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HomeMy WebLinkAboutGPA 09-07; Palomar Commons; General Plan Amendment (GPA) (8)PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT OF THE 16.73 ACRE PALOMAR COMMONS PROJECT SITE, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF EL CAMINO REAL AND PALOMAR AIRPORT ROAD, CITY OF CARLSBAD, SAN DIEGO COUNTY Application # GPA 09-07/ZC 09-08/SDP 09-05/CUP 09-07/SUP 09-08 submitted to: RECEIVED MAR 2 B 2010 CITY OF CARLSBAD PLANNING DEPT City of Carlsbad Planning Department 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad, CA 92008 prepared for: Sudberry Properties, Inc. 5465 Morehouse Drive, Suite 260 San Diego, CA 92121 prepared by: Archaeological Associates P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 TEL (951)244-1783 FAX (951) 244-0084 Robert S. White Laura S. White, Principal Investigator March, 2010 NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA BASE INFORMATION Author (s): Consulting Firm: Report Date: Report Title: Submitted to: Prepared for: USGS Quadrangle: Study Area: Keywords: Laura S. White, M.A. Principal Investigator Robert S. White Archaeological Associates P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 (951)244-1783 February, 2010 A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment of the 16.73-Acre Palomar Commons Project Site, Southwest Comer of El Camino Real and Palomar Airport Road, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County. City of Carlsbad Plaiming Department 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad, CA 92008 Sudberry Properties, Inc. 5465 Morehouse Drive, Suite 260 San Diego, CA 92121 San Luis Rey 7.5', Califomia 16.73 acres (a portion of APN 760-221-015) Unsectioned, Township 11 South, Range 4 West, SBBM Survey, 6111 El Camino Real, Palomar Commons, Carlsbad, San Diego County-negative results TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Management Summary ....... iv I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. SETTING 1 III. RESEARCH DESIGN 15 IV. METHODS 16 V. REPORT OF FINDINGS 20 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 21 VII. CERTIFICATION 21 REFERENCES CITED 24 APPENDIX A: Persormel Qualifications APPENDIX B: Records Search Resuhs APPENDIX C: NAHC Sacred Lands File Check APPENDIX D: Native American Consultation -n- LIST OF FIGURES PAGE Figure 1. Regional location of study area as indicated on a portion ofthe USGS Santa Ana 1:250,000 Topographic Map Sheet. Figure 2. Study area plotted on a portion of the USGS San Luis Rey 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle. Figure 3. Study area as shown on Project Site Plan . LIST OF PLATES Plate I. Top: Looking west across westem half of study ... 22 area fi-om center of property. Bottom: Easterly view across property fiom westem boimdary. Plate II. Top; Southwesterly view of principal resort ... 23 building. Bottom: Southerly view across eastem margin of property. -m- MANAGEMENT SUMMARY At the request of Sudberry Properties, Inc., Archaeological Associates has undertaken a Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment ofl6.73-acres of partially developed land located at 6111 El Camino Real. The study area (identified as GPA 09-07/ZC 09-08/SDP 09-05/CUP 09-07/SUP 09-08) is located immediately southwest of the intersection of El Camino Real and Palomar Airport Road, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County. The purpose of the study was to identify all potentially significant cultural resources situated within the property boundaries. This information is needed since adoption of the project could result in adverse effects upon locations of archaeological or historical importance. Assessment constraints comprised a fixed budget and schedule. All field notes, background research and correspondence for the project are in the possession of Archaeological Associates. Disturbance within the study area is widespread, especially in the eastem third of the property. Until recently, the eastem margin was occupied by the Olympic Resort Hotel & Spa constmcted in 1984. Consequently, visibility was poor in this area (0-25%) due to the presence of the main resort building, termis courts, and parking lots. Visibility was also obscured by mbble from demolition of swimming pools and associated fitness center and spa. The westem two-thirds of the property comprises a defunct driving range, putting greens and water targets. Visibility in this portion of the property was very good ranging between (80-100%). The results of the records search conducted at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) indicated that portions of the subject property have been previously surveyed for cultural resources. However, none of the previous investigations resulted in the discovery of any prehistoric or historic resources. Additionally, no such resources were encountered during the course of the present investigation. Therefore, no additional work in conjunction with cultural resources, including monitoring of any fiiture grading activities, is warranted or recommended. -IV- I. INTRODUCTION The following report was written for Sudberry Properties, Inc. by Archaeological Associates. It described the results of a Phase I Cultural Resources assessment of the 16.73-acre Palomar Commons Project site. The study area, identified as a portion of APN 760-221-015, is located at 6111 El Camino Real immediately southwest of the intersection of El Camino Real and Palomar Airport Road in Carlsbad, San Diego Coimty (fig. 1). The project site comprises a recently closed hotel and spa facility (Olympic Resort Hotel & Spa) that was constmcted in 1984 and underwent renovation in 1998. Presently, the modem facility is gradually being demolished. Proposed development plans include: 1) complete demolition ofthe existing facility, and 2) constmction of a commercial retail shopping center comprising 142,098 sq. ft. of retail, 6,000 sq. ft. of bank, and 4,200 sq. ft. of restaurant. The purpose of this study was to identify all potentially significant cultural resources situated within the boundaries of the study area. This information is needed since adoption of the proposed plan could resuh in adverse effects upon locations of archaeological or historical importance. Our assessment consisted of: (1) a records search conducted to detennine whether any previously recorded historic or prehistoric material is present on the parcel, and (2) a field recoimaissance intended to identify any previously unrecorded cultural resources. The study described herein was conducted in accordance with the Califomia Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) as it pertains to the management of cultural resources. Furthermore, the report was prepared according to the Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format contained within the State's Preservation Plarming Bulletin Number 4(a) (Califomia Department of Parks and Recreation 1989). II. SETTING A. Location Regionally, the study area is located east of Interstate 5 and immediately south/southeast of the McClellan-Palomar Airport in the City of Carlsbad (fig. 1). More specifically, the study area lies immediately southwest of the intersection of Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real. Legally, it is situated within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 South, Range 4 West, San -1- Figure 1. Regional location ofthe project area as indicated on a portion of the USGS Santa Ana 1:250,000 scale Topographic Map Sheet (1959, revised 1979). -2- Bernardino Base Meridian as shown on a portion of the San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle (fig. 2). The study area is irregular in shape and represents a portion of a larger parcel identified as APN 760-221 -015. The property is bordered by Palomar Airport Road on the north, a county animal shelter on the west, commercial development on the south, and El Camino Real on the east (fig. 3). Vehicular access to the property can be achieved from El Camino Real. Pedestrian access can be had from the commercial park on the south or from the commercial park located at the southwest end of the study area. B. Natural Setting The project area lies approximately 1-mile south of Agua Hedionda Creek in an area of rolling terrain. It appears that prior to development of the property in 1984, the topography comprised a gentle swale transected a un-named, intermittent water course. Development of the property resulted in re-routing the watercourse around the northem periphery of the parcel in conjunction with the creation of a large "super pad" at the eastem end of the property. Creation of the pad required the import of local fill material to attain the desired development contours (EEI 2010). This soil, which contains numerous sfream rolled cobbles, is most visible under the abandoned driving range. Elsewhere within the property boundaries, soils generally comprise sandy loam. The development