HomeMy WebLinkAbout3889B; Calavera Hills II Pump Station; Soils Report-Bldg Lots 1-115, Rec Lots 116-117; 2004-08-04REPORT OF ROUGH GRADING
CALAVERA HILLS, VILLAGE X
BUILDING LOTS 1 THROUGH 115 AND RECREATION LOTS 116 AND 117
CARLSBAD TRACT 01-06, DRAWING 405-4A
CARLSBAD, SAN DIEGO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA
FOR
CALAVERA HILLS II, LLC
2727 HOOVER AVENUE
NATIONAL CITY, CALIFORNIA 91950
W.O. 3459-B1-SC AUGUST 4,2004
Geotechnical Geologic Environmental
5741 Palmer Way Carlsbad, California 92008 (760) 438-3155 FAX (760) 931-0915
August 4,2004
W.O. 3459-61-SC
Calavera Hills II, LLC
2727 Hoover Avenue
National City, California 91 950
Attention: Mr. Don Mitchell
Subject: Report of Rough Grading, Calavera Hills, Village X, Building Lots 1 through
115, and Recreation Lots 116 and 117, Carlsbad Tract 01-06,
Drawing 405-4A, Carlsbad, San Diego County, California
Dear Mr. Mitchell:
This report presents a summary of the geotechnical testing and observation services
provided by GeoSoils, Inc. (GSI) during the rough earthwork construction phase of
development at the subject site. Earthwork commenced in January 2003, and was
generally completed in April 2004. This report does not include utility and pavement
construction testing and observations. A report of observation and testing services for
such work will be provided under separate cover, when requested. A compaction report
for the pump station, located within Village X, will also be provided under separate cover.
PURPOSE OF EARTHWORK
The purpose of grading was to prepare relatively level pads for the construction of
1 15 residential structures, two recreation lots, and access roadways. Cut-and-fill grading
and drill-and-shoot blasting techniques were utilized to attain the desired graded
configurations. Cut lots and the cut portion of transition lots were overexcavated in order
to provide for more uniform foundation support. Existing topsoils and colluvium were
removed to suitable bedrock material and recompacted. The grading plan for this portion
of Calavera Hills II, Village X, prepared by O’Day Consultants, dated December 5,2002,
is included with this report as Plates 1 through 4.
EARTH MATERIALS
Subsurface geologic conditions exposed during the process of rough grading were
observed by a representative of GSI. Earth materials onsite generally consist of dense
graniWmetavolcanic rock with a thin, discontinuous surficial veneer of topsoil/colluvium.
Dense surficial outcrops of granitic/volcanic bedrock were noted throughout the area.
GROUNDWATER
Naturally occurring groundwater was not encountered during rough grading of the building
pads and should not affect the proposed building construction, provided that the
recommendations contained in this report, and/or provided by GSI, are incorporated into
final design and construction, and that prudent surface and subsurface drainage practices
are incorporated into the construction plans.
Based on the fractured and dense nature of the granitic/metavolcanic bedrock, perched
groundwater conditions may develop in the future due to excess irrigation, homeowner
altered drainage, or damaged utilities, and should be anticipated. Should manifestations
of perched conditions (Le., seepage) develop in the future, this office could assess the
conditions and provide mitigative recommendations, as necessary. A discussion of near
surface slope subdrainage is presented in our referenced report on toe drains (GSI,
2004b), and is considered applicable with respect to this site. A discussion of other
subdrainage is presented in a later section of this report.
EARTHWORK CONSTRUCTION
Earthwork operations have been completed in general accordance with the City grading
ordinance and the guidelines provided in the field by this office. Observations during
grading included removals, overexcavation, and subdrain construction along with general
grading procedures and placement of compacted fills by the contractor.
Rouah Gradinq
Preparation of Existing Ground
1. Deleterious material, such as concentrated organic matter and miscellaneous
debris, were stripped from the surface and disposed of beyond the limits of grading
for the subject area, prior to placing any fill.
Loose surficial materials (Le., existing topsoils and colluvium) were removed to
expose competent bedrock in all areas to receive fill.
In order to provide for more uniform support of structures, the cut portion of
transition lots were overexcavated to a minimum depth of 3 feet below pad grade,
then brought to grade with compacted fill. Cut lots exposing dense granitic/volcanic
rock were overexcavated a minimum of 3 feet below pad grade in order to facilitate
2.
3.
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foundation and utility construction. Generally, an attempt was made to slope the
overexcavated bottom toward the street area. Thus, subdrainage of these areas
does not appear warranted at this time, based on the available data.
In areas where conventional cut and fill grading techniques were not feasible due
to rock hardness, drill-and-shoot blasting techniques were utilized. These
techniques were used where dense, non-rippable rock occurred within a minimum
of 3 feet of finished pad grade, and above local street elevations equivalent to
approximately 1 foot below the lowest utility invert elevation. Blasting operations
occurred throughout the project.
Subsequent to completing removals, areas to receive compacted fill were scarified
to a minimum depth of 12 inches, moisture conditioned to at least optimum
moisture content, and then compacted to attain a minimum relative compaction of
90 percent. These areas were then brought to grade with fill compacted to a
minimum 90 percent relative compaction.
All processing of original ground in areas to receive fill, shown on Plates 1 and 2,
was observed by a representative of GSI.
4.
5.
6.
Fill Placement
Fill consisted of onsite and import materials which were placed in thin lifts, approximately
4 to 8 inches in thickness, brought to at least optimum moisture content, and compacted
to attain a minimum 90 percent relative compaction. Compaction test results of fills are
presented in the attached Table 1. Approximate as-built fill thicknesses are presented in
the attached Table 2. The preparation of some of these fill materials, included processing
of shot rock and oversize rock through a rock crusher. This process generally produced
“4 to 5-inch minus” (in one direction) material, in general accordance with guidelines
presented in GSI (2002b and 2003~). Rock fills were placed in the vicinity of
Lots 16 through 29, Lots 46 through 48, the slope area east of Lots 51 through 53, Lot 1 16,
and Lot 11 8, and routinely no closer than about 10 feet from finish grade.
