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Home My WebLink AboutCDP 13-30; De Anda Residence; Coastal Development Permit (CDP) (5)tJ~~§~ archaeology . · history .. •. . . architectural history j 'Ill: ethnograp~lY July 16, 2013 Ms. Stacy Nigro Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. 7578 El Cajon Boulevard, Suite 200 La Mesa, CA 91942 Re: Cultural Resource Assessment for the De Anda Residence Project, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County, California Dear Ms. Nigro: This report presents the results of a cultural resources study conducted by ASM Affiliates, Inc., (ASM) for the proposed De Anda Residence located on the 2400 block of Jefferson Street (APN 155-140-41) in the City of Carlsbad, California. The project site is located on the west side of Jefferson Street, southwest the intersection of Las Flores Drive and is shown on the San Luis Rey USGS 7.5-minute quadrangle, Townships 11 South and 5 West, Section 36 (Figures 1 and 2). This study was performed in compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) and the City of Carlsbad's Local Coastal Program (LCP). It was conducted to assess potential impacts to cultural or historical resources resulting from construction of the proposed project. It consisted of a review of all relevant site records and reports on file with the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) of the California Historical Resources Information System (CHRIS) at San Diego State University within a 1-mile search radius, and a pedestrian survey of the APE. This report includes the results of the study, as well as a brief historic background sketch for the area and archaeological mitigation recommendations. No significant historical or archaeological resources were identified within the APE during ASM's study. However, prehistoric archaeological site CA-SDI-8455 is located in an adjacent parcel. Monitoring by a qualified archaeological monitor and Native American monitor is recommended during construction due to the proximity of this prehistoric site. Monitors should be present during all initial ground disturbance m native soil. Monitoring will not be required for fill soils or after initial grading. Corporate: 2034 Corte Del Nogal, Carlsbad, CA 92011 • (760) 804-5757 • Fax: (760) 804-5755 Office locations: Pasadena, Sacramento & Tehachapi, CA • Boise,ID • Reno & Las Vegas, NV Salt lake City, UT ·Stanwood, WA ·Cheyenne, WY www.asm affil iates.co m July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 2 of 21 Project Description The project consists of the construction of a new residential structure. A two-story residential building will be constructed with slab-on-grade in the eastern portion of the project area. A two car garage will be located on the north side of the residential building and a one-car garage to the south side. The property consists of a relatively level pad adjacent to Jefferson Street and a natural slope that extends 50 ft. eastward to Buena Vista Lagoon. No construction is planned on the natural slope. Existing improvements consist of the remains of an old concrete slab and seepage pit located in the north western portion of the parcel. This concrete pad will be demolished prior to construction grading. Cultural Setting Prehistory Archaeological fieldwork along the southern California coast has documented a diverse range of human occupation extending from the early Holocene into the Ethnohistoric period (Erlandson and Colten 1991; Jones 1992; Moratto 1984). A variety of different regional chronologies, often with overlapping terminology, have been used in coastal southern California, and they vary from region to region (Moratto 1984). Today, the prehistory of San Diego County is generally divided into three major temporal periods: Paleo-Indian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric. These time periods are characterized by patterns in material culture that are thought to represent distinct regional trends in the economic and social organization of prehistoric groups. In addition, particular scholars referring to specific areas utilize a number of cultural terms synonymously with these temporal labels: San Dieguito for Paleo-Indian, La Jolla for Archaic, and San Luis Rey for Late Prehistoric (Meighan 1959; Moriarty 1966; Rogers 1939, 1945; True 1966, 1970; Wallace 1978; Warren 1964). Paleo-Indian Period The antiquity of human occupation in the New World has been the subject of considerable debate over the last few decades. The most widely accepted model currently is that humans first entered the western hemisphere between 12,000 and 15,000 years B.P. While there is no firm evidence of human occupation in coastal southern California prior to 12,000 B.P., .dates as early as 23,000 B.P. and even 48,000 B.P. have been reported (Bada et a!. 1974; Carter 1980; Rogers 1974). The amino acid racemization technique used to date these sites has been largely discredited, however, by more recent accelerator radiocarbon dating of early human remains along the California coast (Taylor eta!. 1985). Despite intense interest and a long history of research, no widely accepted evidence of human occupation of North America dating prior to 15,000 B.P. has emerged. