HomeMy WebLinkAboutGPA 09-07; Palomar Commons; General Plan Amendment (GPA) (8)PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT OF THE 16.73 ACRE PALOMAR
COMMONS PROJECT SITE, SOUTHWEST CORNER OF EL CAMINO REAL AND
PALOMAR AIRPORT ROAD, CITY OF CARLSBAD, SAN DIEGO COUNTY
Application # GPA 09-07/ZC 09-08/SDP 09-05/CUP 09-07/SUP 09-08
submitted to:
RECEIVED
MAR 2 B 2010
CITY OF CARLSBAD
PLANNING DEPT
City of Carlsbad
Planning Department
1635 Faraday Avenue
Carlsbad, CA 92008
prepared for:
Sudberry Properties, Inc.
5465 Morehouse Drive, Suite 260
San Diego, CA 92121
prepared by:
Archaeological Associates
P.O. Box 180
Sun City, CA 92586
TEL (951)244-1783
FAX (951) 244-0084
Robert S. White
Laura S. White, Principal Investigator
March, 2010
NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA BASE INFORMATION
Author (s):
Consulting Firm:
Report Date:
Report Title:
Submitted to:
Prepared for:
USGS Quadrangle:
Study Area:
Keywords:
Laura S. White, M.A. Principal Investigator
Robert S. White
Archaeological Associates
P.O. Box 180
Sun City, CA 92586
(951)244-1783
February, 2010
A Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment of the
16.73-Acre Palomar Commons Project Site,
Southwest Comer of El Camino Real and Palomar
Airport Road, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County.
City of Carlsbad
Plaiming Department
1635 Faraday Avenue
Carlsbad, CA 92008
Sudberry Properties, Inc.
5465 Morehouse Drive, Suite 260
San Diego, CA 92121
San Luis Rey 7.5', Califomia
16.73 acres (a portion of APN 760-221-015)
Unsectioned, Township 11 South, Range 4 West,
SBBM
Survey, 6111 El Camino Real, Palomar Commons,
Carlsbad, San Diego County-negative results
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Management Summary ....... iv
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. SETTING 1
III. RESEARCH DESIGN 15
IV. METHODS 16
V. REPORT OF FINDINGS 20
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 21
VII. CERTIFICATION 21
REFERENCES CITED 24
APPENDIX A: Persormel Qualifications
APPENDIX B: Records Search Resuhs
APPENDIX C: NAHC Sacred Lands File Check
APPENDIX D: Native American Consultation
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LIST OF FIGURES
PAGE
Figure 1. Regional location of study area as indicated
on a portion ofthe USGS Santa Ana 1:250,000
Topographic Map Sheet.
Figure 2. Study area plotted on a portion of the USGS
San Luis Rey 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle.
Figure 3. Study area as shown on Project Site Plan .
LIST OF PLATES
Plate I. Top: Looking west across westem half of study ... 22
area fi-om center of property. Bottom: Easterly view
across property fiom westem boimdary.
Plate II. Top; Southwesterly view of principal resort ... 23
building. Bottom: Southerly view across eastem margin
of property.
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MANAGEMENT SUMMARY
At the request of Sudberry Properties, Inc., Archaeological Associates has undertaken a
Phase I Cultural Resources Assessment ofl6.73-acres of partially developed land located at 6111
El Camino Real. The study area (identified as GPA 09-07/ZC 09-08/SDP 09-05/CUP 09-07/SUP
09-08) is located immediately southwest of the intersection of El Camino Real and Palomar Airport
Road, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County. The purpose of the study was to identify all potentially
significant cultural resources situated within the property boundaries. This information is needed
since adoption of the project could result in adverse effects upon locations of archaeological or
historical importance. Assessment constraints comprised a fixed budget and schedule. All field
notes, background research and correspondence for the project are in the possession of
Archaeological Associates.
Disturbance within the study area is widespread, especially in the eastem third of the
property. Until recently, the eastem margin was occupied by the Olympic Resort Hotel & Spa
constmcted in 1984. Consequently, visibility was poor in this area (0-25%) due to the presence of
the main resort building, termis courts, and parking lots. Visibility was also obscured by mbble from
demolition of swimming pools and associated fitness center and spa. The westem two-thirds of the
property comprises a defunct driving range, putting greens and water targets. Visibility in this
portion of the property was very good ranging between (80-100%).
The results of the records search conducted at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC)
indicated that portions of the subject property have been previously surveyed for cultural resources.
However, none of the previous investigations resulted in the discovery of any prehistoric or historic
resources. Additionally, no such resources were encountered during the course of the present
investigation. Therefore, no additional work in conjunction with cultural resources, including
monitoring of any fiiture grading activities, is warranted or recommended.
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I. INTRODUCTION
The following report was written for Sudberry Properties, Inc. by Archaeological Associates.
It described the results of a Phase I Cultural Resources assessment of the 16.73-acre Palomar
Commons Project site. The study area, identified as a portion of APN 760-221-015, is located at
6111 El Camino Real immediately southwest of the intersection of El Camino Real and Palomar
Airport Road in Carlsbad, San Diego Coimty (fig. 1).
The project site comprises a recently closed hotel and spa facility (Olympic Resort Hotel &
Spa) that was constmcted in 1984 and underwent renovation in 1998. Presently, the modem facility
is gradually being demolished. Proposed development plans include: 1) complete demolition ofthe
existing facility, and 2) constmction of a commercial retail shopping center comprising 142,098 sq.
ft. of retail, 6,000 sq. ft. of bank, and 4,200 sq. ft. of restaurant.
The purpose of this study was to identify all potentially significant cultural resources situated
within the boundaries of the study area. This information is needed since adoption of the proposed
plan could resuh in adverse effects upon locations of archaeological or historical importance. Our
assessment consisted of: (1) a records search conducted to detennine whether any previously
recorded historic or prehistoric material is present on the parcel, and (2) a field recoimaissance
intended to identify any previously unrecorded cultural resources. The study described herein was
conducted in accordance with the Califomia Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) as it pertains to
the management of cultural resources. Furthermore, the report was prepared according to the
Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents and Format
contained within the State's Preservation Plarming Bulletin Number 4(a) (Califomia Department of
Parks and Recreation 1989).
II. SETTING
A. Location
Regionally, the study area is located east of Interstate 5 and immediately south/southeast of
the McClellan-Palomar Airport in the City of Carlsbad (fig. 1). More specifically, the study area
lies immediately southwest of the intersection of Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real.
Legally, it is situated within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 South, Range 4 West, San
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Figure 1. Regional location ofthe project area as indicated on a portion of the USGS Santa Ana 1:250,000 scale
Topographic Map Sheet (1959, revised 1979).
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Bernardino Base Meridian as shown on a portion of the San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic
Quadrangle (fig. 2).
The study area is irregular in shape and represents a portion of a larger parcel identified as
APN 760-221 -015. The property is bordered by Palomar Airport Road on the north, a county animal
shelter on the west, commercial development on the south, and El Camino Real on the east (fig. 3).
Vehicular access to the property can be achieved from El Camino Real. Pedestrian access can be
had from the commercial park on the south or from the commercial park located at the southwest
end of the study area.
B. Natural Setting
The project area lies approximately 1-mile south of Agua Hedionda Creek in an area of
rolling terrain. It appears that prior to development of the property in 1984, the topography
comprised a gentle swale transected a un-named, intermittent water course. Development of the
property resulted in re-routing the watercourse around the northem periphery of the parcel in
conjunction with the creation of a large "super pad" at the eastem end of the property.
Creation of the pad required the import of local fill material to attain the desired development
contours (EEI 2010). This soil, which contains numerous sfream rolled cobbles, is most visible
under the abandoned driving range. Elsewhere within the property boundaries, soils generally
comprise sandy loam. The development program also effectively removed the native scmb
vegetation replacing it with turf, landscape shmbbery and imported tress (e.g.: pine, ash, eucalyptus,
palm and coral).
As presently contoured, the study area comprises a large fiat area across the breadth of the
east end of the property which gives way to a gently descending slope as one moves westward.