Fill materials generated onsite, or within the larger Calavera Hills development, from either
raw excavation or produced at the crusher site, have been placed in general accordance
with recommendations presented in GSI (2002b). An additional criteria, developed for this
project during grading, has included gradation testing (in general accordance with
ASTM D-422) of stockpiled materials produced from the rock crusher (GSI, 2003~). This
testing has been performed in order to evaluate the percentage of “fines” included in the
stockpile material. For this project, “fines” are considered to be earth materials that are
Y4 inch in diameter, or finer. Suitable soil fills are considered to consist of earth materials
generally with at least 540 percent finer than ?h of an inch (GSI, 2002b and 2003~). Based
on our testing and observation, a suitable material gradation appears to have been
produced and utilized onsite.
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Canyon Subdrains
Prior to placement of fill, a canyon subdrain, consisting of 6-inch diameter (Schedule 40)
PVC pipe, was placed within canyonlnatural drainage areas located in the general vicinity
of Lots 13 through 23, 25, and 26. A subdrain located beneath a fill slope, east of
Lots 51 through 53, is part of a larger drain system which extends offsite beneath College
Boulevard and Village W, to a outlet on the east side of Village W. Subdrain construction
was performed in general accordance with GSI guidelines. The approximate locations of
all subdrains are shown on Plates 1 through 4.
Toe Drains
Toe drains were constructed onsite in general accordance with GSI (2004d). The
approximate location of toe drains are shown on Plates 1 through 4.
Slopes
Planned Slopes
In general, graded slopes constructed under the purview of this report should perform
satisfactorily with respect to gross and surficial stability, provided that these slopes are
properly maintained, and are subject to the prevailing semi-arid climatic conditions. Fill
slopes, constructed under the purview of this report, were provided with a keyway
excavated into suitable bedrock material in general accordance with GSI
recommendations. Cut slopes were constructed using cut and fill grading techniques
and/or blasting, and exposed dense igneous and/or metavolcanic rock.
Temporary Slopes
Temporary construction slopes may generally be constructed at a gradient of
1 :1 (horizonta1:vertical [h:v]), or flatter, in compacted fill, and %:l (h:v) in suitable bedrock
material (provided adverse geologic structures are not present, as evaluated by GSI prior
to workers entering trenches). Utility trenches may be excavated in accordance with
guidelines presented in Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations for Excavation,
Trenches, and Earthwork, with respect to Type B soil (compacted fill) and stable rock
(bedrock). Construction materials and/or stockpiled soil should not be stored within 5 feet
from the top of any temporary slope. Temporary/permanent provisions should be made
to direct any potential runoff away from the top of temporary slopes.
Natural Slopes
Natural slopes should generally perform satisfactorily with respect to gross and surficial
stability, provided they are subject to the prevailing semi-arid climatic conditions. An
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analysis of natural slope stability has been completed under separate cover (GSI, 1998b
and 1998~).
Field Testinq
SOIL TYPE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
MAXIMUM DRY OPTIMUM MOISTURE
DENSITY (pcf) CONTENT (%)
Field density tests were petformed using the sand cone method (ASTM D-1556) and
nuclear method (ASTM D-2922). Tests taken for the entire Calavera Hills project
were taken in consecutive numerical order. Only the test results for Village X are
presented in Table 1 at the end of this report. The approximate locations of field
density tests are shown on the Field Density Test Location Maps,
Plates 1 through 4, which utilize the 40-scale grading plans (sheets 3 through 6),
prepared by O’Day Consultants (2003), as a base map.
Field density tests were taken at periodic intervals and random locations to check
the compactive effort provided by the contractor. Based on the operations
observed, test results presented herein are considered representative of the fills
observed under the purview of this report.
Visual classification of the soils in the field, as well as random laboratory testing,
was the basis for determining which maximum dry density value to use for a given
density test.
Rock fills were periodically inspected using dozer pits in order to verify adequate
moisture content and relative compaction.
Testing and observations were performed on a full-time basis.
A - Dark Brown, Silty SAND
LABORATORY TESTING
120.5 13.0
Moisture-Densitv Relations
The laboratory maximum dry density and optimum moisture content for each major soil
type was determined according to test method ASTM D-1557. The following table presents
the test results:
B - Light Brown, Silty SAND 128.0 10.0
C - Light Brown, Silty SAND 126.0 11.0 I
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SOIL TYPE
D - Light Gray, Silty SAND
MAXIMUM DRY OPTIMUM MOISTURE
DENSITY (pcf) CONTENT (%)
125.5 10.5
11 F - Brown. Sandv GRAVEL fDrOCeSSed material) I 126.5 I 10.5 II
I I - Brown, Silty SAND w/Gravel (processed material) I 134.0
11 G - Brownish Gray, Gravelly SILT
8.5
I 131.0 I 10.0 -11
Expansive Soils
Expansive soil conditions have been evaluated for the site. Representative samples of soil
near pad grade were recovered for classification and expansion testing. Expansion Index
(El) testing was performed in general accordance with Standard 18-2 of the Uniform
Building Code ([UBC], International Conference of Building Officials [ICBO], 1997).
Representative expansion indices indicate that site soils near pad grade, within the subject
lots, are very low expansive (E.I. <20). A summary of soil expansion results are presented
in the attached Table 2.
CorrosionlSulfate Testinq
Typical samples of the site materials were analyzed for corrosionlsoluble sulfate potential.
Soil sulfate testing indicates that the sulfate exposure to concrete is negligible, in
accordance with Table 19-A of the UBC (ICBO, 1997). Site soils are considered corrosive
to ferrous materials when wet or saturated. While it is our understanding that standard
concrete cover is sufficient mitigation, alternative methods and additional comments
should be obtained from a qualified corrosion engineer.
Sieve Analvsis
Sample gradation for various representative samples was determined in general
accordance with ASTM Test Method D-422. Test results generally indicated that at least
40 percent of each sample was finer than the %-inch sieve in accordance with GSI (2002b
and 2003~).
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RECOMMENDATIONS - FOUNDATIONS
General
The foundation design and construction recommendations are based on laboratory testing
and engineering analysisof onsite earth materials by GSI. Minimum recommendationsfor
conventional or post-tension (PT) foundation systems are provided in the following
sections. The foundation systems may be used to support the proposed structures,
provided they are founded in competent bearing material. The proposed foundation
systems should be designed and constructed in accordance with the guidelines contained
in the UBC (ICBO, 1997). All footing designs should be reviewed and approved by the
project structural engineerlfoundation designer. Based on soil expansion potential and the
as-built fill thicknesses (Le., differential fill thickness exceeding 3:1, maximum to minimum,
across the lot), conventional or PT foundations may be constructed.
