HomeMy WebLinkAboutHMP 09-05; LAKE CALAVERA TRAILS MASTER PLAN; CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINT ANAYLSIS; 2005-01-01CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS FOR THE
LAKE CALAVERA TRAILS PROJECT
CITY OF CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for:
Merkel & Associates, Inc.
Prepared by:
Kyle Consulting
January 2005
Kyle Consulting
CULTURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINT ANALYSIS FOR THE
LAKE CALA VERA TRAILS PROJECT
CITY OF CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for:
Merkel & Associates, Inc.
5434 Ruffin Road
San Diego. California 92123
(858) 560-5465
National Archaeological Data Base Information
Prepared by:
Kyle Consulting
2495 Bartel Place
San Diego, California 92123
(858) 569-0534
Type of Study: A review of information on file at the South Coastal Information Center at
San Diego State University and the San Diego Museum, and a windshield survey.
Area Covered: Approximately 262 acres
Sites Previously Recorded: CA-SDI-4922. CA-SDI-4930, CA-SDI-5793H, CA-SDI-
11941, CA-SDI-11942, CA-SDI-11943, CA-SDI-12145
Isolates Previously Identified: None
Site Newly Identified: None
USGS Quadrangle: San Luis Rey 7.5'
Key Words: Constraint analysis, record search, Jiterature review, and windshield survey
conducted, eight sites tested, CA-SDI-4922 identified as significan½ CA-SDI-5793H is a
historic horseback trail, provides recommendations for future work
C:~r~ CarolynE.yie, RP-..
Project Archaeologist
January 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION NAME PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii
INTRODUCTION
I.I Project Description 1-1
1.2 Proposed Project 1-1
1.3 Environmental Setting 1-1
1.4 Background 1-4
1.5 Record Search Results 1-7
2 RESEARCH RESULTS AND RECOMMEND A TIO NS
2.1 Research Results 2-1
2.1.1 CA-SDI-4922 2-1
2.1.2 CA-SDI-4923 2-1
2.1.3 CA-SDI-4925 2-3
2.1.4 CA-SDI-4927 2-3
2.1.5 CA-SDl-11941 2-3
2.1.6 CA-SDI-I 1942 2-4
2.1.7 CA-SDl-11943 2-4
2.1.8 CA-SDI-12145 2-4
2.2 Recommeudations for Future Work 2-4
3 REFERENCES CITED 3-1
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NAME PAGE
1-1 Regional Location of Study Area 1-2
1-2 Project Location Map 1-3
2-1 Culturnl Resources Located Within the Study Area* 2-2
LIST OF APPENDICES
LETTER NAME
A Record Search*
B Key Personnel Resume
*Bound Separately in the Confidential Appendix
i i
PAGE
A-1
B-1
TITLE:
AUTHORS:
DATE:
SOURCE OF COPIES:
ABSTRACT:
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Cultural Resource Constraint Analysis for the
Lake Calavera Trails Project,
City of Carslbad, California
Carolyn E. Kyle
Kyle Consulting
2495 Bartel Place
San Diego, California 92123
January 2005
South Coastal Information Center
San Diego State University
4283 El Cajon Blvd., Suite 250
San Diego, California 92105
This study included a literature review and record search at the South Coastal Information
Center at San Diego State University and the San Diego Museum of Man, and a windshield
survey of the approximately 262 acre parcel. The study was conducted in compliance with
City of Carlsbad and California Environmental Quality Act guidelines. The proposed
project consists of improvements and maintenance of recreational trails and view points
around Lake Calavera, as well as, construction of a staging area and construction of new
trails. The literature review and record search noted that the study area has been previously
surveyed and that nine cultural resources have been recorded within the project area. Eight
of these resources were tested by Gallegos and Huey (1991a) to determine significance
under City of Carlsbad and CEQA criteria. Site CA-SDl-4922 was identified as a
significant resource. Sites CA-SDl-4923, CA-SDI-4925, CA-SDl-4927, CA-SDI-I 1941,
CA-SDI-I 1942, CA-SDI-11943, and CA-SDl-12145 were identified as not significant
resources. No additional work is recommended for sites that are identified as not
significant. Recommendations for CA-SDI-4922 include preservation by avoiding any
impacts to the site. A data recovery program designed to answer significant research
questions will be necessary for CA-SDI-4922 if the site cannot be preserved. CA-SDI-
5793H is a historic horseback trail that was identified during a personal interview that was
conducted in 1978. Recommendations for this resource include a field check to detennine
if the trail is still present and historic documentation if it is visible.
