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; ; Final; 1966-01-01
FINAL DRAFT CITY OF CARLSBAD WATER SYSTEM ENGINEERING STUDY • JANUARY, 1966 Jack Y. Kubota Wayne P. Lill Consulting Engineer and' Associated Engineers Carlsbad, California San D1ego» California CITY OF CARLSBAD CITY COUNCIL AND OFFICERS William C-. Atkinson, Mayor Jack F. Hughes, Vice Mayor J. E. Jardiine, III Carl H-. Neisweinder David Dunne Frank C. Rice, City Treasurer Margaret E-. Adams, City Clerk ADMINISTRATION John Mamaux, City Manager C'. R. Thornton, Assistant City Engineer Robert A. Johnston, Water Department Engineer REPORT ENGINEERING STAFF Jack Y. Kubota, Consulting Engineer Wayne P. Lill, Associated Engineers Andrew L. Gram, Ph. D. G. A. Molina Engineering Consultants Special Consultant Honorable Mayor and City Council City of Carlsbad . • 2960 .Pio Pico Drive • • ^ Carlsbad, California .. • • ,; : Subject: Engineering Study of Municipal Water System ' ' Gentlemen: . . . • • • .Submitted herewith Is our report entitled "City of Carlsbad ' Water System Engineering Study". The work was performed In accord- ance with our proposal of January 7, 1965, under your authorization of January 19,• 1 965. . It was recognized-a.t that time that moderni- zation of the municipal water system was an'urgent necess.rty, and. the purpose ofthis engineeri ng study was to provide, a practical and economical plan for the orderly construction of the needed works. All, aspects of the City's water supply problem have been con- sidered, and the proposed plan has been based on conservat.ive esti- mates of future condlt.ions. • The recommended projects, will keep pace with, the grbw.ing water demand until" the year 1980. • A .new engineer- ing ,apprai.sal made about ten years from now would be appropriate -to correct present- pianning for any growth which may have occurred differently from that now foreseen. The City's average-daily water, use will grow from a present 3.3 mill1on gallons per day to possib.ly 8.0 MGD by 1980. The pri- mary-source will continue to be the San Diego :County Water Au.thor.1ty, but the City will have available 2.1 MGD from its own wells in the San Luis Rey Valley. While several new connections with the Water Authority ,supply are-proposed, the bulk, of the new facilities re- quired lie with.in the City distribution system. The need for distri- bution storage is such' that parts of the City will be without water during peak periods next summer if at least one new reservoir is not in place by then. Three reservoirs are' proposed for construction with a total capacity of six million gallons. Other proposed works are a booster pumping station, flow control station, pressure re- ducing stations,, telemetering system, and a number of pi pel i nes for transmission and distribution. The total estimated construction cost ofrthe proposed projects is $1,840,000. • Honorable Mayor and City Council City of Carlsbad Page 2 It will be possible to' bring the water system's physical con-; ditiqp up to standard .by proceeding with the proposed construction program,', but only if there is a strong and well-defined Water Depart me'nt organi.zatipn, to carry it put. In view of the impending system growth 'and the; .fact that the Water Department Is really a City-owned business v/hich depends on its own revenues to coyer costs,, we rec- ommend .that a ^permanent Water Departmen.t Director, be .employed. . We/are confident that the report will be of val ue during the period of change In'which the water system will soon.be plunged. It has been a pleasure to work wi th the City staff-, who have .fully cooperated in furnishing, necessary information. ' i, . . . ' -; , ' , '. ,• ' 'Respectfully yours, , . Jack Y. Kubota Wayne P.. Lill TABLE OF- CONTENTS List of Tables List of Figures Chapter I Summary and Recommendations Summary Recommendations Page Chapter III Chapter IV Chapter V Chapter II Introduction Historical Scope of Study Sources of Data Basic Data Population Water Consumption Land Use Patterns Predicted Demand Water Sources and Quality Water Quality Consideration Sources of Supply Water Treatment Study of Existing Service Area Criteria of Service Description of Existing System Proposed Improvements Estima ted Costs of Improvements Operating Costs Future System Expansion Relation between City and CMWD Systems Water Treatment Proposed Construction Survey of Water Department Properties Inventory and Evaluation Recommended Disposition Chapter VIII Design and Construction Standards Engineering Design Reservolrs Pumping Stations and Control Stations Distribution System Telemeteri ng Construction Procedures Industry-wide Standards Chapter VI Chapter VII Chapter IX Administrative Organization Office and Field Supervision Coordination with Other Departments Proposed, Reorganization References LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO. • TITLE PAGE 1 Vicinity Map ...2 , Population-Projections for Study Area 3 Number 'of Metered •Connections and Water Production Sales 4 predicted Water'" Demand 5 ' ' North Carlsbad. - • . - Existing ,W_ater. System- 6 Proposed System Layout at Chestnut 'Avenue and £1 Camino Real 7 Schematic - 'Proposed System Piping at Chestnut Avenue and El Camino Real 8 . .• Proposed System at Highland Drive ' and Buena Vista Avenue • .• PLATES" A Exi sti ng•System B Proposed Improvements C Study Area Water Facilities With Proposed Improvements LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO,. ' TITLE PAGE Population Forecasts within Study Area /f-/I 1-2 ' .• Ci ty iWater Production 1-3 Consumer'"Metered Connections 1-4 Water Sales and Water Production 1-5 Design Water Demand V-1 Typical Analyses of Water from Available Sources ' . , V-2 Summary.'of Available Water Sources * V-1 Summary of Existing ' Pressure Zones V-2 Existing Reservoirs V-3 Proposed Pressure Zones V-4 Basis of Cost Estimates V-5 Cost Estimate and Scheduled Improvements to Existing System V-6 ;Water Department Expenses and Revenues VI-1 Future System Cost Estimates VII-1 Water Department Real Properties 7 Chapter I SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS SUMMARY The Carlsbad Water Department was formed in 1958 through City acquis- ition of the Carlsbad Mutual and Terramar water companies. A $767,000 revenue bond issue financed the purchase, and an additional $300,000 in revenue bonds was sold in 1961 for distribution system reconstruction. Management of the Water Department has been under the City Engineer's office. The population of Carlsbad has' grown rapidly in recent years and is now (1966) over 13,000. A consensus of regiona1,population,forecasts is that there will be 4'0;000 people, in the area controlled by the City in 1980', and possibly 64,000 by the'yi3ar 2000.. Much of the land now ?fi ' agriculture will be' converted to residential area. Commercial growth is anticipated in the present downtown area, and als.o along the shores of both lagoons In connection with recreational developments. ,. The average per capita water consumption is now 230 gallons per day, but it will decrease with the decline in irrigation practice, and the value anticipated for 1980 is 200 gallons per day. (jn the basis of the