HomeMy WebLinkAboutSS 16-04; TAMARACK AVENUE PROJECT; CULTURAL RESOURCES PHASE I SURVEY REPORT; 2018-01-01
CULTURAL RESOURCES PHASE I SURVEY REPORT FOR THE CARLSBAD BOULEVARD AND TAMARACK AVENUE
IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for and Submitted to:
City of Carlsbad
1635 Faraday Avenue
Carlsbad, California 92008
Prepared by:
AECOM 401 West A Street, Suite 1200 San Diego, California 92101
(619) 610-7600
Authors: Lauren W. Downs, M.A., RPA
Theodore G. Cooley, M.A., RPA
and
Shannon E. Foglia, M.A., RPA
USGS Quadrangle: San Luis Rey 7.5"
January 2018
Keywords: Tamarack, City of Carlsbad, Agua Hedionda, San Diego County, Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station,
Carlsbad State Beach
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1
Project Description and Project Area ..................................................................................... 1
Regulatory Setting ................................................................................................................. 2
Study Area ............................................................................................................................. 5
Project Personnel ................................................................................................................... 5 Report Organization ............................................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER 2 – PROJECT SETTING ..............................................................................................7
Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 7
Natural Setting ....................................................................................................................... 8
Physiography and Geology ............................................................................................8 Flora and Fauna..............................................................................................................8
Cultural Setting ...................................................................................................................... 9
Prehistory .......................................................................................................................9
Ethnohistory .................................................................................................................14
Historical Background .................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 3 – ARCHIVAL RESEARCH AND CONTACT PROGRAM .................................19
Records Search..................................................................................................................... 19
Previous Surveys ..........................................................................................................19
Previously Recorded Sites ...........................................................................................21
Historic Map and Aerial Archival Research ........................................................................ 21 Native American Contact Program ...................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER 4 – METHODS ...........................................................................................................31
Survey Methodology ............................................................................................................ 31
Pedestrian Survey.........................................................................................................31
Documentation .............................................................................................................31
CHAPTER 5 – RESULTS .............................................................................................................33
Identified Cultural Resources .............................................................................................. 34
Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station .............................................................................34
P-37-036871 .................................................................................................................35
CHAPTER 6 – SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES ................37 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 37
Recommended Mitigation Measures ................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 7 – REFERENCES .....................................................................................................39
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ATTACHMENTS
1 Resumes
2 Records Search Maps (Confidential, bound separately)
3 Native American Contact Program
A. NAHC Letter
B. NAHC Responses
C. Native American Contact Letter Package (Example)
D. Native American Responses (Confidential, bound separately)
4 DPR Site Forms (Confidential, bound separately)
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Project Vicinity ....................................................................................................................3 2 Project Location ...................................................................................................................4 3a Project Area on Historic Topo, 1893 .................................................................................23
3b Project Area on Historic Topo, 1948 .................................................................................24
3c Project Area on Historic Topo, 1968 .................................................................................25
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Page
1 Overview of project area at Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue, facing southeast (Source: Google Maps). .......................................................................................................1 2 Overview of the western edge of the project area, facing northwest. ..................................6
3 Sandy beach in the southwestern area of the project, facing south. ....................................7
4 Overview of sidewalk and landscaped vegetation on the eastern side of Carlsbad
Boulevard, facing north. ....................................................................................................33 5 Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station, view towards west. ..................................................34 6 Historic Isolate P-37-036871, planview. ...........................................................................35
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Summary of Previous Surveys within Records Search Limits ..........................................19 2 Summary of Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the Records Search Limits .................................................................................................................................22
3 Historic Maps and Aerials .................................................................................................22
4 Native American Contacts by Affiliation ..........................................................................26
5 Archaeological Survey Results ..........................................................................................34 6 CRHR Eligibility of Archaeological Sites Identified in the Project ..................................37
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page iii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The City of Carlsbad (City) proposes to improve the existing Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack
Avenue intersection approximately 1 mile south of Carlsbad Village and north of Agua Hedionda Lagoon. The City has identified the need to upgrade the intersection to improve pedestrian crossings and bus stop access, and to address narrow sidewalks and the absence of
crosswalks. These improvements would enhance the flow of vehicle and multi-modal traffic,
increase the perceived and actual safety of bicyclists and pedestrians, and improve the aesthetics
of the intersection and surrounding coastal area. In accordance with applicable laws, ordinances, regulations, and standards, a cultural resources survey was conducted for the Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project in compliance with the California Environmental
Quality Act (CEQA) as implemented by the City as the lead agency for the project. This report
presents the inventory of cultural resources identified within the project study area.
A pedestrian archaeological survey was undertaken to identify cultural resources in the project area and to determine potential effects to these resources posed by the project. Fieldwork was
conducted by qualified AECOM archaeologists and a Native American monitor from Saving
Sacred Sites on November 2, 2017. One building, the Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station, is
within the project area. It has been previously evaluated as eligible for listing on the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) and the National Register of Historic Places (Bevil 2016). No survey of the built environment outside of the project area was undertaken.
Approximately 84 percent of the project area is within or along Carlsbad Boulevard and
Tamarack Avenue, both of which are paved and surrounded by residences or commercial
facilities. The remaining 16 percent of the project area consists of small, undeveloped bluffs and sandy beaches.
Records searches were conducted at the California Historical Resources Information System
(CHRIS) South Coastal Information Center to determine the previous survey coverage of the
project area and if any previously recorded sites are present that may potentially be impacted by the project. The records search results indicated that 20 studies have been conducted and four cultural resources have previously been recorded within the 0.5-mile area surrounding the
project. Six studies have been undertaken within the project area; no previously recorded
resources are located within the project area. Research also included a review of historical maps
and literature pertaining to the region and focusing on the proposed project area. The Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) was contacted regarding information about
cultural resources in the area. The NAHC Sacred Lands File Search indicated that cultural
resources are located within the project site. Letters to Native American representatives
identified by the NAHC were sent to solicit any additional information regarding cultural resources within the project area; responses have been received to date from the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation (Sycuan), the Pala Band of Mission Indians (Pala), and the San Luis Rey
Band of Mission Indians (San Luis Rey).
The archaeological survey identified one isolated resource (P-37-036871) within the project area, not including the previously identified Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station. The resource consists
Page iv Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
of two historic bricks dating to the early twentieth century. P-37-036871 was observed in an
extremely disturbed context and is not likely in its primary context. Due to the isolated nature of
the find, it is not eligible for listing on the CRHR.
Two prehistoric sites, one historic district, and one historic building have been identified within
the 0.5-mile radius of the project area. The prehistoric sites and historic district have not been
evaluated for CRHR eligibility; it is unknown if the historic building has been evaluated for
inclusion on historical registers. The coastal region of San Diego County retains a high level of
cultural sensitivity for Native American tribes. Additionally, much of the project area was developed before CEQA was enacted. As such, there may be buried cultural resources within the
paved areas of the project. For these reasons, it is recommended that all ground-disturbing work
be monitored by a qualified archaeologist and a Native American representative. Should the
project area change to incorporate new areas of proposed disturbance, cultural resources surveys
of these areas will be required. In the event that any unanticipated buried cultural deposits are encountered during any phase of project construction, all construction work in the vicinity of the
deposit should cease and, as a standard procedure, the lead agency will consult with a qualified
archaeologist.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 1
CHAPTER 1 –
INTRODUCTION PROJECT DESCRIPTION AND PROJECT AREA
The City of Carlsbad (City) proposes to improve the existing Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue intersection approximately 1 mile south of Carlsbad Village and north of Agua
Hedionda Lagoon. While most of the proposed project lies within the City of Carlsbad, a portion
lies within Carlsbad State Beach, which is owned by California State Department of Parks and
Recreation (State Parks). The City has identified the need to upgrade the intersection to improve
pedestrian crossings and bus stop access, and to address narrow sidewalks and the absence of crosswalks. These improvements would enhance the flow of vehicle and multi-modal traffic,
increase the perceived and actual safety of bicyclists and pedestrians, and improve the aesthetics
of the intersection and surrounding coastal area. Specifically, the proposed project aims to
improve multimodal use of Carlsbad Boulevard and reduce conflicts between automobile,
bicycle, and pedestrian users. Carlsbad Boulevard is bound on the west by the State Beach and Pacific Ocean and on the east by a mix of residential homes, restaurants, rental properties, and
businesses (Plate 1).
Plate 1. Overview of project area at Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue, facing southeast (Source: Google Maps).
Page 2 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
AECOM was contracted by the City, as lead agency for the project, to conduct a Phase I cultural
resources survey to assess potential project impacts to cultural resources as part of their
compliance with California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA). The proposed project site totals
approximately 6.6 acres and is located on 3.4 acres within City-owned right-of-way (ROW) and 3.2 acres within State Parks-owned land (Figure 1). The project is located on the San Luis Rey
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle, partially within an
unsectioned portion of the Agua Hedionda land grant, and partially within Section 7 in Township
12 South, Range 4 West (Figure 2).
REGULATORY SETTING
Cultural resources are defined as buildings, sites, structures, or objects, each of which may have
historical, architectural, archaeological, cultural, and/or scientific importance (Office of Historic Preservation 1995). Significant resources are designated as “historical resources,” and are
defined per Public Resources Code 21084.1 and CEQA Guidelines, California Code of
Regulations Title 14 Section 15064.5 as follows:
• resource(s) listed or eligible for listing in the California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR) (14 California Code of Regulations [CCR] Section 15064.5[a][1])
• resource(s) either listed in the NRHP or in a “local register of historical resources” unless
“the preponderance of evidence demonstrates that it is not historically or culturally significant” (14 CCR Section 15064.5[a][2])
• resources identified as significant in a historical resource survey meeting the
requirements of Section 5024.1(g) of the Public Resources Code (14 CCR Section
15065.5[a][2])
For listing on the CRHR, a historical resource must be significant at the local, state, or national
level under one or more of the following four criteria:
1. It is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad
patterns of local or regional history, or the cultural heritage of California or the United States;
2. It is associated with the lives of persons important to local, California, or national
history;
3. It embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, region, or method of
construction, or represents the work of a master or possesses high artistic values;
4. It has yielded or has the potential to yield information important to the prehistory or
history of the local area, California, or the nation.
