as San Diego
poverty-weed (Iva hayesiana), spiny rush, native rye grasses (Leymus spp.) and certain sedges over the
typical cattail-bulrush mix of freshwater marsh.
Onsite, cismontane alkali marsh occurs in one area where apparent irrigation runoff from the
adjacent Carlsbad Oaks South industriaV commercial area collects near the utility access road. These
areas are characterized by saltgrass (Distichlis spicata), southwestern spiny rush (Juncus acutus ssp.
leopoldii), and Australian brass-buttons (Cotula coronopifolia).
4.1.7 Disturbed Wetland
Disturbed wetland is an area of state and federal jurisdictional wetland that contains few native
species, does not conform to any other Holland category, and obviously exhibits recent disturbance.
One relatively small area of disturbed wetland occurs adjacent to the utility road. It apparently is
the result of water that collects and remains following channel overflow. A shallow depth to
groundwater also may be a factor.
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4.1.8
Existing Conditions/Biological Resources Report
Faraday Avenue Extension
Non-native (AnnuaO Grassland/Ruderal
Where the native habitat has been disturbed frequently or intensively by grazing, fire, agriculture,
or other activities, the native community usually is incapable of recovering. These areas are
characterized by weedy, introduced annuals, including slender wild oat (Avena barbata), bromes
(Bromus spp.), mustards (Brassica and Sisymbrium spp.), and Russian-thistle (Sa/sofa tragus).
Non-native grassland occurs in a very small upland area along the utility access road.
4.1.9 Ornamental Plantings/Revegetation
Ornamental plantings/revegetation refers to areas where a mix of ornamental and native landscaping
has been installed. These areas are dominated by coastal sagebrush, coyotebrush, and quail brush
(Atriplex lentiformis), withAustralian eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.), salt cedar (Tamarix sp.), ornamental
marsh rosemary (Limonium perezii), and ornamental gum plant (Grindelia sp.). These areas are
restricted to the south-central portion of the property, where the vegetation is maintained by
irrigation.
Ornamental plantings occur along the edge of development and consist of alien trees such as
eucalyptus (Eucalyptus sp.).
4.1.10 Disturbed Habitat
Disturbed habitat refers to ar~as that lack vegetation entirely. These areas generally are the result
of severe or repeated mechanical perturbation. Within the property, disturbed habitat includes
graded, undeveloped areas.
4.1.11 Floral Diversity
A separate floral inventory was not made for this study area. For illustration, however, the much
larger and more diverse adjacent property was found to support a total of 205 species of vascular
plants -138 native species (67 percent) and 67 non-native (33 percent) (Appendix A). The flora of
the study area is undoubtedly similar but smaller owing to its lower physical diversity, including that
provided by additional soils, slope exposures and microhabitats. Included in the flora of the study
area are 3 species currently considered sensitive by local, state, or federal resource agencies.
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Zoology -Wildlife Diversity
Birds
A separate wildlife inventory was not made for this study area; the recorded avifauna of this and the
proposed Carlsbad Oaks North were merged. Forty-three ( 43) species of birds were observed during
our surveys ( see Appendix B). The a vifa una is comprised of a number of migratory species and several
residents, representing a moderately diverse assemblage of species associated with coastal sage scrub
and chaparral, along with several species found more commonly in oak woodlands. The most
commonly observed species include California quail (Callipepla californica), mourning dove (Zenaida
macroura), Anna's hummingbird (Calypte anna), common raven (Corvus corax), wrentit (Chamaea
fasciata), California thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum), phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens), rufous-sided
towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), and California towhee (Pipilo crissalis).
Oak woodlands onsite provide habitat for a variety of woodland birds, including acorn woodpecker
(Melanerpes formicivorus), northern flicker (Colaptes auratus), N uttall's woodpecker (Picoides nuttallii),
and oak titmouse (Parus inornatus).
Raptors as a group are considered sensitive, and a variety of raptors were observed: Copper's hawk
(Accipiter cooperi), sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), red-
tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), and white-tailed kite (E!anus caeruleus). The site undoubtedly
represents foraging habitat for a variety of locally resident raptors, and a few that are winter visitors
to the coastal region, including northern harrier (Circus cyaneus) and turkey vulture (Cathartes aura).
It is likely that Cooper's hawk and a few other raptors nest in the oak riparian habitat onsite.
4.2.2 Reptiles and Amphibians
A separate reptile and amphibian inventory was not made for this study area; the recorded herptile
fauna of this and the proposed Carlsbad Oaks North were merged. Six species of reptiles were
observed on this and the adjacent site, including side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana), Great Basin
fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), San Diego horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronata blainvillei), orange-
throated whiptail (Cnemidophorus hyperythrus), gopher snake (Pituophis melano/eucus), and northern
red-diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber ruber). Several other reptiles are common in the area and may
occur within the study area, including southern alligator lizard (Gerrhonotus multicarinatus webbii),
coastal western whiptail (Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus), and common kingsnake (Lampropeltis
getulus). The only amphibians observed onsite were western treefrog (Hy/a regilla) and bullfrog (Rana
catesbeiana). Among the few other expected amphibians are oak salamander (Aneides lugubris), garden
salamander (Batrachoseps attenuatus) and western toad (Bufo boreas).
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Although no sightings of the sensitive reptiles were made in the study area, three of those observed
adjacent are considered sensitive by local, state, or federal resource agencies: San Diego horned lizard,
orange-throated whiptail, and red-diamond rattlesnake.
4.2.3 Mammals
A separate mammal inventory was not made for this study areaj the recorded mammal fauna of this
and the proposed Carlsbad Oaks North were merged. Seven species of mammals were recorded on
this and the adjacent the site, including cottontail rabbit (Sylvi!agus sp.), California ground squirrel
(Spermophi!us beecheyi), Botta's pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae ), woodra t (Neotoma sp.), coyote (Canis
latrans), gray fox (Urocyon cineroargenteus), and bobcat (Lynx rufus). Other mammal species likely to
be present include striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginica), and
raccoon (Procyon lotor).