predicted population, the average City water demand will rise from a present 3:3 mi 11ion ga11 ons. per day to 8.0 MGD in 1980. / The principal water source available to the City is the imported supply furnished through the"'faci 11 ties of the ' Metropol i tan Water. District of Southern California, San Diego County Water Authority^ and Carlsbad Municipal Water District. At present this water Is brought from the Colorado River and its cost tO'the.City is about $33.50 per acre-foot. Beginning -in 1972 Increasing volumes will arrive from northern California. The price of the imported water is already being raised to meet con- struction and operation costs of the Feather River aqueduct, and It will probably reach $60 per acre-foot by 1980. Originally Carlsbad's entire supply came, from a well field In the San Luis Rey'Valley. ' Recently the" City has been a-judicated 2382, acre-feet per year (2.1 MGD.) from' this basin: However the weVl water has become extremely saline'as the result of heavy drafts over, the • past'ten years, and-is not now potable. If the quality does improve, it will be economical to begin using the San. Luis Rey'water; even after carrying out needed renovation of some of the pro- ductdon facilities its cost.will probably remain less than $'30 per acre- foot'.' Other • sources which may become competitive in the future are sewage reclamation and sea water conversion'. .The only water treatment .now being provided is chlor'ination. -However the aqueduct water contains some turbidity and bacteria acquired" during its^passage through rivers, cana.ls, and open reservoirs. A.filtration plant would therefore be desirable and will become economically, feasible when-the population reaches 30 or 40 thousand.. Squires Dam appears to be the most satisfactory location far such a plant. The existing CI ty. di.s tri buti on system is divided'into eight indepen- dent pressure zones. All except one of the zones receive'water from separate connections with the C.M.W.D. system; North Carlsbad receives San Luis Rey water. Therevare five distribution reservoirs totalling six mi 11ion'gal 1ons capacity, but only the '500,000-gallon Ellery' Reservolr'and Reservoir No. 4, 650,000 gallons,"are in active service. .Because of the lack of distribution storage peak summer water demands "in 1 955 lowered the pressure in the El . Camino Real supply line nearly to the point of 1nterrupting service in the higher elevations. The principal physical needs of the. system are reservoirs , additional supply connections, a booster pumping station for the high ground. 9 enl arge'm'ent'"and replacement of liiany distribution mains, and telemetering faci11 tiesThe estimated total cost of improvements proposed in the*';. existing' City servlce area 1 s' $1 ,840,000. ' • •! i< '. 'Ci ty'.growth' wi 11 require expansion of the'distribution system''1 nto • the .'lands 'east'bf El- Camino Real ^ The'C. M. W* 'D,' has al rea'dy constructed facilities in the'se areas, and" it will-be possible if or ' the City to-'obtai n connections'; However J the ' C1 ty and -Di s tri ct m'ust cooperate 'in 'their planning if a logical and'economi cal system: i-s'td'he evolved; The principal 'works needed for ex'pans i on ' will'< be a number • of • new feeder mains , especi al ly ' 1 n the Agua'Hedidnda'-creek bed; a filter pi an t and' i ts 'i ntake line; and a''' parallel ing'transmission main' 1n-El Camino Real. ' • - < ' ^ • The -Water'Department possesses a number of•real estate properties, many of which' are ho longer needed for water supply ptirposes. According : to'the 'exi s ti ng' reve'n'ue bond covenants, :the proceeds from sa,l6 of these properties may•be'used 'only forbond retirement. Some .of the properties- have'significant value^^and thefrllfiquidation woul d. greatly f acil.i tate .'the financing., of necessary'new construction. ' '.' • • - '•- Since -a'rather intensive"construction program will have'to be carried' out du'r i ng'the''next'few -years , "11 i s important to'.establ 1 sh ' and • erif or.ces ' ' modern'standards for design and construction'. The Water Department' has • recently completed a set-of sta.ndard specificatlons anddetails which will be adequate ' for'most 1 oca 1. wa terwork's improvemehts'. However, a ' written set''of des 1 gn .'cri teri a is/also need'ed. ' Re'commehdations have been made regardi ng' details of the propdse'd- reservol rs i pump stations ,' pipelines, and'tel em'eteri ng system'.' ' '' •' ' ; . Management of'the" Water Department has' not been sufficiently strong because there has been no full-time person in charge. As one result, it has becofne-i customary for the field personnel to carry out nearly all con- struction work, and operation and maintenance programs havis suffered; ' Also; a large apparent discrepaney between the-volume of water"sold and ' thevolume produced has been permitted to continue uhresdlved for seven- yearsv-and'an undesirable informal1ty•has developed in"the^relations bet-' ween "the i Water ^Department and 'other 01 ty departments . ' . i / '•' • ' RECOMMENDATIONS ' • • -1. • '"In view of present w'ater system'inadequacies 'and impenMing community growth,' it is recommended that an 'improvement program'be launched Immediately.' • A'series'of construction pr'oje'cts wHich'will nieed' demands' unt1V 1980 i s • oiitl 1 n'ed "1 n this report: If is proposed to-cohsol 1 date seven'exi sting service' zones within th'e City proper'into three pressure zones with hydraulic elevations of 240 feet, 350 feet,' and ^SO'i'eet above sea "level. Proposed Works include three new reservoirs with capacities totalling six million gallons. ' ' ' 2. The^position' of Water Department Director should be created-and a qualifiedengine'er of business administrator shouTd be recrui ted for it.' A' fi rm management structure is necessary to elimi hate 1neff1ci ency and to ' provide a guiding force for the' improvement program. ' ' ' ' • - '3. Carlsbad s.houl d •'pi an on •obtaining the bulk^df 1 ts-water from the imported supply of the Carlsbad Municipal Water Distrlct. C)ther available ' sources' are inadequate in volume or not yet economically feasible. 4. The production facilities of the San Luis Rey well supply should be maintained in operating order. The we11 wateris highly mi nerali zed • at present, but its quality may improve when drafts on the basin are reg- ulated and Carlsbad will then have an assured 2;1 MGD of low cost water. 5'. • Water Department properties not needed for water supply purposes in'the expanded future- system .should be 11 qui da ted ^ as, advantageous l-y as possible with the'Object of facilitating the financing of needed new works.. • ' ' • \ • '•' • •" . i • . ,- .6. Future construction-'work- should be awarded to engineering con-' tractors, rather than performed'by City forcesWork-.by' C'i ty; crews should be, concentrated onv'operation and maintenance-, which- -includ.es some reconstruction of an emergency character^ . • . 