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 3 of 21 As in most of North America, the earliest recognized period of California prehistory is termed Paleo-Indian. In southern California, this period is usually considered to date from at least 10,000 B.P. until 8500 to 7200 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Warren eta!. 2008), and is represented by what is known as the San Dieguito complex (Rogers 1966). Within the local classificatory system, San Dieguito assemblages are composed almost entirely of flaked stone tools, including scrapers, choppers, and large projectile points (Warren 1987; Warren eta!. 2008). Archaic Period The Archaic period (also referred to as the Early Milling period) extends back at least 7,200 years, possibly to as early as 9000 B.P. (Moratto 1984; Rogers 1966; Warren et a!. 2008). Archaic subsistence is generally considered to have differed from Paleo- Indian subsistence in two major ways. First, gathering activities were emphasized over hunting, with shellfish and seed collecting having a high importance. Second, milling technology, frequently employing portable ground stone slabs, was developed. The shift from a mostly maritime subsistence focus to a land-based focus is traditionally held to mark the transition from the Paleo-Indian period to the Archaic period. In reality, the implications of this transition are poorly understood from both an economic and a cultural standpoint (see Warren eta!. 2008 for an excellent review). Early Archaic occupations in San Diego County are most apparent along the coast and the major drainage systems that extend inland from the coastal plains (Moratto 1984). Coastal Archaic sites are characterized by cobble tools, basin metates, manos, discoidals, a small number of "Pinto" and "Elko" series dart points, and flexed burials. Together, these elements typify what is termed the La Jolla complex in San Diego County, which appears as the early coastal manifestation of a more diversified way of life. Late Prehistoric Period In his later overview of San Diego prehistory, Malcolm Rogers (1945) hypothesized that around 2000 B.P., Yuman-speaking people from the Colorado River region began migrating into southern California. This hypothesis was based primarily on patterns of material culture in archaeological contexts and his reading of historical linguistics. This "Yuman invasion" is still commonly cited in the literature, but some later linguistic studies suggest that the movement may have actually been northward from Baja California. Assemblages derived from Late Prehistoric sites in San Diego County differ in many ways from those in the Archaic tradition. The occurrence of small, pressure-flaked projectile points, the replacement of flexed inhumations with cremations, the introduction of ceramics, and an emphasis on inland plant food collection, processing, and storage (especially acorns) are only a few of the cultural patterns that were well established by the second millennium A.D. The centralized and seasonally permanent July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 4 of21 residential patterns that had begun to emerge during the Archaic period became well established in most areas. Inland semisedentary villages appeared along major watercourses in the foothills and in montane valleys where seasonal exploitation of acorns and pinon nuts was common, resulting in permanent milling stations on bedrock outcrops. Mortars for acorn processing increased in frequency relative to seed -grinding basins. Ethnohistoric Period Early descriptions of the lifeways of San Diego County ethnohistoric groups were provided by explorers, missionaries, administrators, and other travelers, who gave particular attention to the coastal populations (Boscana 1846; Fages 1937; Geiger and Meighan 1976; Harrington 1934; Laylander 2000). Subsequent ethnographers in the early twentieth century were able to give much more objective, detailed, and penetrating accounts. Most of the ethnographers attempted to distinguish between observations of the customs of surviving Native Americans and orally transmitted or inferred information concerning the lifeways of native groups prior to European intrusion into the region. The second of these subjects provides a terminal baseline for discussing the cultures of the region's prehistory. Despite the relatively rich ethnographic record, attempts to distinguish between the archaeological residues that were produced by the linguistically unrelated but culturally