Potentially occurring sensitive mammals include Dulzura California pocket mouse (Chaetodipus
ca!ifornicus femoralis), northwestern San Diego pocket mouse (Chaetodipus fa!lax), and San Diego
black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus ca!ifornicus bennettii).
4.2.4 Invertebrates
Seventeen (17) species of butterflies were observed during the survey work on the combined
properties. The most commonly observed species included cabbage butterfly (Pi eris rapae), California
sister (Adelpha bredowii)1 buckeye (Junonia coenia), Bernardino blue (Euphilotes bernardino), and
California ringlet (Coenonympha tullia).
The high plant species richness in the general area undoubtedly is accompanied by an equally high
phytophagous (plant-feeding) insect species richness. In particular, there are probably over 150
species of Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) and a comparable number of Coleoptera (beetles). The
perennial water provides habitat for a number of aquatic insects -dragonflies and damselflies
(Odonata), aquatic true bugs (Hemiptera), and aquatic beetles (Coleoptera) are expected to be fairly
diverse onsite.
4.3 Sensitive Biological Resources
The following resources are discussed in this section: (1) plant and animal species present in the
project vicinity that are given special recognition by federal1 state1 or local conservation agencies and
organizations owing to declining, limited1 or threatened populations1 that are the results1 in most
cases, of habitat reduction; and (2) habitat areas that are unique, are of relatively limited distribution,
[llUtJ:IS 953-02
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or are of particular value to wildlife. Sources used for determination of sensitive biological resources
are as follows: wildlife --U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1989, 1991), California Department
of Fish and Game (CDFG 1980, 1986), Remsen (1978), Everett (1979), McGurty (1980), and Murphy
(1990); plants--USFWS (1990, 1993), CDFG (1987), and Skinner and Pavlik (1994); and habitats--
Holland (1986).
4.3.1 Sensitive Plant Species
Four plant species considered sensitive by various resource agencies were observed within the study
area: California adolphia (Adolphia ca!ifornica), summer-holly (Comarostaphylis diversifolia),
southwestern spiny rush (juncus acutus var. leopoldii) and Nuttall's scrub oak (Quercus dumosa). These
species are discussed below and their locations are illustrated in the biological resources map (Figure
3). The listing authorities and explanation of listing categories are presented in Appendix C.
Although the USFWS recently eliminated the use of the Category 2 candidate (C2) status, these are
retained below because some C2 species currently are under further review for possible listing as
endangered or threatened status.
Ado/phia californica -California adolphia
USFWS: None
CDFG: None
CNPS: List 2, 1-2-1
California adolphia is a moderate-sized (0.5-1.0 m), profusely branched, rigid, spinescent shrub,
ranging from western San Diego County, California, south into adjacent northwestern Baja
California, Mexico (Wiggins 1980). It generally occurs on clay soils and on dry south-facing slopes
in chaparral and coastal sage scrub below 300 m (965 ft) elevation. It blooms in late winter to spring
(December-May). In San Diego County it has been reported from Morro Hill, Cerro de Calavera,
Agua Hedionda, Ranch.a Santa Fe, Mount Soledad, Bernardo, Chollas Valley, Barrett Junction, and
Proctor Valley (Beauchamp 1986). Urbanization of coastal southern California has reduced
considerably its range (Smith and Berg 1988).
A large population is present in coastal sage scrub west of the utility access road. Although not
counted, it is estimated that there are at least 500 individuals in this area.
1110 tJ:a N 953-02
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Comarostaphy!is diversifolia ssp. diversifolia -summer-holly
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: None
CNPS: List 1B, 2-2-2
Summer-holly is a large shrub generally occurring on north-facing canyons and slopes and in sandy
washes in chaparral and foothill habitats below 700 m (2,300 ft) in scattered locations from the
Pacific coast in San Diego County south into Baja California. Reported localities in the County
include San Marcos Mountains, Mount Whitney, Rancho Santa Fe, Gonzales Canyon, Encinitas,
Mount Soledad, Penasquitos Canyon, Del Mar Heights, Iron Mountain, canyons of Mission Valley,
Jamul Valley, and Otay Mountain (Beauchamp 1986).
Summer-holly is relatively common in small ravines within scrub oak chaparral along the utility
access road; perhaps 25 individuals occur there.
]uncus acutus var. /eopo/dii -southwestern spiny rush
USFWS: None
CDFG: None
CNPS: List 4, 1-1-3
This large (0.5-1.5 m), tufted, perennial rush, with stout, rigid stems, is encountered frequently in
alkaline seeps and marshes or in areas adjacent to these. Spiny rush has a wide distribution from San
Luis Obispo County south to Baja California and east to Imperial County and Arizona. Although
urbanization represents a serious threat to spiny rush (Smith and Berg 1988), the abundance of this
plant in many widely separated wetlands, together with the current application of protection for
these habitats,indicates a rather low threat to this species.
Southwestern spiny rush was observed at tow locations in the study area; a total of at least 72 plants
were mapped.
Quercus dumosa -Nuttall's scrub oak
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: None
CNPS: List 1B, 2-3-2
It was proposed (Hickman 1993) that the common, widespread species formerly known as scrub oak
(Que re us dumosa) actually represents two closely related species --N uttall's scrub oak (Quercus dumosa)
and "interior" scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia). Although interior scrub oak is widely distributed
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throughout southern California in chaparral habitats, Nuttall's scrub oak is restricted to the narrow
coastal strip, and hence, has been severely affected by development. This species was one of eight
native plants included in a "southern maritime chaparral listing package" circulated by the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service in 1993.