Under 14 CCR Section 15064.5(a)(3), the final category of “historical resources” may be
determined at the discretion of the lead agency.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 3
1 Project Vicinity
Page 4 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
2 Project Location
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 5
All resources nominated for listing must have integrity, which is the authenticity of a historical
resource’s physical identity evidenced by the survival of characteristics that existed during the
resource’s period of significance. Resources, therefore, must retain enough of their historic
character or appearance to be recognizable as historical resources and to convey the reasons for their significance. Integrity is evaluated with regard to the retention of location, design, setting,
materials, workmanship, feeling, and association. A resource must also be judged with reference
to the particular criteria under which it is proposed for nomination.
In addition to the historical resources described above, per Section 21084.2 of the Public Resources Code, the City must take into account the proposed project’s impacts on tribal cultural
resources, separately defined in Section 21074 of the Public Resources Code. To determine
whether the proposed project may have an impact on tribal cultural resources, the City is
conducting government-to-government consultation with California Native American tribes that
have requested such consultation per Section 21080.3.1 of the Public Resources Code. Results of this consultation will be documented separately by the City as part of the CEQA process.
STUDY AREA
The project site is composed of 3.4 acres of the City of Carlsbad’s ROW within portions of
Carlsbad Boulevard, Tamarack Avenue, Sequoia Avenue, Redwood Avenue, and Garfield Street,
and a 3.2-acre portion of Carlsbad State Beach (Plate 2). No direct impacts are anticipated to
occur to archaeological or historic built resources beyond these boundaries. The work will not
include any additional structures that may impact built resources, and no indirect impacts to the historic built resources are anticipated. Consequently, the pedestrian survey was limited to within
the proposed project boundary.
PROJECT PERSONNEL
Andrew York, M.A., RPA, provided senior technical review for the project and Shannon Foglia,
M.A., RPA, served as principal investigator. The survey was conducted by AECOM
archaeologists Lauren W. Downs, M.A., RPA, and Kyle Ports, M.A, RPA. Richard Hernandez
from Saving Sacred Sites served as the Native American monitor for the project. This report was authored by Lauren W. Downs, Theodore G. Cooley, M.A., RPA, and Shannon E. Foglia.
Resumes of key personnel are provided in Attachment 1.
REPORT ORGANIZATION
Chapter 1 of this report provides a description of the proposed project, including the regulatory
setting and project personnel. Chapter 2 is a description of the physical and cultural settings of
the project. The physical setting includes hydrology, geology, flora, and fauna, while the cultural
setting includes a discussion of the prehistoric and historic contexts relevant to Carlsbad. Archival research, including records searches conducted at the California Historical Resources
Page 6 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Plate 2. Overview of the western edge of the project area, facing northwest.
Information System (CHRIS), the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) at San Diego State
University, and the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC), is documented in Chapter
3. Field and documentation methods, site types, and research issues are summarized in Chapter
4. Chapter 5 provides the results of the cultural resources surveys, a summary of each cultural
resource, its preliminary significance recommendation for inclusion to the CRHR, and assessments of potential impact. Chapter 6 provides a summary and management considerations
for the Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project. Chapter 7 contains the
references for citations in this report.
Attachment 1 is the resumes of key personnel on the project. Attachment 2 is the confidential results maps of the records searches undertaken at the SCIC. Attachment 3 is the results of the
Native American contact program. Attachment 4 contains the California Department of Parks
and Recreation (DPR) site forms for cultural resources identified during the survey. Once the
report has been finalized, a copy will be sent to the SCIC as a permanent record. Once this report
has been finalized and approved by the City of Carlsbad and State Parks, a copy will be sent to the SCIC as a permanent record.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 7
CHAPTER 2 –
PROJECT SETTING INTRODUCTION
The proposed Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project is located along the Pacific Ocean in the southwestern portion of the City of Carlsbad, California, in northwest
San Diego County. The southernmost portion of the proposed project includes the bridge along
Carlsbad Boulevard across the portion of Agua Hedionda Lagoon at the mouth of Agua
Hedionda Creek. The western portion of the project area is within Carlsbad State Beach, which is
owned by California State Parks (see Figure 2). The project area comprises approximately 3.4 acres within the City of Carlsbad’s public ROW along paved streets, and approximately 3.2 acres
within Carlsbad State Beach along the low bluffs and sand. The majority of the project area has
been paved. The undeveloped portion of the project area consists of beach sand and low bluffs
(Plate 3). Land surrounding the project area is characterized by mixed development with
ornamental landscaping and southern coastal bluff scrub communities within disturbed areas. Within the developed areas only ornamental landscaping plants were observed such as nonnative
grass, palm trees, bird of paradise, shrubs, bougainvillea, ice plant, and other decorative flowers.
Plate 3. Sandy beach in the southwestern area of the project, facing south.
Page 8 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
The project site is dominated by developed areas (approximately 84 percent of the area),
including roads, landscaped parks, and parking lots. The remainder of the project area is
characterized by beach sand and southern coastal bluff scrub communities with portions being
disturbed (approximately 16 percent); no undisturbed areas were identified. One structure is located within the project boundary, the Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station.
NATURAL SETTING
Physiography and Geology
The study area is situated on a low wave-cut marine terrace adjacent to the mouth of Agua
Hedionda Lagoon along the north-central San Diego coast. The elevation in the proposed project
ranges from approximately 62 feet above mean sea level (AMSL) in the area of the intersection of Tamarack Avenue and Garfield Street to 25 feet AMSL along Carlsbad Boulevard near the
mouth of Agua Hedionda Lagoon. Current land use is a mixture of lagoon and beach-related
open space, various types of commercial and residential development, and numerous paved
roadways.
The proposed project is located in an area containing several geologic formations, all of which
date to the Cenozoic Era. The earliest of these are eroded exposures of the sedimentary Santiago
Formation dating to the middle Eocene Epoch of the Tertiary Period from circa 56 to 38 million
years ago. This formation variously consists of sandstone, claystone, siltstone, shale, and
conglomerate. Most of the formations in the project location, however, consist of interfingered marine and continental sediments deposited, principally, on wave-cut marine terraces that date to
the Quaternary Period, from circa 2.6 to 0.01 million years ago. In the project location, these
sediments consist of poorly sorted, moderately permeable, reddish-brown, interfingered
strandline, beach, estuarine and colluvial deposits composed of siltstone, sandstone, and
conglomerate that date to the late to middle Pleistocene Epoch of the Quaternary Period, from 0.5 to 0.01 million years ago. Also present in the project location are more recent unconsolidated
estuarine deposits, composed mostly of fine-grained sand and clay; and unconsolidated beach
deposits consisting mostly of fine- and medium-grained sand. These deposits both date to the late
Holocene after 0.01 million years ago (Kennedy and Tan 2007).
Flora and Fauna
Flora
Prehistorically, the natural vegetation in the study area vicinity likely consisted of as many as six
native communities: coastal sage scrub, riparian, oak-woodland, grassland, fresh water marsh, and salt water marsh. Prehistorically, the coastal sage scrub community would have covered
most of the hillsides, ridges, and canyons in the coastal areas with interspersed areas of native
grasslands (Stipa, Elymus, Poa, Muhlenbergia). Over the last 200 years, however, these natural
communities have been disturbed by historic development, and today introduced grasses
(Bromus spp., Avena spp.), foxtail (Hordeum murinum), mustard (Brassica spp.), and various shrubs are now present or predominate in many areas. Most developed areas have been
landscaped and the vegetation consists entirely of introduced plants including lawn, nonnative
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 9
trees, and numerous varieties of flowering plants. Prehistorically, coastal bluff areas were
probably dominated by a mixture of coastal sage scrub and grassland plants.
Commonly occurring native plants of the sage scrub community are California sagebrush (Artemisia californica), white sage (Salvia apiana), flat-top buckwheat (Eriogonum fasiculatum),
broom baccharis (Baccharis sarothroides), wild onion (Allium haematochiton), laurel sumac
(Malosma laurina), San Diego sunflower (Viguiera laciniata), golden-yarrow (Eriophyllum
confertiflorum), sawtooth goldenbush (Hazardia squarrosa), yucca (Yucca schidigera, Y. whipplei), prickly pear cactus (Opuntia occidentalis), and scrub oak (Quercus dumosa), while grasses of the native grassland community consisted of Stipa, Elymus, Poa, and Muhlenbergia
(Beauchamp 1986; Munz 1974). Prior to historic and modern activities, major drainages such as
Agua Hedionda Creek contained extensive stands of the riparian community with plants such as
sycamore (Platanus racemosa), Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii), coast live oak
(Quercus agrifolia), and willow (Salix sp.) (Beauchamp 1986; Munz 1974). Riparian plants were also undoubtedly present in many of the nearby smaller well-watered tributary drainages. Large
coastal lagoons such as Agua Hedionda Lagoon were surrounded by marshes and/or sloughs.
Plants present in freshwater marshes include cattail (Typha), spike-rush (Eleocharis sp.), and
bulrush (Scirpus sp.). Saltwater species include salt grass (Distichliis spicata), sea lavender
(Limonium californicum), and pickleweed (Salicornia virginica) (Beauchamp 1986).
Fauna Prehistorically, animal life in the study area and environs included large- to medium-sized
mammal species, such as grizzly bear (Ursus horribilis) and black bear (Ursus americanus),
mountain lion (Felis concolor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), coyote (Canis latrans), gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), badger (Taxidea taxus), ringtail
(Bassariscus asutus), raccoon (Procyon lotor), and striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis). Numerous
species of smaller-sized mammals were also present, including jack rabbit (Lepus californicus),
brush rabbit (Sylvilagus bachmani), cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus audubonii), ground squirrel
(Spermophilus beecheyi), pocket gopher (Thomomys bottae), and several species of mice and rats (Burt and Grossenheider 1976). Other animals included predatory bird species such as red-tailed
hawk (Buteo jamaicencis) and golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), a large variety of sea birds such
as gulls and pelicans (Peterson 1961), and various amphibian and reptile species, including a
large variety of lizards and snakes, as well as western pond turtle (Clemmys marmorata)
(Stebbins 1966).