Conventional Foundation Design
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Conventional spread and continuous footings may be used to support the proposed
residential structures provided they are founded entirely in properly compacted fill
or other competent bearing material (Le., bedrock). Footings should not
simultaneously bear directly on bedrock and fill soils.
Analyses indicate that an allowable bearing value of 2,000 pounds per square foot
(ps9 may be used for design of continuous footings per Table 3, and for design of
isolated pad footings 24 inches square and 18 inches deep into properly
compacted fill or bedrock. The bearing value may be increased by one-third for
seismic or other temporary loads. This value may be increased by 20 percent for
each additional 12 inches in depth, to a maximum of 2,500 psf. No increase in
bearing for footing width is recommended.
For lateral sliding resistance, a 0.4 coefficient of friction may be utilized for a
concrete to soil contact when multiplied by the dead load.
Passive earth pressure may be computed as an equivalent fluid having a density of
300 pounds per cubic foot (pc9 with a maximum earth pressure of 2,500 psf.
When combining passive pressure and frictional resistance, the passive pressure
component should be reduced by one-third.
Footings should maintain a horizontal distance or setback between any adjacent
slope face and the bottom outer edge of the footing. The horizontal distance may
be calculated by using h/3 (where h is the height of the slope). The horizontal
setback should not be less than 7 feet, nor need not be greater than 40 feet (per
code). The setback may be maintained by simply deepening the footings.
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Flatwork, utilities, or other improvements, within a zone of h/3 from the top of slope,
may be subject to lateral distortion. Footings, flatwork, and utility setbacks should
be constructed in accordance with distances indicated in this section, and/or the
approved plans.
Provided that the recommendations contained in this report are incorporated into
final design and construction phase of development, a majority (>50 percent) of the
anticipated foundation settlement is expected to occur during construction.
Maximum settlement is not expected to exceed approximately 1% inches and
should occur below the heaviest loaded columns. Differential settlement is not
anticipated to exceed % inch between similar elements in a 40-foot span.
7.
Conventional Foundation/Concrete Slab Construction
The following construction recommendations are based on generally very low to low
expansive bearing soils and maximum fill thicknesses of less than approximately 30 feet.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Conventional continuous footings should be constructed in accordance with
recommendations presented in Table 3, and in accordance with UBC (ICBO, 1997)
guidelines. All footings should be reinforced per Table 3.
Detached isolated interior or exterior piers and columns should be founded at a
minimum depth of 18 inches below the lowest adjacent ground surface and tied to
the main foundation in at least one direction with a grade beam. Reinforcement
should be properly designed by the project structural engineer.
A grade beam, reinforced as above and at least 12 inches square, should be
provided across the garage entrances. The base of the reinforced grade beam
should be at the same elevation as base of the adjoining footings.
The residential floor and garage slabs should have a minimum thickness of
4 inches, in accordance with Table 3. Concrete used in floor slab construction
should have a minimum compressive strength of 2,500 psi.
Concrete slabs should be underlain with a minimum of 4 inches of sand. In
addition, a vapor barrier consisting of a minimum of 1 0-mil, polyvinyl-chloride
membrane with all laps sealed per the UBC/California Building Code (CBC), should
be provided at the mid-point of the sand layer. The slab subgrade should be free
of loose and uncompacted material prior to placing concrete.
Concrete floor slabs (residence and garage) should be reinforced per Table 3. All
slab reinforcement should be supported to ensure proper mid-slab height
positioning during placement of the concrete. "Hooking" of reinforcement is not an
acceptable method of positioning.
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7.
8.
9.
10
Presaturation is not considered necessary for these soil conditions; however, the
moisture content of the subgrade soils should be equal to, or greater than, optimum
moisture to a depth of 12 to 18 inches (depending on footing embedment) below
the adjacent ground grade in the slab areas, and verified by this office within
72 hours of the vapor barrier placement.
Soils generated from footing excavations to be used onsite should be compacted
to a minimum relative compaction 90 percent of the laboratory standard, whether
it is to be placed inside the foundation perimeter or in the yardlright-of-way areas.
This material must not alter positive drainage patterns that direct drainage away
from the structural areas and toward the street.
Proposed pools and other appurtenant structures should consider that excavation
difficulties will likely be encountered in some lots at depths greater than
approximately 3 feet below existing building pad grades due to the presence of
dense granitic rock. Please refer to Table 2 for a listing of lots with relatively shallow
(i.e., <lo feet) fills.
As an alternative, an engineered PT foundation system may be used.
Recommendations for PT slab design are presented in the following section.
PT Slab Foundation Svstems
1. PT slabs may be utilized for construction of typical one- and two- story residential
structures onsite. The information and recommendations presented in this section
are not meant to supercede design by a registered structural engineer or civil
engineer familiar with PT slab design or corrosion engineering consultant.
From a soil expansionlshrinkage standpoint, a fairly common contributing factor to
distress of structures using PT slabs is a significant fluctuation in the moisture
content of soils underlying the perimeter of the slab, compared to the center,
causing a"dishing" or "arching" of the slabs. To mitigate this possible phenomenon,
a combination of soil presaturation (if necessary, or after the project has been
dormant for a period of time) and construction of a perimeter "cut off wall grade
beam may be employed.
For very low to low (E.I. 0 through 50) expansive soils, perimeter and mid span
beams should be a minimum 12 inches deep below the lowest adjacent pad grade.
The perimeter foundations may be integrated into the slab design or independent
of the slab. The perimeter beams should be a minimum of 12 inches in width.
A vapor barrier should be utilized and be of sufficient thickness to provide an
adequate separation of foundation from soils (10 mil thick). The vapor barrier
should be adequately sealed per the UBClCBC to provide a continuous
2.
3.
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4.
5.
6.