Nuttall's scrub oak is the dominant species in scrub oak chaparral onsite. It is likely that the site
supports at least 1,000 individuals of this species.
4.3.2 Sensitive Wildlife Species
No animal species listed as rare, threatened, or endangered by the USFWS or CDFG were observed
within the study area. Within the general area, four species formerly recognized as a Category 2
candidates for listing by the USFWS were observed: southern California rufous-crowned sparrow
(Aimophila ruficeps canescens), orange-throated whiptail (Cnemidophorus hyperythrus), San Diego horned
lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum blainvi!lei), and northern red-diamond rattlesnake (Crotalus ruber ruber).
Six species recognized as species of special concern by the CDFG also have been documented from
the general area during other surveys: golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), white-tailed kite (Elanus
caeruleus), Copper's hawk (Accipiter cooperi), sharp-shinned hawk (Accipiter striatus), northern harrier
(Circus cyaneus), and burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia). These species, along with numerous
potentially occurring sensitive species, are discussed below. The listing authorities and explanation
of listing categories are presented in Appendix C.
BIRDS
Accipiter cooperi -Cooper's hawk
USFWS: None
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
Cooper's hawk ranges through most of California and is a common winter migrant in San Diego
County. In the County, Cooper's hawk breeds almost exclusively in oak woodland habitats; in the
winter they may be found in any woodland habitat (Unitt 1984). Populations of this species have
declined steadily throughout the state probably as a result of habitat destruction, falconry, and
pesticide abuse (Remsen 1978).
Individuals of Cooper's hawk were observed during nearly every survey of the adjacent property,
primarily in association with the oak woodland of the main drainage. They are expected also to
occur on this site. Adequate nesting habitat occurs on the site.
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Buteo /ineatus -red-shouldered hawk
USFWS: None
CDFG: None
Audubon Blue List 1972-1986
The red-shouldered hawk is an uncommon to fairly common resident in San Diego County (Unitt
1984), inhabiting most of the county west of the desert. Red-shouldered hawks occupy a variety of
woodland habitats, and stands of non-native trees (e.g., eucalyptus) may serve as breeding habitat.
Although concern has been expressed that the numbers of this species are declining, Wilbur (1973)
concluded that no major declines in population had occurred in California except possibly in the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. These hawks apparently can tolerate human presence if
mature trees with a high canopy are maintained.
An individual of the red-shouldered hawk was observed foraging on the adjacent site and also is
expected to occur within the Faraday Avenue study area. Adequate nesting habitat occurs on the
site.·
Accipiter striatus -sharp-shinned hawk
USFWS: None
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
This species is a CDFG species of special concern; it also is a Bureau of Land Management and U.S.
Forest Service watch list species due to declines in populations throughout its breeding range. The
sharp-shinned hawk is a regular winter migrant in San Diego County and may be encountered in any
woodland habitat (Unitt 1984). The riparian-woodlands onsite represent potential habitat for this
species.
An individual of the sharp-shinned hawk was observed foraging on the adjacent property, and,
because this species is a fairly common non-breeding migrant, it also is expected to occur within the
study area seasonally.
Circus cyaneus -northern harrier
USFWS: None
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The northern harrier ranges throughout California and may be encountered in grasslands, open fields,
and salt and freshwater marshes. Although breeding is restricted to marshes and grasslands, it
forages over a variety of habitat types including coastal sage scrub. According to Unitt (1984), the
northern harrier is an uncommon-to-fairly common migrant and winter visitor in San Diego County,
111ut1;1M 9sa-02
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and a rare and local summer resident. This species has declined in southern California as a result of
loss of foraging and nesting habitat.
This species was reported from the adjacent site by RECON (1984). Although none was observed
during the 1996-197 surveys, it is likely that the harrier uses the area for foraging. It is highly unlikely
that nesting occurs in this area. ,
Elanus caeruleus -white-tailed kite
USFWS: None
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
According to Unitt (1984), the white-tailed kite is a fairly common resident in San Diego County.
This species prefers to nest in riparian woodlands that border grasslands or open fields. Kites may
forage over any grassy area, and often are seen hovering over the weedy margins of freeways. Kites
occasionally gather to roost communally, and such roosts may include as many as 50 individuals
(Unitt 1984). The white-tailed kite exhibits rather dramatic population fluctuations, and may
common for several years followed by years of relatively rarity.
White-tailed kites were observed foraging over and roosting/perching in the oak riparian forest
habitat on the adjacent property. In contrast to that site, the Faraday Avenue study area does not
contain ample foraging habitat and they are much less likely to occur here. Nesting is possible but
less likely.
Aquila chrysaetos -golden eagle
USFWS: None (Protected under Bald Eagle Act)
CDFG: Fully Protected Species, Species of Special Concern
The golden eagle is an uncommon resident in San Diego County. According to Unitt (1984), they
may be observed soaring over any habitat, but they forage in grassland and broken chaparral or sage
scrub -situations where they can effectively hunt rabbits and California ground squirrels, their
principal food items. The distribution of golden eagles in the foothill, mountain, and desert areas of
San Diego County has changed little through history, but the territories of this species in the coastal
lowlands have been eliminated by urbanization, agriculture, and human disturbance (Unitt 1984).
Although reported from the adjacent site by RECON (1984), no individuals of this species were
observed during any of the general or focused surveys conducted recently by DUDEK. Because of this
species' needs for secluded nesting areas, it is extremely unlikely that it could nest anywhere in the
area.
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Cathartes aura -turkey vulture
USFWS: None
CDFG: None
Although not recognized as sensitive by the USFWS or the CDFG, the turkey vulture is considered
"declining" in San Diego County (Everett 1978). In southern California, turkey vultures are fairly
widespread and may be observed foraging over open fields and grasslands. Unitt (1984) reports that
vultures are common spring and fall migrants, uncommon to locally common winter visitors, and
rare to uncommon summer residents in the County. They rely on carrion for food, and they are a
valuable and necessary part of the food chain. Turkey vultures have declined in throughout southern
California in part because of poisoning and loss of habitat.