program also effectively removed the native scmb vegetation replacing it with turf, landscape shmbbery and imported tress (e.g.: pine, ash, eucalyptus, palm and coral). As presently contoured, the study area comprises a large fiat area across the breadth of the east end of the property which gives way to a gently descending slope as one moves westward. Elevations range from a maximum of approximately 290 feet above mean sea level across the eastem end of the study area to a minimum of 267 feet in the southwest comer. Drainage appears to be wholly to the southwest. As previously mentioned, native vegetation has been supplanted with imported trees and plants. Opportunistic, seasonal grasses have taken over areas that were likely planted in turf. Fauna encountered were limited to pigeons, meadowlarks, and mocking birds. Figure 2. Study area plotted on a portion of the San Luis Rey (1975) USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle. -4- f I 1 S a CD • I 0 « I s 0 RESUME- srre TOTAL OiaCIHM.SmAK*. M1.31*SFHS.87»e«tS) smOtAfHOMCO 374MSf (O.MAOISS) NtW TOTAI JTTEAKEA: ?1»,7« SF (14.73 ACUfSi fAJt. IJ.S« fAMNO- MTKk RESUME- SUDBERRY Until recently, the subject property was the location of the Olympic Resort Hotel and Spa. The facility was constmcted in 1984 and renovated in 1998. Hotel accommodations included: 78 luxury rooms, a restaurant, bar and cocktail lounge, conference rooms, 2 Olympic-sized swimming pools, fitness center, European spa, 5 lighted termis courts, a golf driving range with 48 stations equipped with water pools for targets and 4 four practice putting greens (Olympic Resort 2010). Suffice it to say, the original setting has been completely obliterated by the aforementioned development. Consequently, it is unlikely that there is any undisturbed ground remaining within the study area. The surrounding area is also highly industrialized as commercial development adjoins the study area on the south, west, to the east across El Camino Real and to the northwest across Palomar Airport Road. C. Cultural Setting 1. Prehistoric Culture Sequence In order to understand the archaeological research of the study area, a concept of the chronology of the three principle cultural stages in San Diego County is first required. These stages are: (1) the San Dieguito which is generally regarded as dating to the era before 6,500 or 7,000 B.C., (2) the long La Jolla period which followed the San Dieguito and lasted until circa A.D. 500, and finally, the Late Prehistoric era which followed the La Jolla and continued until the arrival of the Spanish missionaries (Wallace 1955). The San Dieguito culture, which is the most ancient, has been made famous by the Harris Complex deposits on the San Dieguito River. San Dieguito sites are characterized by large chipped stone cores and scrapers manufactured from metavolcanic materials. It is generally believed that the San Dieguito people did not use ground stone milling implements although it is possible that such tools came into use at the end of the San Dieguito period. In contrast, the La Jolla, or "Millingstone," people appear to have been heavily dependent upon ground vegetable foods since stone milling equipment and a dearth of animal bone seem typical of La Jolla archaeological deposits. The Late Prehistoric Period witnessed the introduction of the bow and arrow (circa A.D. 500) and a new emphasis upon hunting in addition to continuation of the La Jollan gathering practices. Most students of southem Califomia prehistory believe that the human population increased -6- dramatically during the late Prehistoric era. One factor which probably contributed to this increase with the integration of "acom technology" into the economy. The ability to leach the acrid tarmic acid from oak acoms, thereby rendering them edible, provided an abundant staple foodstuff capable of supporting an expanding population. 2. The Kumeyaay (Diegueno) a. Introduction The latest prehistoric occupants of San Diego County spoke two entirely different languages. When the Spanish arrived, the northem half of the county was inhabited by the Luiseno who spoke a Shoshonean dialect. The southem half was occupied by the Kumeyaay who spoke a Yuman dialect. The San Luis Rey River is recognized as the dividing line between the two groups. The project area falls within the historically known territory of the Kumeyaay (Diegueno) Indians. The Kumeyaay inhabited coastal regions, oak woodland hills, and inland valleys. It is not known when the Kumeyaay people first arrived nor the extent of their relationship, if any, to the earlier La Jolla groups who are known to have been in San Diego for at least several thousand years prior to the Kumeyaay arrival. Ceramic technology seems to have been introduced in San Diego County sometime after the Kumeyaay settled in the area. The oldest ceramic finds may date to 1000 to 1500 years ago. The Kumeyaay were the aborigines encountered by the Spanish when they arrived in San Diego in 1769. The missionaries called the aborigines "Diegueno" and this is the name which was used by most of the early ethnographers (e.g. Spier 1923). Many scholars still refer to them as Diegueno while the surviving Indians prefer to be called "Kumeyaay" (Ezell in May 1975:1). May comments that "The only comprehensive name in previous times was tipai meaning the people... it would seem that Kumeyaay or Kumiai...name geographic regions and do not designate a given culture" (May 1975:1; Spier 1923:298). b. Territory Kumeyaay land was bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by the San Dieguito River, on the east by an unknown area in the Califomia Desert and on the south by an unknown latitude of Baja Califomia (Kroeber notes that the Indians of Ensenada spoke a language quite similar to Diegueno; 1925:709). Kroeber distinguished two separate Diegueno (i.e. Kumeyaay) dialects which he termed "Northem and "Southem" (Kroeber 1925:710). This division was used for many years but Spier has suggested a threefold division: Northem, Central, and Southem (Shipek 1970:7). c. Society The Kumeyaay people were organized according to exogamous patrilineal clans (Kroeber 1925:719). Married women went to live with their husband's clan. The actual clans were organized into loosely stmctured bands in which descent is recognized on both sides, but the offspring inherit their father's residence and clan. Two different types of groups were found at any village. The consanguineal kin group made up the household and the residential group made up the village community (May 1975:2). The "consanguineal kin group" or, more simply, the household, comprised the adult head couple and their uimiarried children and married sons along wdth their wives and dependents. Unmarried siblings of the husband, aging parents, and surviving dependent siblings of the father's father might also be included (Luomala 1963:285). This organization can be termed a "sib system". An interesting aspect of the Kumeyaay clans or sib systems is their relative lack of official leaders. Leadership positions were restricted to the hereditary clan chief and an assistant. Official political and religious leaders were totally lacking. d. Villages Villages were occupied on a seasonal basis, but travel was generally restricted to the territory belonging to the particular division (i.e., Northem, Central, or Southem Kumeyaay). Spier describes the migrations of the post-contact Kumeyaay living adjacent to the Colorado Desert as follows: The occupancy of the gentile territories was seasonal. Winter found them living in groups of mixed gentile affiliation among the foothills... In the spring they retumed to the mountains, keeping pace with the ripening of the wild food staples and passing the sununer in -8- their respective territories, where they lived in littie groups in the valleys. The whole territory was not occupied at one time: when a locality was hunted out or fruits ripened elsewhere, they moved on. In the course of a year or so, however, all of the recognized settlements had been occupied (Spier 1923:306). It appears that there were a few large villages comprising a number of clans and that the individual clans had control of tracts of territory in the surrounding area. Subsidiary camps were situated in there tracts. The clans used these camps to "provide subsistence stores, perishable equipment materials, lithic materials, trade items, and perhaps some religious materials" (May 1975:4). e. Subsistence The Kumeyaay people survived by hunting and gathering. It is clear from the preceding discussion that this form of economy greatly influenced clan migration and settlement location. Since the Kumeyaay were moving about among a series of enviroimiental zones, it is best to examine their subsistence relative to these zones. Among the richest ecological areas was the coastal zone. Kumeyaay living along the coast gathered shellfish extensively. Some were boiled and eaten immediately