7. Relations between the Water Department and the other City departments should be formalized. All services performed by a given department should^be under the control of that departmentVs d1 rector, and all services performed by one department for another should be charged equitably'to the budget of the benefitted department. • ' - • 8. A policy.of construction standards should be maintained to minimize public hazards, nui'sances, and inconvenience; conscientious supervision and Inspection are very important. /2 Chapter II ; INTRODUCTION HISTORICAL Incorporation of the City of Carlsbad in 1 952- brought-1 ocal govern- ment and public' services to the community. As-civic! consciousness grew, the' need- for improved domestic water service was" felt, and a movement - was in'itiated for municipal acquisition of the two water companies operat- ing iii-Carlsbad'. These were the' Carlsbad Municipal Water Company, with shares"held by the property owners, and privately owned Terramar Water Company.• .The City sponsored an engineering "appraisal of both companies in JuheV 1956 , and th'e ' report, prepared by James M. Montgomery, Consult- ing-Engineers, formed'the basis for purchas'e negotiations." ' In 1 958 a revenue"' bond Issue of $767,000 was voted by the Ci-ty residents for the .purchases, with' $4'5;000' of this sum to be left oveh in a reserve fund. Personnel of the Carlsbad Mutual"were transferred to City employment, and' the new Water Department was placed in charge of the City Engineer. During 1958, the Public Works Commission had proposed expend- itures for a number'of purposes. As a result, another water revenue bond issue for $300,000 was' put on the ballot and passed. Two .reports prepared (2,3) subsequently by Boyle Engineering of San Diego' (1958 and 1960) suggested particular projects for thebond money. The funds were actually spent almost entirely for water main replacement between 1961 and 1965. The City receives most of its water at present from the Carlsbad Municipal Water District. The C.M.W.D. was organized in 1954, before the City had established its Water.Department. It covers an area of 22,000 acres, one-fourth of which is in' the'City. Primary purposes of the District's formation were (1) annexation to the San Diego County Water Authority so as to receive.Colorado-River water, (2) construction of the pipelines and reservoirs necessary to bring water .from the Water Authority's aqueducts, and (.3) establishment of an organization to operate the new facilities. Construction of the facilities was financed through general, obligation bonds on four improvement districts. . Some, $1 ,940,000 was . expended for .construction of trans.mission pi pel ines i n iSqui res Dam, and $1 ,250,0,00. vAcn.s spent for construction-of localT storage, res.ervo.i rs and distribution maias. in the area east and south of the City. - ;In the seven years, of , muni ci pal -operation and .management .of the. ;Gi ty system, there .have been areas of. progress -notably . in the repl acement • of deteriorating water. ma.ins . There, has yet to be .developed; .however, a broad and comprehensive .program for rehabil 1 ta tion moderni z.a tion , and improvement. Recogni-zing that the ..community has .attained its goal of regional -and community-wide sewerage service, and that th.e. updati ng of - (4,5) the ^General PI an. , wi 11. be. the guiding force -for a renewed, and more vigorous era. .of ..business, commerce, industry, and resi-dentia-l growth, it -was appropri- ate-a.nd timely in January, 19,65, for. the City Council to dir.ect its atten- tion to ..the ne.eds of the municipal wat^er system.; , . Review of the .current over-all status .of the City water syst,em.and, • active programs in. force led,to the conclus.ion tha.t the ,ut1.1,-ity- must. hay.e - a icompl.ete-appraisal from;an engineering point, of view.,and there should follow, a fiscal,and management analysis to .develop methods,of .implement- ing plans of action. , Therefore, the City,'Of ^Carlisbad viGtained .as consult- ing engineers ,-Mr. Wayne P. Lill .and .Mr.. Jack^Y., Kubota to condu.ct a..' comprehensive engineering study qf the municipal water isystem. •. . 14- SCOPE OF STUDY , . , This engineering report is intended to serve as the firm base and guideline for the programmed improvements of the water system in plant facilities, operation, maintenance, construction, management, and general water service. Definite plans'are recommended for the 'addition of new pipelines, reservoirs, pumping stations, automatic controls,\and other such physical facilities. All existing faci1ities have been appraised as to'their over-al1 usefulness and where obsolescence was found, removal of units and disposal of properties have been indicated. Projections based on present trends in land development and rising sales potential were the basis of ' 1ong-range plans for areas now'on the fringes' of the City but which hopefully will become a part of the dynamic community. The Important aspect of operation, maintenance, and'management of the public utility has received the necessary attention of the study. Historical procedures and practices were critically analyzed, and as a result, alterations in the Water Department organizational structure have been proposed. SOURCES OF DATA Among the varied types of information needed' in "the course of the study were population and water use figures: condition and layout of exist- ing facilities; unit costs of construction, operation, and raw water: the legal status of districts and water rights; and the plans of other govern- mental agencies. Advantage was taken of.a wealth of information and data amassed by consultants for the regional sewerage,problems and the General Plan. Every effort was made to utilize authenticated information, part- icularly as related to the existing water system and facilities. Because of the complex administrative patterns of the water system over the years. ^5 record's, maps, and other' sucb- important.'data had' not been coordinated- wi-thin one^ env'i'ronmentand had to be sought out piecemeal,.. The various City" departments provided, much information, and suggestiions; made, by the staff were gratefully recerved by the consultants. A special note must be made "of the participation and energetic contributions of the.Water Depart- ment: staff. • • . The engineering consultants acknowl edge, the generous a.ssist.ance and cooperati^on-of the. following organizations during the c6urs,e of.the . ... project: , • • California Department of Public flealth California Department of Water Resources • Califo.rnici .- Regional Water PdlVution Control Board • Carlsbad Municipal Water District • . City of Oceans.ide* . -. • • Jennings, Engstrand-, a,nd Hendrikson, Attorneys . - . , • . Pacific Fi re ,Rati ng Bureau . . • . • • .. . •',,'• San Diego County Water Authority San Dieguito Irrigation District . ' -The City of Carlsbad administration staff provided theirfull support .and assistance to the consulting engi neers-.i. Their. conti nued and patient servicing of the study's need for data and .records was most gratefully accepted. Chapter III BASIC DATA Fundamental to the comprehensive engineering eval uation. of a public utility such as a domestic water system is the systematic collection of historical facts and data,. When such information is brought up to date with current happenings and considered in the light of realistic community goals, the over-all picture of design requirements become rather clear. Accordingly, this chapter contains the basic forecasts of population and water consumption that can ^be expected during the next several decades. Also presented is an appraisal of the economic and social environments which will exert measurable influence upon the future growth and prosperity of the Study area. POPULATION • ' • • . , • i' ' The Carlsbad Study Area was taken for purposes of this engineering study to coincide with the area of the Carlsbad General Plan. The same tejcxitory, which is shown in Figure No. 1, received considerable attention :.