Turkey vultures were observed foraging over the adjacent site on several occasions; they also could
forage over this study area. Nesting is extremely unlikely within the study area.
Athene cunicu/aria -burrowing owl
USFWS: None
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The burrowing owl is continuing to decline throughout most of California owing to loss of habitat,
poisoning, and predation by dogs and cats. Although rare or uncommon throughout most of the
state, it is common in Imperial County where it reaches peak abundance levels (Garret & Dunn,
1981), living in burrows along canal banks, the edges of agricultural fields, and other open areas.
A single individual of the burrowing owl was reported from adjacent the site by RECON (1984), but
was not relocated by DUDEK (1997). It is even less likely to occur within the Faraday Avenue study
area.
Vireo be/Iii pusi//us -least Bell's vireo
USFWS: Endangered
CDFG: Endangered
Least Bell's vireo is a small, gray and white, migratory songbird that inhabits willow-dominated
riparian areas of southern California and adjacent northern Baja California, Mexico (San Diego
Association of Governments 1988). It is one of four North American subspecies of Bell's vireo.
Historically, this subspecies was abundant in riverine habitats from Baja California to Tehama
County in central California (Grinnell and Miller 1944, Willett 1933), with the center of its breeding
range in the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Widespread destruction of its obligate riparian
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habitat for agricultural use, livestock grazing, flood control, urban development, and various
commercial uses in combination with increased brood parasitism by the exotic brown-headed
cowbird (Molothrus ater) decimated vireo numbers, extirpating it from the central valleys, and
restricting the species to small, fragmented populations in a fraction of its former range (USFWS
1988). By 1985, only 285 pairs were known from 45 locations in 9 counties (USFWS 1988). In
response to the unparalleled decline of this passerine1 the least Bell's vireo was listed as endangered
by the California Department of Fish and Game in June 1980, and by the USFWS in May 1986. As
a result of more the rigorous enforcement of wetland laws and extensive cowbird trapping, least Bell's
vireo has made modest gains in population numbers over the past few years.
Despite a focused survey for this species on this and the adjacent site, no individuals of the least Bell's
vireo were observed.
Aimophila ruficeps canescens -southern California rufous-crowned sparrow
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The rufous-crowned sparrow is considered sensitive by the County of San Diegoi until recently it was
recognized by the USFWS as a federal category 2 candidate for listing as threatened or endangered.
This species occurs primarily in coastal sage scrub and has declined as a result of habitat loss.
Rufous-crowned sparrows were observed onsite during the focused surveys for the California
gnatcatcher.
Polioptila californica -California gnatcatcher
USFWS: Threatened
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The California gnatcatcher is a small gray non-migratory bird with black tail markings. During the
breeding season the male has a distinct black cap. Gnatcatchers eat insects and build a small, cup-
shaped nest of plant material, animal hair, and spider webs. A pair of gnatcatchers typically forage
over 5 to 20 acres during the breeding season and more widely at the end of spring. The present
known range of the California gnatcatcher extends from the Palos Verdes Peninsula of Los Angeles
County south through Orange, western Riverside, and San Diego counties, into northern Baja
California, Mexico. The gnatcatcher is a near obligate resident of coastal sage scrub and inland sage
scrub communities. Individuals of this species generally are found at elevations below 900 feet in San
Diego, Orange, and Los Angeles counties, and below 1600 feet in Riverside County (Atwood 1990).
Based on recent resource mapping for subregional management plans (e.g., MSCP, MHCP, Orange
County NCCPs), it is estimated that there are 3,000-3,500 pairs in California.
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Focused surveys conducted specifically for the gnatcatcher during 1996 yielded no observations on
this, the adjacent site or in the immediate vicinity.
REPTILES
Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi -orange-throated whiptail
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The orange-throated whiptaillizard is a small, slender, insectivorous lizard with a bright orange patch
on its throat. It occurs in the United States and Mexico, ranging from coastal southern California
south to the tip of the peninsula of Baja California. This species has exhibited population declines
in California associated with the conversion of coastal sage scrub and dry wash habitats for
agriculture, urban development, and flood control. An active forager, the orange-throated whiptail
frequents dry, often rocky hillsides, ridges, valleys, and washes that support broken coastal sage
scrub, chaparral, mule fat scrub, and grassland mixed with sage scrub species. It often occurs with
the more common western whiptail (C. tigris). The orange-throated whiptail relies to some extent
on the burrows of small mammals, such as the California ground squirrel (Spermophi/us beecheyi), for
protection from predators and adverse environmental conditions.
A single individual was observed on the adjacent site. Habitat appears suitable throughout uplands
within the study area and the orange-throated whiptail may be present throughout areas of coastal
sage scrub and chaparral.
Cnemidophorus tigris multiscutatus -coastal western whiptail
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: None
The coastal western whiptail is a moderately large, slender lizard typically found in semiarid areas
or where the vegetation is sparse. It ea ts insects, spiders, scorpions, and lizards. It is restricted to the
western coast of North America from about Ventura County, California, south through the northern
two-thirds of the peninsula of Baja California. This species apparently has declined in California as
a result of loss of habitat to urban development.
Although not observed onsite, this species is present in comparable habitat in the subregion and may
occur within the study area.