Elevations range from a maximum of approximately 290 feet above mean sea level across the
eastem end of the study area to a minimum of 267 feet in the southwest comer. Drainage appears
to be wholly to the southwest. As previously mentioned, native vegetation has been supplanted with
imported trees and plants. Opportunistic, seasonal grasses have taken over areas that were likely
planted in turf. Fauna encountered were limited to pigeons, meadowlarks, and mocking birds.
Figure 2. Study area plotted on a portion of the San Luis Rey (1975) USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle.
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Until recently, the subject property was the location of the Olympic Resort Hotel and Spa.
The facility was constmcted in 1984 and renovated in 1998. Hotel accommodations included: 78
luxury rooms, a restaurant, bar and cocktail lounge, conference rooms, 2 Olympic-sized swimming
pools, fitness center, European spa, 5 lighted termis courts, a golf driving range with 48 stations
equipped with water pools for targets and 4 four practice putting greens (Olympic Resort 2010).
Suffice it to say, the original setting has been completely obliterated by the aforementioned
development. Consequently, it is unlikely that there is any undisturbed ground remaining within the
study area. The surrounding area is also highly industrialized as commercial development adjoins
the study area on the south, west, to the east across El Camino Real and to the northwest across
Palomar Airport Road.
C. Cultural Setting
1. Prehistoric Culture Sequence
In order to understand the archaeological research of the study area, a concept of the
chronology of the three principle cultural stages in San Diego County is first required. These stages
are: (1) the San Dieguito which is generally regarded as dating to the era before 6,500 or 7,000 B.C.,
(2) the long La Jolla period which followed the San Dieguito and lasted until circa A.D. 500, and
finally, the Late Prehistoric era which followed the La Jolla and continued until the arrival of the
Spanish missionaries (Wallace 1955).
The San Dieguito culture, which is the most ancient, has been made famous by the Harris
Complex deposits on the San Dieguito River. San Dieguito sites are characterized by large chipped
stone cores and scrapers manufactured from metavolcanic materials. It is generally believed that
the San Dieguito people did not use ground stone milling implements although it is possible that
such tools came into use at the end of the San Dieguito period. In contrast, the La Jolla, or
"Millingstone," people appear to have been heavily dependent upon ground vegetable foods since
stone milling equipment and a dearth of animal bone seem typical of La Jolla archaeological
deposits.
The Late Prehistoric Period witnessed the introduction of the bow and arrow (circa A.D. 500)
and a new emphasis upon hunting in addition to continuation of the La Jollan gathering practices.
Most students of southem Califomia prehistory believe that the human population increased
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dramatically during the late Prehistoric era. One factor which probably contributed to this increase
with the integration of "acom technology" into the economy. The ability to leach the acrid tarmic
acid from oak acoms, thereby rendering them edible, provided an abundant staple foodstuff capable
of supporting an expanding population.
2. The Kumeyaay (Diegueno)
a. Introduction
The latest prehistoric occupants of San Diego County spoke two entirely different
languages. When the Spanish arrived, the northem half of the county was inhabited by the Luiseno
who spoke a Shoshonean dialect. The southem half was occupied by the Kumeyaay who spoke a
Yuman dialect. The San Luis Rey River is recognized as the dividing line between the two groups.
The project area falls within the historically known territory of the Kumeyaay (Diegueno) Indians.
The Kumeyaay inhabited coastal regions, oak woodland hills, and inland valleys. It is not
known when the Kumeyaay people first arrived nor the extent of their relationship, if any, to the
earlier La Jolla groups who are known to have been in San Diego for at least several thousand years
prior to the Kumeyaay arrival. Ceramic technology seems to have been introduced in San Diego
County sometime after the Kumeyaay settled in the area. The oldest ceramic finds may date to 1000
to 1500 years ago.
The Kumeyaay were the aborigines encountered by the Spanish when they arrived in San
Diego in 1769. The missionaries called the aborigines "Diegueno" and this is the name which was
used by most of the early ethnographers (e.g. Spier 1923). Many scholars still refer to them as
Diegueno while the surviving Indians prefer to be called "Kumeyaay" (Ezell in May 1975:1). May
comments that "The only comprehensive name in previous times was tipai meaning the people... it
would seem that Kumeyaay or Kumiai...name geographic regions and do not designate a given
culture" (May 1975:1; Spier 1923:298).
b. Territory
Kumeyaay land was bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by the San
Dieguito River, on the east by an unknown area in the Califomia Desert and on the south by an
unknown latitude of Baja Califomia (Kroeber notes that the Indians of Ensenada spoke a language
quite similar to Diegueno; 1925:709). Kroeber distinguished two separate Diegueno (i.e.
Kumeyaay) dialects which he termed "Northem and "Southem" (Kroeber 1925:710). This division
was used for many years but Spier has suggested a threefold division: Northem, Central, and
Southem (Shipek 1970:7).
c. Society
The Kumeyaay people were organized according to exogamous patrilineal clans (Kroeber
1925:719). Married women went to live with their husband's clan.
The actual clans were organized into loosely stmctured bands
in which descent is recognized on both sides, but the offspring inherit
their father's residence and clan. Two different types of groups were
found at any village. The consanguineal kin group made up the
household and the residential group made up the village community
(May 1975:2).
The "consanguineal kin group" or, more simply, the household, comprised the adult head
couple and their uimiarried children and married sons along wdth their wives and dependents.
Unmarried siblings of the husband, aging parents, and surviving dependent siblings of the father's
father might also be included (Luomala 1963:285). This organization can be termed a "sib system".
An interesting aspect of the Kumeyaay clans or sib systems is their relative lack of official
leaders. Leadership positions were restricted to the hereditary clan chief and an assistant. Official
political and religious leaders were totally lacking.
d. Villages
Villages were occupied on a seasonal basis, but travel was generally restricted to the territory
belonging to the particular division (i.e., Northem, Central, or Southem Kumeyaay). Spier describes
the migrations of the post-contact Kumeyaay living adjacent to the Colorado Desert as follows:
The occupancy of the gentile territories was seasonal. Winter
found them living in groups of mixed gentile affiliation among the
foothills... In the spring they retumed to the mountains, keeping pace
with the ripening of the wild food staples and passing the sununer in
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their respective territories, where they lived in littie groups in the
valleys. The whole territory was not occupied at one time: when a
locality was hunted out or fruits ripened elsewhere, they moved on.
In the course of a year or so, however, all of the recognized
settlements had been occupied (Spier 1923:306).
It appears that there were a few large villages comprising a number of clans and that the
individual clans had control of tracts of territory in the surrounding area. Subsidiary camps were
situated in there tracts. The clans used these camps to "provide subsistence stores, perishable
equipment materials, lithic materials, trade items, and perhaps some religious materials" (May
1975:4).
e. Subsistence
The Kumeyaay people survived by hunting and gathering. It is clear from the preceding
discussion that this form of economy greatly influenced clan migration and settlement location.
Since the Kumeyaay were moving about among a series of enviroimiental zones, it is best to
examine their subsistence relative to these zones.
Among the richest ecological areas was the coastal zone. Kumeyaay living along the coast
gathered shellfish extensively. Some were boiled and eaten immediately while others were dried
in the sun and preserved for future consumption. Abalone shells were used for dishes and smaller
shells were used for spoons. Other seafood included octopus, shrimp and fish. Delfina Cuero
related the following account to Shipek (1970:28f.):
We used cactus thoms on a long stick to spear fish. We also
made fraps out of agave fibre. We put the traps in the ocean, put a
piece of rabbit meat in it, and could come back later to get the fish.
We made nets out of tall grasses: ropes and nets were made of agave
too.
A second rich ecological zone was the Southem Oak Woodland environment. Here the
principal food staple was the acom which became ripe in the fall. The acoms were gathered by the
women who placed them in baskets. The acoms were leached to remove taimic acid then ground
into flour. The flour was boiled into a kind of mush.
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There is some evidence suggesting that villages and subsidiary camps tended to locate in
areas where chaparral and Southem Oak Woodland communities come together (May 1975:8). This
permitted a greater resource base since chaparral zones contain certain plants which were useful to
the Kumeyaay. These include yucca and agave as well as a number of edible cacti. Yucca and
agave were eaten and the fibre was extracted and used for making nets, footwear, and other woven
cordage items.