^«,^1-fr-rai"l ler engineering studies involving sewerage-. In 1964 the City of Carlsbad formulated regional sewerage plans for much of the study area, and in doing so, utilized the population forecasts set forth in the North Coastal San Diego County Sewerage Survey of 1950. Such survey data are subject to adjustments as time goes on, but It 1s a fact that planning for water supply needs has somewhat the same basis as the problem of handling sanitary sewage. The Sewerage Survey data have been subjected to comparison with more recent Information, and appear to be realistic. /7 &UEriA VISTA LASOOri STLJD^-> AREA. ///// M.W.O- In Figure II Is presented graphically•the population picture of the study area. As noted, the graphs have been derived from the data given in Table III-l. The trend of growth as predicted by the various studies is substantially uniform, though the estimates of the ultimate population are quite different. It is believed that the North County Sewerage Survey' projection represents a reasonable middle-ground for schedul ing purposes, and has been used herein as the basis of design. Future deviations from the projection will merely,mean revisions in the pace of construction. WATER CONSUMPTION A dominant factor influencing all areas of plans for-improvement and expansion oi^ the water system is the consumptive demand 6f homeowners,, commercial establishments, 1ndustry and agriculture in the coming years. Changes in the volume to be supplied and distributed will occur as a djrect result of community growth. In addition, the consumption. w111 be affect-ad— by the chang,ing pattern of land use Jagricul tural to residential and -comm- ercial) andwill increase in conjunction with the di versi f 1 c'ati on of water uses associated wi th technical.advances . ^.i^' The'experience,.gained during the past seven years of municipal ownership '*f»^--©^je8a*wi. 0 f the, water system, provl d^ a foundation for future plans. Table ni-2 1s a detai1ed col 1 at 1 on of water production from each local source and the imported Colorado River supply. Table III-3 shows the yearly total of consumers (metered service connections) of all typesl It should, be noted th'at the detailed records kept' since 1 963 .permit segregating the various sizes of meters, and classifying them as domestic, commercial, or agricultural. However, in view of the preponderance of domestic services, the statistics shown serve amply to demonstrate the relative growth of the DRAFT CHAPTER ni-BASIC DATA TABLE NO. III-l POPULATION FORECASTS WITHIN STUDY AREA YEAR ' CITY OF CARLSBAD ;& DRAINAGE STUDY- SEWERAGE 1958 NORTH COASTAL SAN DIEGO , COUNTY SEWERAGE STUDY-1960 CITY: OF CARLSBAD GENERAL PLAN-1965 (ADJUSTED) ' (Present Area) 1950 • 4,383 • ' 1956 ' 8,000 • :„o- • •• • - ••• 1960 11 ,000 9,253 1965 •-0- ' " ' 12',000 '. 12., 065 1970 38 ,.000 20,000 15,030 1980 . 70,000 . 40,000 23 ,075 1990 101 ,000 . .55 ,000. • ' 3,3,920 2000 134,000 64,000 • .48 .650 '. . )00 90 ao TO P'OI^JLJLATIOn I^ROJEOTlOr-lS (fi Q L i ID _f c I L 0 h < J a 0 40 OLJC:5N/ES * I,"2,^ OATA F=f30M " nORTM O^A^TA-L- SAn OlEGO OOLJMT^-> e>EWEf5AG,e AQ^JLJSTEO F^OR Sn-LJD'^-'AREA. OATA f^QOM " ECOnOMIC Ar-lAm^SlS AMO PRCXJECrriOtMe' F=Of2 CITS-* ov= 105O leeo I970 \BQO I9SO 2000 TABLE III-2 CITY WATER PRODUCTION (All figures are volume of water in aere-feet) LOCAL PRODUCTION " IMPORTED WATER FISCAL YEAR SAN LUIS REY RIVER WELL FIELD AGUA HEDIONDA CREEK WELL FIELD CALAVERA LAKE PURCHASES FROM C.M.W.D YEARLY . • TOTAL 1958-59 512 123 -0-2,744 3,479 ' 59-60 1 ,336 128 -0-2,012 3,476 60-61 1 ,669 238 -0-2,119 4,026 ' 61-62 "l,020 16 -0-2,55 a 3,586 52-63 499 ' . ^0--0-3 ,273' • 3,772 63-64 -d--0-_0-3,717 • 3,717 64-65 . 83 -0--0- • 3,540 3,623 Informati-on, Obtained From Finance City of Carlsbad Department TABLE III-3- CONSUMER METER-ED CONNECTIONS TOTAL NUMBER OF METERED CONNECTIONS DATE (as of June 1958 2,418 1959 2,723 1960 2,909 1961 3,015 1962 3,124 1963 3,263 1964 3,302 1955 3,471- i«»<l^.iW3^' Information obtained•from Finance Department City of Carlsbad WATER SALES AND WATER PRODUCTION (All figureo of quantity are in acTe=feet, ) FISCAL YEAR WATER SALES WATER PRODUCTION DIFFERENCE 1958-59 2,465 3.479 1.014 59-60 2.376* 3,47b 1, 100 60=.6I 3.346 4. 026 680 61-62 2.927 3.586 659 62=^63 3,134 3.772 638 63-64 3, 168 3.717 . 549 64-65 3.098 3.623 525 E^itimaty mnde tor March, I960 system. To provide an over-all picture of the growth pattern since the City took over the system in 1958, the data of Tables 1,11-3 and III-4 are presented In Figure 3. LAMP USE PATTERNS - . • . (5). The newly completed City of Carlsbad General Plan report contains ^ information and direction on several phases of the community environment. With respect to water supply problems, the development-patterns give an indi- cation of the special needs for commercial development, industry, and agri- culture. The General Plan places emphasis upon the expansion of the present downtown area and provides for one peripheral shopping center within the study area. Commercial areas are character 1 zed,by moderate rates of normal water demand and high fire flow requirements. The primary problem in the downtown area is therefore providing transmission- and distribution piping of —.jEiLfiffiiVClent capacity to deliver the Increased fire demand associated with rising property'val ues and'.building density'.' Industry will be limited to the Palomar Airport area and along the Santa Fe Railroad track south of Agua Hedionda Lagoon. The areal water comsumption rate of light industries which might establish in Carlsbad is expected to .be rather low ( /acre as given in Table 1X1-5). Furthermore, the exist- { ing extensive net of Carlsbad Municipal Water District distribution lines in \ ' • • • • ' ^•the southern area will minimize the City's problem of meeting industrial • demands. With regard to agricultural needs. It is a matter, of .time until most of the study area's choice terra 1n becomes blanketed with residential development;; as outlined in the General Plan. In .fact^, no area whatever . . has been set out as future agricul^jural-, the, nearest similar use being certain green areas.. A steady ,decline in agricultural. pursuits may def1n1tely 3L_S&AD W/STTER STLJD'-,^ UJ SO! 13 ti) i-h U) ^0 (0 Q] li 0 Off Q'O Q4 DI Acca 3000 •2000 icx:x3 195© 059 19€0 19SI • 1962 1965 1964- 19^5 WATER PFSOOUCTTlon AMO ^AL-ES 5000 sooo 2000 lOOO SALES lOeO 19©1 1962 19€5 be anticipated'. The resulting effect on water supply will be that the heavy seasonal demand for 1rrlgation