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Phrynosoma coronatum b/ainvillei -San Diego horned lizard
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The San Diego horned lizard is a small, spiny, somewhat rounded lizard that occurs primarily in
coastal sage scrub communities. It ranges throughout California west of the desert and Cascade-
Sierran highlands, south through nearly all of Baja California, Mexico. It was a common species in
San Diego County until about 15 years ago. Three factors have contributed to its decline: loss of
habitat, over collecting, and the introduction of exotic ants (McGurty 1980). In some places,
especially adjacent to urban areas, introduced ants have displaced native harvester ants (Pogonomyrmex
spp.) upon which the lizard feeds exclusively. Based on the amount and quality of shrublands on the
property, San Diego horned lizard could be expected in nearly any fairly open patches of coastal sage
scrub or chaparral.
A single individual of this species was observed on the adjacent site; it is expected to be fairly
widespread there and also may occur within the study area.
Crotalus ruber ruber -northern red-diamond rattlesnake
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: Species of Special Concern
The northern red-diamond rattlesnake is a brick red to pinkish tan relative of the western
diamondback (Crotalus atrox). It ranges from San Bernardino County south through most of Baja
California, Mexico (Stebbins 1985). It occurs in desert scrub, thorn scrub, and chaparral habitats
below about 1,200 meters (4,000 feet).
A single individual of this species was observed on the adjacent site. It is expected also to occur
within the study area.
Uchanura trivirgata roseofusca -coastal rosy boa
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: None
The coastal rosy boa is a heavy-bodied snake, 60-110 cm in length. It inhabits shrublands and is
considerably more common in the vicinity of rocks. It is recognized as locally sensitive by Stewart
(1971) and Bury (1971).
Although not observed, this species may be present in chaparral within the study area.
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Thamnophis hammondii -two-striped garter snake
USFWS: former Category 2 candidate
CDFG: None
The two-striped garter snake is restricted to southern California and adj a cent Baj a California, Mexico.
It occurs primarily in wetland habitats and may be encountered in freshwater marsh, riparian
woodlands, and vernal pools. This species was recognized as "threatened" by the San Diego
Herpetological Society (McGurty 1980) 1 and was added to the federal candidate list (U SFWS) in 1991.
The two-striped garter snake is likely to be present in riparian habitats within the study area.
4.3.3 Sensitive Habitats
Sensitive habitats are those that are considered rare within the region, support sensitive plant and/or
wildlife species, or function as corridors for wildlife movement. Habitat types found onsite that are
considered sensitive include coastal sage scrub, coyote brush scrub, scrub oak chaparral, southern coast
live oak riparian forest, disturbed wetland, and cismontane alkali marsh.
4.3.4 Wildlife Corridors and Habitat Linkages
Wildlife corridors are linear features that connect large patches of natural open space and provide
avenues for the immigration and emigration of animals. Wildlife corridors contribute to population
viability in several ways: (1) they assure the continual exchange of genes between populations which
helps maintain genetic diversity; (2) they provide access to adjacent habitat areas representing
additional territory for foraging and mating; (3) they allow for a greater carrying capacity; and (4)
they provide routes for colonization of habitat lands following local populations extinctions or
habitat recovery from ecological catastrophes (e.g., fires).
Habitat linkages are patches of native habitat that function to join two larger patches of habitat.
They serve as connections between habitat patches and help reduce the adverse effects of habitat
fragmentation. Although individual animals may not move through a habitat linkage, the linkage
does represent a potential route for gene flow and long-term dispersal. Habitat linkages may serve
as both habitat and avenues of gene flow for small animals such as reptiles and amphibians. Habitat
linkages may be represented by continuous patches of habitat or by nearby habitat "islands" that
function as "stepping stones" for dispersal.
Currently, the study area may serve as a limited local corridor. Its value is highly compromised by
the lack of a significant habitat block to the west.
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4.4 Regional Resource Planning Context
In San Diego County, three major, coordinated conservation planning efforts currently are in progress
with the long-term goal of identifying a system of preserves that will protect native habitat lands and
their associated biota. The three efforts are (1) the City of San Diego's Multiple Species Conservation
Program (MSCP), administered by the Metropolitan Wastewater Department, focused on biological
resource planning for the southwestern one-fourth of the County; (2) the San Diego Association of
Government's (SANDAG) MultipleHabitat Conservation Program (MHCP), funded by a consortium
of jurisdictions in northern San Diego County known as the North County Wildlife Forum, focusing
on the northwestern one-fourth of the County; and (3) the County of San Diego Open Space Plan,
which focuses on the portion of the County east of the MSCP and MHCP study areas. The ultimate
goal of these plans is the establishment of biological reserve areas in conformance with the State of
California's Natural Community Conservation Program (NCCP). These programs are moving
forward under the regulatory influence of the 4(d) Rule pursuant to the Endangered Species Act,
which allows for the interim loss of 5% of existing coastal sage scrub until the preserves (NCCPs) are
formalized.
In addition, the City of Carlsbad is in the process of preparing its Habitat Management Plan,
intended to be a Subarea Plan of the NCCP and MHCP. The study area received the highest ranking
in terms of habitat value in the Habitat Evaluation Model developed for the MHCP project, probably
owing to the presence of native habitats in association with oak woodlands. In addition, the study
area is within the MHCP Biological Core and Linkage Area which represents the envelope within
which a future biological preserve area will be more accurately defined. Core Areas were defined as
"concentrations of sensitive biological resources whose loss could not be mitigated elsewhere."
5.0 ANTICIPATED PROJECT IMPACTS
This section addresses direct and indirect impacts to biological resources that would result from
implementation of the proposed Faraday Avenue Extension project.
Direct impacts were quantified by overlaying the limits of project grading on the biological resources
map of the site. For the purposes of this assessment, all biological resources within the limits of
grading were considered 100% lost.