Pine forests high in the mountains (above 4500 ft.) were also exploited. Here the staple
found was the pinon nut which was harvested in late spring and summer. Pinon pine also occur in
parts of the high desert along with joshua, juniper, and mescal, the heart of which was roasted in
pits. The low desert area appears to have been little exploited by the Kumeyaay.
The desert bottom did not afford a sufficient economy during
Kumeyaay times. That is, a village sized population probably could
not live comfortably at this level... Those few sites [which did exist
in the low desert] were probably located at well-watered springs.
Such sites have been observed by this author at Coolidge Springs and
Kane Springs on the west side of the Salton Sea (May 1975:1 Of.)
In summary, the Kumeyaay survived by hunting and gathering available resources. Their
habitats, movements, and technology were all oriented toward optional exploitation of these habitats.
Agriculture seems to have been unknown although there is some evidence that horticulture was
practiced on a small scale (Delfina Cuero in Shipek 1970:32).
/ Material Culture and Technology
Archaeological data regarding the Kumeyaay usually relate to the material culture and
particularly to those items manufactured from non-perishable materials. Therefore, a brief
description of the material culture is especially pertinent to an archaeological investigation.
Kumeyaay houses were of the A-frame type, consisting of three upright posts supporting a
single ridge pole. This was then covered with a layer of bmsh over which soil was placed. Kroeber
comments with regard to where this type of stmcture may have been developed:
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The elliptical outline, sharp roof, and absence of walls approximate
this stmcture to the Luiseno and Cahuilla house; but the regular
roofing with earth, exacted by neither the mild climate of the coast
nor the heat of the desert edge, points to an influence of cognate
tribes on the Colorado River (Kroeber 1925:721).
The Kumeyaay also built sweathouses. These stmctures were supported by four posts set
in a square with roofing similar to that used for dwellings (ibid.:722). Warmth in the sweathouse
was produced by an open fire, never by steam. The sweathouse was used by most ofthe Califomia
tribes west of the deserts:
The Califomia sweathouse is an institution of daily, not occasional
service. It serves a habit, not a medical treatment; it enters into
ceremony and indirectly rather than as a means of purification. It is
the assembly of the men, and often their sleeping quarters. It thus
comes to fulfill many of the functions of a club; but is not to be
constmed as such, since ovmership or kinship or friendship, not
membership, determines admission (Heizer and Whipple 1951:8).
The dwellings and sweathouses were the principal stmctures built by the Kumeyaay.
However, there are also references to stone forts, hunting blinds, storage areas, and shade screens
buih of bmsh (May 1975:16).
Kumeyaay dress was simple. Women wore a two piece apron while men went naked when
weather permitted (Kroeber 1925:721). Footgear was wom only when rough ground had to be
traversed and consisted of sandals manufactured from agave fibre. Tatoos were common,
particularly on the chins of women (Luomala 1978:599). These were made by using a cactus thom
to prick charcoal into the skin.
Many other Kumeyaay fabricated items were related to food collecting or processing. Most
frequently encountered are the various forms of bedrock grinding equipment. These were normally
made on granite outcroppings near or adjacent to creek beds and Oak stands. The grinding features
are of three usual types:
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1. Mortars. These are natural or pecked concavities in the rock. They are normally circular
in plan and vary from 5 to 10 cm. in depth. Bedrock mortars were used in conjunction with stone
or wooden pestles for pulverizing food.
2. Ovals or Bedrock Metates. These are small shallow oval depressions in the bedrock.
They usually vary between 15 and 30 cm. in either dimension but are almost always oval in plan.
Normally ovals are less than 3 cm. deep. They were probably used in conjunction with manos (hand
stones) for grinding food.
3. Slicks. These are amorphous smooth spots on the bedrock. Slicks may measure up to 150
x 150 cm. in their horizontal dimensions but are almost always totally lacking in depth. The
smoothness appears to be the result of a mano being mbbed across the natural contour of the stone.
Portable mortars were also manufactured by the Diegueno and they, along with manos,
comprise the remainder of the usual groundstone complex (though other utilitarian and decorative
groundstone objects occur occasionally).
Most cutting and shaping chores were performed using chipped stone tools manufactured
from metavolcanic rocks or cherts. The sharp edges of simple "flakes" stmck from amorphous cores
are the most common cutting tool. Planes and scraping tools for shaping and removing plant fibre
were also manufactured from chipped stone as were projectile points (arrow or dart points).
Kumeyaay projectile points are usually small, triangular specimens many of which bear a notch on
either side. Surprisingly, stone arrowheads seem to have been somewhat restricted in their use:
Stone arrowheads... are used against big game only... A mere
pointed foreshaft [wood or bone] may be used even against deer
(Spier 1923:352).
However, stone projectile points also served mystic fimctions. May notes that stone
projectile points were sometimes "placed around the boundaries of sites to ward off wandering
spirits" (May 1975:17). They were also sometimes placed in graves containing cremations.
The Kumeyaay also manufactured pottery using a stone and a wooden paddle (paddle and
anvil technique). Usually the ceramics were fabricated from a reddish clay mixed with coarse sand.
It was then coiled and finally was shaped by paddling against the surface using the pebble as
"backing" on the opposite surface. This family of pottery characterized by a reddish brown hue and
coarse gritty fabric is referred to as "Tizon Brown Ware".
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A much more rare type of pottery at Kumeyaay sites is called "Lower Colorado Buff Ware".
It has been postulated for desert sites that Lower Colorado Buff Ware was used to make storage
vessels while Tizon Brovm Ware was used to make utility vessels (i.e., cups, plates, etc., cf O'Brien,
1974). The hypothesis was developed for explaining why Colorado Buff Ware in the desert
normally occurs at villages and base camps while Tizon Brown Ware frequently occurs at temporary
camps (O'Brien 1974; King 1975:66). This hypothesis may also apply to Kumeyaay pottery from
cenfral San Diego County.
Decorated pottery is unusual but not unknown at Kumeyaay sites. Painted pottery is
particularly rare and possibly restricted to vessels cormected with ceremonially related activities
(May 1975:18). An interesting series of incised Kumeyaay sherds from the Williams Ranch near
Santa Ysabel has been published (Fritz et al. 1977:41).
Other Kumeyaay utilitarian objects were manufactured from basketry. In addition to the
usual utilitarian baskets, they also made basketry caps intended to protect the head from the straps
on their carrying nets (Luomala 1978:599). The caps, which were "somewhat conical", were also
wom by women to prevent hair from falling into the mortar when they were grinding food (Spier
1923:340). Men's caps were made of coiled basketry while women's were twined. Granaries were
also manufactured from basketry.
Evidence for Kumeyaay omamental objects is largely archaeological. May describes them
as follows:
Most of the beads were made by breaking down the sides off
an olivella shell and drilling holes in the center. The edges were then
ground round. Some shells merely had their spires lopped off. Clay
pendants are almost always old potsherds which have been ground
oval and drilled at one end (May 1975:19).
Steatite effigies were also manufactured. Most of these figurines seem to represent birds or
fishes and are thought to be associated with funerary rites (Polk 1972; Tme 1970).
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g. Religion
The Kumeyaay practiced an informal Shamanistic religion. According to Spier's informant,
shamans were not specifically designated as such—rather the participants in various ceremonies were
simply regarded as having Shamanistic powers to varying degrees (Spier 1923:31 Iff.). Formal
village priests seem to have been absent. The most important ceremony was connected with death
but did not take place until one year after death. According to May, there is conflicting evidence
with regard to whether or not there was a ceremony held at the time of death (May 1975:12). It is
certain that the Kumeyaay practiced cremation and that the ashes of the dead were placed in ums
which were then hidden or buried. It also seems likely that the clothes and personal belongings of
the deceased were bumed in order that "his spirit go into the next world and not have to keep coming
back after his things" (Delfina Cuero in Shipek 1970:59).
Mouming lasted for one year after which time the Keruk or mourning ceremony was held.
This is described by Kroeber (1925).