water.wi11 give way to more uniform service for domestic needs. Fortunately, the mean rate of consumption in fully developed moderate-density residential area is not much greater than the mean irrigation demands. There'may develop a trend for specialty agricultural activities such as flowers and selective tru'ck crops occasioned by the unique clim'ate and' soil conditions. Some of the finest productive lands are located within ' the study area. If the water system is planned for residential expansion' Into most of the study area, it will still be capable of furnishing irri- gation water to any isolated growing lands. ' ' ' . "PREDICTED DEMAND i/m^ .. .... :^ Figure 4 shows the average water demand predicted for the study area in future years. The per capita consumption will fall,from the present 280 gallons per day as residential grow.th d1 spl aces agriculture. It is assumed that by 1980 the transition will be nearly compl ete,' and the domestic per capita use will be 200 gallons per day. With the predicted populations of Figure 2, the total study area demand will rise steadily until the turn of the century. The consumption predicted for 1980 is''8.0 MGD. more than twice the present rate. *.' ,' ' • .. '. Predictions of events which depend upon human behavior are highly subject to error.. Growth of Carlsbad could be suddenly arrested by an', economic depre'ssion or by failure of a prospective' -.ospurce of imported ' water to materialize. Barring such drastic occurrences, the development of Carlsbad will 'certainly proceed at a rapid rate for tii'e next decade. Though the needs for vjater facilities in the coming years can only be estimated, there Is little doubt that the.system will be forced to expand", at an accelerated pace. To avoid imposing an unwelcome economic burden.on ,0 W^-ri^F^ STTLJO-^J wAT"i=i=2 OI=K4^ML::) - i. LU a 5 J < I G J J lO 6 -4 ^—i 0/ 1 \ \ u 1 1 \ \ \ o CAPITA DEMAnO 300 2CX> J LU Q ? 3 a tu a [0 C J J (5 lOO i©eo I9"70 2iOOO 27 the ."taxpayers and water users 11 Js .important that the prospectlve engineering 'and financial problems be .worked out ahead of time. •' , For design purposes'the water 'demands in parti cul ar' areas may be taken from the 'following schedule: " ' ^ ' "' '' /• , •'• ' , ' fable "III-5 ' . y \ , r •''[: ^ \ \ '' DESIGN' WATVR, D'EMAND ' • . , / • '' . ; . ' ^ ' Area' ''' . Average Demand " '' • . ' .'•Residential ' "." " . ' ' 200 gal/capi ta'/day* \ \ '. ' • ' ' .' Commercial . • , ' '•' , ' , ' \ ' • Industri.al 'Agricultural g. Parks ' 2500* ga 1/'acre/day • ' "•'' ^.Maximum ,Da11y Demand = 2 x Av.erage Demand Peak Dem.and = 4,x .Av.erage Demand . ^ , ^ , , , 2® i Chapt'er^ IV • : • -WATER SOURCES. AND: QUALITY ' • Water demand throughout Southern Xal 1fornta_ is increasing at a rapid rate along'with the population. Local supplies have been overtaxed for IT 'S .r^ia'UU -GrUtV^tS^OT . • . . , . some time, and K^. v>.o^.--i^^^--n.ftX**wn^^^ that the " cost of supplyi ng water will 3 frm d n j< r i: c as it becomes necessary to exploit more distant sources or resort to more drasti'c means of production. In planning for the orderly expansion of the Carisbad system it is important to consider'the probably future sources. Layout-of the transmission 11nes depends on the geographic .position of the supply points, and the quali'ty of the water will determine what type of treatment works must be provided. WATER QUALITY CONSIDERATIONS Natural waters always contain•cortain amounts'of various chemical, physical, and biological additives. Some of these "substances are undesir- able, and if they are present in high enough cbncentratibns treatment for their removal or' neutralization may be indicated, the last column in Table IV-l gives the limiting concentrations imposed by' the U.S.' Public Health' Service Drinking Water Standards for several substances. The total dissolved solids concentration (TDS) is an over-all measure of saltiness. The Public Health Service standard 1s.500 'mi 11igrams per liter (mg/ll)but it is fairly common to find domestiC suppl 1 es with 100 mg/L or more of solids. Some crops are inhibited by TDS concentrations above this value. Corrosion of ir.atal pipes is more severe with'high salt waters because of the increased electrical conductivity. Z9 Calcium and magnesium in water are collectively called "hardness". Hardness, reacts with soap and other detergents, and thereby Interferes with cleansing action. Waters with less than 100 mg/L of hardness are considered "soft", while 300 mg/L is moderately "hard". Unlike most other common mineral constituents, hardness can be removed from water at feasible cost. In zeolite softening, the hardness is replaced by sodium during passage of the water through a bed of granular ion exchange resin. Though hardness is. disagreeable.1n domestic water, it may actually be of benefit in Irrigation water. The free drainage of soils with a high clay fraction is inhibited by applied water having a high ratio of sodium to total cations. This ratio, with the concentrations expressed in chemical equivalents, Is called the sodium ratio. When Its value Is less than 50"percent there is L'usually no adverse effect on the soil. There are a number of chemical substances which exert undesirable effects at fa1r|y low concentrations. For. example ,= iron will cause colored water and stainig of fixtttres at less than 1.0 mg/L. Boron at this level is toxic to several crops. 'Nitv;ate above 50 mg/L may provoke a harmful blood condition, methemoglobinemia, in infants. Finally, common detergents (alkyl benzene sul.fonate) begin to appear as foam at about 1.0 mg/L. These substances are more often a problem in reclaimed waste waters than in natural waters. More important than any chemleal substance are pathogenic bio- logical agents. Since it is very difficult to detect specific disease- producing organisms except when they are present In massive concentrations, the ^oliform bacteria are used as indicators. Coliforml inhabit the intestinal tracts of all wariu-blooded animals, and their appearance in water therefore suggests pollution by sewage. Natural ground waters rarely contain pathogenic microorganisms because of the effective filtering action mm provided by the earth sediments. .On the other hand, surface waters rarely -escape occasional pollution. Public'water supplies, both ground and surface, are customarily disinfected by chlorination as a precautionary measure. Even .ground water, which Is -initially bacteria-free may become in.fected somehow during'the production .or after interduction into the distribution system.' Turbidity in water Is objectionable from an' esthetic standpoint, and It also interferes.with disinfection by providing the organ.isms with "niches" in which.they may .escape direct action of the chlorine. Most • surf ace' waters contain considerable turbidity from turbulent contact with river and lake sedimen-ts. Filtration for turbidity removal may therefore be considered a health protection measure as well as a means for improving the water's appearance. At present the State Department of Public Health permits' chlorination- as. the only^ treatment for domestic .useeof Colorado River water. As health standards become more strict, however, the policy will be to require double chlorination for all unfiltered supplies. SOURCES QF SUPPLY ; .