similar Luisefio and Ipai/Kumeyaay have been largely unsuccessful (Pigniolo 2004; True 1966). Carlsbad is situated along the boundary between the ethnohistoric territory of the Native American Luisefio cultural group and the Ipai/Kumeyaay cultural group. The Luisefio is a Takic- speaking population that has inhabited what are now northern San Diego, southern Orange, and southeastern Riverside counties through the ethnohistoric period into the twenty-first century. They are linguistically and culturally related to the Gabrielino and the Cahuilla, and represent the descendants of local Late Prehistoric populations. They are sometimes considered to have migrated into the area sometime in prehistory from the western Great Basin, possibly displacing the prehistoric ancestors of the Yuman- speaking Kumeyaay (Ipai-Tipai) who lived immediately to the south during ethnohistoric times. The first systematic ethnographic work in California was done in 1871 and 1872 by Stephen Powers (Heizer 1978); in 1877, Powers collected and printed his ethnographic observations in Tribes of California (Powers 1877). Prior to the work of Powers, there were limited records and accounts that might be broadly considered as ethnohistorical data, such as Boscana (Robinson 1846). At the beginning of the twentieth century, Alfred L. Kroeber and others began four decades of systematic documentation of tribal ethnographies. Kroeber's (1925) monumental work on the Indians of California continues to be an authoritative source of information. It is important to note that these informants were born after 1850 (Heizer and Nissen 1973); therefore, the documentation of pre-contact, aboriginal culture was supplied by individuals born in California after considerable contact with Europeans. As Robert F. Heizer ( 1978) July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 5 of 21 stated, this is an important issue to note when examining these ethnographies, since considerable culture change had undoubtedly occurred by 1850 among the Native American survivors of California. Nonetheless, the enormous value of the ethnographies done under Kroeber's guidance is obvious. The major sources for this review include Lowell John Bean and Florence C. Shipek (1977), Delfina Cuero (1970), Ken Hedges (1975), Kroeber (1925), Katherine Luomala (1978), Philip S. Sparkman (1908), and Raymond White (1963). Historic Period The Hispanic era in California's history includes the Spanish Colonial (1769-1821), Mexican Republic (1821-1846) and American periods (1846 to present). This era witnessed the transition from a society dominated by religious and military institutions consisting of missions and presidios to a civilian population residing on large ranchos or in pueblos (Chapman 1925). On July 20, 1769, Father Juan Crespi arrived in the San Luis Rey River Valley with the Portola expedition to Monterey. His report back to his superiors declaring it an ideal location for a mission led to the eventual founding of Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, the eighteenth California mission (Pourade 1961: 115). The mission was formally dedicated on June 13, 1798. Named for King Louis IX of France, this mission became known as the "King of Missions" due to its size and success. At its height, San Luis Rey became one of the most populous and successful of the missions. In 1824, it had an Indian neophyte population of 3,000 and the extensive mission lands supported 1,500 horses, 2,800 sheep, and 22,000 cattle (Pourade 1961: 139). The effects of missionization, along with the introduction of European diseases, greatly reduced the N alive American population of southern California. At the time of contact, Luisefio population estimates range from 5,000 to as many as 10,000 individuals. Kumeyaay population levels were probably similar or somewhat higher. Many of the local Kumeyaay were incorporated into the Spanish sphere of influence at a very early date. Inland Luisefio groups were not heavily affected by Spanish influence until 1816, when an outpost of the mission was established 32 km further inland at Pala (Sparkman 1908). Most villagers, however, continued to maintain many of their aboriginal customs and simply adopted the agricultural and animal husbandry practices learned from Spaniards. Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, and with it the process of dismantling of the mission system began to unfold. The 1833 Secularization Act passed by the Mexican Congress ordered half of all mission lands to be transferred to the Indians, and the other half to remain in trust and managed by an appointed administrator. These orders were never implemented due to several factors that conspired to prevent the Indians from regaining their patrimony. By 1835, the missions, including Mission San Luis Rey, were secularized. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 6 of21 The subsequent American period (1846 to present) witnessed the development of San Diego County in various ways. This time period includes the rather rapid dominance over Califorfiio culture by Anglo-Victorian (Yankee) culture and the rise of urban centers and rural communities. A Frontier period from 1850 to 1870 saw the region's transformation from a feudal-like society to an aggressive capitalistic economy in which American entrepreneurs gained control of most large ranchos and transformed San Diego into a merchant-dominated market town. Between 1870 and 1930, urban development established the cities of San Diego, National City, and Chula Vista, while a rural society based on family-owned farms organized by rural school district communities also developed, especially in the northern region of the county. The Army and Navy took an increased interest in the San Diego harbor between 1900 and 1940. The Army established coastal defense fortifications at Fort Rosecrans on Point Lorna, and the Navy developed major facilities in the bay (Fredericks 1979; Van Wormer and Roth 1985). The 1920s brought a land boom (Robinson 1942) that stimulated development throughout the city and county, particularly in the Point Lorna, Pacific Beach, and Mission Beach areas. Development stalled during the depression years of the 1930s, but World War II ushered in a period of growth based on expanding defense industries. City of Carlsbad History The City of Carlsbad was incorporated in 1952. The city was named for the mineral well that was drilled in 1886. The well is currently occupied by the Alt Karlsbad Hanse House Museum (City of Carlsbad 2013). Carlsbad is located on the coast of Southern California. It is bordered by two lagoons, Buena Vista (north) and Batiquitos (south) (City of Carlsbad 2013). Buena Vista and Batiquitos lagoons are a major way station for birds migrating up and down the coast. It is home to many birds and other wildlife, including some endangered species. Buena Vista Lagoon (260 acres) was created by glaciers slicing through sandstone formations 20,000 years ago, forming canyons 20-40 feet deep. Batiquitos Lagoon (600 acres) includes 113 mud flats and salt marsh. The remainder is seasonal--sometimes shallow water and sometimes dry, barren salt flats(City of Carlsbad 2013). Study Methods and Field Conditions Methods used to assess the presence or absence of cultural resources within the property included a search of existing records and an intensive field survey. The record search was conducted at the SCIC on June 24, 2013 (Appendix A). The search included the Project area and a 1-mi. radius around it. Historic USGS topographic maps of the APE were consulted, as were historic aerial photographs from historicaerials.com. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 7 of21 The field survey was conducted on June 26, 2013, by ASM Associate Archaeologist Angela Pham. Field methods consisted of a pedestrian survey of the undeveloped portions of the APE by the archaeologist in transects spaced at 10-m intervals. Study Results SCIC Record Search Results Forty-Seven reports have addressed cultural resource studies within a !-mi. radius of the Project area. Descriptions of the cultural resource studies within the record search radius are provided in Table 1. NADB No. 1120423 1120535 1120645 1120659 1120992 1121154 1121638 1122574 1122995 1123027 1123031 Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Reports Addressing the APE and !-Mile Record Search Radius Authors Date Title Relation to the APE An Archaeological Historical Reconnaissance Carrico, Richard 1982 of the Proposed Buena Vista Center. Outside WESTEC Services, Inc, San Diego, CA Oceanside Harbor and Navigation Project: Cupples, Sue Ann 1976 Archaeological Survey Report. Dr. Larry L. Outside Leach. Oceanside, California Bull, Charles 1979 A Test of SDM-W-1172, An Archaeological Outside Site in Buena Woods. Recon. Bull, Charles 1978 An Archaeological Survey of Buena Woods 3-Outside 4 Carlsbad, California. Archaeological Testing of SDi-626, a Coastal Hanna, David 1984 Shell Midden Site in Carlsbad, California. Outside Terra Mar International Services, Inc. An Archaeological Survey Report for a Lay lander, Don 1988 Widening of State Route 78 (I-5 to East of Outside College Boulevard) Oceanside, California. Woodward, Jim and Resource Inventory Cultural Resources San George Stammerjohan 1985 Diego Coast State Beaches. Department of Outside Parks and Recreation Negative Archaeological Survey Report First Crafts, Karen 1992 Addendum Interchange of Route 78 and Outside Interstate 5 in Oceanside, California Kyle, Carolyn, and 1995 Negative Archaeological Survey Report. Outside Petei McHenry Gallegos & Associates Smith, Brian, and A Cultural Resource Survey and Assessment Larry Pierson 1994 for the Muhe Project, Carlsbad, Carlsbad Outside