while others were dried in the sun and preserved for future consumption. Abalone shells were used for dishes and smaller shells were used for spoons. Other seafood included octopus, shrimp and fish. Delfina Cuero related the following account to Shipek (1970:28f.): We used cactus thoms on a long stick to spear fish. We also made fraps out of agave fibre. We put the traps in the ocean, put a piece of rabbit meat in it, and could come back later to get the fish. We made nets out of tall grasses: ropes and nets were made of agave too. A second rich ecological zone was the Southem Oak Woodland environment. Here the principal food staple was the acom which became ripe in the fall. The acoms were gathered by the women who placed them in baskets. The acoms were leached to remove taimic acid then ground into flour. The flour was boiled into a kind of mush. -9- There is some evidence suggesting that villages and subsidiary camps tended to locate in areas where chaparral and Southem Oak Woodland communities come together (May 1975:8). This permitted a greater resource base since chaparral zones contain certain plants which were useful to the Kumeyaay. These include yucca and agave as well as a number of edible cacti. Yucca and agave were eaten and the fibre was extracted and used for making nets, footwear, and other woven cordage items. Pine forests high in the mountains (above 4500 ft.) were also exploited. Here the staple found was the pinon nut which was harvested in late spring and summer. Pinon pine also occur in parts of the high desert along with joshua, juniper, and mescal, the heart of which was roasted in pits. The low desert area appears to have been little exploited by the Kumeyaay. The desert bottom did not afford a sufficient economy during Kumeyaay times. That is, a village sized population probably could not live comfortably at this level... Those few sites [which did exist in the low desert] were probably located at well-watered springs. Such sites have been observed by this author at Coolidge Springs and Kane Springs on the west side of the Salton Sea (May 1975:1 Of.) In summary, the Kumeyaay survived by hunting and gathering available resources. Their habitats, movements, and technology were all oriented toward optional exploitation of these habitats. Agriculture seems to have been unknown although there is some evidence that horticulture was practiced on a small scale (Delfina Cuero in Shipek 1970:32). / Material Culture and Technology Archaeological data regarding the Kumeyaay usually relate to the material culture and particularly to those items manufactured from non-perishable materials. Therefore, a brief description of the material culture is especially pertinent to an archaeological investigation. Kumeyaay houses were of the A-frame type, consisting of three upright posts supporting a single ridge pole. This was then covered with a layer of bmsh over which soil was placed. Kroeber comments with regard to where this type of stmcture may have been developed: -10- The elliptical outline, sharp roof, and absence of walls approximate this stmcture to the Luiseno and Cahuilla house; but the regular roofing with earth, exacted by neither the mild climate of the coast nor the heat of the desert edge, points to an influence of cognate tribes on the Colorado River (Kroeber 1925:721). The Kumeyaay also built sweathouses. These stmctures were supported by four posts set in a square with roofing similar to that used for dwellings (ibid.:722). Warmth in the sweathouse was produced by an open fire, never by steam. The sweathouse was used by most ofthe Califomia tribes west of the deserts: The Califomia sweathouse is an institution of daily, not occasional service. It serves a habit, not a medical treatment; it enters into ceremony and indirectly rather than as a means of purification. It is the assembly of the men, and often their sleeping quarters. It thus comes to fulfill many of the functions of a club; but is not to be constmed as such, since ovmership or kinship or friendship, not membership, determines admission (Heizer and Whipple 1951:8). The dwellings and sweathouses were the principal stmctures built by the Kumeyaay. However, there are also references to stone forts, hunting blinds, storage areas, and shade screens buih of bmsh (May 1975:16). Kumeyaay dress was simple. Women wore a two piece apron while men went naked when weather permitted (Kroeber 1925:721). Footgear was wom only when rough ground had to be traversed and consisted of sandals manufactured from agave fibre. Tatoos were common, particularly on the chins of women (Luomala 1978:599). These were made by using a cactus thom to prick charcoal into the skin. Many other Kumeyaay fabricated items were related to food collecting or processing. Most frequently encountered are the various forms of bedrock grinding equipment. These were normally made on granite outcroppings near or adjacent to creek beds and Oak stands. The grinding features are of three usual types: -11- 1. Mortars. These are natural or pecked concavities in the rock. They are normally circular in plan and vary from 5 to 10 cm. in depth. Bedrock mortars were used in conjunction with stone or wooden pestles for pulverizing food. 2. Ovals or Bedrock Metates. These are small shallow oval depressions in the bedrock. They usually vary between 15 and 30 cm. in either dimension but are almost always oval in plan. Normally ovals are less than 3 cm. deep. They were probably used in conjunction with manos (hand stones) for grinding food. 3. Slicks. These are amorphous smooth spots on the bedrock. Slicks may measure up to 150 x 150 cm. in their horizontal dimensions but are almost always totally lacking in depth. The smoothness appears to be the result of a mano being mbbed across the natural contour of the stone. Portable mortars were also manufactured by the Diegueno and they, along with manos, comprise the remainder of the usual groundstone complex (though other utilitarian and decorative groundstone objects occur occasionally). Most cutting and shaping chores were performed using chipped stone tools manufactured from metavolcanic rocks or cherts. The sharp edges of simple "flakes" stmck from amorphous cores are the most common cutting tool. Planes and scraping tools for shaping and removing plant fibre were also manufactured from chipped stone as were projectile points (arrow or dart points). Kumeyaay projectile points are usually small, triangular specimens many of which bear a notch on either side. Surprisingly, stone arrowheads seem to have been somewhat restricted in their use: Stone arrowheads... are used against big game only... A mere pointed foreshaft [wood or bone] may be used even against deer (Spier 1923:352). However, stone projectile points also served mystic fimctions. May notes that stone projectile points were sometimes "placed around the boundaries of sites to ward off wandering spirits" (May 1975:17). They were also sometimes placed in graves containing cremations. The Kumeyaay also manufactured pottery using a stone and a wooden paddle (paddle and anvil technique). Usually the ceramics were fabricated from a reddish clay mixed with coarse sand. It was then coiled and finally was shaped by paddling against the surface using the pebble as "backing" on the opposite surface. This family of pottery characterized by a reddish brown hue and coarse gritty fabric is referred to as "Tizon Brown Ware". -12- A much more rare type of pottery at Kumeyaay sites is called "Lower Colorado Buff Ware". It has been postulated for desert sites that Lower Colorado Buff Ware was used to make storage vessels while Tizon Brovm Ware was used to make utility vessels (i.e., cups, plates, etc., cf O'Brien, 1974). The hypothesis was developed for explaining why Colorado Buff Ware in the desert normally occurs at villages and base camps while Tizon Brown Ware frequently occurs at temporary camps (O'Brien 1974; King 1975:66). This hypothesis may also apply to Kumeyaay pottery from cenfral San Diego County. Decorated pottery is unusual but not unknown at Kumeyaay sites. Painted pottery is particularly rare and possibly restricted to vessels cormected with ceremonially related activities (May 1975:18). An interesting series of incised Kumeyaay sherds from the Williams Ranch near Santa Ysabel has been published (Fritz et al. 1977:41). Other Kumeyaay utilitarian objects were manufactured from basketry. In addition to the usual utilitarian baskets, they also made basketry caps intended to protect the head from the straps on their carrying nets (Luomala 1978:599). The caps, which were "somewhat conical", were also wom by women to prevent hair from falling into the mortar when they were grinding food (Spier 1923:340). Men's caps were made of coiled basketry while women's were twined. Granaries were also manufactured from basketry. Evidence for Kumeyaay omamental objects is largely archaeological. May describes them as follows: Most