•" ' •. • . , -The available sources may be divided into'three groups: (1) Local ground and surface water, (2) the San Diego County Water Authority, and (3) exotic production methods such as sea water conversion and sewage reclamation. Table IV-l indicates the quality of several of the natural sources, and Table IV-2 contains estimated quantities avai1able and costs of production. ^• Local Supplles a. San Luis Rey Ground Water • The original water supply for the Carlsbad community was developed as a group of wells in the 'San Luis Rey Valley. The City's rights have recently been clarified in a Superior Court decision (San Luis Rey /2 Table 'lV-2 Summ'ary of Available Water Sources Source .Quality A'Val .la_bl e • , Volume', ' Estima 1965 • ted Cost',' •.1970\ $/acre-ft 1980 . 2000 1 .." • -. • • • . ' '• acre-ft/yr . - ' San L.uls'-Rev Wells' ',> ' '. T Poor . • ; . 23S0 15 . 20 ', 25 20-# Kelly Wells-Poor • • -Wo 10 ^ TO' 10 Calavera'. Lake ; -Fai r 350 40 40 40 40 Col oradd RiVer. ' • Good • 1000 33.5 45 I"' N0 r t li a r n'^.. Ca-l 1 f o r n.i ^ ^ \ Sewage R-ecJamation •Excel 1 ent Fai r . • '• 3000 "' '.5000 - 2 3 60 • •" , 20 . 55 20 •' J' Se"a iVate'f • Conversion • Excel lent U n 1 i m ; t ? ^ • Water Conservation District, et. al., vs. City of Carlsbad, 1965); Carlsbad has a prescriptive right to 2\382 acre-feet annuallyi and may take additional water if It would.otHerwise be wasted to the ocean. However, the pumping drafts sustained in recent' years by Carls'ba'd and other consumers in the basin have lowered the water'table, and the welT • water quality has became inferior in several respects. '.1,1' ' ' 1 I . . Typical analyses of San Luis Rey and other waters are given In Table IV-l. The cdntent in total 'dissolved soilds is 1540 mg/L, as ' ' '' compared to the'U.S. Public Health Service standard of 500'mg/L and a'' State" Health Department maximum allowable of 1500 mg/L. The total hardness of 811 mg/L is also excessive. Colorado River water, for'example', contains about 315 mg/L of hardness, and the Metropolitan Water Olstficf so"fteh1ng plant reduces this to 125 mg/L for service to most of Los Arigeles County.' The iron concentration at 1.5 mg/L is approaching the leve.l at which red water and staining of porcelain fixtures become noticeable. A further unpleasant feature of the well water (not indicated by the analysis) is its disagreeable taste, mainly due to the high mineral concentration.' Since 1 958 the City of Oceanside has been pumping treated sev/age to"" Whelan Lake, from where it overflows into the San Luis'Rey River and per- colates into the ground. At present the volume of sewage recharged 1s over 2700 acre-feet per year. The State Department of Water Resources, under contract with the Regional Water Quality Control Board, has contin- uously monitored the ground water conditions in Mission Basin to observe ' • •(3,9&10) the effects of the reelamati on operati on. In a series of reports the gradual deterioration in ground water quality has been noted. Although the reclaimed sewage shows concentrations of the various salts on the same order of magnitude as in the ground >ater now being pumped from the Carlsbad wells", the pattern of quality change does not suggest the Oceanside sewage 3^ as a:n important factor at this -time. More strongly implicated is the lowered ground water- tabl e wi th . depl eti on of higher qual ity waters near the surface 1 ' - • . . • , ' • . , , .While there are processes.aval 1able for removing :salts from brackish water (el ectrodialysi s, Ion exchange),- the cost is fairly high - about $25 per acre-foot. In View of the limited quantity of water"ava11ab1e from the San Luis -Rey well fi'eld, the installation of treatment facilities would not be advisable. Since ^most of the City supply must even'now come from some other source the well water can always be 1ntroduceci"as 1s into the system if it .is blended with a sufficient volume'-df hi gher quali ty • water. • .-••'," ' " ' ' : F.acilities for collecting the San Luis Rey water and transmitting' it to'. the City system already exist, so that the only costs associated with, this supply are the actual operating'costs. The works should therefore be. mainta1ned;.;in. operating condition,' even though the water may not be regularly used.,. When maintenance expense on the transmission main becomes excessive., it will then be.necessary to decide whether to repl ace" 11. or to dispose.of the San Luis Rey system-altogether. At present, however, it "^ -remains as a valuable emergency resource, and In view of the substantial waterrights,avaluabVe asset. . b. Other Ground Water There are a number of private wells scattered about the Carlsbad-Oceanside area, but none 'are producing water of sufficient quantity or quality to encourage the idea of developing a new municipal ground supply. The City now controls the'two Kelly wells near the head of Agua Hedionda Lagoon-; these once furnished the modes ti c • supply for Jerramar and could again be put In service. " The ' long-term available' yield is not known, but it is presumed to be no more than about .400 acre- feet per year. A provision in the purchase agreement for the wel1s spedf1es a charge to be paid the former owner for all .water pumped. In view of the low water quality and limited yield, the Kelly wells should be abandoned so that the $66o-per-year standby charge may be discontinued,'. 'Alternatively, any advantageous "sub-lease" of the wells for irrigation purposes may be considered. c..' Surface Sources ' . While thers -are no" permanently flowing 'strWros V-f thin. a • , reasonable distance of CErlsbad, It would be conceivable to. impound w.inter runoff behind dams at certain locations': The existing Calavera .R'eservoir Is an :examp1e of such a possibility. It was hot 1 ntsnded' prlmarl 1 y a's'a runoff collector, but a tributary'drainage area of about 1800 acres affords an estimated mean annual Impoundoient of 500 acre-feet.'. Losses due to • evaporation and percolation reduce the production to 350 acre-feet, and" -sin:ce the.high turbidity requires filtration, the cost of production for this small volume Is fairly high. • . Another reservoir site which has been serioutsly considered 1n the oast is at Sonsall, on the San Luis Rey'River some 12 miles inland from the coast. jThe safe yield has been isstlmated at , but the watf?r|OUT". Presumably ' "" ui.i».... ,„ — nim.,ii •"•""" ~*iw>niw<i,«.iiiii 'fimii.|i„,.jji.|i.iMii.iMniiiw.ii,miinrn " Carlsbad could transfer its rights in the San lu^is Rey.