CATEGORY I (PT)*
Perimeter Footing Embedment** 12 inches
Modules of subgrade reaction
Coefficient of Friction 0.35
Passive Pressure 225 pcf
Soil Suction (pt) 3.6
Depth to Constant Soil Suction 5 feet
Thornthwaite Moisture -20.0
e, Edge 2.5
e, Center 5.0
Y,edge 0.35
y, Center 1.1
Minimum Slab Thickness 5 inches
Allowable Bearing Value 1,000 psf***
100 psilinch
water-resistant barrier under the entire slab. The vapor barrier should be
sandwiched between two 2-inch thick layers of sand (SE >30) for a total of 4 inches
of sand.
CATEGORY II (PT)
12 inches**
1,000 psf***
75 psi/inch
0.35
225 pCf
3.6
5 feet
-20.0
2.7
5.5
0.5
2.0
5 inches
Isolated piers should be incorporated into the PT slab system.
Specific soil presaturation for slabs is not required for very low expansive soils;
however, the moisture content of the subgrade soils should be at or above the soils'
optimum moisture content to a minimum depth of 12 to 18 inches below grade,
depending on the footing embedment.
PT slabs should be designed using sound engineering practice and be in
accordance with the Post-Tension Institute (PTI), local, and/or national code criteria
and the recommendations of a structural or civil engineer qualified in PT slab
design. Alternatives to PTI methodology may be used if equivalent systems can be
proposed which accommodate the angular distortions, expansion parameters, and
settlements noted for this project. If alternatives to PTI are suggested by the
designer or structural consultant, consideration should be given for additional
review by a qualified structural PT designer. Soil related parameters for PT slab
design, are presented on the following:
7. Provided the recommendations contained in this report are incorporated into final
design and construction phase of development, a majority (>50 percent) of the
anticipated foundation settlement is expected to occur during construction.
Maximum total settlement is not expected to exceed approximately 1 % inches and
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should occur below the heaviest loaded columns. Differential settlement is not
anticipated to exceed ?h of an inch between similar elements, in a 40-foot span.
Designers of PT slabs should review the parameters provided for PT slabs, and
compare using a span distance of 5 feet, using a modules of subgrade reaction of
125 psi in their evaluation.
In accordance with guidelines presented in the UBC, improvements and/orfootings
should maintain a horizontal distance, X, between any adjacent descending slope
face and the bottom outer edge of the improvement and/or footing. The horizontal
distance, X, may be calculated by using X = h/3. X should not be less than 7 feet,
nor need not be greater than 40 feet. X may be maintained by deepening the
footings. Improvements constructed within a distance of h/3 from the top of slope
may be subject to lateral distortion.
Foundations for any adjacent structures, including retaining walls, should be
deepened (as necessary) to below a 1 :I projection upward and away from any
proposed lower foundation system. This recommendation may not be considered
valid if the additional surcharge imparted by the upper foundation on the lower
foundation has been incorporated into the design of the lower foundation.
Additional setbacks, not discussed or superceded herein, and presented in the UBC
are considered valid.
8.
EXTERIOR FLATWORK
Exterior driveways, walkways, sidewalks, or patios, using concrete slab-on-grade
construction, should be designed and constructed in accordance with the following
criteria:
1. Driveway slabs should be a minimum 4 inches in thickness; all other exterior slabs
may be a nominal 4 inches in thickness; however, such nominal slabs will be at
increased risk for distress. A thickened edge should be considered for all flatwork
adjacent to landscape areas.
Slab subgrade should be compacted to a minimum 90 percent relative compaction
and moisture conditioned to at, or above, the soils optimum moisture content.
The use of transverse and longitudinal control joints should be considered to help
control slab cracking due to concrete shrinkage or expansion. Two of the best
ways to control this movement are: 1) add a sufficient amount of properly placed
reinforcing steel, increasing tensile strength of the slab such as 6x6, W1.4xW1.4);
and/or, 2) provide an adequate amount of control and/or expansion joints to
accommodate anticipated concrete shrinkage and expansion. We would suggest
2.
3.
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that the maximum control joint spacing be placed on 5- to 8-foot centers, or the
smallest dimension of the slab, whichever is least.
No traffic should be allowed upon the newly poured concrete slabs until they have
been properly cured to within 75 percent of design strength.
Positive site drainage should be maintained at all times. Adjacent landscaping
should be graded to drain into the street/parking area, or other approved area. All
surface water should be appropriately directed to areas designed for site drainage.
Concrete compression strength should be a minimum of 2,500 psi.
4.
5.
6.
CONVENTIONAL RETAINING WALLSMALLS
General
Foundations may be designed using parameters provided in the Design section of
Foundation Recommendations presented herein. Wall sections should adhere to the
County and/or City guidelines. All wall designs should be reviewed by a qualified structural
engineer for structural capacity, overturning, and seismic resistance stability per the UBC.
The design parameters provided assume that onsite or equivalent low expansive soils are
used to backfill retaining walls. If expansive soils are used to backfill the proposed walls
within this wedge, increased active and at-rest earth pressures will need to be utilized for
retaining wall design. Heavy compaction equipment should not be used above a
1 :1 projection, up and away from the bottom of any wall.
The following recommendations are not meant to apply to specialty walls (cribwalls, loffel,
earthstone, etc.). Recommendations for specialty walls will be greater than those provided
herein, and can be provided upon request. Some movement of the walls constructed
should be anticipated as soil strength parameters are mobilized. This movement could
cause some cracking dependent upon the materials used to construct the wall. To reduce
wall cracking due to settlement, walls should be internally grouted and/or reinforced with
steel.
Restrained Walls
Any retaining walls that will be restrained prior to placing and compacting backfill material,
or that have re-entrant or male corners, should be designed for an at-rest equivalent fluid
pressures of 60 pcf, plus any applicable surcharge loading. For areas of male or re-entrant
corners, the restrained wall design should extend a minimum distance of twice the height
of the wall (2H) laterally from the corner. Building walls below grade should be
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water-proofed or damp-proofed, depending on the degree of moisture protection desired.
Refer to the following section for preliminary recommendations from surcharge loads.
Cantilevered Walls
These recommendations are for cantilevered retaining walls up to 15 feet high. Active
earth pressure may be used for retaining wall design, provided the top of the wall is not
restrained from minor deflections. An empirical equivalent fluid pressure (EFP) approach
may be used to compute the horizontal pressure against the wall. Appropriate fluid unit
weights are provided for specific slope gradients of the retained material. These do not
include other superimposed loading conditions such as traffic, structures, seismic events,
or adverse geologic conditions.