The image ceremony begins with a night of wailing. On the
six succeeding nights the images are marched around the fire and
dancing and singing continues until moming. The figures are made
of mats stuffed with grass, the features indicated in haliotis [abalone]
shell. The faces of those representing men are painted black, of
women red. On the last of the six nights, at daybreak, the images,
together with a great quantity of property, are put into the Keruk...
and the whole is bumed... the purpose of the rite is said to be to keep
the dead content, prevent their retum, and assuage the grief of the
survivors, who at once cease mouming (Kroeber 1925:718f.)
Other ceremonies included men's and women's puberty ceremonies, the eclipse dance
performed to prevent the moon from disappearing, and a curious rite known as the "ridiculing
ceremony". With regard to the latter. Spier noted the following:
The precise purpose and procedure of the stereotype
ridiculing which is an integral part of these [ridiculing] ceremonies
is far from clear. During my informant's initiation, he was instmcted
by two women to exemplify by his dancing the ridiculing of a gens
[clan] to which neither he nor they belonged. At the same time,
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everyone ridiculed him while he drank the toloache [a hallucinogenic
beverage] (Spier 1923:323).
h. Historic Times
The Kumeyaay were the first Califomia Indians encountered by the Spanish missionaries.
They were also the most unusual in that they were hostile toward missionization. Kroeber notes that
they were described as "proud, rancorous, boastful, covetous, given to jests and quarrels,
passionately devoted to the customs of their fathers, and hard to handle" (Kroeber 1925:711). The
Kumeyaay attacked the mission at San Diego for plunder within a month after its founding. Seven
years later they attacked and partly bumed the mission— three Spaniards including one priest were
killed in the assauh. This was the only Franciscan to lose his life to the Indians during the "entire
history of the Califomia missions" (ibid.).
In spite of their efforts at resistance, missioiuzation of the Kumeyaay within the immediate
vicinity of San Diego was inevitable. However groups living further inland maintained
independence for a greater length of time.
III. RESEARCH DESIGN
A. Research Goals
The goals of the research conducted for the project were to identify known locations of
potential significance situated within the study area. The hypotheses were as follows:
(1) Prehistoric sites may be found almost anywhere but are generally located in areas that
offered access to water and plant resources. In this particular area of the City, prehistoric sites may
comprise one or more of the following: shell midden, marine shell scatters, lithic scatters, ground
stone scatters, hearths, isolated artifacts, and possible human inhumations.
(2) Historic sites in the region would most likely be associated with residential buildings and
include: trash scatters/deposits, privies, cisterns, wells, foundations, and isolated artifacts. However,
not all debris scatters (e.g. tin can, glass, crockery) can be connected to a particular residence or
business. In many instances, isolated scatters of dumped historic debris represent nothing more that
illicitly discarded mbbish.
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IV. METHODS
A. Archaeological Records Search
An in-person records search of the study area was conducted by Ms. Laura S. White, M.A.
at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC), San Diego State University on November 20,2009
(see Appendix B). The search entailed a review of all previously recorded prehistoric and historic
archaeological sites situated on or within a one-mile radius of the project area. Additionally, the
National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Califonua Historical Landmarks (CHL), Califomia
Points of Historical Interest (CPHI), and the Califomia Directory of Properties (DOP, aka the
Historic Resources Inventory [HRI]) were reviewed for the purpose of identifying historic
properties.
1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within the Study Area
The results of the records search indicated that no prehistoric or historic archaeological sites
have been previously recorded within the boundaries of the study area. Furthermore, no historic
buildings or stmctures have been recorded on the property.
2. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Within a One-Mile Radius
Although no previous prehistoric or historic archaeological sites have been recorded within
the study area, nineteen archaeological sites (all prehistoric in nature) have been recorded within a
one-mile radius of the property. The vast majority of these prehistoric sites consist of lithic scatters.
The remaining two resources (Primary #s 37-018241 and 37-018242) comprise historic stmctures.
All resources are listed individually by their official state recording # (Primary #) followed by their
individual site trinomial [SDI- designation] and characterized in Table 1.
Of the 21 resources within a one-mile radius. Primary #37-005518 is the closest to the study
area and lies approximately 1/3-miles to the northeast. The site was recorded by a Mr. Hightower
in 1976 and described as a large rock outcrop with a single grinding slick. No artifacts were
observed at the boulder location.
-16-
Table 1. Cultural Resources Located Within a One-Mile Radius ofthe Study Area.
Primary # /SDI-Site Description
37-002722/SDI-2722 Lithic and ceramic scatter comprising 5 flakes and 1 tizon brownware sherd
(Carrico 1973).
37-004357/SDI-4357 Artifact scatter consisting of blades, scrapers, bifaces, flakes, and debitage
(Kaldenberg 1976).
37-004852/SDI-4852 Light lithic scatter comprising of many core fragments, 250+ flakes, and two
chipped stone tools (Kaldenberg 1976).
37-004853/SDI-4853 Large roasting pit consisting of 100 thermally fractured rocks (Kaldenberg 1976).
37-004854/SDI-4854 Light lithic scatter consisting of 15-20 flakes and 11 scrapers (Kaldenberg 1976).
37-004855/SDI-4855 Flaking station with 1 hammerstone, 3 cores, and 27 flakes (Kaldenberg 1976).
37-004856/SDI-4856 Roasting pit or cooking area comprising approx. 250 thermally fractured rocks.
Some tools and flakes foimd eroding nearby (Kaledenberg 1976).
37-004857/SDI-4857 Hearth comprising 42 thermally fractured cobbles and 25+ debitage (Kaldenberg
1976).
37-005092/SDI-5092 Irregular scatter of marine shell and section of trail (May 1977).
37-005117/SDI-5117 Two milling slicks on separate boulders (Hightower 1976).
37-005118/SD1-5118 Large rock outcrop with one grinding slick (Hightower 1976).
37-005224/SD1-5224 Marine shell and lithic scatter consisting of 500+ undesignate shell and 25
flakes/debitage (Bull and Norwood 1977).
37-00523 l/SDI-5231 Thin scatter of flakes with occasional tool and sporadic marine shell (Bull 1977).
37-007230/SDI-7230 Small flake scatter consisting of 8 rhyolite flakes (Douglas 1979).
37-008348/SD1-8348 Lithic and tool scatter comprising numerous flakes, with occasional scraper,
chopper and core (Franklin 1980).
37-014231/SDI-14063 Midden site containing lithic (flakes/debitage) and marine shell (Noah 1995).
37-016011 Artifact scatter including 2 manos, 1 cobble tool, Icore, and 6 flakes (Kyle 1997).
37-018241 Two-story packing shed or bam that dates to at least 1948 (Whitehouse 1999).
37-018242 Single-story ranch house that dates after 1948 (Whitehouse 1999).
37-018385/SDI-15588 Ten groundstone fragments and a chopper. (Brown 2000).
37-024174/SDI-16052 Habitation site consisting of an extensive midden and associated bedrock milling
features (Timia 2001).
-17-
3. Heritage Properties
No listed National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Califomia Historical Landmarks
(CHL), or Califomia Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) properties have been recorded on or wdthin
a one-mile radius of the property. The Califomia Directory of Properties Office of Historic
Preservation's Directory of Properties (DOP) also failed to list any historic stmctures in the area as
having been previous inspected for historical significance.
4. Previous Surveys
The results of the search indicated that portions of the study area have been previously
surveyed for cultural resources. The earliest investigation was conducted by Gary R. Fink in 1974.
At that time, 10-acres of the subject property was "spot checked" for cultural resources in
conjunction with a larger, 480-acre survey for the Palomar Airport Master Plan (Fink 1974). No
prehistoric or historic resources were identified within the boundaries of the subject property.
In 1981, Westec Services, Inc. completed a linear survey for a pipeline through the project
area and other adjoining parcels. The investigation was undertaken for an excess effluent pipeline
for the Buena Sanitation District. No cultural resources were reported within the study area (Westec
1981).
A third investigation of the subject property was performed in 1990 by Brian F. Smith and
Associates. The project included a linear survey 400-feet wide along the entire length of the subject
property adjacent to Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real. The study was conducted in
conjunction with the Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real Road Widening Project. No
prehistoric or historic material was encountered within these bordering areas of the property (Smith
1990).