^^ell field upstream to the reservoir and thus have the benefit of greatly improved chemical quality, but any further rights would have to be acquired from the existing holders. A dam construction project at Bonsall would be of such magnitude as to requiro a cooperative arrangem^jnt nmonQ the various users, and previous attempts at such cooperation have aborted. Because of the rather sKtensive engineering studies^ and legal negotiations which would be 1nvolve:d in develoc-ing a local -surface supply of any magnitude. It v/O'jld^not be feasible for Carlsbad to undertake such a project by itself. Instead It ^/ould be appropriate for the City to join u'lth ot^fcr local public" entities at the time when Increased cost cf alter- native supplies provides a stroifg Incentive for cooperation. ^' San D i g,g o., C o u n ty W a t e r A u t h o r ity • Nearly the entire present usage of iv'atar in Carlsbad comes froni the Colorado River. The producing agency is the Metropolitan Water District of Southern California; the Sari Diego County Water Authority Is one of Metropolitan's membtsr agencies, and the Carlsbad Municipal Water District is in turn, a member of the Authority. Thsi policies of Metropolitan and the Au'thority are unifortf) with regard te rights in the Colorado River supply. Members have preferential rights proportional to the accumulated taxes and assessments they have contributed. When back taxes have been paidj the members' -entitlements are proportiovial to their average assessed valuation since formation of the Metropolitan Water District. Prior to 5 1363 decision of the U. S. Supreme Co*^^ (Arizona vs. California ot.aT.) Metropolitan's first priority (firm) rights to Colorado fMver v/ater were 1,212,000 acre-feet per year. Of this quantity, tha Carlsbad M.W.O. in 1954 would have beon entitled to about 6200 acre-feet/yr. However, tho court decision provided for a completely revised method of allocating Colorado River water among the various riparian states, and It is now doubtful that Metropolitan will be able to sustain its earlier entitlement. The impending demandfor an additional supply to- Southern California was long ago recognized and as a result^ 'the "Feather River" aqueduct is currently under construction by the State of California. Metropolitan will be the distributing agency for northern California water throughout its service area, Hetropolitan's nntitlemant in the new aqueduct will probably be-on the order of 2,000,000 acre-feet and its total supply vn 11 th^in amountQo about 2i,5Q0,000 scre-foet per year, depending on how much of the Colorado River supply It Is-able to retain. The present price of Colorado P.Ivor vjeiter paid by the City t6 the Carlsbad Municipal Water District is about .pS.SO per acre-foot. Production costs of the northern wator will be- significantly greater than for Colo- rado River water.' and it is expected that the'Hetropol i tan Water District v/ill gradually raise the price to its mer>:ber agencies as more and rnore northern we.ter 'is required. On this basis vjhalasale water from the Carlsbad District will -probably bt; In tho neighborhood of $60 par acre^foot in 1900. A typical analysis of Colorfido Rivor water is given in Table IV-l, along vnth a prospective analysis of tho northern v/ater to be delivered in Southern California. Whereas the Colorado River water contains moderate amounts of hardness and salinity, the northern• watr-r is of excellent chemical quality. However., both waters m.ust pa?^* through long reachos of open aqueduct and several largo reservoirs. They both carry some turbidity as a result, and aro subject to bactari nl contami na ti on. The analys1s g 1 ven In Table IV-l for the northern v.'ater' Is based upon the assumption that It will not be mixed \;1th large volumes of Irrigation return wnt?>r upon passage through the San .loaquin Delta. ^' Extraordinary Production Methods ^ •- ' \ A combination of the natural water supplios available to Carlsbad ,win be the most feasible and economical until at least 1975. However, as,the cost .of importing increased volumes of ^northern water-goes up and .technological advances continue, the point may be reacjied-.at which the pro- cessing "of sewage, or .sea. water can be seriously censid.ered,. , , .. ' }. Sewage Reclamation ' . • - , . ' .. A. considerable number .of communiti^es thro.ughout- the United i . S.tates are, now p.ractjcing sewag.e recTamation for potable water supply pur{30^sei Incidental recovery of sewage has occurred for.many years ,1n areas where; ,^ wells have drawn ground water "from .shallow aquifers pverla-in by septic, tanks v "• - ' • ^ .3nd cesspools. " I.ntentional- reclamation is compapt.i;v.ely„ recent^ however. Th.ere are several examples in San Diego County: the City ,of-Oceans 1 de' s .operation in the San, Luis Rey Val ley/has already been mentioned. Nearly all of.the successful, reclamation, schemes now in operati on ,1 nvbl ve return of the reclaimed water to the underground". 'Advantage is thus take.n of the excellent filtering and aerating action of the soil and underlying strats, and the resulting purified water is finally mixed with a large volume of native ground water. . . , The absence of suitable spreading areas near Carlsbad,, limits the possibil- ities of water re-use. If the Encina Plant were equipped with secondary treatment units., the effluent water might be used directly ,for Irrigation within a radius of one.or two- miles. Reliable cost data is available from (11) the exper.lence >of the Sanitation Districts of Los Angeles County. The total cost of reclaiming 12 MGD of domcistic sewage by activated .sludge treatment, defoaming, and chlori.nation is about per acre-foot. To this would have to be added, the.cost of pumping and transmission faci1ities, so that the wa.ter made, available to 1 rrigators ,would involve a total, expense of possibly per acrerfoot. ^-^-a Via ter Con vers i"c?s Ir recent J.ars the Federal Govern...nA.s sponsored extensive research in desalting techniques -Sev-rn^-proUsies -have l^se^; devalnp-c^ to th^ exte.t that they are bcina used for dc.^estlc ^a^er Prodyctior; 1, certain'' situations where natural supp71 -are. not available. Cost ^projections made- for hypothetical Urge desilttng plants frequently Slavs'been rather cptl- mistlc in indicating figures ^hich would com^petttive ;^1th th% co^ts of WATER TREATMENT Since = the bulk of Carl sb-sd' s supply will be furnished -by tha County Water Authority .until .at 1 east 1380, it is th-3 -quality of this particular vis tsr • 'fl/hi ch v/i 11 govar-n - tha n sed for trea.tman t, Colorado R1 ver v./a ter 1 s of - good qua 1 i ty I f or Irrigation purposesbut for domes ti c use it is rather hard and shows .a small but meas-urable turbidity. The turbidity is notice- able -in bath i:ub-s 123 volumsos, andxarrias the further o^bjection th-?.t 1t' tends to- reduce the • ef f ;^ct 1 verse S'S • of cbl or 1 nation . Th?^ nead • for •• turbl di ty removal is not so acute that a smal 1 commun i ty .should f sel obliged to undar-go th-2 a.;}preci abl e -sxpsnse of cons true 11 ng and operati n.g a treat!n":r,t plant. For. 1 a rge popu"! a t i o^ns , h'owa'v'er , the oer capita cost is sinaller Snd the total •benefit sufficiently gre-at tha^t- f i 1 tra 11 on • 1 s def t n 1 tel y i n-cM c-?.t"d . The Met ropol 1 tan Via ter District prov i des f 11 terad water to most of los Angeles and Orange Counties, and .3 number of upstream communities in both Los Angelss -2nd San Disco Counties have built their own' filter plants. The-question of at I'^hat growth stage to provide filtration mu^t be decided mostly on a su.b.jective basis., but when the study are:^ pop- ulation reaches 30 to 40 thousand, 1t vrill be appropriate to cc-isider the • possibility. At that time the grov/th patterns will be vjel 1-establ 1 shed, and accurate cost estimates will then be possible. It may be noted that the operation cost of the 24-HGD filter plant ;^!sntioned in Chapter VI /lA would run about $5.00: per acre-f oot. - ' Thi s add 1 ti onal - charge; coul d' he, borno'wi thout'much difficulty by a domestic user,, but 11-v;oul d-add an.,, appreciable burden, to the Irrigators..