SURFACE SLOPE OF
RETAINED MATERIAL
HORIZONTAL TO VERTICAL
Level
EQUIVALENT FLUID
WEIGHT P.C.F.
(Seleet Very Low Expansive Soil)
35
The equivalent fluid density should be increased to 60 pcf for level backfill at the angle
point of the wall (corner or male re-entrant) and extended a minimum lateral distance of
2H on either side of the corner. Traffic loads within a 1:l projection up from the wall heel,
due to light trucks and cars, should be considered as a load of 100 psf per foot in the
upper 5 feet of wall in uniform pressure. For preliminary design purposes, footing loads
within a 1:l backfill zone behind wall will be added to the walls as '13 of the bearing
pressure for one footing width, along the wall alignment.
Sound Walls/ToD-of-Slope Walls
Sound wall plans have been reviewed for this project (GSI, 2003a) and were determined
to be in general conformation with the intent of the referenced reports.
Wall Backfill and Drainaqe
All retaining walls should be provided with an adequate gravel and pipe back drain and
outlet system to prevent buildup of hydrostatic pressures, and be designed in accordance
with the minimum standards presented herein. Retaining wall drainage and outlet systems
should be reviewed by the project design civil engineer, and incorporated into project
plans. Pipe should consist of schedule 40 perforated PVC pipe. Gravel used in the back
drain systems should be a minimum of 1 cubic foot per lineal foot of 3/a- to 11/2-inch clean
crushed rock encapsulated in filter fabric (Mirafi 140 or equivalent) additional gravel may
be warranted depending on wall height and the nature of the wall backcut. Perforations
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in pipe should face down. The surface of the backfill should be sealed by pavement, or
the top 18 inches compacted to 90 percent relative compaction with native soil. Proper
surface drainage should also be provided.
As an alternative to gravel back drains, panel drains (Miradrain 6000, Tensar, etc.) may be
used. Panel drains should be installed per manufacturers’ guidelines. Regardless of the
back drain used, walls should be water-proofed where they would impact living areas, or
where staining would be objectionable.
PUBLIC STREET PAVEMENTS
Pavement design for streets has been completed by this office, with design and
construction recommendations presented in GSI (2004~). Concrete driveway pavements
outside the public right of way may be constructed per the exterior concrete slab
recornmendations presented in the following section.
DEVELOPMENT CRITERIA
Slope Deformation
General
Compacted fill slopes, designed using customary factors of safety for gross or surficial
stability, and constructed in general accordance with the design specifications, should be
expected to undergo some differential vertical heave, or settlement, in combination with
differential lateral movement in the out-of-slope direction, after grading. This
post-construction movement occurs in two forms: slope creep; and, lateral fill extension
(LFE).
Slope Creep
Slope creep is caused by alternate wetting and drying of the fill soils which results in slow
downslope movement. This type of movement is expected to occur throughout the life of
the slope, and is anticipated to potentially affect improvements or structures (i.e.,
separations and/or cracking), placed near the top-of-slope, generally within a horizontal
distance of approximately 15 feet, measured from the outer, deepest (bottom outside)
edge of the improvement, to the face of slope. The actual width of the zone affected is
generally dependant upon: 1) the height ofthe slope; 2) the amount of irrigation/rainfall the
slope receives; and, 3) the type of materials comprising the slope. This movement
generally results in rotation and differential settlement of improvements located within the
creep zone.
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Suitable mitigative measures to reduce the potential for distress due to lateral deformation
typically include: setback of improvements from the slope faces (per the 1997 UBC and/or
CBC); positive structural separations (i.e., joints) between improvements; and, stiffening
and deepening of foundations. Per Section 1806.5.3 of the UBC, a horizontal setback
(measured from the slope face to the outside bottom edge of the building footing) of H/3
is provided for structures, where H is the height of the fill slope in feet and H/3 need not be
greater than 40 feet. Alternatively, in consideration of the discussion presented above, site
conditionsand Section 1806.5.6ofthe UBC, H/3 generally need not be greaterthan 20feet
for the Calavera Hills II development. As an alternative to a deepened footing, where the
adjacent slope is greater than 45 feet in height and the buildinglfooting is within 20 feet
from the slope face, a differential settlement of 0.5 inch (additional) may be applied to the
design of that portion of the structure(s). Any settlement-sensitive improvements (Le., walls
,spas, flatwork, etc.) should consider the above. Proper disclosure to homeowners and/or
homeowners associations is recommended.
Lateral Fill Extension (LFE)
LFE occurs due to deep wetting from irrigation and rainfall on slopes comprised of
expansive materials. Based on the generally very low expansive character of onsite soils,
the potential component of slope deformation due to LFE is considered minor, but may not
be totally precluded. Although some movement should be expected, long-term movement
from this source may be minimized, but not eliminated, by placing the fill throughout the
slope region, wet of the fill’s optimum moisture content. During grading of the site, GSI
observed fill soil moisture contents during fill placement and compaction. Our
observations indicate that the moisture content of the fill is generally above the soils
optimum moisture content, in accordance with our recommendations.
Summary
It is generally not practical to attempt to eliminate the effects of either slope creep or LFE.
Suitable mitigative measures to reduce the potential of lateral deformation typically include:
setback of improvements from the slope faces (per the 1997 UBC and/or CBC); positive
structural separations (i.e., joints) between improvements; stiffening; and, deepening of
foundations. All of these measures are recommended for design of structures and
improvements and minimizing the placement of “dry” fills. The ramifications of the above
conditions, and recommendations for mitigation, should be provided to each homeowner
and/or any homeowners association.
SloDe Maintenance and Plantinq
Water has been shown to weaken the inherent strength of all earth materials. Slope
stability is significantly reduced by overly wet conditions. Positive surface drainage, away
from slopes, should be maintained and only the amount of irrigation necessary to sustain
plant life should be provided for planted slopes. Over-watering should be avoided as it can
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adversely affect site improvements and cause perched groundwater conditions. Graded
slopes constructed utilizing onsite materials would be erosive. Eroded debris may be
minimized and surficial slope stability enhanced by establishing and maintaining asuitable
vegetation cover soon after construction. Compaction to the face of fill slopes would tend
to minimize short-term erosion until vegetation is established. Plants selected for
landscaping should be light weight, deep rooted types that require little water and are
capable of surviving the prevailing climate. Jute-type matting, or other fibrous covers, may
aid in allowing the establishment of a sparse plant cover. Utilizing plants other than those
recommended above will increase the potential for perched water, staining, mold, etc. to
develop. A rodent control program to prevent burrowing should be implemented.