ii j
1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The current study, conducted in compliance with City of Carlsbad and California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines, included completion of a literature review
and record search at the South Coastal Information Center at San Diego State University
and the San Diego Museum of Man (Appendix A) and a windshield survey of the study
area. The resume of Ms. Kyle is included as Appendix B.
1.2 PROPOSED PROJECT
The Lake Calavera Trails project consists of improvements and maintenance of recreational
trails and view points around Lake Calavera. In addition, a staging area is proposed for the
northeastern portion of the site. The proposed trail system is planned to occur around the
lake to accommodate hikers and bicyclists. There is currently a substantial trail system
throughout the study area created by various human activities. The proposed trail system is
designed to follow portions of the existing trail system. Specific trails would be enhanced
and widened, others would be closed to future use; no new trails would be created. Public
access would be obtained through series of 15 access points (connections to street or
sidewalk, connection to other trail systems, connection to city wide trails), of which five
would accommodate vehicle access.
1.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The study area is located south of Highway 78, east of Interstate 5 within the City of
Carlsbad, California (Figure 1-1). The approximately 262-acre study area is shown on the
San Luis Rey 7.5' USGS topographic map (Figure 1-2). The lake was formed as the result
of damming an intermittent stream that flow through a drainage area. The area surrounding
the lake includes the drainage valley, low lying hills and the higher ridges of Cerro de al
Calavera and San Francisco Peak. Bedrock outcrops are located in the southern portion of
the project area. A portion of the project area is underlain by granodiorite of cretaceous age
with volcanic deposits associated with Cerro de la Calavera located adjacent to the southern
project age. Vegetation within the study area consists generally of introduced grasses with
1-1
southern coastal sage scrub present in undisturbed areas. Previous disturbance includes
construction of an SDG&E gas line, brushing and clearing of vegetation in areas, and use of
portions of the study area for agriculture.
1.4 BACKGROUND • PREHISTORY
The earliest prehistoric sites of San Diego County have been identified as belonging to the
San Dieguito Complex or Tradition. These people were initially believed to be big game
hunters, however, additional research has provided information that shows these people to
have been a hunting and gathering society. These people may have migrated into San Diego
County as early as 10,000 years ago. Diagnostic artifacts associated with San Dieguito
sites (Harris Site, CA-SDl-149, Rancho Park North Site CA-SDl-4391/SDM-W-49, Agua
Hedionda Site CA-SDl-210, and Windsong Shores CA-SDl-10695 include scraper planes,
choppers, scraping tools, crescentics, elongated bifacial knives, and leaf-shaped points
(Warren 1%6, 1%7; Moriarty 1967; Kaldenberg 1982; Gallegos and Carrico 1984). This
tool assemblage has also been called the Western Pluvial L1kes Tradition (Bedwell I 970;
Moratto 1984) and the Western Lithic Co-tradition (Davis et al. 1969). These early
occupants used coastal and inland resources that included plants, animals, shellfish, and fish
(Moriarty 1%7; Kaldenberg 1982; Gallegos and Carrico 1984). Manos and metates found
on San Dieguito sites suggest reliance on seed and vegetable foods. Debate continues as to
whether these people, who occupied both inland and coastal areas, abandoned San Diego
County circa 8,500 years ago (SDCAS I 987) or remained, adopting new tools and cultural
activities.