of the beads were made by breaking down the sides off an olivella shell and drilling holes in the center. The edges were then ground round. Some shells merely had their spires lopped off. Clay pendants are almost always old potsherds which have been ground oval and drilled at one end (May 1975:19). Steatite effigies were also manufactured. Most of these figurines seem to represent birds or fishes and are thought to be associated with funerary rites (Polk 1972; Tme 1970). -13- g. Religion The Kumeyaay practiced an informal Shamanistic religion. According to Spier's informant, shamans were not specifically designated as such—rather the participants in various ceremonies were simply regarded as having Shamanistic powers to varying degrees (Spier 1923:31 Iff.). Formal village priests seem to have been absent. The most important ceremony was connected with death but did not take place until one year after death. According to May, there is conflicting evidence with regard to whether or not there was a ceremony held at the time of death (May 1975:12). It is certain that the Kumeyaay practiced cremation and that the ashes of the dead were placed in ums which were then hidden or buried. It also seems likely that the clothes and personal belongings of the deceased were bumed in order that "his spirit go into the next world and not have to keep coming back after his things" (Delfina Cuero in Shipek 1970:59). Mouming lasted for one year after which time the Keruk or mourning ceremony was held. This is described by Kroeber (1925). The image ceremony begins with a night of wailing. On the six succeeding nights the images are marched around the fire and dancing and singing continues until moming. The figures are made of mats stuffed with grass, the features indicated in haliotis [abalone] shell. The faces of those representing men are painted black, of women red. On the last of the six nights, at daybreak, the images, together with a great quantity of property, are put into the Keruk... and the whole is bumed... the purpose of the rite is said to be to keep the dead content, prevent their retum, and assuage the grief of the survivors, who at once cease mouming (Kroeber 1925:718f.) Other ceremonies included men's and women's puberty ceremonies, the eclipse dance performed to prevent the moon from disappearing, and a curious rite known as the "ridiculing ceremony". With regard to the latter. Spier noted the following: The precise purpose and procedure of the stereotype ridiculing which is an integral part of these [ridiculing] ceremonies is far from clear. During my informant's initiation, he was instmcted by two women to exemplify by his dancing the ridiculing of a gens [clan] to which neither he nor they belonged. At the same time, -14- everyone ridiculed him while he drank the toloache [a hallucinogenic beverage] (Spier 1923:323). h. Historic Times The Kumeyaay were the first Califomia Indians encountered by the Spanish missionaries. They were also the most unusual in that they were hostile toward missionization. Kroeber notes that they were described as "proud, rancorous, boastful, covetous, given to jests and quarrels, passionately devoted to the customs of their fathers, and hard to handle" (Kroeber 1925:711). The Kumeyaay attacked the mission at San Diego for plunder within a month after its founding. Seven years later they attacked and partly bumed the mission— three Spaniards including one priest were killed in the assauh. This was the only Franciscan to lose his life to the Indians during the "entire history of the Califomia missions" (ibid.). In spite of their efforts at resistance, missioiuzation of the Kumeyaay within the immediate vicinity of San Diego was inevitable. However groups living further inland maintained independence for a greater length of time. III. RESEARCH DESIGN A. Research Goals The goals of the research conducted for the project were to identify known locations of potential significance situated within the study area. The hypotheses were as follows: (1) Prehistoric sites may be found almost anywhere but are generally located in areas that offered access to water and plant resources. In this particular area of the City, prehistoric sites may comprise one or more of the following: shell midden, marine shell scatters, lithic scatters, ground stone scatters, hearths, isolated artifacts, and possible human inhumations. (2) Historic sites in the region would most likely be associated with residential buildings and include: trash scatters/deposits, privies, cisterns, wells, foundations, and isolated artifacts. However, not all debris scatters (e.g. tin can, glass, crockery) can be connected to a particular residence or business. In many instances, isolated scatters of dumped historic debris represent nothing more that illicitly discarded mbbish. -15- IV. METHODS A. Archaeological Records Search An in-person records search of the study area was conducted by Ms. Laura S. White, M.A. at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC), San Diego State University on November 20,2009 (see Appendix B). The search entailed a review of all previously recorded prehistoric and historic archaeological sites situated on or within a one-mile radius of the project area. Additionally, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Califonua Historical Landmarks (CHL), Califomia Points of Historical Interest (CPHI), and the Califomia Directory of Properties (DOP, aka the Historic Resources Inventory [HRI]) were reviewed for the purpose of identifying historic properties. 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within the Study Area The results of the records search indicated that no prehistoric or historic archaeological sites have been previously recorded within the boundaries of the study area. Furthermore, no historic buildings or stmctures have been recorded on the property. 2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within a One-Mile Radius Although no previous prehistoric or historic archaeological sites have been recorded within the study area, nineteen archaeological sites (all prehistoric in nature) have been recorded within a one-mile radius of the property. The vast majority of these prehistoric sites consist of lithic scatters. The remaining two resources (Primary #s 37-018241 and 37-018242) comprise historic stmctures. All resources are listed individually by their official state recording # (Primary #) followed by their individual site trinomial [SDI- designation] and characterized in Table 1. Of the 21 resources within a one-mile radius. Primary #37-005518 is the closest to the study area and lies approximately 1/3-miles to the northeast. The site was recorded by a Mr. Hightower in 1976 and described as a large rock outcrop with a single grinding slick. No artifacts were observed at the boulder location. -16- Table 1. Cultural Resources Located Within a One-Mile Radius ofthe Study Area. Primary # /SDI-Site Description 37-002722/SDI-2722 Lithic and ceramic scatter comprising 5 flakes and 1 tizon brownware sherd (Carrico 1973). 37-004357/SDI-4357 Artifact scatter consisting of blades, scrapers, bifaces, flakes, and debitage (Kaldenberg 1976). 37-004852/SDI-4852 Light lithic scatter comprising of many core fragments, 250+ flakes, and two chipped stone tools (Kaldenberg 1976). 37-004853/SDI-4853 Large roasting pit consisting of 100 thermally fractured rocks (Kaldenberg 1976). 37-004854/SDI-4854 Light lithic scatter consisting of 15-20 flakes and 11 scrapers (Kaldenberg 1976). 37-004855/SDI-4855 Flaking station with 1 hammerstone, 3 cores, and 27 flakes (Kaldenberg 1976). 37-004856/SDI-4856 Roasting pit or cooking area comprising approx. 250 thermally fractured rocks. Some tools and flakes foimd eroding nearby (Kaledenberg 1976). 37-004857/SDI-4857 Hearth comprising 42 thermally fractured cobbles and 25+ debitage (Kaldenberg 1976). 37-005092/SDI-5092 Irregular scatter of marine shell and section of trail (May 1977). 37-005117/SDI-5117 Two milling slicks on separate boulders (Hightower 1976). 37-005118/SD1-5118 Large rock outcrop with one grinding slick (Hightower 1976). 37-005224/SD1-5224 Marine shell and lithic scatter consisting of 500+ undesignate shell and 25 flakes/debitage (Bull and Norwood 1977). 37-00523 l/SDI-5231 Thin scatter of flakes with occasional tool and sporadic marine shell (Bull 1977). 37-007230/SDI-7230 Small flake scatter consisting of 8 rhyolite flakes (Douglas 1979). 37-008348/SD1-8348 Lithic and tool scatter comprising numerous flakes, with occasional scraper, chopper and core (Franklin 1980). 37-014231/SDI-14063 Midden site containing lithic (flakes/debitage) and marine shell (Noah 1995). 37-016011 Artifact scatter including 2 manos, 1 cobble tool, Icore, and 6 flakes (Kyle 1997). 37-018241 Two-story packing shed or bam that dates to at least 1948 (Whitehouse 1999). 37-018242 Single-story ranch house that dates after 1948 (Whitehouse 1999). 37-018385/SDI-15588 Ten groundstone fragments and a chopper. (Brown 2000). 