The most recent cultural resources study comprised a fleld survey for a Cingular Wireless
facility. The specific project location appears to have been the parking lot in the northeast portion
of the property. The study was performed by LSA Associates in 2001 with negative results (LSA
2001).
Outside the project site, approximately 20 surveys have been conducted within a mile radius.
These investigations comprise both large (over 40 acres) and small acreage (under 40 acres) survey
as well as other linear projects (i.e. pipeUne, road, or fiber optic). When combined, these
-18-
investigations account for approximately 65-70 % of the surrounding acreage (one-mile radius)
having been surveyed.
B. Historic Map Research
In addition to the records search, historic maps of this part of Carlsbad were reviewed at both
the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) at San Diego State University and the Map Room
housed in the Physical Science Library at the University of Califomia at Riverside. The various
USGS topographic maps examined included the 1901 San Luis Rey 30' USGS Topographic
Quadrangle (surveyed 1891 and 1898), tiie 1901 Oceanside 15' USGS Quadrangle, tiie 1948 San
Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle, the 1949 San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic
Quadrangle, and the 1968 San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle. The 1928 Coimty of
San Diego Tax Factor Aerial was also inspected. Each of these visual sources failed to show any
stmctures or man-made features within the study area. Consequently, it appears that historically,
the study area has always comprised vacant land.
C. Land Patents
Archival research also included a review of land patents on file with the Bureau of Land
Management (BLM) in Sacramento. BLM General Land Office records show that the study area
(located within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 South, Range 4 West, San Bemardino Base
Meridian) was originally part of the Agua Hedionda Spanish/Mexican Land Grant. The 13,000 acre
land grant (document # PLC 521 and accession/serial # C ACAAA 084005) was issued to Juan Maria
Marron on December 12, 1872 under authority ofthe Grant Act of March 3, 1851 (9 Stat. 631).
D. Sacred Lands File Check
On October 30, 2009, a Sacred Lands File Check for the project area was requested by Ms.
Laura S. White, M.A. The search was conducted on November 2, 2009 by Mr. Dave Singleton,
Program Analyst for the Native American Heritage Commission in Sacramento. The results of the
search indicated that no sacred Native American sites have been recorded within the boundaries of
the study area. A list of both individual and Native American groups was also provided for further
consultation (see Appendix C).
-19-
E. Native American Consultation
In order to leam more about the potential archaeological sensitivity of the project area, letters
of inquiry were sent to all six Native American contacts (individuals and tribes) provided by the
NAHC. To date, only one written response has been received. The reader is referred to Appendix
D for written correspondence.
F. Field Sttidv
A field recoimaissance of the study area was conducted by Laura S. White (Principal
Investigator, RPA and County certified), David M. Van Hom, Ph.D (surveyor), and Robert S. White
(Project Director) on January 14, 2010. Follow-up work was conducted on Febmary 24, 2010.
The intent of the survey was to identify all potentially significant cultural resources situated within
the boundaries of the project site. Historic resources include places and stmctures relating to
significant historic events or having historical or special aesthetic qualities in and of themselves.
Prehistoric resources include Indian sites of all types.
The pedestrian survey began at northeast comer of the property and proceeded in a
southwesterly direction. Within the undeveloped areas of the property (westem 2/3) surface
visibility was very good, ranging from 80 to 100% depending on the density of the low-lying
vegetation (pl. I). Where feasible, the pedesfrian survey was conducted by walking parallel transects
at 5-10 meter intervals across the property . Where buildings or other obstacles rendered parallel
transect impractical (paved parking lots and tennis courts), meandering transects were utilized (pl.
II). When encountered, backdirt piles resulting from rodent excavations were inspected.
Additionally, erosion cuts and other escarpments were examined for any signs of buried
archaeological deposits. By employing these techniques, a thorough examination of the study area
was accomplished. All field notes, photographs, and maps generated or used during the field study
are in the possession of Archaeological Associates.
V. REPORT OF FINDINGS
A. Prehistoric Resources
The results of the records search conducted at the South Coastal Information Center at San
Diego State University failed to identify any prehistoric resources within the project boundaries.
-20-
The results of the field study were also negative. No prehistoric resources of any kind were
identified during the course of the investigation.
B. Historic Resources
The records search also failed to identify any historic resources within the project
boundaries. No historic resources of any kind were discovered during the course of the field study.
VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
The records search failed to indicate the presence of any recorded prehistoric or historic
resources within the boundaries of the study area. The results of our field assessment were equally
negative. Therefore, since a thorough investigation has failed to reveal the presence of any cultural
resources within the study area, no further work in conjunction with cultural resources, including
monitoring of any future grading activities, is warranted or recommended.
VII. CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certifies that the attached report is a tme and accurate description of the results of
a PHASE I CULTURAL RESOURCES described herein.
Laura S. White, M.A.
Principal Investigator
-21-
Plate I. Top: Looking west across westem half of study area from center of property. Bottom:
Easterly view across property from westem boimdary.
-22-
Plate II. Top: Southwesterly view of principal resort building. Bottom: Southerly view across
eastern margin of property.
-23-
REFERENCES CITED
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION
1989 Archaeological Resource Management Reports (ARMR): Recommended Contents
and Format. Califomia Office of Historic Preservation. Sacramento.
EEI GEOTECHNICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS
2010 Geotechnical Evaluation: Proposed Retail Development, Palomar Airport Commons,
Carlsbad, Sand Diego County, Califomia. Carlsbad.
FINK, GARY R.
1974 Archaeological Survey of the Proposed Palomar Airport Master Plan Project No.
UJ0089. County of San Diego Public Works Agency. Unpublished report (NADB
# 1121377 on file with the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State
University.
FRITZ, K., KNIGHT, L., GOTHOLD, J.
1977 The Williams Ranch Sites, San Diego County, Califomia. Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 7-48. Costa Mesa.
HEIZER, ROBERT F. AND M.A. WHIPPLE
1951 The California Indians: A Source Book. University of CaHfomia Press. Berkeley.
KING, THOMAS
1975 Fifty Years of Archaeology in the Califomia Desert: An Archaeological Overview
of Joshua Tree National Monument. The Westem Archaeological Center, National
Park Service. Tuscon.
KROEBER, ALFRED A.
1925 Handbook ofIndians ofCalifornia. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin No. 78.
Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.
LSA ASSOCIATES
2001 Cultural Resource Assessment Cingular Wireless Facility No. 436-1. Unpublished
report (NADB # 1124665) on file with the South Coastal Information Center. San
Diego State University.
LUOMALA, KATHARINE
1963 Flexibility in Sib Affiliation Among the Diegueno. Ethnology, Vol. 2, No. 3, pp.
282-301. University of Pittsburg.
-24-
1978 Tipai-Ipai. IN: Handbook of North American Indians Vol 8:Califomia (Robert F.
Heizer, vol. ed.)., pp. 592-609. Smithsonian Institution. Washington, D.C.
MAY, RONALD V.
1975 A Brief Survey of Kumeyaay Ethnography: Correlations Between Environmental
Land-Use Pattems, Material Culture, and Social Organization. Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 4., pp. 1-25. Costa Mesa.
O'BRIEN, T.P.
1974 Ceramic Artifacts. IN, Perris Reservoir Archaeology: Late Prehistoric
Demographic Change in Southeastem Califomia. J.F. O'Coimell et. al., eds.
Archaeological Report 14, Califomia Department of Parks and Recreation.
Sacramento.
OLYMPIC RESORT
2010 Hotel Summary: Olympic Resort, Carlsbad, Californina.
http://hotelsandiego.us/hotel.php/152985-olympic-resort-carlsbad-califonua
POLK, MICHAEL R.
1972 Manufacture and Uses of Steatite Objects by the Diegueno. Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 1-26. Costa Mesa.
SHIPEK, FLORENCE
1970 The Autobiography of Delfina Cuero: A Diegueno Indian. Malki Museum Press.
Banning. Reprint.
SMITH, BRIAN F.
1990 Phase I Constraints Analysis: Results of an Iiutial Cultural Resources Survey ofthe
Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real Road Widening Project. Unpublished
report (NADB # 1121892) on file with tiie Soutii Coastal Information Center, San
Diego State University.