Smith, Brian, and Addendum to a Cultural Resource Survey and Larry Pierson 1996 assessment for the Muhe Project, Carlsbad, Outside California July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 8 of 21 NADB Authors Date No. 1124111 Seeman, Larry 1982 1124282 Kyle, Carolyn, and 1995 Pete McHenry 1124483 Van Wormer, Steve 1987 Caltrans and Karen 1124587 Crafts 1991 1124833 Cal trans 1982 1124835 Corum, Joyce 1982 1124940 Recon 1977 1124946 Recon 1978 1125845 Laylander, Don 1988 1126248 Cal trans 1998 1126531 Crafts, Karen 1991 1126629 Rosen, Martin 1999 1127498 Duke, Curt 2002 1128487 Pallette, Drew 2003 1128739 Westec 1975 1129003 Rosen, Martin D. 2004 1129308 Pigniolo, Andrew 2002 Byrd, Brian F. and 1129361 Collin O'Neill 2002 Lay lander, Don and 1129362 2004 Mark Becker Title Relation to the APE Draft Enviroilillental Impact Report Revised Parks and Recreation Element, Carlsbad, Outside California Negative Archaeological Survey Report for Outside Highway Project 11-SD-78 PM. 74. Caltrans Historical Survey for the Carlsbad Union Church and the Gaus House, Carlsbad, Outside California Negative Archaeological Survey Report: Upgrade of the Route 78 Interstate 5 Outside Interchan.ge in Oceanside, CA Final Report for an Archaeological Test Excavation at Site CA-SDI-9473, Carlsbad, Outside CA Summary Report for an Archaeological Test Excavation at Site CA-SDI-9473, Oceanside, Outside CA. 11-SD-78 Draft Enviroilillental Impact Report for Buena Outside Woods 3-4. Carlsbad, CA Frazee Property Draft Enviroilillental Impact Outside Report and General Plan Amendment Historic Property Survey Report for a Outside Widening of State Route 78 Negative Archaeological Survey Report Outside District 11 Negative Archaeological Survey Report-11-Outside SD-78 P.M. 0.0-07. Cal trans Historic Property Survey Report Oceanside to Outside San Diego-Rail to Trail Cultural Resource Assessment Cingular Wireless Facility No.SD443-11 San Diego Outside County, CA Cultural Resources Study for the Proposed Outside NCTD FAO Facility Project Except From City of Carlsbad-EIR-295, Plaza Outside Camino Real Expansion Positive Historic Property Survey Report Outside Cultural Resource Inventory for Cingular Jefferson Msdonalds Site (SD-647-01), Outside Oceanside, CA Archaeological Survey Report for the Phase I Archaeological Survey along Interstate 5 San Outside Diego County, CA Archaeological Testing at Twelve Prehistoric Sites (SDI-603, -628, -4553, -6831, -6882, 10965, -12670, 13484, Outside 15678, 15679, 15680) on the Central San Diego Coast, San Diego County, CA July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 9 of21 NADB Authors Date No. 1129470 Cooley, Theodore G. 2004 and Richard L. Carrico 1129516 Caterino, David 2005 Guerrorp, Monica C. 1129571 and Dennis R. Gallegos 2003 Kimberly Lauko, 1130056 Christeen Taniguchi 2004 1130197 Cook, John 2006 1130847 Various Vari 1131269 Various Vari Bonner, Wayne H., 1131602 2008 and Marie Aislin-Kay 1131761 Dominici, Deb 2007 Laylander, Don and 1131783 2008 Linda Akyuz 1132085 Collett, Russell and 2001 Dayle Cheever Bonner, Wayne and 1132557 2008 Sarah Williams 1132693 Tang, Bai 2009 1132738 Hogan, Michael and 2009 Deirdre Encarnacion 1132762 Dominici, Deborah 2010 1133355 Perez, Don C. 2011 Title Relation to the APE Cultural Resources Inventory Report for Four San Luis Rey Land Outfall Pipeline Route Outside Alternatives, City of Oceanside, California The Cemeteries and Gravestones of San Diego Outside County: An Archaeological Study. City of Carlsbad Water and Sewer Master Plans Cultural Resource Background Study of Outside City of Carlsbad, CA Record Search and Site Visit Results for Sprint Telecommunications Facility Candidate SD34xC858B (Fire Mountain) Outside Adjacent to 1789 Troy Lane, Oceanside, San Diego County, California Final Cultural Resources Survey of 2000 Outside Stewart Street, San Diego County, CA Carlsbad Santa Fe Depot, 400 Carlsbad Outside Village Drive (Elm Ave), Carlsbad, CA Santa Fe Depot-Carlsbad. The Carlsbad Outside Historical Society Cultural Resource Records Search Results and Site Visit for Cricket Telecommunications Facilities Candidate San-119B (Amazon Outside Bikes), 1227 Vista Way, Oceanside, San Diego County, CA Historic Property Survey Report, I-5 North Outside Coast Widening Project Archaeological Survey for the Caltrans I-5 North Coast Corridor Project Biological Outside Mitigation Parcels, San Diego County, CA Significance Assessment of Six Cultural Resources Sites within the College Boulevard Reach Alternative I, One Site in the Cannon Outside Road Reach 3, and Three sites in the Cannon Road Reach 4 Alignments, Bridge and Thoroughfare District 4 Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Results for Verizon Wireless Candidate Outside Five/78 at 150 Kelly Street, Oceanside, CA Historic Property Survey Report for the Proposed Construction of