Sites dating to this period that were located in transverse valleys and sheltered canyon have
been identified by some researchers as the L1 Jolla Tradition (True 1959:225-263; Warren
et al. 1961: 1-108; Meighan 1954:215-227). True (1959), Warren (1%1), and Meighan
(1954) called these sites the Pauma Complex. Pauma Complex sites, which may express a
more sedentary occupation, have been defined as having a predominance of grinding
implements (manos and metates), no shellfish remains, great tool variety, with an emphasis
on both gathering and hunting (True 1959; Warren 1%1; Meighan 1954).
The La Jolla Tradition and Pauma Complex sites have been identified by Gallegos (1985)
as coastal and inland manifestation of the same culture group. This hypothesis views the
period from 10,000 years ago through approximately 1,300 years ago as the Early Period
representing settlement by one culture group (San Dieguito/La Jolla) that is characterized by
1-4
discrete modification of the artifact assemblage to respond to environmental changes and
subsistence demands.
This period was not environmentally stable as illustrnted by the siltation of coastal lagoons,
depletion of lagoon resources (i.e., shellfish and fish), and the formation of San Diego Bay
(Warren and Pavesic 1963; Miller 1966; Gallegos 1985; Masters 1988). Radiocarbon
dates from sites adjacent to San Diego's coastal lagoons indicate that large populations
were supported by lagoon resources circa 6,000 years ago. These sites do not appear to
have been occupied after 3,000 years ago to circa 1,300 years ago. This absence of
prehistoric occupation coincides with siltation of coastal lagoons and depletion of resources
(Warren and Pavesic 1%3; Miller 1966; Gallegos 1985). Archaeological deposits dated to
circa 2,000 years ago are located closer to San Diego Bay where shellfish were still
abundant (Gallegos and Kyle 1988).
Late Period
By 2,000 years ago, Yuman speaking people occupied the Gila/Colorndo River drninage
(Moriarty 1%9). Moriarty (1%5, 1966) suggested a preceramic Yuman phase after his
work at the Spindrift site in La Jolla. Based on a limited number of radiocarbon samples,
Moriarty concluded that the preceramic Yumans occupied the San Diego coast circa 2,000
years ago, with cernmics having been introduced into San Diego County from the eastern
deserts by circa 1,200 years ago. Yuman cultural traits may have been present in San Diego
County before 2,000 years ago, however, Yuman influence is well documented after 1,200
years ago when the presence of small projectile points, pottery, Obsidian Butte obsidian, and
cremation of the dead. The interface between Early Period occupants and Y nman
(Kumeyaay/Diegueiio) is not well understood. These early occupants of San Diego County
may have been assimilated by Yuman speakers or they may have been displaced.
REGIONAL HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
An abbreviated history of San Diego County is presented for the purpose of providing a
background to facilitate a later discussion on the presence, chronological significance and
historical relationship of resources within the project area. The history of San Diego county
is commonly presented in tenns of Spanish, Mexican and American political domination. A
discussion of historic land use and occupation under periods of political rule is justified on
the basis of characteristics associated with each period, when economic, political and social
1-5
activities were influenced by the prevailing laws and customs. Certain themes are common
to all periods, such as the development of transportation, settlement, and agriculture. A
comprehensive account of public and privately owned land in California, that includes the
discussion of laws, activities and events related to the development of the state, is provided
by Robinson (I 979).
The Spanish Period (1769-1821) represents: exploration; establishment of the San Diego
Presidio, and the San Diego and San Luis Rey missions; the introduction of horses, cattle,
and agricultural goods; and a new method of building construction and architectural style.
Spanish influence actually went beyond the year 1821, when California became a part of
Mexico, for the missions continued to operate as in the past and laws governing the
distribution of land were also retained for a period of time.