SPIER, LESLIE
1923 Southem Diegueno Customs. University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology. Vol. 20, No. 16, pp. 297-360. Berkeley.
TRUE, D.L.
1970 Investigation of a Late Prehistoric Complex in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, San
Diego, Califomia. Archaeological Survey Monograph, University of Califomia, Los
Angeles.
WALLACE, WILLIAM J.
1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southem Califomia Coastal Archaeology.
Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 11, No. 3., pp. 214-230.
-25-
WESTEC SERVICES, INC.
1981 Archaeological and Biological Survey Resuh and Analysis for Pipeline Revision to
the Buena Sanitation District Excess Effluent Pipeline. Unpublished report (NADB
# 1121617) on file with the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State
University.
-26-
Appendix A: Personnel Qualifications
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES
LAURA S. WHITE
Curriculum Vitae
Address: P.O. 180
Sun City, CA 92586
Phone: (951)244-1783
EDUCATION
1989 M.A. in Anthropology with emphasis in Archaeology,
San Diego State University, San Diego.
1981 B.A. in Anthropology, University of San Diego, San Diego.
1978-1979 University of San Diego Business School.
1977-1978 Pepperdine Uiuversity Business School.
CREDENTIALS
1999-Present Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) Certification: Archaeologist
LD. # 10452
1990-1998 Society of Professional Archaeologists (SOP A) Certification: Field Research
GENERAL
Laura S. White, M.A. is a RPA (Register of Professional Archaeologists)/SOPA (Society of
Professional Archaeologists) certified archaeologist and has held the full-time position of Field
Director with Archaeological Associates since 1990. During the past twenty-five years of her
professional career, she has confributed to or directed all phases of archaeological investigation for
hundreds of projects. In addition, Laura has completed a number of private and govemmental
assessments requiring Section 106 consultation and/or National Register eligibility.
P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Tel (951) 244-1783 Fax (951) 244-0084
Ms. White has extensive experience with cultural resource compliance with regard to CEQA,
NEPA, HABS, HAER and various other local criteria. Aside from her RPA/SOPA rating, Ms.
White is also certified by the Counties of Orange, Riverside, San Diego, San Bemardino, and
Ventura to direct all phases of archaeological investigation.
Her archaeological expertise has taken her to project sites located throughout southem and
cenfral Califomia. These undertakings have comprised both prehistoric and historic archaeological
investigations situated in Riverside, San Bemardino, Los Angeles, Orange, Santa Barbara, Ventura,
Kem, Fresno, Madera, Inyo, San Diego, and Imperial Counties.
In conjunction with her career as a professional archaeologist, Ms. White was Co-Editor of
the prestigious Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly joumal from 1990-1991. She has
also been a guest lecturer at the request of the Bureau of Land Management and Long Beach State
University. Furthermore, she has designed archaeological exhibits for the San Diego Museum of
Man and the City of Vista, San Diego County.
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
American Committee for the Preservation of Archaeological Collections (ACPAC)
OVERSEAS EXPERIENCE
1981 Participant in on-going excavations at Hambledon Hill, Dorset, England.
PRODUCTION ACTIVITIES
1991-1990 Co-editor for the Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly. The PC AS
Quarterly is one of two professional archaeological joumals dedicated to the
archaeology of southem Califomia.
EXHIBITS
1987 Participant in constmction of exhibit for the City of Vista, Califomia. Artifacts on display
are all from archaeological sites in the Vista area.
1981 Participant in constmction of exhibit on the Early Cultures of San Diego, San Diego
Museum of Man. University of San Diego, San Diego.
GRANTS
1981 Recipient of an Academic Research Grant for archaeology. University of San Diego, San
Diego, Califomia.
-2-
LECTURES AND PRESENT A TIONS
1991 Guest lectured for the Mojave River Archaeological Society in Barstow. Topic: The Atlatl
in Califomia.
1987 Guest lectured at Long Beach State University. Topic: Contract Archaeology.
1985 The Plight of Del Mar Man. Paper presented at the annual spring meeting of Society for
Califomia Archaeology, San Diego.
PUBLICATIONS
Van Hom, David, Laura S. White, and Robert S. White
2005 The Prehistory of Gretiia Green, A Site in Northem San Diego County, pp. 145-168.
IN: Onward and Upward! Papers in Honor of Clement W. Meighan (Keith L.
Johnson, editor). Stansbury Publishing. Chico.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD EXPERIENCE AND UNPUBLISHED ARCHAEOLOGICAL
REPORTS
A representative list of field experience and unpublished archaeological reports is available
upon request.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES
P.O. Box 180 Sun City, CA 92586 Tel (951) 244-1783 Fax (951) 244-0084
ROBERT S. WHITE
Curriculum Vitae
Address: P.O. Box 180
Sun City, CA 92586
Phone: (909)244-1783
EDUCATION
1987 B.A. in Liberal Studies with emphasis in Anthropology, Califomia State University,
Long Beach.
1977 A.A. Degree in Liberal Arts, Los Angeles Harbor College.
GENERAL
Robert S. White has over eighteen years of full-time archaeological experience and has been
affiliated with a number of southem Califomia confract archaeology firms begiiming in 1983. Since
1992 he has fulfilled the position of Director and more often than not. Principal Investigator for
Archaeological Associates.
Mr. White has extensive experience in all aspects of cultural resource investigation and
management. These skills include but are not necessarily limited to: field survey and excavation,
constmction and demolition monitoring, obsidian hydration studies, lab analysis, land surveying,
cartography, archival research, budgeting, planning, and document writing/production. Robert is
certified by the Orange, Riverside, and Ventura County Planning Departments to conduct all phases
of archaeological investigation.
Since 1983, Mr. White has conducted well over 300 prehistoric and historic archaeological
investigations in Riverside, San Bemardino, Los Angeles, Orange, Kem, San Diego, Imperial, and
Inyo Counties. Additionally, in concert with colleague Dr. David Van Hom, they have pioneered
innovative techniques that have revolutionized data recovery programs on large, low-density
archaeological sites. Mr. White is also an experienced heavy equipment operator specializing in
loader/backhoe operations utilizing skid-steer loaders (Bobcats) and full-sized backhoes.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD EXPERIENCE
A representative list of archaeological field experience is available upon request.
PUBLICATIONS
2005 The Prehistory of Gretna Green, A Site in Northem San Diego County (with David Van
Hom and Laura S. White), pp. 145-168. IN: Onward and Upward! Papers in Honor of
Clement W. Meighan (Keith L. Johnson, editor). Stansbury Publishing. Chico.
1991 Prehistoric Fire-Making Techniques of Califomia and Westem Nevada. Pacific Coast
Archaeological Society Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 27-38.
1986 Some Techniques for Mechanical Excavation in Salvage Archaeology (with D.M. Van Hom
and J.R. Mmray). Journal of Field Archaeology 13:239-244.
UNPUBLISHED REPORTS
A representative list of unpublished archaeological reports/manuscripts is available upon
request.
Appendix B: Record Search Results
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS SEARCH
An in-person archaeological records search was conducted by Laura S. White, M.A. on
November 20, 2009 at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC), San Diego State University,
San Diego. The search included a review of all previously recorded prehistoric and historic
archaeological sites situated within a one-mile radius of the study area (see attached client in-house
records search letter). Additionally, the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), Califomia
Historic Landmarks (CHL), and Califomia Points of Historical Interest (CPHI) were reviewed for
the purpose of identifying any historic properties. Copies of site record forms as well as
archaeological reports were obtained for those resources situated within a one-mile radius of the
project area. These documents were reviewed and all relevant information was incorporated into
the study.
South CoMtal Information Cantor
4283 B Cajon BM . Suilt 250
San Oiago. CA 92105
Offioa: (619) 594-5682 Fax: (61^ 594^3
•doQmaiLadau.adu
scicj9ia^niai.adau.adu
CAUFORNIA HISTORICAL RESOURCES INFORMATION SYSTEM
CUENT IN-HOUSE RECORDS SEARCH
Company: Archaeological Associates
Company Representative: Laura White
Date: 11/20^009
Project Identification: 16.73 acre Lowe' Project
Search Radius: 1 mile
Historical Resources: SELF
Trinomial and Primary site maps have been reviewed. All sites within the project
boundaries and the specified radius of the project area have been plotted. Copies of the
site record fbrms have been included for all recorded sites.