37-024174/SDI-16052 Habitation site consisting of an extensive midden and associated bedrock milling features (Timia 2001). -17- 3. Heritage Properties No listed National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Califomia Historical Landmarks (CHL), or Califomia Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) properties have been recorded on or wdthin a one-mile radius of the property. The Califomia Directory of Properties Office of Historic Preservation's Directory of Properties (DOP) also failed to list any historic stmctures in the area as having been previous inspected for historical significance. 4. Previous Surveys The results of the search indicated that portions of the study area have been previously surveyed for cultural resources. The earliest investigation was conducted by Gary R. Fink in 1974. At that time, 10-acres of the subject property was "spot checked" for cultural resources in conjunction with a larger, 480-acre survey for the Palomar Airport Master Plan (Fink 1974). No prehistoric or historic resources were identified within the boundaries of the subject property. In 1981, Westec Services, Inc. completed a linear survey for a pipeline through the project area and other adjoining parcels. The investigation was undertaken for an excess effluent pipeline for the Buena Sanitation District. No cultural resources were reported within the study area (Westec 1981). A third investigation of the subject property was performed in 1990 by Brian F. Smith and Associates. The project included a linear survey 400-feet wide along the entire length of the subject property adjacent to Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real. The study was conducted in conjunction with the Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real Road Widening Project. No prehistoric or historic material was encountered within these bordering areas of the property (Smith 1990). The most recent cultural resources study comprised a fleld survey for a Cingular Wireless facility. The specific project location appears to have been the parking lot in the northeast portion of the property. The study was performed by LSA Associates in 2001 with negative results (LSA 2001). Outside the project site, approximately 20 surveys have been conducted within a mile radius. These investigations comprise both large (over 40 acres) and small acreage (under 40 acres) survey as well as other linear projects (i.e. pipeUne, road, or fiber optic). When combined, these -18- investigations account for approximately 65-70 % of the surrounding acreage (one-mile radius) having been surveyed. B. Historic Map Research In addition to the records search, historic maps of this part of Carlsbad were reviewed at both the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) at San Diego State University and the Map Room housed in the Physical Science Library at the University of Califomia at Riverside. The various USGS topographic maps examined included the 1901 San Luis Rey 30' USGS Topographic Quadrangle (surveyed 1891 and 1898), tiie 1901 Oceanside 15' USGS Quadrangle, tiie 1948 San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle, the 1949 San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle, and the 1968 San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle. The 1928 Coimty of San Diego Tax Factor Aerial was also inspected. Each of these visual sources failed to show any stmctures or man-made features within the study area. Consequently, it appears that historically, the study area has always comprised vacant land. C. Land Patents Archival research also included a review of land patents on file with the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) in Sacramento. BLM General Land Office records show that the study area (located within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 South, Range 4 West, San Bemardino Base Meridian) was originally part of the Agua Hedionda Spanish/Mexican Land Grant. The 13,000 acre land grant (document # PLC 521 and accession/serial # C ACAAA 084005) was issued to Juan Maria Marron on December 12, 1872 under authority ofthe Grant Act of March 3, 1851 (9 Stat. 631). D. Sacred Lands File Check On October 30, 2009, a Sacred Lands File Check for the project area was requested by Ms. Laura S. White, M.A. The search was conducted on November 2, 2009 by Mr. Dave Singleton, Program Analyst for the Native American Heritage Commission in Sacramento. The results of the search indicated that no sacred Native American sites have been recorded within the boundaries of the study area. A list of both individual and Native American groups was also provided for further consultation (see Appendix C). -19- E. Native American Consultation In order to leam more about the potential archaeological sensitivity of the project area, letters of inquiry were sent to all six Native American contacts (individuals and tribes) provided by the NAHC. To date, only one written response has been received. The reader is referred to Appendix D for written correspondence. F. Field Sttidv A field recoimaissance of the study area was conducted by Laura S. White (Principal Investigator, RPA and County certified), David M. Van Hom, Ph.D (surveyor), and Robert S. White (Project Director) on January 14, 2010. Follow-up work was conducted on Febmary 24, 2010. The intent of the survey was to identify all potentially significant cultural resources situated within the boundaries of the project site. Historic resources include places and stmctures relating to significant historic events or having historical or special aesthetic qualities in and of themselves. Prehistoric resources include Indian sites of all types. The pedestrian survey began at northeast comer of the property and proceeded in a southwesterly direction. Within the undeveloped areas of the property (westem 2/3) surface visibility was very good, ranging from 80 to 100% depending on the density of the low-lying vegetation (pl. I). Where feasible, the pedesfrian survey was conducted by walking parallel transects at 5-10 meter intervals across the property . Where buildings or other obstacles rendered parallel transect impractical (paved parking lots and tennis courts), meandering transects were utilized (pl. II). When encountered, backdirt piles resulting from rodent excavations were inspected. Additionally, erosion cuts and other escarpments were examined for any signs of buried archaeological deposits. By employing these techniques, a thorough examination of the study area was accomplished. All field notes, photographs, and maps generated or used during the field study are in the possession of Archaeological Associates. V. REPORT OF FINDINGS A. Prehistoric Resources The results of the records search conducted at the South Coastal Information Center at San Diego State University failed to identify any prehistoric resources within the project boundaries. -20- The results of the field study were also negative. No prehistoric resources of any kind were identified during the course of the investigation. B. Historic Resources The records search also failed to identify any historic resources within the project boundaries. No historic resources of any kind were discovered during the course of the field study. VI. RECOMMENDATIONS The records search failed to indicate the presence of any recorded prehistoric or historic resources within the boundaries of the study area. The results of our field assessment were equally negative. Therefore, since a thorough investigation has failed to reveal the presence of any cultural resources within the study area, no further work in conjunction with cultural resources, including monitoring of any future grading activities, is warranted or recommended. VII. CERTIFICATION The undersigned certifies that the attached report is a tme and accurate description of the results of a PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES described herein. Laura S. White, M.A. Principal Investigator -21- Plate I. Top: Looking west across westem half of study area from center of property. Bottom: Easterly view across property from westem boimdary. -22- Plate II. Top: Southwesterly view of principal resort building. Bottom: Southerly view across eastern margin of property. -23- REFERENCES CITED CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION 1989 Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format. Califomia Office of Historic Preservation. Sacramento. EEI GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS 2010 Geotechnical Evaluation: Proposed Retail Development, Palomar Airport Commons, Carlsbad, Sand Diego County, Califomia. Carlsbad. FINK, GARY R. 1974 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Palomar Airport Master Plan Project No. UJ0089. County of San Diego Public Works Agency. Unpublished report (NADB # 1121377 on file with the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. FRITZ, K., KNIGHT, L., GOTHOLD, J. 1977 The Williams Ranch Sites, San Diego County, Califomia. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 7-48. Costa Mesa. HEIZER, ROBERT F. AND M.A. WHIPPLE 1951 The California Indians: A Source Book. University of CaHfomia Press. Berkeley. KING, THOMAS 1975 Fifty Years of Archaeology in the Califomia Desert: An Archaeological Overview of Joshua Tree National Monument. The Westem Archaeological Center, National Park Service. Tuscon. KROEBER, ALFRED A. 1925 Handbook ofIndians ofCalifornia. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 78. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C. LSA ASSOCIATES 2001 Cultural Resource Assessment Cingular Wireless Facility No. 436-1. Unpublished report (NADB # 1124665) on file with the South Coastal Information Center. San Diego State University. LUOMALA, KATHARINE 1963 Flexibility in Sib Affiliation Among the Diegueno. Ethnology, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp. 282-301. University of Pittsburg. -24- 1978 Tipai-Ipai. IN: Handbook of North American Indians Vol 8:Califomia (Robert F. Heizer, vol. ed.)., pp. 592-609. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C. MAY, RONALD V. 1975 A Brief Survey of Kumeyaay Ethnography: Correlations Between Environmental Land-Use Pattems, Material Culture, and Social Organization. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4., pp. 1-25. Costa Mesa. O'BRIEN, T.P. 1974 Ceramic Artifacts. IN, Perris Reservoir Archaeology: Late Prehistoric Demographic Change in Southeastem Califomia. J.F. O'Coimell et. al., eds. Archaeological Report 14, Califomia Department of Parks and Recreation. Sacramento. OLYMPIC RESORT 2010 Hotel Summary: Olympic Resort, Carlsbad, Californina. http://hotelsandiego.us/hotel.php/152985-olympic-resort-carlsbad-califonua POLK, MICHAEL R. 1972 Manufacture and Uses of Steatite Objects by the Diegueno. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1-26. Costa Mesa. SHIPEK, FLORENCE 1970 The Autobiography of Delfina Cuero: A Diegueno Indian. Malki Museum Press. Banning. Reprint. SMITH, BRIAN F. 1990 Phase I Constraints Analysis: Results of an Iiutial Cultural Resources Survey ofthe Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real Road Widening Project. Unpublished report (NADB # 1121892) on file with tiie Soutii Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. SPIER, LESLIE 1923 Southem Diegueno Customs. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 20, No. 16, pp. 297-360. Berkeley. TRUE, D.L. 1970 Investigation of a Late Prehistoric Complex in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, San Diego, Califomia. Archaeological Survey Monograph, University of Califomia, Los Angeles. WALLACE, WILLIAM J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southem Califomia Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 11, No. 3., pp. 214-230. -25- WESTEC SERVICES, INC. 1981 Archaeological and Biological Survey Resuh and Analysis for Pipeline Revision to the Buena Sanitation District Excess Effluent Pipeline. Unpublished report (NADB # 1121617) on file with the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. -26- Appendix A: Personnel Qualifications ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES LAURA S. WHITE Curriculum Vitae Address: P.O. 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Phone: (951)244-1783 EDUCATION 1989 M.A. in Anthropology with emphasis in Archaeology, San Diego State University, San Diego. 1981 B.A. in Anthropology, University of San Diego, San Diego. 1978-1979 University of San Diego Business School. 1977-1978 Pepperdine Uiuversity Business School. CREDENTIALS 1999-Present Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) Certification: Archaeologist LD. # 10452 1990-1998 Society of Professional Archaeologists (SOP A) Certification: Field Research GENERAL Laura S. White, M.A. is a RPA (Register of Professional Archaeologists)/SOPA (Society of Professional Archaeologists) certified archaeologist and has held the full-time position of Field Director with Archaeological Associates since 1990. During the past twenty-five years of her professional career, she has confributed to or directed all phases of archaeological investigation for hundreds of projects. In addition, Laura has completed a number of private and govemmental assessments requiring Section 106 consultation and/or National Register eligibility. P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Tel (951) 244-1783 Fax (951) 244-0084 Ms. White has extensive experience with cultural resource compliance with regard to CEQA, NEPA, HABS, HAER and various other local criteria. Aside from her RPA/SOPA rating, Ms. White is also certified by the Counties of Orange, Riverside, San Diego, San Bemardino, and Ventura to direct all phases of archaeological investigation. Her archaeological expertise has taken her to project sites located throughout southem and cenfral Califomia. These undertakings have comprised both prehistoric and historic archaeological investigations situated in Riverside, San Bemardino, Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Kem, Fresno, Madera, Inyo, San Diego, and Imperial Counties. In conjunction with her career as a professional archaeologist, Ms. White was Co-Editor of the prestigious Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly joumal from 1990-1991. She has also been a guest lecturer at the request of the Bureau of Land Management and Long Beach State University. Furthermore, she has designed archaeological exhibits for the San Diego Museum of Man and the City of Vista, San Diego County. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS American Committee for the Preservation of Archaeological Collections (ACPAC) OVERSEAS EXPERIENCE 1981 Participant in on-going excavations at Hambledon Hill, Dorset, England. PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES 1991-1990 Co-editor for the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. The PC AS Quarterly is one of two professional archaeological joumals dedicated to the archaeology of southem Califomia. EXHIBITS 1987 Participant in constmction of exhibit for the City of Vista, Califomia. Artifacts on display are all from archaeological sites in the Vista area. 1981 Participant in constmction of exhibit on the Early Cultures of San Diego, San Diego Museum of Man. University of San Diego, San Diego. GRANTS 1981 Recipient of an Academic Research Grant for archaeology. University of San Diego, San Diego, Califomia. -2- LECTURES AND PRESENT A TIONS 1991 Guest lectured for the Mojave River Archaeological Society in Barstow. Topic: The Atlatl in Califomia. 1987 Guest lectured at Long Beach State University. Topic: Contract Archaeology. 1985 The Plight of Del Mar Man. Paper presented at the annual spring meeting of Society for Califomia Archaeology, San Diego. PUBLICATIONS Van Hom, David, Laura S. White, and Robert S. White 2005 The Prehistory of Gretiia Green, A Site in Northem San Diego County, pp. 145-168. IN: Onward and Upward! Papers in Honor of Clement W. Meighan (Keith L. Johnson, editor). Stansbury Publishing. Chico. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD EXPERIENCE AND UNPUBLISHED ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORTS A representative list of field experience and unpublished archaeological reports is available upon request. ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Tel (951) 244-1783 Fax (951) 244-0084 ROBERT S. WHITE Curriculum Vitae Address: P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Phone: (909)244-1783 EDUCATION 1987 B.A. in Liberal Studies with emphasis in Anthropology, Califomia State University, Long Beach. 1977 A.A. Degree in Liberal Arts, Los Angeles Harbor College. GENERAL Robert S. White has over eighteen years of full-time archaeological experience and has been affiliated with a number of southem Califomia confract archaeology firms begiiming in 1983. Since 1992 he has fulfilled the position of Director and more often than not. Principal Investigator for Archaeological Associates. Mr. White has extensive experience in all aspects of cultural resource investigation and management. These skills include but are not necessarily limited to: field survey and excavation, constmction and demolition monitoring, obsidian hydration studies, lab analysis, land surveying, cartography, archival research, budgeting, planning, and document writing/production. Robert is certified by the Orange, Riverside, and Ventura County Planning Departments to conduct all phases of archaeological investigation. Since 1983, Mr. White has conducted well over 300 prehistoric and historic archaeological investigations in Riverside, San Bemardino, Los Angeles, Orange, Kem, San Diego, Imperial, and Inyo Counties. Additionally, in concert with colleague Dr. David Van Hom, they have pioneered innovative techniques that have revolutionized data recovery programs on large, low-density archaeological sites. Mr. White is also an experienced heavy equipment operator specializing in loader/backhoe operations utilizing skid-steer loaders (Bobcats) and full-sized backhoes. ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD EXPERIENCE A representative list of archaeological field experience is available upon request. PUBLICATIONS 2005 The Prehistory of Gretna Green, A Site in Northem San Diego County (with David Van Hom and Laura S. White), pp. 145-168. IN: Onward and Upward! Papers in Honor of Clement W. Meighan (Keith L. Johnson, editor). Stansbury Publishing. Chico. 1991 Prehistoric Fire-Making Techniques of Califomia and Westem Nevada. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 27-38. 1986 Some Techniques for Mechanical Excavation in Salvage Archaeology (with D.M. Van Hom and J.R. Mmray). Journal of Field Archaeology 13:239-244. UNPUBLISHED REPORTS A representative list of unpublished archaeological reports/manuscripts is available upon request. Appendix B: Record Search Results ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS SEARCH An in-person archaeological records search was conducted by Laura S. White, M.A. on November 20, 2009 at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC), San Diego State University, San Diego. The search included a review of all previously recorded prehistoric and historic archaeological sites situated within a one-mile radius of the study area (see attached client in-house records search letter). Additionally, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Califomia Historic Landmarks (CHL), and Califomia Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) were reviewed for the purpose of identifying any historic properties. Copies of site record forms as well as archaeological reports were obtained for those resources situated within a one-mile radius of the project area. These documents were reviewed and all relevant information was incorporated into the study. South CoMtal Information Cantor 4283 B Cajon BM . Suilt 250 San Oiago. CA 92105 Offioa: (619) 594-5682 Fax: (61^ 594^3 •doQmaiLadau.adu scicj9ia^niai.adau.adu CAUFORNIA HISTORICAL RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM CUENT IN-HOUSE RECORDS SEARCH Company: Archaeological Associates Company Representative: Laura White Date: 11/20^009 Project Identification: 16.73 acre Lowe' Project Search Radius: 1 mile Historical Resources: SELF Trinomial and Primary site maps have been reviewed. All sites within the project boundaries and the specified radius of the project area have been plotted. Copies of the site record fbrms have been included for all recorded sites. Previous Survey Report Boundaries: SELF Project boundary maps have been reviewed. National Archaeological Database (htADB) citations fbr reports within the project boundaries and within the specified radius of the project area have been included. Historic Addresses: SELF A map and database of historic properties (formeriy Geofinder) has been induded. Historic Maps: SELF The historic maps on file at the South Coastal Information Center have been reviewed, and copies have been included. Copies: Hours: 86 3.5 Thia it not an Aivofca. Ptoasa pay trom tfia monthfy biMitg atalamant Appendix C: NAHC Sacred Lands File Check -ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES OctobCT 30,2009 Mr. Dave Singleton Associate Govemmental Program Analyst Native American Heritage Commission 915 Capital Mall, Room 364 Sacramento, CA 95814 RE: Sacred Lands File Check for a 16.73-acre parcel located at the southwest comer of Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real, Carlsbad, San Diego County. Dear Mr. Singleton: 1 am writing to you to request a Sacred Lands File Check for the above-referenced project. Briefly, Archaeological Associates has been requested by the client to provide infonnation with regard to prehistoric and historic resources in the vicinity of the project. Thus, the reason for contacting your organization. Presently, the project area con^jrises a resort hotel and spa. The existing resort buildings will be demoUshed and the property will be re-graded to accommodate a new Lowe's home-improvement store and sevaal smaller shops. The study area is bounded by Palomar Airport Road on the north, El Camino Real on the east, Palomar Airport Road and commocial development on toe west, and commercial development on the south. Legally, the project is situated within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 South, Range 4 West, San Bemardino Base Meridian (San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topogrq)hic Quadrangle). We look forward to hearing from you. In the meantime, if you have any questions or desire additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me al (951) 244-1783. Vary truly yours. Laura S. White, M.A. Field Director LSW:file;nahc.com by fax P.O. Box 180 • Sun City, CA 92586 • (951)244-1783 FAX (951) 244-0084 11/02/2009 IS:58 FAX 816 897 S990 NAHC 131001/003 NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMiSSION November 2,2009 wm tm —a aajiaiiaepMhalJi Ms. Laura 8. mm, MA, Field CNreetor AlieHAIOLCMIieAL ASSOeiATiS Sim CKy, CA 92986 Sent by FAX to: 951-244-0064 Nu(nt)er of pages: 3 ccwmnefeMipeiraieiimemi'niiBCieQinDnseaatiB.Ta acw. KHaaaa « HaMwmff Aroon Koeo andBCa«wh»Realinl Dear kfe. White: The Native Amertean Hmmge Commissi«> (NAHC), the Si8«e of Califomia Trustee Agene/ for the pmtooiion and preeervation of Niriive American cuKunM resouices (cf. CA Public Resouioes Code pi070), was able to peffDim a record search of its Sacred Lands File (8LF) lor the affKMed projeot araa (>^E) reqtiasied. The CirfHbmia Environmentel Quality Act (CEQA; CA Public Resources Code Section 21000 - 21177)) requires that any project that causes a stdwtential adverse change in t» signifcanoe of an Mstortcal resouroe, that iTKludee archaaolos^ resources, is a "si^Uficant effacr requiring the pp^MnMcm of an EiwirormOTtel knpart CaHfomia Code of Regulations S1S064.5(bKc HQ CEQA guidelines}. Seclion 15382 of the 2007 CEQA Quideiines defites a aigiMcant in^Met on the eri^^ substantial, adverse (^wtga in arty of physical condttior« witt)in an area affected by the proposed prtiject, induding ...obieds of Mstofie or aestheicsignificmce.* The NAHC 8LF search did |iydiert| the crewnce of several Nrtive American cuWurel lesourceg writhin one^if - mile radius of the prapoaed projecte ^kPE) This letter includes stete and tedenM statutes retabng to NaHve American historic properties of leU^ous and orituralaignNicanoe to American Indten tribes and incRviduais ss'consulting partes' under both stete and tederal law. Early oonsultirtiCRi with Native Americari tribes In your area is the best 1^ unanlicipatoddtaooveriesonoe a project is undenvay. Enclosed are the names of the nearest trt)es and interested Native AiTwriGOT indlvi(tote that the NAHC reoornrneixts as'coneultmg parties,^ this puipoee, that have imoMrtedge ofthe nriigtotn and cullural significance of ^ properties in the project araa (a.g. APE). We recommend that you contact persons on the attached list of Native Arnerieancentaete. In particuiar.wefacQmmendcoi^actinQ Mel Ve iiamliv with this site. Fwlheimore we suggest that you oontect the CaiHbnria Historic Resources mfbrmalfon System (CHRIS) the OiHoe of KHstoric Preaervdton CoonikuMor's office (at (916) 7276. for nMrrti to the naarast informafion Center ofwirieh there are 10. Arohaeologiste Dr. Susan i-iector and Dennis Oalegos may also be temHterwttiouHurd sites near the proposed ' oovwDprnonc. Consultelion with tribes and Interested iteliwe American consisting partes, on NAHC 1^ .should be conducted in oompltenee wHh the requiremente oftedertf NEPA (42 U S C. 4321-43351) and Section 106 and 40) of fsderal NHPA (16 U.S.C. 470 (f))ef seq), and NAGPRA (25 U.8.C. 3001-^13), as appropriate.. 11/02/2009 15:S7 FAI 916 85T 8390 NAHC 12002/003 lead agencies shotMooriaider a^g^^ BwironmentBi Quality Art (CEQA) when sig^ could be aflscted by a prqjecL Also, PuMic Reeouross Code Section 5097.98 and I4eallh & ^lefy Code Sseten 7050.6 prwMe for pioviBioris fer aooidetrtaHy tHaocwered arctwological reaourees duri^ n»«wiate the prooesBOste be falowed in the event ef an accidental fl^covery erf any hurn»i remains m a pfqjeotlooaiion other than a "decficated cemetery. Discussion of these should be ineluded in yoitf environments documents, as appropriate. The response to tNs seercii for Native American cultural resources is conducted in th* NAIC Sacred Lands imentoiy, osteMshed tiy the ^Mfomto Legislature (CA PiAito Reso^ Code S8097.94(a) and is examfK torn the CA Pubae Records Act (cf. Calflbn^ OoMmiment Code §6254.10) allhoiigh NM« AnwrioHte on the attached contad M wish to raveai the nstture of identMadcuMuralnNowoes/historioproperttes. Cwtidentiali^ of "Mstorie properties of reigious and cultural signHlcanc^ may also be pretectod the under Sedion 304 of the NHPA or at the Secretory of ttw Interior' discredon tf not dkibto ibr listir» on the Natiortal Reoister of Historic Places. The Secretory may ateo be adviaed ty the fadaral Indten Rirtgious Freedom Ad (cf. 42 U.S.C, 1996) in issidng a dedsion on whether or not to ctecloae items (rf nMgious WKIAK ctAurti siiyi^^ iderrtWed In or near the APE and pOMMy thraMHted by propoeed project aoMvHy. If you have any questions about this na^Mnse to your request, please do not hesitete to ~16)65»«»1. Attachment Itolive American Conlacte List (NOTEiaeAaihermemnwndtiwtoSwfbnm piDot or contact teuaiadjrMMdc«1telOT Fwttiar.watugoaataftjleiv- Up lillphon# lo Ita cQitecIt VtfiB nsplM tn not fBOBlmd or mod olorVlorilon. 