CULTURAL SETTING
Prehistory
The following culture history briefly describes the known prehistoric cultural traditions in the
vicinity of the project area. The approximately 10,000 years of documented prehistory of the San
Diego County region has often been divided into three periods: Early Prehistoric Period (San
Dieguito tradition/complex), Archaic Period (Milling Stone Horizon, Encinitas tradition, La Jolla and Pauma complexes), and Late Prehistoric Period (Cuyamaca and San Luis Rey complexes).
Page 10 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Early Prehistoric Period Traditions/Complexes: The Early Prehistoric Period represents the time
period of the first known inhabitants in California. In some areas of California it is referred to as
the Paleo-Indian period and is associated with the Big-Game-Hunting activities of the peoples of
the last Ice Age occurring during the Terminal Pleistocene (pre-10,000 years ago) and the Early Holocene, beginning circa 10,000 years ago (Erlandson 1994, 1997; Erlandson et al. 2007). In
the western United States, most evidence for the Paleo-Indian or Big-Game-Hunting peoples
during this time period derives from finds of large fluted spear and projectile points (Fluted-Point
Tradition) at sites outside of California in places such as Clovis and Folsom in the Great Basin
and the Desert southwest (Moratto 1984:79–88). In California, most of the evidence for the Fluted-Point Tradition derives from less substantial sites in the southeastern areas of the state
along the margins of the Great Basin and adjacent Mojave Desert (Davis 1978; Moratto
1984:79–88), and from isolated fluted point occurrences elsewhere in the state (Dillon 2002;
Rondeau et al. 2007). The isolated finds, however, are widely scattered, occurring in the Sierras
(Moratto et al. 2011; Zimmerman et al. 1989), the central and southern Central Valley (Dillon 2002:110–128; Peak and Weber 1978; Riddell and Olsen 1969; Rondeau et al. 2007; Wallace
1978), and along or adjacent to the coast (Erlandson et al. 1987; Harrington 1948; Kline and
Kline 2007; Simons et al. 1985; Fitzgerald and Rondeau 2012). Some finds have also been made
on the Baja Peninsula (Des Lauriers 2008; Hyland and Gutierrez 1995).
While an isolated fluted point fragment has recently been found in the western coastal mountains
area of San Diego County (Kline and Kline 2007), the most well-documented sites dating to the
Early Prehistoric Period in the San Diego area belong to the San Dieguito Tradition, now
documented to be over 9,000 years old (Warren et al. 1998; Warren and Ore 2011). The San
Dieguito Tradition, with an artifact assemblage distinct from that of the Fluted-Point Tradition, has been documented mostly in the coastal area in San Diego County as well as in the
southeastern California deserts (Carrico et al. 1993; Moriarty 1969; Rogers 1966; Warren 1967;
Warren and True 1961), with only sparse evidence for it discovered in the coastal area north of
San Diego County (e.g., Sutton and Grenda 2012). The content of the earliest component of the
C. W. Harris Site (CA-SDI-149/316/4935B), located along the San Dieguito River and approximately 20.9 kilometers (13.0 miles) to the southeast of the project area, formed the basis
upon which Warren and others (Vaughan 1982; Warren 1966, 1967; Warren and True 1961)
identified the “San Dieguito complex,” and which Warren later reclassified as the San Dieguito
Tradition (1968). This tradition is characterized by an artifact inventory consisting almost
entirely of flaked stone biface and scraping tools, but lacking the fluted points associated with the Fluted-Point Tradition. Diagnostic artifact types and categories associated with the San
Dieguito Tradition include elongated bifacial knives; scraping tools; crescentics; and Silver Lake,
Lake Mojave, and leaf-shaped projectile points (Rogers 1939; Warren 1967). While most of the
evidence for the San Dieguito complex/Early Man Horizon derived from the near-coastal region
of San Diego County, evidence attributed to the San Dieguito Tradition has recently been found in the Cuyamaca Mountains of San Diego County approximately 56.5 miles (91.0 kilometers)
southeast of the proposed project area (Pigniolo 2005).
The subsistence system or emphasis of the San Dieguito Tradition, while not as yet entirely
agreed upon, is suggested by Warren as having an orientation towards a hunting rather than gathering economy, based on an artifact assemblage of primarily hunting associated tools, in
contrast to the more gathering-oriented complexes that were to follow in the Archaic Period
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 11
(Moriarty 1987; Warren 1967, 1968, 1987; Warren et al. 1998). Other researchers have
interpreted the San Dieguito subsistence system to be possibly ancestral to, or a developmental
stage for, the predominantly gathering-oriented “La Jolla/Pauma complex” of the subsequent
Archaic Period (e.g., Bull 1983; Gallegos 1985, 1987, 1991; Koerper et al. 1991). Based on uncalibrated radiocarbon dates, Warren originally indicated this tradition to have begun
sometime prior to 9,000 years before present (B.P.) and to have ended sometime between 8500
and 7500 B.P. (1967; 1968:4). Recent calibrations, however, have indicated these dates to be
significantly earlier, extending to circa 10,000 B.P. (Warren et al. 1998:II-25; Warren and Ore
2011).
Archaic Period Complexes: The Archaic Period in the southern coastal region dates from circa
8,600 years ago to circa 1,300 years ago (Warren et al. 1998). A large number of archaeological
site assemblages dating to this period have been identified at a range of coastal and inland sites,
which appear to indicate that a relatively stable, sedentary hunting and gathering complex, possibly associated with one people, was present in the coastal and immediately inland areas of
what is now San Diego County for more than 7,000 years. These assemblages, designated as the
La Jolla/Pauma complexes, are considered part of Warren’s (1968) “Encinitas tradition” and
Wallace’s (1955) “Milling Stone Horizon.” In general, the content of these site assemblages
includes manos and metates; shell middens; terrestrial and marine mammal remains; burials; rock features; bone tools; doughnut stones; discoidals; stone balls; plummets; biface
points/knives; beads made of stone, bone, or shell; and cobble-based tools at coastal sites and
increased hunting equipment and quarry-based tools at inland sites. As defined by True (1958),
the “Pauma complex” aspect of this culture is associated with sites located in inland areas that
lack shellfish remains, but are otherwise similar in content to the La Jolla complex and may, therefore, simply represent a noncoastal expression of the La Jolla complex (True 1980; True
and Beemer 1982). During the latter half of the Archaic Period, beginning approximately 5500
B.P., a major shift in the subsistence system of prehistoric populations in the southern coastal
region appears to have occurred. Artifacts such as dart points and mortars and pestles, which are
essentially absent during the early Archaic Period, become increasingly present in site assemblages dating after circa 5500 B.P. This evidence in the archaeological record is indicative
of an increase in hunting activity and of the gathering and processing of acorns for subsistence.
The new, and subsequently increasing, use of these resources represents a major shift in the
Encinitas/La Jolla/Pauma complex subsistence system in the southern coastal region (Warren et
al. 1998).
Similar to the San Dieguito complex, most of the archaeological evidence for the Encinitas
tradition/La Jolla/Pauma complexes (Milling Stone Horizon) in San Diego County is derived
from sites in coastal valleys, estuaries, and/or embayments that are present along the San Diego
coast, south of the San Luis Rey River (e.g., Cooley and Mitchell 1996; Cooley et al. 2000; Gallegos 1995:200; Gallegos and Kyle 1988; Shumway et al. 1961; Smith and Moriarty 1985).
To the east of the proposed project area in the inland mountains and upper-elevation foothill
areas of San Diego County, evidence for sites associated with the Archaic Encinitas tradition/La
Jolla/Pauma complexes are less common relative to the Late Prehistoric complexes that succeed
them. McDonald (1995:14) has observed that “most sites in the Laguna Mountains can be expected to date from late prehistoric or ethnohistoric occupation of the region, and Archaic
Period remains, while not unknown, are relatively rare.” A few sites that date to the Archaic
Page 12 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Period, however, have been documented in the lower elevation, near-coastal foothills of San
Diego County (e.g., Cooley 1995; Raven-Jennings and Smith 1999; Warren and True 1961).
In the near vicinity of the project, three previously recorded prehistoric archaeological sites, CA-SDI-10478 (Gallegos and Pigniolo 1986), CA-SDI-13076 (Eighmey and Boughton 1993), and
CA-SDI-10965 (Gallegos 1991) have been documented along the north side of Agua Hedionda
Lagoon within 0.65 miles of the current project area. Site CA-SDI-10478 is located
approximately 0.27 miles (0.43 kilometers) to the southeast of the project area and CA-SDI-
13076 approximately 0.23 miles (0.37 kilometers) to the southeast. While results from testing at both of these sites indicated limited artifact assemblages consisting mostly of a few lithic
artifacts, debitage, and shellfish remains, neither site exhibited definite evidence of Late
Prehistoric Period occupation and a radiocarbon date obtained from site CA-SDI-10478
indicated occupation circa 5,500 years ago during the middle Archaic Period (Gallegos and
Pigniolo 1986). Site CA-SDI-10965, located approximately 0.62 miles (1.00 kilometers) to the east of the project area has documented as an early Archaic Period, habitation site (Gallegos
1991). Published results from subsurface investigations at the site produced four uncalibrated
radiocarbon dates ranging from circa 7040 to 8390 B.P. and a substantial cultural deposit
containing a variety of artifact types including manos and metates; lithic tools including
hammerstones, bifaces, scrapers, choppers, and crescentics; bone tools and beads; and faunal shell and bone (Gallegos 1991).