The Mexican Period (1821-1848) relates to the initial retention of Spanish laws and
practices until shortly before secularization of the San Diego mission in 1834, over a decade
after Spanish rule. Although several grants of land were made prior to 1834, after
secularization, vast tracts of land were dispersed through land grants. Cattle ranching
prevailed over agricultural activities and the development of the hide and tallow trade
increased during the early part of this period. The Pueblo of San Diego was also
established and transportation routes were expanded. The Mexican Period ended as a result
of the Mexican-American War
The American Period (1848-Present) began when Mexico ceded California to the United
States under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. Terms of the Treaty brought about
creation of the Lands Commission, in response to the Act of 1851 which was adopted as a
means of validating land ownership throughout the state through settlement of land claims.
Few Mexican ranchos remained intact because of legal costs and lack of sufficient evidence
to prove title claims. Much of the land that once constituted the rancho holdings became
available for settlement by emigrants to California. The influx of people to California and
the San Diego region was the result of various factors, including the discovery of gold in the
state; conclusion of the Civil War; availability of free land through passage of the
Homestead Act; and importance of the county as an agricultural area supported by the
construction of connecting railways. The growth and decline of towns occurred in response
to an increased population and the economic "boom and bust" in the late 1800s.
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1.5 RECORD SEARCH RESULTS
The literature review and record search identified three surveys (Norwood 1979, Seeman
1982, Gallegos and Huey 1991a) that have been completed for the project area. The studies
by Norwood ( 1979) and L'lrry Seeman and Associates ( 1982) were completed for the
revised parks and recreation element along the eastern side of the Calavera L'lke project
area.
The sites that have been identified within the project area (CA-SDI-4922/SDM-W-2141,
CA-SDI-4923/SDM-W-2140, CA-SDI-4925/SDM-W-2130, CA-SDI-4927/SDM-W-
2132, CA-SDl-11941/SDM-W-5486, CA-SDl-11942/SDM-W-5487, CA-SDl-
11943/SDM-W-5486, and CA-SDI-12145/SDM-W-5489) were tested in 1991 by
Gallegos and Huey. The testing methods and results are included in Section 2. The report
prepared by Gallegos and Huey ( 1991) stated that seven prehistoric sites had been recorded
in the study area by Smith during a survey in 1990. However, the Smith (1990) study was
not noted by the current literature reviews and record searches from the South Coastal
Information Center (SCIC) or the San Diego Museum of Man.
Also identified by the record search from SCIC is CA-SDI-5794H. This site was recorded
in 1978 by M.J. Hatley who described it as a portion of the Rancho de los Quiotes to
Mission San Luis Rey horseback trail that was used by the Matthew Kelly family to make
stops at homesteads in the area and then on the Mission San Luis Rey to attend Protestant
services that were held in a house near the mission. Information regarding this trail was
obtained during an interview with Mrs. Ida Dawson on April 27 and 28, 1978. There is no
indication that Norwood identified the trail within the project area. The survey and test
program completed by Gallegos and Huey (1991a) did not discuss this resource.
Studies completed within a one-half mile radius of the study area include: Carrico ( 1975),
Bull (1977), Advance Planning and Research Associates (1979), Carrico and Bull (1979),
Carrico and Franklin ( 1979), Flower and Roth ( 1981 ), Hanna ( 1981 ), Roth and Flower
(1981), Seeman (1982), Gallegos and Carrico (1984), Gallegos and Cheever (1986),
Gallegos et al. (1986), Pigniolo (1986), Van Horn (1989), Gallegos et al. (1990), Gallegos
and Huey (1991b), and Wade (1986, 1987, 1992).
1-7
Cultural resource sites identified by these studies include: CA-SD[-636/SDM-W-1510,
CA-SDI-4918/SDM-W-2138, CA-SDI-4919/SDM-W-2137, CA-SDI-4920/SDM-W-
2135, CA-SDI-492 l/SDM-W-2134, CA-SDI-4924/SDM-W-413, CA-SDI-4925/SDM-
W-2130, CA-SDJ-4926/SDM-W-213 l, CA-SDI-4929/SDM-W-2133, CA-Dl-
4930/SDM-W-2139, CA-SDI-543.I/SDM-W-1532, CA-SDI-6841/SDM-W-2040, CA-
SDI-7249/SDM-W-2147, CA-SDI-8408/SDM-W-2849, CA-SDI-9774/SDM-W-5480,
CA-SDI-12471/SDM-W-5397, SDM-W-3474, SDM-W-5397, and SDM-W-5485.