a Second Mainline Outside Track in the City of Carlsbad by the North County Transit District Archaeological Survey Report" Carlsbad Outside Double Track Project Control Point Carl Historic Property Survey Report for the Outside Interstate 5 North Coast Corridor Project Five/78 1501 Kelly Street Oceanside San Outside Diego County, CA July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 10 of 21 NADB Authors Date Title Relation to the APE No. 1133482 Linn, Robert 2011 Addendum, 61087278 Five/78, 1501 Kelly Outside Street, Oceanside, New Tower The record search indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources are located within the APE. Twelve cultural resources are located within the 1-mi search radius of the APE. Descriptions of the 13 previously recorded resources within the search radius are provided in Table 2. There is one site, CA-SDI-8455 located within 20 meters of the APE. CA-SDI-8455 This prehistoric site originally identified by S. Cardenas in 1981 as a low density shell scatter (Cardenas 1981). Sparse quantities of whole and fragmentary shells of Chione, Pectin, Ostrea and Tagelus were present throughout the property (Cardenas 1981). Cardenas recommended that this site be mapped, artifacts collected, and evaluated. It is unclear if an evaluation of CA-SDI-8455 was ever conducted. The property is currently developed. Table 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources with I Mile of the APE Designation Primary Number Trinomial Site Type Recorder, Date P-37-CA-SDI- 000000 627 Prehistoric habitation Wallace 1958 000628 628 Laylander 2003; Pierson 1994; Shell Midden Wallace 1958 000000 629 Shell Midden Noah 2009; Wallace 1958 000000 5077 Shell Midden Hatley and Bull 1977 000000 8346 Shell Midden Franklin 1980 000000 8455 Shell Scatter Cardenas 1981 026518 17414 Shell Scatter Rosenburg 1972 027036 17627 Shell Midden Pallette 2005; 027452 17907 Shell Midden Lavlander 2006 028353 18348 Sivba, Martinez, Robbins-Wade Shell Scatter 2007 029410 18819 Shell Midden Anderson 2008 030500 19375 Lithic and Shell Scatter Noah 2009 032654 20692 Shell Scatter Giletti 2012 Survey Field Conditions and Results No cultural resources were identified within the APE as a result of the field survey. Ground surface visibility within the APE was poor. The natural landscape of the entire project area is covered by nonnative grasses and other invasive vegetation. Only one portion of the APE, on the eastern end of the APE, was the ground surface visible. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 11 of21 Visibility within this area was good, approximately 80 percent (Figure 3). A 10 by 5 foot concrete foundation was also noted on the north eastern corner of the APE during the survey. It was photographed and documented. Recommendations No cultural resources were identified within the APE in the record search or during the pedestrian field survey. One cultural resource, CA-SDI-8455, was identified adjacent the APE in the records search. CA-SDI-8455 was identified by S. Cardenas in 1981 as a low density shell scatter. Due to the close proximity of the APE to CA-SDI-8455 archaeological monitoring is recommended during construction in order to identify previously unidentified subsurface cultural deposits. Monitoring is recommended during initial ground disturbance including soil testing, soil remediation, and the initial grading. In the event that cultural resources are encountered, all work should cease in the vicinity of the discovery until a qualified archaeologist has evaluated the resource to determine significance. Monitoring will not be required for non-native fill soils or after initial grading. Should you have any questions regarding this study, please do not hesitate to call me. Respectfully submitted, ~.,,~rw ·········. '1). rr J_)f'v[)w-.... _____ _) Angela N. Pham, M.A., RPA Associate Archaeologist Attachments: Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Appendix A Project Vicinity. Project Location. View of the APE SCIC Record Search Confirmation July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 12 of21 References Cited Almstedt, Ruth 1982 Kumeyaay and Ipay. In APS/SDG&E Interconnection Native American Cultural Resources, edited by Clyde Woods, pp. 6-20. Wirth Associates, San Diego. Bada, Jeffrey, Roy Schroeder, and George Carter 1974 New Evidence for the Antiquity of Man in North America Deduced from Aspartic Acid Racemization. Science 184:791-793. Bean, Lowell J., and Harry W. Lawton 1976 Some Explanations for the Rise of Cultural Complexity in Native California with Comments on Proto-Agriculture and Agriculture. In Native Californians: A Theoretical Retrospective, edited by Lowell J. Bean and Thomas C. Blackburn, pp. 7-30. Ballena Press, Ramona, California. Bean, Lowell John, and Florence C. Shipek 1978 Luisefio. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 550-563. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Bibb, Leland E. 1976 William Marshall "The Wickedest Man in California": A Reappraisal. Journal of San Diego History 22:11-25. Blackburn, Thomas C., and Kat Anderson (editors) 1993 Before the Wilderness: Environmental Management by Native Californians. Ballena Press, Menlo Park, California. Carrico, Richard Lee 1985 Creation of a Marginal People: Native Americans in San Diego, 1850-1880. Unpublished Master's thesis, Department of History, San Diego State University. Carter, George 1980 Earlier Than You Think: A Personal View of Man in the Americas. Texas A&M University, College Station. Chapman, Charles 1925 A History of California: The Spanish Period. Macmillan Company, New York. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 13 of 21 City of Carlsbad 2013 History of Carlsbad. Electronic document, http://www. carlsbadca. gov /services/departments/police/pages/history .aspx City of San Marcos 2004 History of San Marcos. Electronic document, http://www .ci.san- marcos. ca. us/departments. asp Comeau, Brad, Micah Hale, and Mark Becker 2012 Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Palomar Station Project, San Marcos, San Diego County, California. ASM Affiliates. On file at the South Coast Information Center, San Diego State University Erlandson, Jon, and Roger H. Colten 1991 An Archaeological Context for Early Holocene Studies on the California Coast. In Hunter Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten, pp. 1-10. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Franklin, Randy 1977 Palomar College, Archaeological Site Survey for CA-SDI-5633. On file at the South Coast Information Center, San Diego State University. Fredericks, Edward 1979 The U. S. Navy in San Diego Prior to World War II--In They Came From the Sea: A Maritime History of San Diego. Cabrillo Historical Association, San Diego. Gallegos, Dennis R., and Andrew Pigniolo 1990 The Copley Project, San Marcos, California Resources Survey and Testing Program at SDI-5633. Gallegos and Associates, Carlsbad, California. On file at the South Coast information Center, San Diego State University. Gallegos, Dennis R., Monica Guerrero, Jeff Flenniken, and Tracy Stapes 2002 Data Recovery Program for Pacbell Site CA-SDI-5633 San Marcos, California. Gallegos and Associates, Carlsbad, California. On file at the South Coast Information Center, San Diego State University. Gifford, Edward W. 1931 The Kamia of Imperial Valley. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 98. Washington, D.C. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 14 of 21 Hawthorne, Kristi 2000 Oceanside: Where Life is Worth Living. Donning, Virginia Beach, Virginia. Hedges, Ken 1975 Notes on the Kumeyaay: A Problem of Identification. Journal of California Anthropology 2:71-83. James, Delman, Rich Bark, Brian Glenn, Jerry Sabio, and Ted Cooley 1996 Site Record Form Update for CA-SDI-5633. Form on file at the South Coast Information Center, San Diego State University. Johnson, John, and Dinah Crawford 1999 Contributions to Luisefio Ethnohistory Based on Mission Register Research. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 35:79-102. Jones, Terry 1992 Settlement Trends along the California Coast. In Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, edited by Terry L. Jones, pp. 1-38. Center for Archaeological Research at Davis No. 10. Davis, California. Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C. Luomala, Katherine 1978 Tipai and Ipai. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 592-609. Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 8, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. MacPhail, Elizabeth 1979 The Story of New San Diego and Its Founder Alonzo E. Horton. 2"' ed. San Diego Historical Society. Meighan, Clement 1959 California Cultures and the Concept of an Archaic Stage. American Antiquity 24:289-305. Moratto, Michael 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Orlando, Florida. July 16, 2013 Helix Environmental Planning, Inc. Page 15 of 21 Moriarty, James 1966 Cultural Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating at San Diego. Anthropological Journal of Canada 4:20-30. 1976 The Cabrillo National Monument: A Physical and Cultural Overview. Report prepared for Western Regional Office, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Moyer, Cecil 1969 Historic Ranchos of San Diego. Union-Tribune, San Diego. Ogden Environmental and Energy Services 1996 Cultural Resources Technical Report for the Oceanside-Escondido Rail Project. On file at the South Coast information Center, San Diego State University. Oxendine, Joan 1983 The Luisefio Village during the Late Prehistoric Period. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of California, Riverside. 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