Previous Survey Report Boundaries: SELF
Project boundary maps have been reviewed. National Archaeological Database (htADB)
citations fbr reports within the project boundaries and within the specified radius of the
project area have been included.
Historic Addresses: SELF
A map and database of historic properties (formeriy Geofinder) has been induded.
Historic Maps: SELF
The historic maps on file at the South Coastal Information Center have been reviewed,
and copies have been included.
Copies:
Hours:
86
3.5
Thia it not an Aivofca. Ptoasa pay trom tfia monthfy biMitg atalamant
Appendix C: NAHC Sacred Lands File Check
-ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES
OctobCT 30,2009
Mr. Dave Singleton
Associate Govemmental Program Analyst
Native American Heritage Commission
915 Capital Mall, Room 364
Sacramento, CA 95814
RE: Sacred Lands File Check for a 16.73-acre parcel located at the southwest comer of
Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real, Carlsbad, San Diego County.
Dear Mr. Singleton:
1 am writing to you to request a Sacred Lands File Check for the above-referenced project. Briefly,
Archaeological Associates has been requested by the client to provide infonnation with regard to
prehistoric and historic resources in the vicinity of the project. Thus, the reason for contacting your
organization.
Presently, the project area con^jrises a resort hotel and spa. The existing resort buildings will be
demoUshed and the property will be re-graded to accommodate a new Lowe's home-improvement
store and sevaal smaller shops. The study area is bounded by Palomar Airport Road on the north,
El Camino Real on the east, Palomar Airport Road and commocial development on toe west, and
commercial development on the south. Legally, the project is situated within an unsectioned portion
of Township 11 South, Range 4 West, San Bemardino Base Meridian (San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS
Topogrq)hic Quadrangle).
We look forward to hearing from you. In the meantime, if you have any questions or desire
additional information, please do not hesitate to contact me al (951) 244-1783.
Vary truly yours.
Laura S. White, M.A.
Field Director
LSW:file;nahc.com
by fax
P.O. Box 180 • Sun City, CA 92586 • (951)244-1783
FAX (951) 244-0084
11/02/2009 IS:58 FAX 816 897 S990 NAHC 131001/003
NATIVE AMERICAN HERITAGE COMMiSSION
November 2,2009
wm tm —a
aajiaiiaepMhalJi
Ms. Laura 8. mm, MA, Field CNreetor
AlieHAIOLCMIieAL ASSOeiATiS
Sim CKy, CA 92986
Sent by FAX to: 951-244-0064
Nu(nt)er of pages: 3
ccwmnefeMipeiraieiimemi'niiBCieQinDnseaatiB.Ta acw. KHaaaa « HaMwmff Aroon Koeo
andBCa«wh»Realinl
Dear kfe. White:
The Native Amertean Hmmge Commissi«> (NAHC), the Si8«e of Califomia Trustee
Agene/ for the pmtooiion and preeervation of Niriive American cuKunM resouices (cf. CA Public
Resouioes Code pi070), was able to peffDim a record search of its Sacred Lands File (8LF) lor
the affKMed projeot araa (>^E) reqtiasied. The CirfHbmia Environmentel Quality Act (CEQA; CA
Public Resources Code Section 21000 - 21177)) requires that any project that causes a stdwtential
adverse change in t» signifcanoe of an Mstortcal resouroe, that iTKludee archaaolos^ resources,
is a "si^Uficant effacr requiring the pp^MnMcm of an EiwirormOTtel knpart
CaHfomia Code of Regulations S1S064.5(bKc HQ CEQA guidelines}. Seclion 15382 of the 2007
CEQA Quideiines defites a aigiMcant in^Met on the eri^^
substantial, adverse (^wtga in arty of physical condttior« witt)in an area affected by the proposed
prtiject, induding ...obieds of Mstofie or aestheicsignificmce.* The NAHC 8LF search did
|iydiert| the crewnce of several Nrtive American cuWurel lesourceg writhin one^if - mile radius
of the prapoaed projecte ^kPE)
This letter includes stete and tedenM statutes retabng to NaHve American historic properties
of leU^ous and orituralaignNicanoe to American Indten tribes and incRviduais ss'consulting partes'
under both stete and tederal law.
Early oonsultirtiCRi with Native Americari tribes In your area is the best 1^
unanlicipatoddtaooveriesonoe a project is undenvay. Enclosed are the names of the nearest trt)es
and interested Native AiTwriGOT indlvi(tote that the NAHC reoornrneixts as'coneultmg parties,^
this puipoee, that have imoMrtedge ofthe nriigtotn and cullural significance of ^
properties in the project araa (a.g. APE). We recommend that you contact persons on the attached
list of Native Arnerieancentaete. In particuiar.wefacQmmendcoi^actinQ Mel Ve
iiamliv with this site. Fwlheimore we suggest that you oontect the CaiHbnria Historic Resources
mfbrmalfon System (CHRIS) the OiHoe of KHstoric Preaervdton CoonikuMor's office (at (916)
7276. for nMrrti to the naarast informafion Center ofwirieh there are 10. Arohaeologiste Dr.
Susan i-iector and Dennis Oalegos may also be temHterwttiouHurd sites near the proposed '
oovwDprnonc.
Consultelion with tribes and Interested iteliwe American consisting partes, on NAHC 1^
.should be conducted in oompltenee wHh the requiremente oftedertf NEPA (42 U S C. 4321-43351)
and Section 106 and 40) of fsderal NHPA (16 U.S.C. 470 (f))ef seq), and NAGPRA (25 U.8.C.
3001-^13), as appropriate..
11/02/2009 15:S7 FAI 916 85T 8390 NAHC 12002/003
lead agencies shotMooriaider a^g^^
BwironmentBi Quality Art (CEQA) when sig^ could be aflscted by a
prqjecL Also, PuMic Reeouross Code Section 5097.98 and I4eallh & ^lefy Code Sseten 7050.6
prwMe for pioviBioris fer aooidetrtaHy tHaocwered arctwological reaourees duri^
n»«wiate the prooesBOste be falowed in the event ef an accidental fl^covery erf any hurn»i remains
m a pfqjeotlooaiion other than a "decficated cemetery. Discussion of these should be ineluded in
yoitf environments documents, as appropriate.
The response to tNs seercii for Native American cultural resources is conducted in th*
NAIC Sacred Lands imentoiy, osteMshed tiy the ^Mfomto Legislature (CA PiAito Reso^
Code S8097.94(a) and is examfK torn the CA Pubae Records Act (cf. Calflbn^ OoMmiment Code
§6254.10) allhoiigh NM« AnwrioHte on the attached contad M wish to raveai the nstture of
identMadcuMuralnNowoes/historioproperttes. Cwtidentiali^ of "Mstorie properties of reigious and
cultural signHlcanc^ may also be pretectod the under Sedion 304 of the NHPA or at the Secretory
of ttw Interior' discredon tf not dkibto ibr listir» on the Natiortal Reoister of Historic Places. The
Secretory may ateo be adviaed ty the fadaral Indten Rirtgious Freedom Ad (cf. 42 U.S.C, 1996) in
issidng a dedsion on whether or not to ctecloae items (rf nMgious WKIAK ctAurti siiyi^^
iderrtWed In or near the APE and pOMMy thraMHted by propoeed project aoMvHy.
If you have any questions about this na^Mnse to your request, please do not hesitete to
~16)65»«»1.
Attachment Itolive American Conlacte List (NOTEiaeAaihermemnwndtiwtoSwfbnm
piDot or contact teuaiadjrMMdc«1telOT Fwttiar.watugoaataftjleiv-
Up lillphon# lo Ita cQitecIt VtfiB nsplM tn not fBOBlmd or mod olorVlorilon.