Elsewhere in the project vicinity, published results from subsurface investigations conducted at
another site along Agua Hedionda Creek, CA-SDI-9649, located approximately 2.83 miles (4.55
kilometers) to the southeast of the project area, have also documented it as an early Archaic Period, La Jolla complex habitation site. The investigations at the site produced seven
uncalibrated radiocarbon dates ranging from circa 7410 to 7940 B.P. and a substantial cultural
deposit containing a variety of artifact types including manos and metates, lithic tools including
bifaces, eccentrics, bone tools and beads, shell beads, and faunal shell and bone (Koerper et al.
1991). Published results from subsurface investigations conducted at another nearby coastal site, CA-SDI-603, located approximately 4.84 miles (7.80 kilometers) to the south of the project
along Batiquitos Lagoon, have documented it as primarily an Archaic Period habitation site
(Crabtree et al. 1963; Laylander 2003). The Archaic Period association for the site is documented
by the predominate La Jolla complex content of the artifact assemblage and by three uncalibrated
radiocarbon dates of circa 7300, 6250, and 3900 B.P. from organic samples obtained in investigations reported by Crabtree et al. (1963), and three more dates, of circa 7400, 8150, and
8330 B.P., reported by Laylander (2003). The investigations at the site revealed the presence of a
substantial cultural deposit containing inhumations and a variety of artifact types including
manos and metates, lithic tools including bifaces, discoidals, doughnut stones, stone balls, bone
tools, shell beads, ceramics, and faunal shell and bone (Crabtree et al. 1963; Laylander 2003).
Late Prehistoric Period Complexes: The beginning of the Late Period is marked by evidence of a
number of new tool technologies and subsistence shifts in the archaeological record. Compared
to the shifts noted for the middle and late Archaic Period, the ones occurring at the onset of the
Late Prehistoric Period are rather abrupt. The magnitude of these changes and the short period of time within which they took place seem to indicate a significant change in subsistence practices
in the area of what is now San Diego County (circa 1500 to 1300 B.P.). The changes observed
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 13
include a technological shift from the use of atlatl and dart to the bow and arrow; subsistence
shifts that include a reduction in shellfish gathering in some areas (possibly due to silting of the
coastal lagoons); and the storage of crops, such as acorns, by Yuman and Shoshonean peoples.
New traits such as the production of pottery and cremation of the dead were also introduced during the Late Prehistoric Period.
Movements of people during the last 2,000 years can account for at least some of these changes.
Yuman-speaking people had occupied Gila/Colorado River drainages of western Arizona by
2,000 years ago (Moriarty 1968), and then continued to migrate westward. An analysis by Moriarty (1966, 1967) of materials recovered from the Spindrift site in La Jolla indicated a
preceramic Yuman phase. Based on this analysis and a limited number of radiocarbon samples,
Moriarty concluded that Yumans, lacking ceramic technology, penetrated into and occupied
what is now the San Diego coast approximately 2,000 years ago. Subsequently, approximately
1,200 to 1,300 years ago, ceramic technology diffused into the coastal area from the eastern deserts. While these Yuman speakers may have shared cultural traits with the people occupying
the area of present-day eastern San Diego County before 2000 B.P., their influence is better
documented with finds dating to after 1300 B.P., with the introduction of traits such as small
points, ceramics, Obsidian Butte obsidian, and the practice of cremation of the dead.
Based on research by Meighan (1954) and True (1970), two distinct archaeological complexes
have been proposed for the Late Prehistoric Period in San Diego County. The Cuyamaca
complex is based on analysis by True (1970) of archaeological excavations within Cuyamaca
Rancho State Park and of San Diego Museum of Man collections. Based on the results of this
analysis, True was able to define a Late Prehistoric Period complex for southern San Diego County that was distinct from Meighan’s (1954) San Luis Rey complex in the northern county
area. The presence or absence, or differences in the relative occurrence of, certain diagnostic
artifacts in site assemblages provide the principal distinctions between these archaeological
complexes. Cuyamaca complex sites, for example, generally contain both Cottonwood
Triangular style points and Desert Side-notched arrow points, while Desert Side-notched points are quite rare or absent in San Luis Rey complex sites (Pigniolo 2004). Other examples include
Obsidian Butte obsidian, which is far more common in Cuyamaca complex sites than in San Luis
Rey complex sites, and ceramics that, while occurring during the Late Prehistoric Period
throughout the area of present-day San Diego County, are more common in the southern or
Cuyamaca complex portions of San Diego County where they occurred earlier in time and appear somewhat more specialized in form. Both complexes have produced a variety of vessel
types, along with rattles, straight and bow-shaped pipes, and effigies. Interment of the dead at
Cuyamaca complex sites is almost exclusively by cremation, often in special burial urns, while
archaeological evidence from San Luis Rey complex sites indicates both inhumation and
cremation. Based on ethnographic data, including the areas defined for the Hokan-based Yuman-speaking peoples (Diegueño/Kumeyaay) and the Takic Shoshonean-speaking peoples (Luiseño)
at the time of contact, it is now generally accepted that the Cuyamaca complex is associated with
the Yuman Diegueño/Kumeyaay and the San Luis Rey complex is associated with the
Shoshonean Luiseño/Juaneño. As defined by True (1958), the area of the proposed project is
situated in proximity to the areas of both the San Luis Rey and Cuyamaca complexes with Agua Hedionda Creek/Lagoon providing an approximate boundary between the two (see below).
Page 14 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Some researchers have observed that, in contrast to Archaic Period sites, Late Prehistoric Period
sites attributable to the San Luis Rey or Cuyamaca complexes are less common in the near-
coastal areas of the county. Gallegos (1995:200) has stated that, “for San Diego County, there is
temporal patterning, as the earliest sites are situated in coastal valleys and around coastal lagoons. Late Period sites are also found in coastal settings, but are more common along river
valleys and interior locations.” While no previously recorded prehistoric archaeological sites
dating to the Late Prehistoric Period have been documented within 0.5 mile of the current project
area, an archaeological site (CA-SDI-5213) located 1.8 miles (2.9 kilometers) from the coast
between Buena Vista Lagoon and Agua Hedionda Lagoon, approximately 1.5 miles (2.5 kilometers) to the north of the project area, has been documented as a large village with
occupation extending from the end of the Archaic Period, circa 2,800 years ago, through the Late
Prehistoric Period to the time of historic contact, circa 300 years ago (Robbins-Wade 1988).
Archaeological investigations at the site have produced a variety of artifact types including
ceramics, metates and manos, mortars and pestles, arrow points, lithic tools, bone tools, shell beads, faunal shell and bone, and obsidian flakes (Robbins-Wade 1988). Robbins-Wade
characterizes the site as having a “Luiseno complex” assemblage, which she contrasts with a
typical San Luis Rey complex assemblage, possibly due to the location of the site near the coast,
versus inland where more San Luis Rey complex sites have been documented (e.g., True et al.
1974).
Ethnohistory
The proposed project area is located within an area that encompasses the traditional territory of
both Yuman-speaking Kumeyaay and Shoshonean-speaking Luiseño populations at the time of European contact. The southern boundary between the territories of the Shoshonean
Luiseño/Juaneño and the Yuman Northern Diegueño (Ipai Kumeyaay) has been delineated as
extending from the coast east along Agua Hedionda Creek as far as the northern tip of the valley
of San José and Palomar Mountain (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1925; Shipek 1995;
Sparkman 1908) although other boundaries have been suggested. The Kumeyaay people were originally labelled Diegueño by the Spaniards, a term derived from their association with
Mission San Diego de Alcalá. The term Diegueño was adopted by early anthropologists
(e.g., Kroeber 1925) and was further divided into the southern and northern Diegueño. The
Luiseño derive their name from their association with Mission San Luis Rey de Francia; this
name was also purported by early anthropologists.
The linguistic and language boundaries as seen by Shipek (1982) subsume the Yuman speakers
into a single nomenclature, the Kumeyaay, a name applied previously to the mountain Tipai or
Southern Diegueño by Lee (1937), while Almstedt (1974:1) noted that Ipai applied to the
Northern Diegueño, with Tipai and Kumeyaay for the Southern Diegueño. However, Luomala (1978:592) has suggested that while these groups consisted of over 30 patrilineal clans, no
singular tribal name was used, and she referred to the Yuman-speaking people as Tipai-Ipai.
Other researchers have designated the Kumeyaay living north of the San Diego River as ’Iipai
(Northern Diegueño), and those south of the river and into Baja California as Tipai (Southern
Diegueño) (Hedges 1975:71–83; Langdon 1975:64–70). Now referred to by the Yuman language term “Kumeyaay,” these local indigenous populations were settled in permanent villages or
rancherias at the time of contact with the Spanish in the late 1700s.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 15
An early ethnographic history of the Luiseños, authored by Phillip Sparkman, was published in
1908. Sparkman documents the Luiseño ethnographic territory as being from San Juan
Capistrano to Agua Hedionda Lagoon to the north and south, and from Escondido to the coast on
the east to west side. This territory was subdivided and occupied by different families or bands. One band could have multiple areas depending on the season such as in the mountains or valley
areas (Sparkman 1908). Each band was typically restricted to their territory for hunting and
resource gathering. Kroeber estimates that the Luiseño population teetered around 3,000 to 4,000
(Kroeber 1925) during the Mission era. The Luiseño tribe subsisted on seeds, acorns, oats, fruits,
and berries, as well as meat caught by hunting and fishing (Sparkman 1908; Kroeber 1925). Their resources depended on the seasons as the Luiseño moved through the coastal, mountain, or
desert zones (Lightfoot and Parrish 2009).The Luiseños lived in family groups known as tunglam
or kamalum. More than 80 family groups are known today (Kroeber 1925). Chiefs acted as
religious leaders of clans and directed religious ceremonies. This position was hereditary
(Sparkman 1908).