Irrigation of natural (ungraded) slope areas is generally not recommended. These
recommendations regarding plant type, irrigation practices, and rodent control should be
provided to each homeowner. Over-steepening of slopes should be avoided during
building construction activities and landscaping.
Drainaae
Adequate lot surface drainage is a very important factor in reducing the likelihood of
adverse performance of foundations, hardscape, and slopes. Surface drainage should be
sufficient to prevent ponding of water anywhere on a lot, and especially near structures and
tops of slopes. Lot surface drainage should be carefully taken into consideration during
fine grading, landscaping, and building construction. Therefore, care should be taken that
future landscaping or construction activities do not create adverse drainage conditions.
Positive site drainage within lots and common areas should be provided and maintained
at all times. Drainage should not flow uncontrolled down any descending slope. Water
should be directed away from foundations and not allowed to pond and/or seep into the
ground. In general, the area within 3 feet around a structure should slope away from the
structure (GSI, 2003d). We recommend that unpaved lawn and landscape areas have a
minimum gradient of 1 percent sloping away from structures, and whenever possible,
should be above adjacent paved areas. Consideration should be given to avoiding
construction of planters adjacent to structures (buildings, pools, spas, etc.). Pad drainage
should be directed toward the street or other approved area(s). Although not a
geotechnical requirement, roof gutters, down spouts, or other appropriate means may be
utilized to control roof drainage. Down spouts, or drainage devices, should outlet a
minimum of 3 feet from structures (GSI, 2003d) or into a subsurface drainage system.
Areas of seepage may develop due to irrigation or heavy rainfall, and should be
anticipated. Minimizing irrigation will lessen this potential. If areas of seepage develop,
recommendations for minimizing this effect could be provided upon request.
Erosion Control
Cut and fill slopes will be subject to surficial erosion during and after grading. Onsite earth
materials have a moderate to high erosion potential. Consideration should be given to
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providing hay bales and silt fences for the temporary control of surface water, from a
geotechnical viewpoint.
Landscape Maintenance
Only the amount of irrigation necessary to sustain plant life should be provided.
Over-watering the landscape areas will adversely affect proposed site improvements. We
recommend that any open-bottom, raised box planters adjacent to proposed structures
be restricted for a minimum distance of 10 feet. As an alternative, closed-bottom type
raised planters could be utilized. An outlet placed in the bottom of the planter could be
installed to direct drainage away from structures or any exterior concrete flatwork. If raised
box planters are constructed adjacent to structures, the sides and bottom of the planter
should be provided with a moisture barrier to prevent penetration of irrigation water into
the subgrade. Provisions should be made to drain the excess irrigation water from the
planters without saturating the subgrade below or adjacent to the planters. Graded slope
areas should be planted with drought resistant vegetation. Consideration should be given
to the type of vegetation chosen and their potential effect upon surface improvements (Le.,
some trees will have an effect on concrete flatwork with their extensive root systems).
From a geotechnical standpoint, leaching is not recommended for establishing
landscaping. If the surface soils are processed for the purpose of adding amendments,
they should be recompacted to 90 percent minimum relative compaction.
Subsurface and Surface Water
Subsurface and surface water are not anticipated to affect site development, provided the
recommendations contained in this report are incorporated into final design and
construction, and that prudent surface and subsurface drainage practices are incorporated
into the construction plans. Perched groundwater conditions, along zones of contrasting
permeabilities, may not be precluded from occurring in the future due to site irrigation,
poor drainage conditions, or damaged utilities, and should be anticipated. Should
perched groundwater conditions develop, this office could assess the affected area(@ and
provide the appropriate recommendations to mitigate the observed groundwater
conditions. Groundwater conditions may change with the introduction of irrigation, rainfall,
or other factors.
Tile Floorinq
Tile flooring can crack, reflecting cracks in the concrete slab below the tile, although small
cracks in a conventional slab may not be significant. The tile installer should consider
installation methods that reduce possible cracking of the tile such as slipsheets, a vinyl
crack isolation membrane, or other approved method by the Tile Council of
America/Ceramic Tile Institute.
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Site Improvements
Recommendations for exterior concrete flatwork construction are provided in Table 3 of
this report. If in the future, any additional improvements (e.g., pools, spas, etc.) are
planned for the site, recommendations concerning the geological or geotechnical aspects
of design and construction of said improvements could be provided upon request. This
office should be notified in advance of any fill placement, grading of the site, or trench
backfilling after rough grading has been completed. This includes any grading, utility
trench, and retaining wall backfills.
Additional Gradinq
This office should be notified in advance of any fill placement, supplemental regrading of
the site, or trench backfilling after rough grading has been completed. This includes
completion of grading in the street and parking areas and utility trench and retaining wall
backfills.
Footina Trench Excavation
All footing excavations should be observed by a representative of this firm subsequent to
trenching and I)TjoT to concrete form and reinforcement placement. The purpose of the
observations is to verify that the excavations are made into the recommended bearing
material and to the minimum widths and depths recommended for construction. If loose
or compressible materials are exposed within the footing excavation, a deeper footing or
removal and recompaction of the subgrade materials would be recommended at that time.
Footing trench spoil and any excess soils generated from utility trench excavations should
be compacted to a minimum relative compaction of 90 percent, if not removed from the
site.
Trenchinq
Considering the nature of the onsite soils, it should be anticipated that caving or sloughing
could be a factor in subsurface excavations and trenching. Shoring or excavating the
trench walls at the angle of repose (typically 25 to 45 degrees) may be necessary and
should be anticipated. All excavations should be observed by one of our representatives
and minimally conform to CAL-OSHA and local safety codes.
Utilitv Trench Backfill
1. All interior utility trench backfill should be brought to at least 2 percent above
optimum moisture content and then compacted to obtain a minimum relative
compaction of 90 percent of the laboratory standard. As an alternative for shallow
(1 2-inch to 18-inch) under-slab trenches, sand having a sand equivalent value of
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2.