Isolate artifacts identified include those with numbers between CA-SDI-5433 through 5440.
These sites include prehistoric habitation locations, shell and artifact scatters, and bedrock
milling sites.
SECTION2
RESEARCH RESULTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
2.1 RESEARCH RES UL TS
The seven cultural resource sites (CA-SDI-4922, CA-SDI-4923, CA-SDl-4925, CA-SDl-
4927, CA-SDI-11941, CA-SDI-11942, CA-SDI-11943, and CA-SDl-12125) located within
the study area were tested for significance by Gallegos and Huey (1991a). Site CA-SDI-
5793H, a historic horseback trail that extended across the central portion of the study area
(Hatley 1978) was not discussed by Gallegos and Huey (1991a). The testing program for
the other eight sites located within the study area included surface collection and mapping of
surface artifacts on the small lithic scatter sites, excavation of shovel test pits (STPs) to
determine site size and the presence or absence of a subsurface deposit, excavation of one to
two Ix! m units at those sites identified to have a subsurface deposit and laboratory
analysis. The results of this testing program are provided below and the site locations are
shown on Figure 2-1.
2.1.1 CA-SDI-4922
Site CA-SDI-4922 was identified as a lithic and shell scatter with associated midden that is
located on top of a knoll and its southern slope. STP and unit excavation defined a
subsurface deposit of 30 m N/S by 70 m E/W with a maximum depth of 40 cm. Artifacts
recovered included 170 pieces of debitage, I point fragment, 1 point tip fragment, 3 core
fragments, I scraper, I pottery sherd, 10.9 grams of bone fragments and 701.5 grams of
shell fragments. A shell sample provided a date of 610+/-80 years before present (B.P.).
This date and the present of a pottery sherd and small point fragments indicated that the site
was a Late Period occupation. This site was identified by Gallegos and Huey (1991a) as
significant under CEQA as the site possessed integrity and contained sufficient information
necessary to address important research questions.
2.1.2 CA-SDI-4923
This site was identified as a sparse lithic scatter located on a broad flat hill 400 m south of
an unnamed creek and 180 m north of a perennial drainage. Testing included the excavation
of STPs. Artifacts recovered include 3 pieces of debitage, 1 core, and 18.9 grams of shell.
2-1
FIGURE2-1
BOUND SEP ARA TEL Y IN THE CONFIDENTIAL APPENDIX
2-2
CA-SDI-4923 was identified by Gallegos and Huey (1991a) as not significant under
CEQA criteria.
2.1.3 CA-SDI-4925
CA-SDI-4925 was recorded by Norwood (1979) as a shell midden site measuring 180 m
N/S by 30 m FJW. The site had been almost completely destroyed by a housing
development to the east during the work completed by GaHegos and Huey ~199la).
Excavation of STPs resulting in the recovery of one shell fragment from one of seven STPs.
The site was identified as not significant under CEQA criteria by Gallegos and Huey
(1991a).
2.1.4 CA-SDI-4927
Site CA-SDI-4927 is located on the south side of an unnamed creek at the northeastern
boundary of the project area with most of the site extending outside of the subject property
into the Riparian Park to the east Testing included excavation of eight STPs within the
project area with no testing conducted on the larger part of the site located outside of the
study area. A berm that was 1.02 m in height that contained cultural material was located
east of an SDG&E access road. STP excavation was focused around the berm to determine
of any intact site area remained. Artifacts recovered included 25 pieces of debitage, I mano,
3.4 grams of bone and 200.3 grams of shell fragments from an area that measured 30 m
N/S by 43 m FJW. The portion of the site tested by GalJegos and Huey (1991a) was
identified as not significant under CEQA criteria. The portion of the site that is located
outside of the project area, however, may be a significant habitation site.