Indirect impacts are very difficult to identify and quantify but are presumed to occur. They primarily
result from adverse "edge effects," either short-term indirect impacts related to construction or long-
term, chronic indirect impacts associated with location of disturbance-ca using facilities in proximity
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to biological resources. During construction of the project, short-term indirect impacts may include
dust and noise which could disrupt habitat and species vitality temporarily and construction related
soil erosion and runoff. Long-term indirect impacts may include intrusions by humans and domestic
pets, noise, lighting, invasion by exotic plant and wildlife species, effects of toxic chemicals
(fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, and other hazardous materials), urban runoff form developed areas,
soil erosion, litter, fire, and hydrological changes (e.g., groundwater level and quality).
Cumulative impacts refer to incremental individual environmental effects of two or more projects
when considered together. These impacts taken individually may be minor, but collectively
significant as they occur over a period of time.
5. t Direct Impacts
5. t. t Vegetation Communities
Implementation of the proposed project would result in the direct and complete loss of the vegetation
community acreages presented in Table 3. The areas to be affected directly are depicted on Figure 4.
Table 3
Impacted Acreages by Habitat Type
Coastal Sage Scrub
Coyotebrush Scrub
Southern Mixed Chaparral
Disturbed Southern Mixed Chaparral
Scrub Oak Chaparral
Non-native (Annual) Grassland
Subtotal, Natural Upland Habitats
Southern Coast Live Oak Riparian Forest
Cismontane Alkali Marsh
Disturbed Wetland
Subtotal, Wetland Habitats
Ornamental Plantings
Disturbed Habitat
Developed
Subtotal, Disturbed Upland Habitats
TOTAL
0.4 acre
0.1 acre
0.2 acre
1.4 acres
2.8 acres
0.1 acre
5.0 acres
1.1 acres
0.1 acre
0.04 acre
1.24 acres
0.0 acre
1.1 acre
0.4 acre
1.5 acres
7.7 acres
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A total of 7.7 acres would be required to accommodate the project grading, of which 6.2 acres is
natural habitat, and 1.2 acres is considered jurisdictional wetland (Table 3). The impacts to the
following 3.3 acres of natural upland plant communities would be considered significant: coastal sage
scrub (0.4 acre), coyotebrush scrub (0.1 acre), and scrub oak chaparral (2.8 acres). The impacts to 1.6
acres of undisturbed and disturbed southern mixed chaparral are not considered significant per se,
although populations of sensitive plant species are involved (see below). The impacts to the
following 1.2 acres of wetland plant communities would be considered significant: southern coastal
live oak riparian forest (1.1 acres), cismontane alkali marsh (0.1 acre), and disturbed wetland (0.04
acre).
5.1.2 Sensitive Plants
Implementation of the proposed project would result in the direct loss of individuals of three
sensitive plant species: California adolphia (approximately 25 individuals); summer-holly
(approximately 5 individuals); southwestern spiny rush (approximately 50 individuals). These
impacts are not considered significant. All three species retain relatively large populations in San
Diego County, and representative amounts, greater than 50% in the cases of California adolphia and
summer-holly, will be retained within the study area after project construction.
5.1.3 Sensitive Animals
Implementation of the proposed project would not result in any direct impacts to any identified
locations of sensitive species. However, it is likely that several sensitive species have populations in
the areas to be impacted, and that small numbers of the following would be affected directly:
southern California rufous-crowned sparrow, orange-throated whip tail, San Diego horned lizard, and
northern red-diamond rattlesnake. Other species identified in the general area also could be affected,
probably indirectly (see below).
5.1.4 Habitat Linkages/Movement Corridors
Because wildlife probably use the canyon bottom, and especially the graded utility line access road,
for movement, construction and operation of the project may result in an impact to wildlife
movement in the local area. Currently, there is a potential for wildlife movement between
fragmentary wildlife habitat patches surrounding the El Camino Real-Palomar Airport Road
intersection (i.e., Hughes parcel, County property, northern part of Bressi Ranch) and the northeast
(Figure 5). Part of this hypothetical route, along the utility access road, transects the western half of
the project area.
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Indirect Impacts
Vegetation Communities
Indirect impacts to vegetation communities primarily would result from adverse "edge effects."
During construction of the project, edge effects may include dust which could disrupt plant vitality
in the short term or construction related soil erosion and run-off. Long-term indirect impacts on
vegetation communities most likely would occur as a result of invasion of exotic plant species,
increases in fire frequency, and exposure to urban pollutants.
5.2.2 Sensitive Plants
Most of the indirect impacts to vegetation communities cited above can also affect sensitive plants.
5.2.3 Sensitive Wildlife
Most of the indirect impacts to vegetation communities and sensitive plants cited above can also
affect sensitive wildlife. However, additional indirect impacts on wildlife are possible. During
construction of the project, indirect effects may include dust and noise that could disrupt normal
behaviors crucial for foraging and breeding. Long-term edge effects could include noise intrusions by
humans and domestic pets and possible trampling of wildlife habitat, lighting, invasion by exotic
plant and wildlife species, exposure to urban pollutants, soil erosion, litter, fire and response to
wildfire. Some sensitive wildlife species are believed to require large tracts of relatively undisturbed
habitat (i.e., "interior species") and populations may decrease or disappear along the edges of habitat.
Other species are nest-parasitized by the brown-headed cowbird, which is more likely to occur along
urban-wildlife habitat interfaces.
5.2.4 Habitat Linkages/Movement Corridors
No effects are expected to occur to habitat linkages because these features were not identified to
occur in the study area. However, adverse edge effects caused by implementation of the project could
indirectly affect local wildlife movement. Narrowing and constraining of habitat movement areas
will bring wildlife into more frequent contact with humans, and other human-generated sources of
disturbance, particularly vehicles. Wildlife mortality because of collisions with vehicles will become
more frequent. Lighting and noise may inhibit movement by some nocturnal species.