11/02/2009 15:57 FAX 816 657 5390 3003/003 Native Am^can Contact San Diego County November 2, 2009 Pauma & Yuima Chilstobai C. Devers, Chairperson P.O. Box 369 Luiseno Pauma Valley . CA 92061 paumare$ervation@a(^.com (760) 742-1289 (760) 742-3422 Fax Mel Vernon, (Chairperson San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1044 IMorfh Ivy Street Luiseno Escondido . CA 92026 melvern@aol.com (760) 746-8692 (760) 703-1514-(»« San Luis Rey Band of Mission Irvlians Henry Contreras, hltosn Likely Descwidant 1763 Chapulin Lane Luiseno Fallt}rool( . CA 92028 (760) 728-6722 - Home (760) 908-7625 - Cell San Luis Rey Band of Mis^on Indians Russiell RorrK> 12064 Old Pomerado Road Ijjiseno Poway . CA 92064 (858) 748-1586 Pauma Valley Band of Luisefto Indians Bennae Calac, Tribsi Council Member P.O. Box 369 Luiseno Pauma Valley . CA 9a)6l bennc»calac@aoi.com (760)617-2872 (760) 742-3422 - FAX San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians Cannen M(^ado, Co-Chair 1889 Sur»et Drive Luiseno Vista . CA 92081 cjmojado®tirTni*storrtndi«ns.org (760) 724-8505 (760) 724-2172-FAX TMaNrttecMTCnton^aaolitwdaMelWcdoeumanl SaWyCo<>a.Sat*oiia0BrjWoftiialHiWRiWiaouroaaCa<aa»«tfSaeMen80erJ8orei>p«^ •IM M«« NEM (42 use 4ei-4M51), MVA easHona lot, 4(Q ns use 47<Kn n* IW ll oia» waeaMa i«w ewWBBilns Mattve Ama^^ CiMtmtmxM Ocwtopfnerrt o«i • 18.73-aor* me iocmml at Palonw Alit>on Ocwd •nd Bl Cwrtno f»eo( m ttw Ctty O'' Appendix D: Native American Consultation ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES November 17,2009 Mr. Henry Contreras San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians 1763 Chapulin Lane Fallbrook, CA 92028 RE: Native American ConsaltatJoo for a 16.73-acre parcel located at the southwest comer of Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real, Carlsbad, San Diego County. Dear Mr. Contreras: Ardiaeological Associates has been requested by the City of C;arlsbad to provide infonnation with regard to prehistoric and historic resources in the vicinity of the project. Thus, the reason for contacting your organization. Presmtly, the project area comprises vacant land (former location of the Olympic Spa and Resort). The property will be re-graded to accommodate a new Lowe's home- improvement store and several smaller shops. The study area is bounded by Palomar Airport Road on the north, El Camino Real on the east, Palomar Airport Road and commercial development on the west, and commercial development on the south. Legally, the project is situatal within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 Soutli, Range 4 West, San Bemardino Base Meridian (San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle- see attached). We are seeldng input fiom the tribe with regards to places of importance that may or may not have been previously id«itified. hi particular, if the tribe is aware of the presence of any prehistoric re«)urces within or adjacOTt to ihe project area, we would very much Jilce to hear fiom you. In the meantime, if you have any questions or desire additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me at (951) 244-1783. Very tmly yours, Laura S. White, M.A. Field Director LSW:file;sudb«Tylowes attachment P.O. Box 180 • Sun City, CA 92586 • (951)244-1783 FAX (951) 244-0084 Sample Letter of Inquiry as sent to Native Americans CALIFORNIA INDIAN LEGAL SERVICES Escondido Office 609 South Eacondklo Boulevard, Escondido. CA 92025 y Phone 760/746-8941 y Fax 760/746-1815 www.calindlan.org y contacK;iLS®caKndian.org Mark A. Veiaola, Staff Attomey ESOONDHX) 76o/746-894»» Ext, lai SAOIAMBNTO mvezzola@caIindian.org January 13,2010 Laura S. White, M.A. Archaeological Associates P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Re: Commente on 16.73 parcel/Palomar Airport Road & El Camino Real Dear Ms. White: Thanlc you for your November 17,2009, correspondence requesting comments from the San Luis Rey Band of Luiseno hidians ("San Luis Rey Band" or "Tribe") regarding the above-referenced project. The San Luis Rey Band is a San Diego County Tribe whose ttaditional territory includes the current cities of Oceanside, Carlsbad, Vista, San Marcos, Escondido and Valley Center. The Tribe has concems about the preservation of cultural, archaeological and historical sites within the area affected by the proposed Project. The San Luis Rey Band's main concem is the protection of unique and irreplaceable cultural resources and sacred sites wWch may be damaged or destroyed by the re-grading nccess^ to accommodate a Lowe's store and others. The Tribe is also concerned about the proper and lawful treatment of Native American human remains and sacred items lilcely lo be uncovered in the course of project development given that the proposed improvements fall within the Tritie's traditional lands. Your request for input is appreciated but the Tribe wishes to see an analysis of the project's impact(s) on ciUtural resources. The Tribie is not opposed to tribal land improvements in gaieral, but is oppo«xl to any plans that may damage or destroy any pot«itially important cultural or sacred sites and human remains located within the Tribe's trsuiitional land base. Based on the Tribe's ancestral ties to the project area, particulariy Agua Hedionda, it is very lilcely that there are resources that have not been pinpointed in previous surveys and remain invisible from the surface. While the amount of disturbance necessary to meet the project's objectives remains unclear, many habitation sites are located near water resources, efforts to rehabilitate habitats may impact cultural resources. Because the project is located ui an area where resources may be disturbed, the San Luis Rey Band requests mitigation measures be added to any existing plans and that such mitigation measures be conditions of approval for this project, to ensure that this project is handled in a manner consistent with the requirements of the law and which respects the Tribe's religious and cultural beliefs and Comment Letter to Laura S. White, M.A. Re: 16.73 Parcel/Palomar Airport Road & El Camino Real Januaiy 13,2010 Page 2 pracdces. The following measures must be included in both the mitigation plans and the conditions of a^jproval for the project. Hie San Luis Rey Band requests that the City of Carlsbad enter into a pre-excavation agreement with the Tribe prior to the start of this development. Such an agreement would contain provisions to address the proper treatment of any cultural resources or Native American human remains inadvertently uncovered during the project. Should any remains be uncovered, the San Luis Rey Band will likely be designated the "Most Likely Descendant" (MLD) by the Native American Heritage Commission, as Agua Hedionda constitutes their traditional territory, as recognized by the Commission. The pre-excavation agreement i^ould be entered into prior to any ground-disturbing activities, regardless of whether the area has been previously graded. The agreement will outline, to the satisfaction of the San Luis Rey Band, the roles and powers ofthe Native American monitors and the archaeologist, m addition to requhit^ compensation of the monitors by the City of Carlsbad or the developer. Sudi an ^reement is n«;essary to guarantee the proper treatment of culmral resources or Native American himian remains displaced during the project development. To ensure the proper treatment of any cultural resources or Native American human remains imcovered during the course the development, the San Luis Rey Band formally requests that the City agree to rehim these itans to the Tribe if any are discovered. Plans to curate any such items would disregard tl» respect due to these culturd resources. Instead, any such items or remains should be retumed to the San Luis Rey Band. The Tribe considers all cultural items found in this area to belong to their ancestors rather than property of the developer(s). We look forward to working with the City of C^arlsbad to guarantee compliance with the C^ifomia Environmental Qudity Act throughout construction. We thank you for your continuing assistance in protecting our mvaluable Luiseito cultiual resources. Sincerely, CALIFORNIA INDIAN LEGAL SERVICES Marie A. Vezzola Attomey for the San Luis Rey Band cc: Melvin Vernon, Tribal (Dtqitain Carmen Mojado, Secretary of Govemment Relations