2.1.5 CA-SDl-11941
Site CA-SDI-l 1941is located on a small knoll in the northern portion of the project area, 60
m north of an unnamed creek and south of Lake Boulevard. Testing included the
excavation of 17 STPs and one test unit. Artifacts recovered include 65 pieces of debitage I
lithic scraper, I pottery sherd. and 7.6 grams of shell to a maximum depth of 30 cm.
Gallegos and Huey (1991a) identified this site as a small habitation site with one bedrock
miUing feature. Based on the lack of a midden deposit, the site was determined to be not
significant under CEQA criteria.
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by Gallegos and Huey (1991a) as not significant under CEQA criteria. No additional work
is recommended for sites that are identified as not significant.
Site CA-SDI-4922, which was identified as significant/important, will need to be avoided by
development impacts or development impacts need to be mitigated by completion of a data
recovery program conducted in compliance with CEQA and City of Carlsbad guidelines.
Site avoidance and preservation can include capping the site with gravel or construction
fabric and 16 to 18 inches of sterile fill soil. Prior to capping the site boundaries need to
identified and marked with flagging. Sites that are capped can be landscaped with native,
shallow rooted plants that are compatible with the surrounding habitat. Passive park uses
that are compatible with capped sites include trails, picnic and play areas, parking lots, and
tennis or volleyball courts. If CA-SDl-4922 is not capped or mitigated through data
recovery then the site needs to be monitored through field checks by a qualified
archaeologist every four to six months to ensure that the site is not being disturbed or
destroyed.
The information used to record site CA-SDI-5793H was provided by Mrs. Ida Dawson
during interviews in 1978 and it appears that the field surveys did not note the presence of
this horse trail. A field check is recommended to determine if there are any traces of the
historic horse trail are currently present within the study area. Documentation of the trail is
recommended if there are traces of the trail present.
2-5
2.1.6 CA-SDl-11942
This site is located on the north slope of a knoll near the northeast boundary of the project
area. Testing included excavation of seven STPs and one test unit. Artifacts recovered
included 52 pieces of debitage, 2 projectile point fragments, I core, 1.9 grams of bone, and
227.4 grams of shell to a maximum depth of 60 cm. Based on the recovery of few artifacts
and the lack of features or midden soil deposits, Gallegos and Huey (1991a) identified CA-
SDJ-11942 as not significant under CEQA criteria.
2.1.7 CA-SDI-11943
Site CA-SDl-11943 is located on the southern slope on the highest knoll at the eastern
boundary of the project area. Testing included excavation of 15 STPs and I test unit. This
program identified a site with a subsurface measuring 30 m N/S by 40 m E/W with a
maximum depth of70 cm. Artifacts recovered from CA-SDI-11943 included I piece of
angular waste, I clear quartz crystal, and 2023.7 grams of shell. The site was identified by
Gallegos and Huey (1991a) as a small shellfish processing locale that was not significant
under CEQA criteria.
2.1.8 CA-SDI-12145
This site is located on a low ridge east of Cerro de la Calavera at the southern boundary of
the project area. Testing included excavation of five STPs that produced four pieces of
debitage from two of the STPs. Artifacts recovered from the site surface include 42 pieces
of debitage, I modified flake, I core, and 43.2 bone fragments. The site was identified as a
small locale for the purpose of tool manufacturing and based on the lack of a subsurface
deposit the site was identified as not significant under CEQA criteria.
2.2 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK
Of the eight prehistoric sites tested by Gallegos and Huey (1991a) that are located within
the project area identified CA-SDI-4922 as significant under CEQA criteria. The remaining
sites (CA-SDI-4923, CA-SDl-4925, the portion of CA-SDI-4927 located within the study
area, CA-SDI-I 1941, CA-SDl-11942, CA-SDI-11943, and CA-SDl-12145) were identified
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