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ANALYSIS OF SIGNIFICANCE
Explanation of Findings of Significance
Impacts to native habitats, sensitive plants, and sensitive wildlife species must be quantified and
analyzed to determine whether such impacts are significant under the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEOA). CEOA Guidelines section 15064(6) states that an ironclad definition of
"significant" effect is not possible because the significance of an activity may vary with the setting.
Appendix G of the Guidelines, however, does provide "examples of consequences which may be
deemed to be a significant effect on the environment" (Guidelines section 15064(e)). These effects
include substantial effects on rare or endangered species of animal or plant or the habitat of the
spec:ies. Guidelines section 15065(a) also is helpful in defining whether a project may have "a
significant effect on the environment." Under that section, a proposed project may have a significant
effect on the environment if the project has the potential to: (1) substantially degrade the quality
of the environmentj (2) substantially reduce the habitat of a fish or wildlife species; (3) cause a fish
or wildlife population to drop below self-sustaining levels; (4) threaten to eliminate a plant or animal
community; (5) reduce the number or restrict the range of a rare or endangered plant or animal; or
(6) eliminate important examples of the major period of California history or prehistory.
The evaluation of whether or not an impact to a particular biological resource is significant must
consider both the resource itself and the role of that resource in a regional context. Substantial
impacts are those that contribute to, or result in, permanent loss of an important resource, such as
a population of a rare plant or anin:aL Impacts may be important locally because they result in an
adverse alteration of existing site conditions, but considered not significant because they do not
contribute substantially to the permanent loss of that resource regionally. The severity of an impact
is the primary determinant of whether or not that impact can be mitigated to a level below
significant.
6.2 Vegetation Communities
For the purpose of analyzing the significance of impacts to vegetation communities, impacts resulting
from grading of the project were considered as direct impacts.
6.2.1 Coastal Sage Scrub and Coyotebrush Scrub
Implementation of the project would result in direct impacts to 0.5 acre of the 2.2 acres of coastal
sage scrub and coyotebrush scrub within the study area. Coastal sage scrub occupies about 8-10
percent of San Diego County's total area. Hix (1990) indicates that this community has been reduced
by greater than 70 percent of its original coverage, primarily as a consequence of housing and other
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urban developments. Because coastal sage scrub is known to support a variety of sensitive species
regionally, and because it has been reduced in acreage throughout San Diego County, it is considered
a sensitive habitat by local, state, and federal agencies. Loss of any amount of this habitat generally
is regarded as a significant effect.
6.2.2 Southern Mixed Chaparral •
Implementation of the project would result in direct impacts to a total of 1.6 acres of southern mixed
chaparral and disturbed southern mixed chaparral. This represents an incremental reduction of a
relatively widespread habitat in the region. No sensitive plant species associated with southern
mixed chaparral were detected.
Because southern mixed chaparral is a widespread and common community type in San Diego
County, and because no sensitive plant species were associated with it, this impact is not regarded
as a significant effect.
6.2.3 Scrub Oak Chaparral
Implementation of the project would result in direct impacts to 2.8 acres of scrub oak chaparral.
Scrub oak chaparral is not in and of itself considered a sensitive by habitat (i.e., by regulation),
however because it supports large numbers of a sensitive plant species (Nuttall's scrub oak) it would
be considered sensitive .
. _ .. ,
Loss of 2.8 acres of scrub oak chaparral is regarded as a significant effect.
6.2.4 Annual Grassland
Implementation of the project would result in direct impacts to 0.1 acre of annual grassland.
Although typically annual grassland provides foraging habitat for raptors and other sensitive species,
in this case the amount is exceedingly small and not part of any extensive similar habitat area.
The loss of annual grassland is not considered a significant effect.
6.2.5 Southern Coast Live Oak Riparian Forest
Implementation of the project would result in the direct impacts to 1.1 acres of southern coast live
oak riparian forest. Southern coast live oak riparian forest is considered a rare habitat _by the CNDDB
and CDFG. In this instance, disturbance to the habitat also would be regulated by Section 404 of the
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Clean Water Act and Section 1600-1603 of the California Fish and Game Code. These direct impacts
thus are a regarded as a significant effect.
6.2.6 Cismontane Alkali Marsh
Implementation of the project would result in impacts to 0.1 acre of cismontane alkali marsh.
Disturbance of this habitat is regulated by Section404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 1600-1603
of the California Fish and Game Code. Loss of disturbed wetland is regarded as a significant effect.
6.2.7 Disturbed Wetland
Implementation of the project would result in impacts of 0.04 acre of disturbed wetland.
Disturbance of this habitat is regulated by Section404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 1600-1603
of the California Fish and Game Code. Loss of disturbed wetland is regarded as a significant effect.
6.2.8 Ornamental Plantings, Disturbed Habitat and Developed Land
Implementation of the project would result in direct impacts to 1.5 acres of ornamental plantings,
disturbed habitat and developed land. Typically these habitats have poor value because of the
predominance of alien plant species and existing human uses. For this reason, loss of these habitats
are not regarded as a significant effect.
6.3 Sensitive Plants
Implementation of the proposed project would result in the direct loss of individuals of three
sensitive plant species: California adolphia (approximately 25 individuals)i summer-holly
(approximately 5 individuals)i southwestern spiny rush (approximately 50 individuals). These
impacts are not considered significant. All three species retain relatively large populations in San
Diego County, and representative amounts, greater than 50% in the cases of California adolphia and
summer-holly, will be retained within the study area after project construction.