The Kumeyaay maintained a large territory from the San Luis Rey River on the north, Baja
California to the south, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and Imperial Valley to the east. Kroeber
estimates the populations as being around 3,000 during the Mission era. The Kumeyaay
depended on seeds, acorns, nuts, beans, and berries. Large and small game was hunted with bows and arrows. Fishing occurred at rivers and the Pacific Ocean. Like the Luiseño, the Kumeyaay
utilized different resource areas depending on the season. They sometimes inhabited larger
villages during winter or summer months. They lived in patrilineal clans. These clans had access
to their own land and resources (de Barros 2014; Kroeber 1925).
Historical Background
Coastal Southern California’s historic period began in September 1542 when Juan Rodriguez
Cabrillo reached San Diego Bay as part of his expedition up the coast north of “New Spain.”
Although the impact of that single event did not usher in instant changes in the region, it marks the opening of the area to new contact, colonialism, and cultural shifts. A brief discussion of the
history of Carlsbad and its surroundings is presented below to provide a background on the
presence, chronological significance, and historical relationship of archaeological resources
within the study area.
Spanish Period: It was 200 years from the time of Cabrillo’s initial explorations before the
native peoples of present-day San Diego County felt the major impact of Spanish colonial
contact. In 1769, Gaspar de Portola’s expedition was the driving force of Spanish Imperial
expansion into Alta California, seeking suitable locations to establish military presidios and
religious missions up the coast. Kroeber (1925: Plate 57) and Sparkman (1908) indicate that a native village, Palamai, was located somewhere near the mouth of Agua Hedionda Creek. It was
noted by the de Portola expedition when they travelled through the area in 1769, although the
name Palamai was not recorded by the expedition. Agua Hedionda Creek was a Spanish name
given to the creek by de Portola’s men. The name translates to “stinking water” (Carrico
1977:36). Palamai was empty at the time that the expedition entered the area, but they noted an abandoned village near a group of alders. It is likely that the inhabitants had temporarily left the
village to gather resources (Carrico 1977). Sparkman believed that this village was occupied by
Page 16 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
the Luiseño (Sparkman 1908). More is known historically about several Diegueño (Ipai) villages,
documented along coastal estuaries. These villages were first noted by the de Portola expedition
in 1769 as it traveled north up the coast, crossing several of the local drainages (Carrico
1977:34–35). Kumeyaay villages have been documented to the south of the project area near Batiquitos Lagoon, Encinitas, and San Elijo Lagoon. At each of these locations, the Spaniards
interacted with a number of the local residents and found them quite gregarious. Some confusion,
however, apparently exists in the records about the villages noted by the Spaniards at each of
these locations.
Built between 1769 and 1821, the San Diego presidio and the San Diego, San Luis Rey, and San
Juan Capistrano missions stood, literally and figuratively, as symbols of Spanish colonialism,
importing new systems of labor, demographics, settlement, and economies to the area. Mission
San Luis Rey de España, located 10 miles north of Agua Hedionda Lagoon, was founded in 1798
at the ethnohistoric location of Tacayme (Johnson and Crawford 1999). It had the most vast land holdings of California’s missions. Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, corn, wheat, olives, and other
agricultural goods and implements became the basis of the area’s subsistence economy, and new
methods of land use and building construction changed the landscape. In one year, 210 Luiseño
Indians had been baptized at the mission. Father Antonio Peyrí, a missionary for 34 years at
Mission San Luis Rey, advocated dispersed living arrangements and sanitary practices at the mission. Because of this, 1,909 Luiseño Indians were tied to the mission when it closed; this was
the largest population at any mission (Johnson and Crawford 1999).
Mexican Period: Mexico, including Alta California, gained its independence from Spain in 1821,
but Spanish patterns of culture and influence remained. The missions continued to operate as they had in the past, and laws governing the distribution of land were also retained for a time.
One major alteration did occur in 1835, when the missions were secularized and their large land
holdings were made available to private citizens. While some large grants of land were made
prior to 1834, secularization of the mission’s large grazing holdings ushered in the Rancho Era.
Cattle ranching continued to predominate over other agricultural activities, and transportation routes through the region were developed to accommodate the tallow and hide trades, which
increased during the early part of this period. One impact was the dissolution of the mission as a
residential and labor center for territorially disenfranchised Native Americans. Many mission
neophytes had little option but to work on the new Mexican ranchos. Communities living farther
from the ranchos were able to maintain their traditional lifeways for a bit longer. These ranches put new pressures on California’s native populations, as grants were made for inland areas still
occupied by the Kumeyaay, forcing them to acculturate or relocate farther into the back country.
In rare instances, former mission neophytes were able to organize pueblos and attempt to live
within the new confines of Mexican governance and culture. The most successful of these was
the Pueblo of San Pasqual, located inland along the San Dieguito River Valley, founded by Kumeyaay who were no longer able to live at the Mission San Diego de Alcalá (Carrico 2008;
Farris 1994).
The majority of the Carlsbad area was contained within the Rancho Agua Hedionda land grant.
This was a 13,000-acre ranch granted in 1842 that stretched from Vista south to Agua Hedionda Lagoon (Carlsbad Historical Society n.d.). It was owned by Juan María Marrón. He mostly used
the land for cattle grazing but had some agricultural enterprises. Marrón and his family also built
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 17
several homes on the property near El Camino Real and present-day Highway 78. He held the
rancho from 1842 until his death in 1853, when ownership passed to his wife and children (Dyett
& Bhatia 2015).
American Period: American governance began in 1848, when Mexico signed the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo, ceding California to the United States at the conclusion of the Mexican–
American War. Land ownership was thrown into turmoil as Mexican land owners faced validation
of their grants by the State Lands Commission. The cost of defending their claim and the evidence
required by the State Lands Commission to prove title claims meant that many Mexican-era ranchos were claimed as public land that was open to American settlement. At the same time,
events both east and west made American settlers eager to move westward. The California gold
rush, the end of the Civil War, and the passage of the Homestead Act implementing the United
States’ manifest destiny to occupy and exploit the North American continent brought people to
California after 1848.
Francis Hinton began leasing Rancho Agua Hedionda in 1860 and then fully acquired the
Rancho in 1865 from Juan María Marrón’s widow. The Rancho continued to operate as a cattle
ranch at this time. Hinton employed Robert Kelly to help him in this endeavor. After Hinton’s
death, ownership of the Rancho passed to Kelly. Over the next few years, Kelly’s family established various homesteads on the Rancho. In 1880, Kelly allowed the California Southern
Railroad rights to build their tracks through the Rancho (Carlsbad Historical Society n.d.).
Railway systems began to connect the people and products of Southern California to the rest of
the United States. Increased American settlement and claims on the land for residential, mining,
agricultural, and ranching purposes in the second half of the nineteenth century meant that many remaining lands sustaining Native American populations were marked, surveyed, or even fenced
as private, changing the landscape once again. Native American reservations were established,
ostensibly to provide land for Native American populations, but these holdings made available
only the poorest of subsistence lands, and forced many indigenous peoples to adopt a more
sedentary life style, reliant on the Anglo economic system as an alternative to moving to a reservation (Carrico 2008).
The 1880s saw “boom and bust” cycles that brought thousands of people to San Diego County.
Carlsbad was located along the railroad and grew around it. However, lack of a fresh water
source for agricultural undertakings slowed development of the city. During this time, John Frazier settled in Carlsbad near the railroad tracks in present-day Carlsbad Village. Frazier
saw the importance of water and began searching for a water source (Dyett & Bhatia 2015). In
1885, he hired the Mull Brothers to dig a well and they were successful in locating a water
source. Frazier’s men had located both mineral and artesian water. He started offering it to
passengers on the train when they reached the station near Agua Hedionda on his property. This later became known as Frazier’s station (Carlsbad Historical Society n.d.). The Carlsbad Land
and Mineral Company was created in 1886 and they planned the town around the station and
prepared parcels for development. Carlsbad derived its names from the mineral water having the
same qualities as water from Karlsbad, Bohemia. The healing reputation of Frazier’s water grew
and soon many people were coming to Carlsbad to sample it (Dyett & Bhatia 2015).
After 1890, expansion slowed in San Diego County, although some remained to form the foundations of small communities based on dry farming, orchards, dairies, and livestock
Page 18 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
ranching. Anchored by schools and post offices, these often sparse settlements were the basis of the area’s farming and ranching lifestyle of the late nineteenth century and early twentieth
century. The influence of military development, beginning in 1916 and 1917 during World War I (WWI), moved much of the population away from this life. Carlsbad’s population grew from 100
residents to 1,800 by 1928. The city’s farmland developed too and avocado groves began appearing in the city. Latinos moved into the area during this time period as a way to escape the Mexican Revolution. Many of them worked on the farms within Carlsbad and lived in the Barrio
neighborhood (Dyett & Bhatia 2015).
U.S. Route 101 (Highway 101) brought the focus of the automobile to Carlsbad and provided substantial growth to the city. The highway was officially opened on June 21, 1925, but it had been in use for approximately 10 years prior to this time. The San Diego County Road
Commission was founded in 1908 with intent to build a coastal highway from San Diego up to Orange County. The Commission was headed by influential San Diego leaders such as
J.D. Spreckels, E.W. Scripps, and A.C. Spaulding (Arnold 2007). Construction began on the road following the route of El Camino Real with funds given by the County, the City of Oceanside, and the State of California. WWI, the 1915 Panama-California Exposition, and the 1916 great
flood caused setbacks to construction. Prohibition brought more users to Highway 101. The Oceanside Blade reported in 1922, “It was calculated at times the cars passed at the rate of 700 or more an hour… the result was that the hotels, restaurants and rooming houses were swamped though as far as known, everyone was fed and cared for sooner or later” (Arnold 2007).