3.
4.
30 or greater may be utilized and jetted or flooded into place. Observation, probing
and testing should be provided to verify the desired results.
Exterior trenches adjacent to, and within areas extending below a 1:l plane
projected from the outside bottom edge of the footing, and all trenches beneath
hardscape features and in slopes, should be compacted to at least 90 percent of
the laboratory standard. Sand backfill, unless excavated from the trench, should
not be used in these backfill areas. Compaction testing and observations, along
with probing, should be accomplished to verify the desired results.
All trench excavations should conform to CAL-OSHA and local safety codes.
Utilities crossing grade beams, perimeter beams, or footings should either pass
below the footing or grade beam utilizing a hardened collar or foam spacer, or pass
through the footing or grade beam in accordance with the recommendations of the
structural engineer.
SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING
GEOTECHNICAL OBSERVATION AND TESTING
We recommend that observation and/or testing be performed by GSI at each of the
following construction stages:
During gradinglrecertification.
After excavation of building footings, retaining wall footings, and free standing walls
footings, prior to the placement of reinforcing steel or concrete.
Prior to pouring any slabs or flatwork, after presoakinglpresaturation of building
pads and other flatwork subgrade, before the placement of concrete, reinforcing
steel, capillary break (i.e., sand, pea-gravel, etc.), or vapor barriers (i.e., visqueen,
etc.).
During retaining wall subdrain installation, prior to backfill placement.
During placement of backfill for area drain, interior plumbing, utility line trenches,
and retaining wall backfill.
During slope constructionhepair.
When any unusual soil conditions are encountered during any construction
operations, subsequent to the issuance of this report.
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. When any developer or homeowner improvements, such as flatwork, spas, pools,
walls, etc., are constructed. . A report of geotechnical observation and testing should be provided at the
conclusion of each of the above stages, in order to provide concise and clear
documentation of site work, and/or to comply with code requirements.
OTHER DESIGN PROFESSIONALS/CONSULTANTS
The design civil engineer, structural engineer, post-tension designer, architect, landscape
architect, wall designer, etc. should review the recommendations provided herein,
incorporate these recommendations into all their respective plans, and by explicit
reference, make this report part of their project plans.
PLAN REVIEW
Any additional project plans generated for this project should be reviewed by this office,
prior to construction, so that construction is in accordance with the conclusions and
recommendations of this report.
LIMITATIONS
The materials encountered on the project site and utilized for our analysis are believed
representative of the area; however, soil and bedrock materials vary in character between
excavations and natural outcrops or conditions exposed during mass grading. Site
conditions may vary due to seasonal changes or other factors.
Inasmuch as our study is based upon our review and engineering analyses and laboratory
data, the conclusions and recommendations are professional opinions. These opinions
have been derived in accordance with current standards of practice, and no warranty is
expressed or implied. Standards of practice are subject to change with time. GSI assumes
no responsibility or liability for work or testing performed by others, or their inaction; or
work performed when GSI is not requested to be onsite, to evaluate if our
recommendations have been properly implemented. Use of this report constitutes an
agreement and consent by the user to all the limitations outlined above, notwithstanding
any other agreements that may be in place. In addition, this report may be subject to
review by the controlling authorities. Thus, this report brings to completion our scope of
services for this project.
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The opportunity to be of service is sincerely appreciated. If you should have any
questions, please do not hesitate to call our office.
JPFIDWSljk
Attachments: Table 1 - Field Density Test Results
Table 2 - Lot Characteristics
Table 3 - Foundation Construction Recommendations
Appendix - References
Plates 1 through 4 - Field Density Test Location Maps
Distribution: (4) Addressee
(1) Jobsite, Attention: Mr. Tom LaMarca
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
FIELD DENSITY TEST RESULTS
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Table 1
FIELD DENSITY TEST RESULTS
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Table 1
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Table 1
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Table 1
FIELD DENSITY TEST RESULTS
LEGEND:
' = Indicates Repeated Test Number * = Indicates Failed Test
A = Indicates Retest
FG = Finish Grade
FS =
ND = Nuclear Densometer
SC = Sand Cone
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TABLE 2
LOT CHARACTERISTICS - CALAVERA HILLS, VILLAGE X
LOT
1
2
EXPANSION DEPTH
INDEX SOLUBLE OF FILL
(per UBC EXPANSION SULFATE SULFATE (Range FOUNDATION
Standard 18-2) POTENTIAL"' (Weight %) EXPOSURE'* In Ft.) CATEGORY ''I
<20 Very Low <0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
3
4
5
6
<20 Very Low e 0.10 Negligible 3-4 i or i(pT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
<20 Very Low c 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or NPT)
7 < 20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT) I
9 C20 Very Low c 0.10 Negligible 4-10 i or I(PT) I
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 61 7 II or I(Pn
11
12
13
14
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 8-20 ii or i(pT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 8-20 iI or I(PT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 12-25 ii or I(PT)
<20 Very Low c 0.10 Negligible 14-26 I or i(W
15 <20 I
GeoSoils, Inc.
Very Low c 0.10 Negligible 22-26 I or I(PT)
17
18
19
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible hF31 II or I(PT)
<20 Very Low c 0.10 Negligible 20-31 II or i(PT)
<20 Verv low < 0.10 Neaiiaibie 33-24 ii or ilPn
20 <20 Very low < 0.10 Negligible 23-42 II or i(PT) I
23 <20 Verv low c 0.10 Negligible 29-39 iI or iipn
24 <20 Very low < 0.10 Negligible 30-41 II or i(PT)
26
27
28
<20 Very low c 0.10 Negligible 27-36 Ii or I(PT)
<20 very low < 0.10 Negligible 14-24 I or i(PT)
<20 VeN low c 0.10 Neaiiaible 6-1 7 I or I ipn I 29 <20
~~
Very low < 0.10 Negligible 5-14 i or I(PT)
56
59
60
61
62
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< 20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 15-35 II or I(PT)
<a Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 10-31 WT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 7-28 WT)
<20 Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
<a Very Low < 0.10 Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
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II EXPANSION INDEX SOLUBLE
(Der UBC EXPANSION SULFATE
LOT
VeN LOW < 0.10
96 <20 Very Low < 0.10 I 97 <20 Verv Low < 0.10
98 <20 Very Low in progress I1 99 <20 VeN LOW I in progress
100 <20 Very Low in progress I1 101 <20 vew LOW in Drogress
102 <20 Very Low in progress I w 103 <20 I Verv Low in progress
1 04 <20 Very Low in progress 11 105 I <20 VeN LOW in progress
106 <20 Very Low in progress I 11 107 I <20 Vew LOW in progress
108 <20 Very Low < 0.10 II 109 I <20 VeN LOW < 0.10
110 <20 Very Low < 0.10 I 111 I <20 I Very Low < 0.10
112 <20 Very Low < 0.10 I 11 113 eo I Very Low < 0.10
114 <20 Very Low < 0.10
115 <20 Very Low < 0.10
116 <20 Very Low < 0.10
117 <20 Very Low < 0.10
118 <20 Very Low < 0.10
(recreation lot)
(recreation lot)
(reclaimed water
pump station)
('I Per Table 18-1-8 of the Uniform Building Code (1997 ed.)