6.4 Sensitive Wildlife
Implementation of the proposed project would not result in any direct impacts to any identified
locations of sensitive species. However, it is likely that several sensitive species have populations in
the areas to be impacted, and that small numbers of the following would be affected directly:
southern California rufous-crowned sparrow, orange-throated whiptail, San Diego horned lizard, and
northern red-diamond rattlesnake. Other species identified in the general area also could be affected,
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probably indirectly (see below). None of these impacts are considered significant. Impacts to these
·wildlife species are regarded as less than or not significant for at least one of the following reasons:
all or most individuals would be conserved onsite; substantial habitat for the species would be
conserved onsite; its habitat is still relatively abundant; and/or the species is still relatively common
within its range. The project would not have a substantial adverse effect on the viability and
survival of these species in the wild. These species include Cooper's hawk (no known direct impacts,
substantial habitat conserved, and species still relatively common), rufous-crowned sparrow (no
direct impacts and substantial populations and habitat offsite), San Diego horned lizard, coastal
western whi ptai.i and orange-throated whiptail (no known direct impacts and substantial ha bi tat and
populations offsite).
6.5 Habitat Linkages/Wildlife Corridors
Direct and indirect impacts to habitat linkages and wildlife corridors are regarded as less than
significant because although opportunities for wildlife movement will be reduced, no linkages are
involved and the effects are local, fragmentary habitat patches, some of which will likely be
developed in the near future.
7.0 CONSERVATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES
The following conservation and mitigation measures will reduce significant direct effects identified
in Section 6.0 to a level less than significant.
7.1 Vegetation Communities
7.1. 1 Coastal Sage Scrub & Coyotebrush/Revegetation
Mitigation within the City of Carlsbad for direct impacts to coastal sage scrub habitat usually takes
the form of offsite habitat acquisition at a ratio of 2 acres acquired for each acre impacted. Therefore
in this case, acquisition of 1.0 acre of coastal sage scrub would be required at a location approved by
the City and wildlife agencies. This ratio seems to be appropriate given the relatively low quality of
the habitat that would be impacted, i.e., that characterized as coyotebrush scrub, and the lack of
highly sensitive species including the California gnatcatcher.
The City also has a working policy that no coastal sage scrub impact greater than 4.0 acres may be
mitigated by habitat acquisition outside of the City of Carlsbad (Chris DeCerbo, personal
communication, November 1997). It would appear possible that impacts of this project could be
mitigated outside of Carlsbad, if necessary.
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Scrub Oak Chaparral
Although scrub oak chaparral is not designed a sensitive habitat type as are coastal sage scrub and
southern maritime chaparral, its dominance by a fairly sensitive species (Quercus dumosa) suggests
that impacts should be considered significant and mitigation is warranted. The loss of 2.8 acres of
scrub oak chaparral should be mitigated by the acquisition of scrub habitat within the North County
area, preferably in the vicinity of the project site. Acquisition of habitat at a ratio of 1: 1, at a site that
would contribute to the conservation of either scrub oak chaparral, or Quercus dumosa within another
habitat type, would be considered sufficient mitigation. If acquisition of southern maritime chaparral
containing populations of other sensitive species is effected to accomplish the scrub oak chaparral
mitigation, than a lesser mitigation ratio should be appropriate.
7.1.3 Wetland Habitats
Significant impacts to wetland habitats, including southern coast live oak riparian forest, cismontane
alkali marsh and disturbed wetland, will be mitigated by the following measures:
The total of impacts to wetland habitats is 1.24 acres as follows: southern coast live oak riparian
forest 1.1 acres, cismontane alkali marsh 0.1 acre, and disturbed wetland 0.04 acre. Mitigation for
wetland habitat impacts should be either: revegetation of 2:1 by area for southern coast live oak
riparian forest (i.e.1 2.22 acres) with at least 5 coast live oak trees planted for each one removed, and
revegetation of southern coast live oak forest, southern willow scrub or alkali marsh for the 0.14 acre
of cismontane alkali marsh and disturbed wetland lost at a 1:1 ratio by area (i.e.1 0.14 acre); or
acquisition and management of high quality wetlands in the North County area at 3:1 by area for
southern coast live oak riparian forest (i.e., 3.72 acres), and 1:1 by acre for cismontane alkali marsh
and disturbed wetland. The high quality wetlands under the second alternative above may be either
southern willow scrub, southern coast live oak riparian forest, cismontane alkali marsh, freshwater
marsh or a combination of any of the above. Consideration in adhering to the mitigation ratios also
should be given to an acquisition property that provides other ecological benefits including
endangered or sensitive species habitat, provision of a habitat connection, additional restoration
potential, etc.
7.2 Sensitive Plant Species
I No significant impacts were identified.
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7 .3 Sensitive Wildlife Species
No significant impacts were identified.
7 .4 Habitat Linkages/Wildlife Corridors
No significant impacts were identified.
8.0 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This report was prepared by DUDEK biologist Harold A. Wier. John W. Brown1 Ph.D., and Brock
A. Ortega conducted the original field work. This was updated by Mr. Wier. Jeff L. Thomas assisted
with the wetland delineation field work. Graphics were provided by Martie A. Clemonsi Tonette S.
Foster provided word processing.
9 .0 LITERATURE CITED
Abrams, L. 1923. Jllustrated flora of the Pacific States. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California.
American Ornithologists' Union. 1983. The Check-list of North American Birds1 6th edition. Allen Press,
Lawrence, Kansas.
American Ornithologists' Union. 1989. Thirty-seventh Supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union
Check-List of North American Birds. The Auk 106:532-538.
Atwood, J. L. 1990. Status review of the California gnatcatcher (Po!ioptila ca!ifornica). Unpublished
technical report, Manomet Bird Observatory, Manomet, Massachusetts. 79 pp.
Beauchamp, R. M. 1986. A flora of San Diego County1 California. Sweetwater Press, National City,
California. 241 pp.
Bond, S. I. 1977. An annotated list of the mammals of San Diego County1 California. Trans. San Diego
Soc. Nat. Hist. 18: 229-248.
Bowman, R. H. 1973. Soil Survey1 San Diego Area1 Ca!ifornia1 Part 1. United States Department of
the Agriculture. 104 pp. + appendices.
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