Highway 101 continued to play an important role in Southern California transportation and growth until 1966 when Interstate 5 (I-5) was completed. I-5 utilized much of Highway 101’s original route, but some stretches were left untouched (Arnold 2007). When it was no longer a state highway, many sections of Highway 101 were renamed by the local communities it traveled through. In Carlsbad, it became Carlsbad Boulevard. In 1998, Highway 101 was named a
historical highway by the State of California, but it is currently not listed in the CRHR or the NRHP (Daley 2003). A section of Carlsbad Boulevard is within the project area and, while it was considered during the archaeological survey, it was not formally evaluated. The setting of this section of road does not appear to retain integrity as it is surrounded mostly by homes built in the 1970s and there are no intact commercial enterprises that formed the original setting of the
highway. The need to fight a two-ocean war during World War II (WWII) also resulted in substantial development in Carlsbad’s infrastructure and industry to support the military and accommodate soldiers, sailors, and defense industry workers. Camp Pendleton opened to the north in 1942 and
this proved a boon for Carlsbad development. Residents of Carlsbad worked on the base and military families sought homes in the city. Celebrities, such as Leo Carrillo and Bing Crosby, became interested in Carlsbad around this time. They invested in real estate and built luxury hotels, such as the Royal Palms Hotel (Carlsbad Historical Society n.d.). Leo Carrillo purchased what was left of the Agua Hedionda land grant from Kelly’s descendants in 1937 and preserved
the adobe house on the property. Following WWII, coastal residential densities spiked, supported by the north/south I-5 corridor. Numerous housing developments, including one on Leo Carrillo’s property, were built through the 1980s and Carlsbad expanded considerably (Dyett & Bhatia 2015).
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 19
CHAPTER 3 –
ARCHIVAL RESEARCH AND CONTACT PROGRAM
This chapter outlines the results of records searches and archival research related to the project
area. A search of records on file at the CHRIS SCIC was conducted for the proposed project to
determine if any previous studies have been conducted and cultural resources recorded within the limits of or near the project area. Various archival sources were also consulted, including historic
maps, documents, and photographs on file with agencies and institutions that may have
information pertinent to the project area. A contact program was initiated with the NAHC to
request a search of the NAHC’s Sacred Lands File and with Native American individuals and
tribal groups to solicit information regarding known cultural resources. The City is independently undertaking government-to-government California Native American tribal
consultation per Public Resources Code 210880.3.
RECORDS SEARCH
Archival research was conducted at the SCIC at San Diego State University. SCIC staff
performed a records search for previously recorded sites and previous survey reports within the
project area and within a 0.5-mile radius around the project area on June 15, 2016. Shortly after
this time, the project went on hold and was subsequently redesigned within the original project footprint. AECOM archaeologist Lauren Downs conducted an update to the previous records
search at the SCIC on August 2, 2017, since more than a year had passed since the previous
records search. A portion of the project falls within Carlsbad State Beach within State Parks-
owned land. An additional records search of State Parks’ records was performed by San Diego
Coast District Archaeologist Nicole Turner on September 24, 2017; one additional resource was found during this records search.
Previous Surveys
The records search results identified 20 previous cultural resource studies within the search area (Table 1). Of these, nine are survey investigations (intensive pedestrian or inventories), four are
testing or data recovery reports, three are environmental impact reports, one is a background
study, one is records search results, one is a request for concurrence, and one is unknown. Of
these studies, six are partially within the project area. A map showing the previous surveys
within the search area is included in Attachment 1.
Table 1. Summary of Previous Surveys within Records Search Limits
Report Number Authors Date Title
SD-
00535*
Cupples, Sue
Ann
1976 Oceanside Harbor and Navigation Project: Archaeological
Survey Report
SD-01028 Gallegos, Dennis 1986 Archaeological Test at SDI-10478 Agua Hedionda, Carlsbad, California
Page 20 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Report
Number Authors Date Title
SD-01054 Gallegos, Dennis,
Richard Carrico, and Jay Thesken
1983 Archaeological Survey and Test of the Windsong Shores Property
SDI-10965
SD-01055 Gallegos, Dennis
and Richard
Carrico
1984 Windsong Shores Data Recovery Program for Site W-131, Carlsbad
SD-01638 Woodward, Jim and George Stammerjohan
1985 Resource Inventory Cultural Resources San Diego Coast State Beaches
SD-01752 Polan, H Keith 1981 Carlsbad Boulevard: An Archaeological Survey Report of the Right-of-Way for Proposed Bridge and Street Improvements
Between Tamarack Avenue and Cannon Road, Carlsbad, California
SD-04111 Larry Seeman 1982 Draft Environmental Impact Report Revised Parks and
Recreation Element, Carlsbad, California
SD-06629 Rosen, Martin 1999 Historic Property Survey Report Oceanside to San Diego-Rail to Trail
SD-09361 Byrd, Brian F. and Collin O'Neill
2002 Archaeological Survey Report for the Phase I Archaeological Survey Along Interstate 5, San Diego County, CA
SD-09569 Guerrero, Monica C., Tracy Stropes,
and Dennis R Gallegos
2004 Cultural Resource Monitor and Test Report for the Encina Power Plant Project, Carlsbad, California
SD-09571 Guerrero, Monica
C. and Dennis R. Gallegos
2003 City of Carlsbad Water and Sewer Master Plans Cultural Resource
Background Study, City of Carlsbad, California
SD-11419 Bonner, Wayne H. and Marnie
Aislin-Kay
2007 Cultural Resource Records Search Results for T-Mobile Candidate SD06919B (Tamarack HOA), 111 Tamarack
Avenue, Carlsbad, San Diego County, California SD-11761 Dominici, Deb 2007 Historic Property Survey Report, I-5 North Coast Widening Project
SD-12153 Robbins-Wade,
Mary
2009 Archaeological Resources Survey, Agua Hedionda Sewer and Lift
Station, Carlsbad, San Diego County, California
SD-12693 Tang, Bai "Tom" 2009 Historic Property Survey Report for the Proposed Construction of a Second Mainline Track in the City of Carlsbad by the North County
Transit District
SD-12738 Hogan, Michael and Deirdre
Encarnacion
2009 Archaeological Survey Report: Carlsbad Double Track Project Control Point Carl (MP 2293) to Control Point Farr (MP 2317)
North County Transit District Mainline, San Diego County, California, Caltrans District 11
SD-13916 California
Department of Transportation
(Caltrans)
2012 Interstate 5 North Coast Corridor Project Supplemental Draft
Environmental Impact Report/Environmental Impact Statement
SD-14495 Caltrans 2013 Interstate 5 North Coast Corridor Project Final Environmental Impact Report/ Environmental Impact Statement and Section 4(F)
Evaluation
SD-14615 Caltrans 2013 I-5 North Corridor Project Supplementals
SD-14757 Flandreau, Madeleine 2013 Request for Concurrence on "Section 106" Compliance and a Finding of "No Historic Properties Affected" for Vista/ Carlsbad
Interceptor and Agua Hedionda Pump Station Replacement Project
*Bold indicates study overlaps the project area.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 21
In addition, two reports were supplied by Nicole Turner from her search of the State Parks’
records. The first is an archaeological monitoring report authored by Nicole Turner in 2008. It
documents the monitoring of trenching activities for the installation of the Tamarack Pay Station for the Carlsbad State Beach parking lot. No surface or subsurface cultural materials were
observed. The second report supplied by Turner is a historical background study and
determination of eligibility of the Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station at Carlsbad State Beach. It
was authored by Alexander D. Bevil in 2016. The comfort station (also known as a restroom) is
within the project area. Bevil concluded that the comfort station is potentially eligible for listing on the CRHR and NRHP.
Previously Recorded Sites
The records search identified five previously recorded cultural resources within the 0.5-mile radius of the project area (Table 2). Of the five resources, two are prehistoric temporary
habitation sites, one is a historic district of residential buildings, and two are historic buildings.
One building, the Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station, was recorded by the California
Department of Parks and Recreation (Bevil 2016), and the SCIC does not have supporting
documentation for the resource. The second building, 519 Chinquapin Avenue, is a historic address supplied to the SCIC by the California Office of Historic Preservation. As such, the
SCIC does not have any additional documentation beyond the locational data. Only the
Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station is located within the project area. A map showing the
previously recorded cultural resources within the search area is included in Attachment 2.
HISTORIC MAP AND AERIAL ARCHIVAL RESEARCH
Historic USGS topographic maps were obtained from the online USGS Topographic Map
Explorer, and historic aerials were accessed from Historic Aerials by NETRonline. Additional historic maps were provided by the SCIC. Available historic maps and aerials of the project area
are listed in Table 3.
The 1893 Oceanside USGS topographic map shows one road in the vicinity of the project area; it
is unnamed but is most likely the precursor to U.S. Route 101 (Figure 3a). The 1948 San Luis Rey USGS topographic map shows several roads within or near the project site. These roads
include U.S. Route 101 (now Carlsbad Boulevard), Tamarack Avenue, Sequoia Avenue,
Redwood Avenue, and Garfield Street. A few structures are also shown along these roads. The
1968 San Luis Rey USGS topographic map indicates that by that time the project area appeared
much as it does today, with extensive residential and commercial development.