(" Per Table 19-A-4 of the Uniform Building Code (1997 ed.)
Foundations should be constructed in accordance with recommendations I
I DEPTH I II
OF FILL
EXPOSURE"^ in Ft.) CATEGORY
SULFATE (Range FOUNDATION
Negligible I 3-4 I iorwn II
Negligible 3-4 I or I(PT)
Negligible 3-4 I or im I
in progress 3-4 I or I(PT)
in progress 3-4 I or IfPn
in progress 3-4 I or I(PT)
in progress 34 I 01 im
in progress 34 I or I(PT)
in progress 3-4 I or wn
in progress
in progress
in progress
in progress
Negligible
Negligible
3-4
3-4
3-4
3-4
4-5
5-6 I or i(Pn
Negligible 5-7 I or I(PT)
Negligible 5-6 I or I(PT) I
Negligible 3-5 I or I(PT)
Negligible 3-5 I or I(Pq I
Negligible 4-6 I or I(PT)
Negligible 10-12 I or I(PT)
Negligible 13-24 II or I(PT)
Negligible I or I(PT)
Negligible II or I(PT)
r the specific categories noted above and presented
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APPENDIX
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
REFERENCES
California Building Standards Commission, 2001, California building code, California Code
of Regulations, Title 24, Part 2, Volume 2, Adopted November 1,2002.
GeoSoils, Inc., 2004a, Development criteria for Calavera Hills II, City of Carlsbad, San
Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-Bl-SC, dated March 29.
-8 2004b, Geotechnical review of documents, Village X of Calavera Hills II, Carlsbad,
San Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-Bl-SC, dated January 7.
-, 2004c, Revised pavement design report, Calavera Hills II, Village X, City of
Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-E-SC, dated May 3.
-, 2004d, Revised toe drain recommendations, Calavera Hills II, Village X, Carlsbad,
San Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-81 -SC, dated March 5.
-7 2003a, Geotechnical plan review, Wall construction plans for Calavera Hills II,
Village X, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-81-SC, dated
December 23.
-8 2003b, Supplemental evaluation of allowable bearing value, Calavera Hills 11, City
of Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-81 -SC, dated July 1.
-3 2003c, Memorandum: general discussion of fill quality, Calavera Hills II, Carlsbad,
California, W.O. 3459-82-SC, dated May 20.
-, 2003d, Recommendations regarding sideyard drainage swales, Villages E-1 , H, K,
L-2, U, W, X, Y and 2, Calavera Hills II, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County,
California, W.O. 3459-81-SC, dated June 18.
-, 2002a, Preliminary segmental retaining wall soil parameters and wall design criteria,
Calavera Hills II, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, W.O. 3459-81 -SC,
dated November 27
-2 2002b, Review of grading and trench backfill recommendations, Calavera Hills II,
Carlsbad tract 00-02, Drawing 390-90, City of Carlsbad, San Diego County,
California, W.O. 2863-A-SC, August 16.
-, 1999, Update of geotechnical report, Calavera Hills, Village X, City of Carlsbad,
California, W.O. 2751 -A-SC, dated October 22.
GeoSoils, Inc.
-8 1998a, Lack of paleontological resources, Carlsbad tract nos. 83-19, PUD 56, and
83-32, PUD 62, Carlsbad, San Diego County, California, W.O. 2393-B-SC, dated
January 21.
-9 1998b, Preliminary review of slope stability, Calavera Hills, Villages “Q” and
“T”, City of Carlsbad, California, W.O. 2393-B-SC, dated February 16.
-3 1998c, Review of slope stability, Calavera Hills, Villages “Q” and “T,” City of
Carlsbad, California, W.O. 2393-B-SC, dated June 24.
International Conference of Building Officials, 1997, Uniform building code.
O’Day Consultants, 2003, Grading plans for: Calavera Hills II, Village X, Carlsbad Tract
C.T. 01-06, Job No. 9820, Drawing No. 405-4A, print date August 22.
Southern California Soil and Testing, Inc., 1990, Interim report of geotechnical
investigation, Calavera Heights, Village W-X-Y, Tamarack Avenue and College
Boulevard, Carlsbad, California, W.O. 9021049, dated May 15.
-3 1984, Summary of geotechnical investigation for Lake Calavera Hills, Villages E-1,
E-2, H, K, L-2, L-3, Q, R, S, T, U and W-X, Carlsbad, California, W.O. 141 12, report
no. 6., dated August 6.
Southern California Soil and Testing, Inc., 1992, Interim report of as built geology field
observations and relative compaction tests, proposed College Boulevard
improvements and Village El, Carlsbad, California, SCS&T 9121081
-9 1988, Supplemental soil investigation, Calavera Hills Village Q and T, College
Boulevard, Carlsbad, California, Job no. 8821 142, Report no.1, dated October 6.
-3 1984, Summary of geotechnical investigation for Lake Calavera Hills, Villages E-1,
E-2, H, K, L-2, L-3, Q, R, S, T, U, and W-X, Carlsbad, California,” W.O. 141 12, Report
No. 6., dated August 6.
-1 1983, Report of preliminary geotechnical investigation for the Calavera Hills areas
El, E2, H, I, K, and P through 22, Carlsbad, Job no. 14112, Report no.1, dated
July 29.
Calavera Hills II, LLC Appendix
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GeoSoils, Inc.