11/02/2009 15:57 FAX 816 657 5390 3003/003
Native Am^can Contact
San Diego County
November 2, 2009
Pauma & Yuima
Chilstobai C. Devers, Chairperson
P.O. Box 369 Luiseno
Pauma Valley . CA 92061
paumare$ervation@a(^.com
(760) 742-1289
(760) 742-3422 Fax
Mel Vernon, (Chairperson
San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians
1044 IMorfh Ivy Street Luiseno
Escondido . CA 92026
melvern@aol.com
(760) 746-8692
(760) 703-1514-(»«
San Luis Rey Band of Mission Irvlians
Henry Contreras, hltosn Likely Descwidant
1763 Chapulin Lane Luiseno
Fallt}rool( . CA 92028
(760) 728-6722 - Home
(760) 908-7625 - Cell
San Luis Rey Band of Mis^on Indians
Russiell RorrK>
12064 Old Pomerado Road Ijjiseno
Poway . CA 92064
(858) 748-1586
Pauma Valley Band of Luisefto Indians Bennae Calac, Tribsi Council Member
P.O. Box 369 Luiseno
Pauma Valley . CA 9a)6l
bennc»calac@aoi.com
(760)617-2872
(760) 742-3422 - FAX
San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians
Cannen M(^ado, Co-Chair
1889 Sur»et Drive Luiseno
Vista . CA 92081
cjmojado®tirTni*storrtndi«ns.org
(760) 724-8505
(760) 724-2172-FAX
TMaNrttecMTCnton^aaolitwdaMelWcdoeumanl
SaWyCo<>a.Sat*oiia0BrjWoftiialHiWRiWiaouroaaCa<aa»«tfSaeMen80erJ8orei>p«^
•IM M«« NEM (42 use 4ei-4M51), MVA easHona lot, 4(Q ns use 47<Kn
n* IW ll oia» waeaMa i«w ewWBBilns Mattve Ama^^
CiMtmtmxM Ocwtopfnerrt o«i • 18.73-aor* me iocmml at Palonw Alit>on Ocwd •nd Bl Cwrtno f»eo( m ttw Ctty O''
Appendix D: Native American Consultation
ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATES
November 17,2009
Mr. Henry Contreras
San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians
1763 Chapulin Lane
Fallbrook, CA 92028
RE: Native American ConsaltatJoo for a 16.73-acre parcel located at the southwest comer of
Palomar Airport Road and El Camino Real, Carlsbad, San Diego County.
Dear Mr. Contreras:
Ardiaeological Associates has been requested by the City of C;arlsbad to provide infonnation with
regard to prehistoric and historic resources in the vicinity of the project. Thus, the reason for
contacting your organization. Presmtly, the project area comprises vacant land (former location of
the Olympic Spa and Resort). The property will be re-graded to accommodate a new Lowe's home-
improvement store and several smaller shops.
The study area is bounded by Palomar Airport Road on the north, El Camino Real on the east,
Palomar Airport Road and commercial development on the west, and commercial development on
the south. Legally, the project is situatal within an unsectioned portion of Township 11 Soutli,
Range 4 West, San Bemardino Base Meridian (San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS Topographic Quadrangle-
see attached).
We are seeldng input fiom the tribe with regards to places of importance that may or may not have
been previously id«itified. hi particular, if the tribe is aware of the presence of any prehistoric
re«)urces within or adjacOTt to ihe project area, we would very much Jilce to hear fiom you. In the
meantime, if you have any questions or desire additional information, please do not hesitate to
contact me at (951) 244-1783.
Very tmly yours,
Laura S. White, M.A.
Field Director
LSW:file;sudb«Tylowes
attachment
P.O. Box 180 • Sun City, CA 92586 • (951)244-1783
FAX (951) 244-0084
Sample Letter of Inquiry as sent to Native Americans
CALIFORNIA INDIAN LEGAL SERVICES
Escondido Office
609 South Eacondklo Boulevard, Escondido. CA 92025 y Phone 760/746-8941 y Fax 760/746-1815
www.calindlan.org y contacK;iLS®caKndian.org
Mark A. Veiaola, Staff Attomey
ESOONDHX) 76o/746-894»» Ext, lai SAOIAMBNTO
mvezzola@caIindian.org
January 13,2010
Laura S. White, M.A.
Archaeological Associates
P.O. Box 180
Sun City, CA 92586
Re: Commente on 16.73 parcel/Palomar Airport Road & El Camino Real
Dear Ms. White:
Thanlc you for your November 17,2009, correspondence requesting comments from the San Luis
Rey Band of Luiseno hidians ("San Luis Rey Band" or "Tribe") regarding the above-referenced
project. The San Luis Rey Band is a San Diego County Tribe whose ttaditional territory includes
the current cities of Oceanside, Carlsbad, Vista, San Marcos, Escondido and Valley Center. The
Tribe has concems about the preservation of cultural, archaeological and historical sites within the
area affected by the proposed Project.
The San Luis Rey Band's main concem is the protection of unique and irreplaceable cultural
resources and sacred sites wWch may be damaged or destroyed by the re-grading nccess^ to
accommodate a Lowe's store and others. The Tribe is also concerned about the proper and lawful
treatment of Native American human remains and sacred items lilcely lo be uncovered in the course
of project development given that the proposed improvements fall within the Tritie's traditional
lands. Your request for input is appreciated but the Tribe wishes to see an analysis of the project's
impact(s) on ciUtural resources.
The Tribie is not opposed to tribal land improvements in gaieral, but is oppo«xl to any plans that
may damage or destroy any pot«itially important cultural or sacred sites and human remains located
within the Tribe's trsuiitional land base. Based on the Tribe's ancestral ties to the project area,
particulariy Agua Hedionda, it is very lilcely that there are resources that have not been pinpointed
in previous surveys and remain invisible from the surface. While the amount of disturbance
necessary to meet the project's objectives remains unclear, many habitation sites are located near
water resources, efforts to rehabilitate habitats may impact cultural resources.
Because the project is located ui an area where resources may be disturbed, the San Luis Rey Band
requests mitigation measures be added to any existing plans and that such mitigation measures be
conditions of approval for this project, to ensure that this project is handled in a manner consistent
with the requirements of the law and which respects the Tribe's religious and cultural beliefs and
Comment Letter to Laura S. White, M.A.
Re: 16.73 Parcel/Palomar Airport Road & El Camino Real
Januaiy 13,2010
Page 2
pracdces. The following measures must be included in both the mitigation plans and the conditions
of a^jproval for the project.
Hie San Luis Rey Band requests that the City of Carlsbad enter into a pre-excavation agreement
with the Tribe prior to the start of this development. Such an agreement would contain provisions
to address the proper treatment of any cultural resources or Native American human remains
inadvertently uncovered during the project. Should any remains be uncovered, the San Luis Rey
Band will likely be designated the "Most Likely Descendant" (MLD) by the Native American
Heritage Commission, as Agua Hedionda constitutes their traditional territory, as recognized by the
Commission.
The pre-excavation agreement i^ould be entered into prior to any ground-disturbing activities,
regardless of whether the area has been previously graded. The agreement will outline, to the
satisfaction of the San Luis Rey Band, the roles and powers ofthe Native American monitors and
the archaeologist, m addition to requhit^ compensation of the monitors by the City of Carlsbad or
the developer. Sudi an ^reement is n«;essary to guarantee the proper treatment of culmral
resources or Native American himian remains displaced during the project development.
To ensure the proper treatment of any cultural resources or Native American human remains
imcovered during the course the development, the San Luis Rey Band formally requests that the
City agree to rehim these itans to the Tribe if any are discovered. Plans to curate any such items
would disregard tl» respect due to these culturd resources. Instead, any such items or remains
should be retumed to the San Luis Rey Band. The Tribe considers all cultural items found in this
area to belong to their ancestors rather than property of the developer(s).
We look forward to working with the City of C^arlsbad to guarantee compliance with the C^ifomia
Environmental Qudity Act throughout construction. We thank you for your continuing assistance
in protecting our mvaluable Luiseito cultiual resources.
Sincerely,
CALIFORNIA INDIAN LEGAL SERVICES
Marie A. Vezzola
Attomey for the San Luis Rey Band
cc: Melvin Vernon, Tribal (Dtqitain
Carmen Mojado, Secretary of Govemment Relations