Page 22 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Table 2. Summary of Previously Recorded Cultural Resources within the Records Search Limits
Site Number Primary Number Resource Type Age Description CRHR Eligibility
Date Recorded (or most recent update)
Relation to Area of Potential Effects
CA-SDI-010478 P-37-010478 Site Prehistoric Short-term camp with shell midden and cobble base artifacts
Not evaluated 1986 Outside
CA-SDI-
013076
P-37-
013076
Site Prehistoric Shell and lithic scatter Not
evaluated
1993 Outside
n/a P-37-
029981
District Historic Eight mid-twentieth-
century tract residential duplexes
Not
evaluated
2005 Outside
n/a n/a Building Historic Historic address on file with the Office of Historic
Preservation
Unknown Unknown Outside
n/a n/a Building Historic Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station at Carlsbad State Beach
Eligible 2016 Within
N/A= not applicable
Table 3. Historic Maps and Aerials
Map Name/Year Scale Source
Historic USGS Topographic Maps Oceanside (1893) 1:62,500 USGS*
Oceanside (1898) 1:62,500 USGS
Oceanside (1901) 1:62,500 USGS
San Luis Rey (1901) 1:125,000 USGS
Southern California, Sheet No. 2 (1904) 1:250,000 USGS
Santa Ana (1947) 1:250,000 USGS
San Luis Rey (1948) 1:24,000 USGS
San Luis Rey (1949) 1:24,000 USGS
Santa Ana (1949) 1:250,000 USGS
Santa Ana (1956) 1:250,000 USGS
Santa Ana (1959) 1:250,000 USGS
Santa Ana (1960) 1:250,000 USGS
Santa Ana (1965) 1:250,000 USGS
San Luis Rey (1968) 1:24,000 USGS
Historic Aerials 1938 Not available NETRonline**
1947 Not available NETRonline
1953 Not available NETRonline
1964 Not available NETRonline
1967 Not available NETRonline
Other Maps Official Map of the Western Portion, San Diego
County, California (1872)
1:164,000 SCIC
Historic Roads, San Diego County (1769–1885) 1:130,000 SCIC
* USGS Topographic Maps accessed online via the USGS Topographic Map Explorer; http://historicalmaps.arcgis.com/usgs/
**HistoricAerials by NETRonline; http://www.historicaerials.com
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 23
3a Project Area on Historic Topo, 1893
Page 24 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
3b Project Area on Historic Topo, 1948
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 25
3c Project Area on Historic Topo, 1968
Page 26 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
As can be seen on the 1938 aerial of the project vicinity on HistoricAerials, the project site is
mostly surrounded by disturbed agricultural fields and relatively undisturbed bluffs on the west.
One area of development, possibly a farm house and building complex, is present along the east
side of U.S. Route 101 (present-day Carlsbad Boulevard) between Tamarack Avenue and Redwood. On the 1947 aerial, this complex can be seen to have expanded with additional
buildings present. By 1953, multiple homes can be seen along Tamarack Avenue, Sequoia
Avenue, and Redwood Avenue. The 1964 and 1967 aerials show continued suburban expansion,
as well as the construction of an artificial channel for Agua Hedionda to the ocean and the
Carlsbad State Beach parking lot. Agricultural use of the surrounding area declines over the next 20 years as residential construction takes over. On the 1980 aerial, the project area appears much
as it does today.
NATIVE AMERICAN CONTACT PROGRAM
An email was sent to the NAHC on May 31, 2016, requesting a search of its Sacred Lands File
and a list of Native American individuals and organizations that might have knowledge of, or concerns regarding, cultural resources within the project area (Attachment 2). A response was received June 6, 2016, indicating that no Native American sacred places or sites are on file
within the project site. The NAHC originally identified 26 Native American representatives, and
letters were sent to these representatives on June 13, 2016. AECOM contacted the NAHC again
on June 22, 2016, after it was noted that only a list of Kumeyaay representatives had been provided; AECOM believed this to be an error because the project area is within the Traditional Use Area (TUA) of both the Kumeyaay and Luiseño. The NAHC agreed that this was an error
and re-sent a Native American contact list on July 1, 2016, with a total of 44 representatives
(Table 3). Letters to representatives that were not included on the previous contact list were sent
on July 5, 2016. A complete list of representatives contacted is presented in Table 4. Three responses have been received to date from the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation (Sycuan), the Pala Band of Mission Indians (Pala), and the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians (San
Luis Rey).
Table 4. Native American Contacts by Affiliation
Contact Affiliation Sent Response
Clifford La Chappa
Chairperson
Barona Group of the Capitan
Grande
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Sheilla Alvarez Barona Group of the Capitan Grande Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Ralph Goff Chairperson Campo Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Michael Garcia
Vice Chairperson
Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Robert Pinto, Sr. Chairperson Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 27
Contact Affiliation Sent Response
Will Micklin
Executive Director
Ewiiaapaayp Tribal Office Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Virgil Perez Chairperson Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Clint Linton Iipay Nation of Santa Ysabel Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Rebeca Osuna
Chairman
Inaja Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Frank Brown Coordinator Inter-Tribal Cultural Resource Protection Council Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Erica Pinto Chairperson Jamul Indian Village Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Ron Christman Kumeyaay Cultural Historic
Committee
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Steve Banegas Spokesperson Kumeyaay Cultural Repatriation Committee Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Bernice Paipa Secretary Kumeyaay Cultural Repatriation Committee Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Mr. Kim Bactad Executive Director
Kumeyaay Diegueno Land
Conservancy
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Shasta Gaughen, PhD
Assistant Director
Kupa Cultural Center (Pala
Band)
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
None to Date
Carmen Lucas Kwaaymii Laguna Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Thomas Rodriguez Chairperson La Jolla Band of Luiseño
Indians
Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Gwendolyn Parada
Chairperson
La Posta Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Javaughn Miller Tribal Administrator La Posta Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
David Thompson EPA Manzanita Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Nick Elliott
Cultural Resources Coordinator
Manzanita Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Leroy J. Elliot
Chairperson
Manzanita Band of the
Kumeyaay Nation
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Virgil Oyos
Chairperson
Mesa Grande Band of
Mission Indians
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Page 28 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Contact Affiliation Sent Response
Shasta Gaughen, PhD
THPO
Pala Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
Received letter on 07/12/2016. The
project area is not within Pala’s Traditional Use Area. They requested
to receive project updates and results, as well as having a cultural monitor on-
site during the survey and ground-disturbing activities.
Robert H. Smith
Chairperson
Pala Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
Letter sent on behalf by Shasta
Gaughen 07/12/2016.
Temet Aguilar Chairperson Pauma Band of Luiseno Indians - Pauma & Yuima Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Bennae Calac
Pauma Band of Luiseno
Indians - Pauma & Yuima
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
None to Date
Charles Devers
Cultural Committee
Pauma Band of Luiseno
Indians - Pauma & Yuima
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
None to Date
Mark Macarro Chairperson Pechanga Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Paul Macarro Cultural Resource
Manager
Pechanga Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Anna Hoover Cultural Analyst Pechanga Cultural Resource
Department
Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Bo Mazzetti
Chairperson
Rincon Band of Luiseño
Indians
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
None to Date
Jim McPherson
THPO
Rincon Band of Mission
Indians
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
None to Date
Tribal Council San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Cultural Department San Luis Rey Band of
Mission Indians
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
Received message from Cami Mojado
on 07/13/2016 asking for the status on the project. Returned phone message on
07/14/2016. Ms. Mojado was informed that the cultural resources survey had
not taken place and that AECOM would update her once one was
scheduled and that we planned to use a Native American monitor from Saving
Sacred Sites for the survey.
Allen E. Lawson Chairperson San Pasqual Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
John Flores Environmental
Coordinator
San Pasqual Band of Mission Indians Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
Carrie Garcia Cultural Resources Manager
Soboba Band of Luiseño Indians Initial Letter (07/05/2016) None to Date
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 29
Contact Affiliation Sent Response
Joseph Ontiveros
Cultural Resource Department
Soboba Band of Luiseño
Indians
Initial Letter
(07/05/2016)
None to Date
Cody J. Martinez Chairperson
Sycuan Band of the
Kumeyaay Nation
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Lisa Haws
Cultural Resource Manager
Sycuan Band of the
Kumeyaay Nation
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
A comment response form was returned
on June 16, 2016. Ms. Haws would like a Kumeyaay monitor present for the
survey and ground-disturbing activities. She also requests a copy of the report
and the contact information for the City.
Robert J. Welch, Jr.
Chairperson
Viejas Band of Kumeyaay
Indians
Initial Letter
(06/13/2016)
None to Date
Julie Hagen Cultural Resources Viejas Band of Kumeyaay Indians Initial Letter (06/13/2016) None to Date
On June 16, 2016, Sycuan returned a comment form to AECOM. Lisa Haws had several
comments. She stated that a “qualified Kumeyaay Cultural Monitor” should be present for the
pedestrian survey and during any ground-disturbing activities. She also would like an electronic
or DVD copy of the final report, cultural resource or archaeological studies, and records searches. Finally, Ms. Haws requested the contact information for the City employee conducting Assembly Bill 52 consultation. Shasta Gaughen from Pala sent a letter dated July 12, 2016. She
stated that the project area is not within Pala’s TUA. Ms. Gaughen requested that Pala receive
project updates and results. A cultural monitor should also be on-site during the archaeological
survey and any ground disturbing activities. Cami Mojado from San Luis Rey’s Cultural Department left a voicemail for Shannon Foglia on
July 13, 2016, inquiring about the project’s status. Ms. Foglia returned the call on July 14, 2016.
Ms. Mojado was informed that the cultural resources survey had not yet taken place and that
AECOM would update her once one was scheduled. During the survey on November 2, 2017, AECOM retained a Native American monitor from the San Luis Rey band for the archaeological survey (Richard Hernandez). Ms. Mojado will also send AECOM a letter with the tribe’s
comments on the project.
No other responses have been received to date. Per Section 21084.2 of the Public Resources Code, the City must take into account the proposed project’s impacts on tribal cultural resources. The City is conducting government-to-government consultation with California Native American
tribes that have requested such consultation. Results of this consultation will be documented
separately by the City as part of the CEQA process.
Page 30 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 31
CHAPTER 4 –
METHODS
SURVEY METHODOLOGY
Pedestrian Survey
The pedestrian archaeological survey of the project site was conducted by AECOM on
November 2, 2017. This included land owned by State Parks, which was surveyed under DPR
412A permit number 17-31. The survey was conducted in 5- to 10-meter parallel transects within
portions of the proposed project area that were safely accessible. Crew members did not survey within the paved roads, as traffic was hazardous and visibility was poor due the road paving.
Surveys were also limited on the bluff areas; as many portions of the bluffs were steep, it was
determined unsafe to survey the bluff areas. Instead, surveyors closely inspected the bluffs from
below on the beach. The surveyors used large-scale aerial field maps, as well as a Trimble
handheld global positioning system (GPS) device with submeter accuracy to aid in the navigation of the project area.
When archaeological sites were encountered, the survey crew determined the location of the site
using the Trimble GPS unit. Site recordation included photographic documentation (site
overviews and detail shots including diagnostic artifacts), site sketch maps as appropriate (recorded with Trimble GPS unit), artifact descriptions, and environmental context. No artifacts
were collected.
Documentation
Cultural resources identified during the survey were documented or updated on appropriate DPR
523 forms. These included a Primary Form (Form 523A) and Location Map (Form 523J), at a
minimum, for newly identified resources. Resource locations were determined using a Trimble
GPS unit. All completed DPR site forms will be sent to the SCIC for the assignment of
permanent numbers in the state inventory system. DPR forms are included in this report in Attachment 4 (confidential).
Page 32 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 33
CHAPTER 5 –
RESULTS Project archaeologists Lauren W. Downs, M.A., RPA, and Kyle Ports, M.A., RPA, performed
intensive pedestrian surveys of the Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement
Project area on November 2, 2017. Native American monitor Richard Hernandez from Saving
Sacred Sites was present throughout the survey. During the survey, ground visibility was primarily poor to fair (0 percent to 60 percent) as most of the survey area is paved over or obscured by vegetation (Plate 4). Thick brush and ice plant was found within a majority of the
unpaved portions of the project and hindered visibility. Within the project area, the
archaeological survey identified two resources, one of which was previously recorded. Both of
the two cultural resources that could be potentially affected by the project are historic (Table 5). These consist of the Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station and the newly identified bricks isolate (P-37-036871). No prehistoric artifacts were identified within the project area during the survey.
Plate 4. Overview of sidewalk and landscaped vegetation
on the eastern side of Carlsbad Boulevard, facing north.
Page 34 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Table 5. Archaeological Survey Results
Site Number Primary Number Temporary ID Site Type Newly Identified during Survey?
N/A N/A N/A Historic Building (Tamarack Avenue
Comfort Station)
No
N/A P-37-036871 CT-ISO-01 Historic bricks isolate Yes
N/A = not applicable
IDENTIFIED CULTURAL RESOURCES
Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station The Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station is a DPR-owned comfort station located at Carlsbad
State Beach (Plate 5). It is a Contemporary-style rectangular building that was constructed in
1959 (Bevil 2016). The comfort station was designed by master architect Robert F. Uhte while
on staff at DPR. The building sits on a poured-in-place concrete slab foundation and is constructed of cinder-block-shaped masonry units wooden support beams. It has a high-pitch shed roof that slopes downward towards the beach. There is a concrete landing on the northwest
side of the building, and a concrete ramp that wraps around the north side of the building from
street-level to the landing. A concrete stairway connects the comfort station and the beach-level
boardwalk.
Plate 5. Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station, view towards west.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 35
A historical background study and determination of eligibility was prepared in 2016 (Bevil).
Bevil concluded that the comfort station is potentially eligible for listing on the CRHR and
NRHP due to its association with a master architect and its association with one of the largest
growth and expansion periods in the California DPR’s history. Bevil also states that the comfort station is “a rare, unique localized example of his design philosophy elevated to a higher artistic
level than usually permitted by postwar economic constraints.” The Tamarack Avenue Comfort
Station was visited during the current survey but was not documented due to the recent extensive
documentation conducted by Bevil approximately one year ago.
P-37-036871
P-37-036871 is a historic isolate consisting of two identical bricks from the Los Angeles Brick
Company. The bricks were made sometime between 1900 and 1929, most likely at the Los
Angeles Brick Company Plant No. 2 located on East Seventh Street in Los Angeles (Mosier 2015). The company initials are raised inside the rectangular frog on the face of the brick (Plate
6). The bricks measure approximately 83/8 inches in length, 4 inches in width, and 23/8 inches in
height.
Historic aerials do not indicate the presence of structures to the west of what is now Carlsbad Boulevard in the vicinity of P-37-036871 (NETRonline 2017). The bricks were observed in a
layer of sandy fill soil that appears to have been deposited in the area. The isolate is not in its
original context. P-37-036871 is not recommended eligible for listing on the CRHR.
Plate 6. Historic Isolate P-37-036871, planview.
Page 36 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 37
CHAPTER 6 –
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES
SUMMARY
AECOM conducted cultural resources studies for compliance with CEQA as implemented by the City of Carlsbad. A pedestrian archaeological survey was undertaken to identify cultural resources
present in the proposed Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project area and
to determine if the proposed project may adversely affect any resources eligible for the CRHR.
Within the Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project area, the current
archaeological survey identified one historic building and one archaeological isolate; the building was previously recorded, and the isolate was newly identified. No prehistoric resources were
recorded during the current archaeological survey. CRHR eligibility recommendations for these
resources are summarized in Table 6 and described in further detail below.
Table 6. CRHR Eligibility of Archaeological Sites Identified in the Project
Site Number Primary Number Site Type CRHR Eligibility Recommendation Previous Evaluations
N/A N/A Historic building (Tamarack Avenue
Comfort Station)
Eligible Evaluated by Bevil in 2016
N/A N/A Historic isolate Not Eligible N/A
N/A = not applicable
The Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station has been recommended potentially eligible for listing on
the CRHR and NRHP due to its association with a master architect and its association with one of the largest growth and expansion periods in the California DPR’s history (Bevil 2016). No further evaluations of the comfort station were conducted during the current study.
Newly observed historic isolate P-37-036871, which consists of two historic bricks from the
early twentieth century, is not recommended as eligible for listing on the CRHR. Due to the disturbed context of P-37-036871, the isolate likely lacks a subsurface component. No associations with persons or events significant in our history can be drawn from the bricks.
Additionally, P-37-036871 is a mass-produced “common brick” that was used to construct many
buildings in the Southern California area (Mosier 2016) and therefore does not embody
distinctive characteristics of a type or method, nor does it represent the work of a master.
RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES
While there are no prehistoric archaeological sites within the project area, prehistoric sites have been identified within the 0.5-mile radius of the project area, and the coastal region of San Diego
Page 38 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
County retains a high level of cultural sensitivity for Native American tribes. Additionally, much
of the project area was built over before CEQA was enacted. There may therefore be buried
cultural resources within the project area. To reduce the impacts to unanticipated resources to a
less than significant level, the following mitigation measures are recommended:
CULT-1: All ground-disturbing work in native soil should be monitored by a qualified
archaeologist and a Native American representative. Should the project area change to
incorporate new areas of proposed disturbance, cultural resources surveys of these areas will be
required.
CULT-2: In the event that any unanticipated buried cultural deposits are encountered during any
phase of project construction, all construction work in the vicinity of the deposit should cease
and, as a standard procedure, the lead agency should consult with a qualified archaeologist. The
qualified archaeologist would coordinate with the City of Carlsbad’s construction manager and planning department to assess the buried cultural deposits. If the cultural deposits are
encountered on DPR land, a DPR San Diego Coast District archaeologist would be contacted as
well. If the discovery is determined to be not significant through consultation with City staff, and
through consultation with the DPR San Diego Coast District archaeologist if applicable, work
would be allowed to continue.
CULT-3: If, in consultation with the City, a discovery is determined to be eligible to the CRHR,
a mitigation plan should be prepared and carried out in accordance with state guidelines. If the
resources cannot be avoided, a data recovery plan should be developed to ensure collection of
sufficient information to address archaeological and historical research questions, with results presented in a technical report describing field methods, materials collected, and conclusions.
Any cultural material collected as part of an assessment or data recovery effort should be curated
at a qualified facility. Field notes and other pertinent materials should be curated along with the
archaeological collection.
CULT-4: If human remains are discovered during any construction activities, all ground-
disturbing activity within 50 feet of the remains shall be halted immediately, and the County
coroner shall be notified immediately, according to Section 5097.98 of the State Public
Resources Code and Section 7050.5 of California’s Health and Safety Code. If the remains are
determined by the County coroner to be Native American, the NAHC shall be notified within 24 hours. The NAHC shall identify a Most Likely Descendant, who will be designated to cooperate
with the owner of the land on which the remains were discovered to arrange for the proper
disposition of the remains, according to the NAHC guidelines for the treatment and disposition
of human remains.
CULT-5: Impacts to the Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station, which has been evaluated as
eligible for listing on the CRHR and NRHP, should be avoided. If avoidance is not feasible,
additional mitigation measures should be developed and implemented in consultation with the
City of Carlsbad and State Parks.
Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project Page 39
CHAPTER 7 –
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Page 48 Carlsbad Boulevard and Tamarack Avenue Improvement Project
ATTACHMENT 1
RESUMES
ATTACHMENT 2
RECORDS SEARCH MAPS
(Confidential, Bound Separately)
ATTACHMENT 3
NATIVE AMERICAN
CONTACT PROGRAM
A. NAHC LETTER
B. NAHC RESPONSES
C. NATIVE AMERICAN
CONTACT LETTER PACKAGE
(Example)
D. NATIVE AMERICAN RESPONSES
(Confidential, Bound Separately)
ATTACHMENT 4
DPR SITE FORMS
(Confidential, Bound Separately)
CULTURAL RESOURCES PHASE I SURVEY REPORT FOR THE CARLSBAD BOULEVARD AND TAMARACK AVENUE
IMPROVEMENT PROJECT
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
CONFIDENTIAL ATTACHMENTS
Attachments 2, 3D, and 4
Prepared for and Submitted to:
City of Carlsbad 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad, California 92008
Prepared by:
AECOM
401 West A Street, Suite 1200
San Diego, California 92101 (619) 610-7600
Authors:
Lauren W. Downs, M.A., RPA
Theodore G. Cooley, M.A., RPA and Shannon E. Foglia, M.A., RPA
USGS Quadrangle: San Luis Rey 7.5"
January 2018
Keywords: Tamarack, City of Carlsbad, Agua Hedionda, San Diego County, Tamarack Avenue Comfort Station,
Carlsbad State Beach
ATTACHMENT 2
RECORDS SEARCH MAPS
(Confidential)
ATTACHMENT 3
NATIVE AMERICAN
CONTACT PROGRAM
D. NATIVE AMERICAN RESPONSES
(Confidential)
ATTACHMENT 4
DPR SITE FORMS
(Confidential)