- . i.-. • • i ; « .• • - ••• - ' The issuG/of whether to provide softening can also be^ postponed until a' filter plant 'is under construction. Nearly' everyone; is- familiar with.the fact that softened water af fords. savl ngs 1n detergent consumptiion and. freer dom 'from wash scums.- These benefits do not have. the. same 'va.lue to all people, however. ; The' addi tional operating cost with zeoMto softening included in a 24-MGD' filter plant would be about $6.00 per acre-foot.- This figure Is based-on reducing- the total hardness from 320 mg/L tOr -125 mg/L. For a typical' domestic service u-sing 2500 cubic feet- of water per-month, th'e cost would be -about 35 cents per month, compared: to several • doll a rs for a'-Gompany-serviced home softener. In order to^ keep the construction . cost of the softening units within reason, it would be necessary to have access to'a sewer for disposal of waste brine. • • About 1972 water from northern Cal1fornia will begin to appear in, the Water Authorl ty-aqueducts. It is probably that as much as half o,f the supply will be northern water by 1 980. • Its incr-easod use will diminish the need for softening, but filtration will be more desirable than over. 4-f f '•'Chtipter V STUDY OF EXISTING SERVICE AREA In-l"S8 the water distribution system acquired from the Carlsbad Mutual .Waier Cwn>pany was of suffiicient capacity to provide Reasonable service, but much •-,{ II.e p^.p'nfi n-.d -Uhc-r faciliin H ,^ .n poor condition. A program of water main replacement wa.w undertaken by the City, and many of the earlier deiicierrciea have n.jw been corret;!ed. However, the increase in pop\ilation and prospective .(Expansion of ihe service area have brought the need for a number of major improvei-rt*>nts. ^Thcfie ilems will entail a considerable financia^^bnrdeo. but the problem i_s much simpler than it would have been in the absence of reliable supply lacilities whith the City has already furnLshed itself throuyh membership in tic Carlsbad -Muniftpal Water District. CRITERIA OF SERVICE In deciding upon ihe t.afure ol a waler supply improvements it is necessary to keep in iri-ind a sef of af)propriare b a/idards of Sfrv,it;e; Of main concern here are the pressures U) be itiauitaJ-u'<l. niaximum flows available, and degree • 'of reliabilitj against service failures. Standards are logically determined as compromises refleciing ^he;pr(^.y'i,if/^nd'prospective land nse, economic level, and finant.ial capabililv of tHe,e<^*i^nia.niL) . As Indicated in .Chapter III, il is C0ns,3'dfred tliat Carl,-.bad will remain predominantly a residential and resort • / ~ • • • coinm'.nity with only nominal ( on* ej.trations ofiight i.nduslry. As the-populaticn grows.^ ^par^ment dwellings v.-iil appt^'i^;J;h-jt:reatcr numbers, especially in Ihe areas rlo.^c to \be, ocean, and il-.ere.will he i,ghi 1 u-ant comme-rcial activity ' associated wnh 'he recrealional and re sorj.-aspects.-The ran,iie oi wateo- prt-ssur^eH ai t epiablr ror domestic service is from about 40 pounds per square -Inch '{psi) to about- 100. psi . At lower pressures temporary inconveniences become pb'scrvabl e; water cannot'b? drawn at a ,sati.s- factory rate from, two fixtures at once.; ' Above 100 pounds leaky, faucets and connecti ons may' become troubl esome, especial ly.-in ol d; .pi iimhi ng .• -In thri Carlsbad system it. 1s therefore proposed to maintain^-pressures everywhere within- this range'. • • i ' ' • • ' • ' :• The flow capacity of a distribution system is determined by fire protection requirements', since the peak domes ti c demandM-n any local- area . is always much; smaller than the stream.s needed for f 1 re' f i ghtl ng . Typical" urban'fire demands would range from about 1 ,000 gaTlons per.ininute (gpm). for residential area of moderate value and density v to r;-,000 gallons or more for a downtovm afrea-? It Is proposed to provide capadtios- of '^^000, gpm in:'the area wost of Madison Street and along the- shores .of both- lagdons. ^At present 2 ,500 gpm is considered adequate 1 n tlies,e..,areas, but- . future''commorcial and 'apartment dev.elopment-wi 11 •necessitate, the increase ' if tho' present level of'firo insurance rates is' to bo-held.- In most of the remaining study-area, 2;000 gpm of fire flow will ,be sufficient, and at'elevations, above -240 feet; U'OOO gpm is proposed; This 'high ground , •comprises only the Seacrest Estates,, Skyline Road, and El-Camino Mesa ,areas •vvlthin the existing ci ty "11mi ts , .plus some additional land east of El - Camino Real which' may eventual,'ly join.the system. Fire flows arc to. be available; from the mains at pressures-cf • at least 20 psi. Dropping below , the 40-psi regular service minimum is permissible during a fire emergency..- Reliability of service is obtained in two ways, namely,, through dis- tribution storage reservoirs ahd by layiny out the mains .and feeders to form "loops" or multiple paths of supply. The volume of reservoir storage needed- is sometimes taken as the amount of water^which would be consumed during some period of shut-down of^ the supply (one day,- for example), plus 4'S enougil tO'cover a. f1re'demand of some magnitude' Another, purpose-of'di strl- buti on reservoirs-, however. Is to provide water* during i hours-^ of* pea.k demand' • so that the transmission conduits do not have to. be-made exces.sivelyi large. Slncethe City is already protected against major aqueduct outages by Squires Dam, it is recommendGd that close-in di s tr 1 but.i on storage be limited to the fire protection component and enough additional- volume to level out — . • " •' ' . peaks- on days of maximum water demand.' .The fi nG--protGct1cn vol ume ' ul ti ma tel y tO'-be provided'may be fixed at 4,000 gallons per minute for 10 hours, or -4. - • 2.4 mill 1 on ^gal 1 ons . -A reasonable basis.Tqr the peak storage component is 35 .percent of a maximum day's consumption. In essessi^ng the^ amount'of storage a vai 1 abile f or ,f 1 re protection some credit s.hould be given to those • District reservoirs wbich are so situated that tbsy can effectively'supply the areas, i.n,question For example, 'the Di strl ct' 5-^"E" reservol r^ provi des th'elev ated storage'for .the [1.5 m.gJ Terramar system. DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING SYSTEM '1 . 'Sources, 'of Supply • ' The drigi nal''source of water for the Carlsbad community is a well field in theSanluis Rey Valley. "The a r; ri o r 1..? "^'^ •'! 'W-O'Hrs are shown in Plate- is . . C. • Water from six wells" SKS collected in a covered concretG-i i nod. sump from.^which it flows westward by gravity to Pump Station No.' 5. Here the water-is lifted to Reservoir Ho-. 1-at Elevation 223. Water leaving Reserv:o1 r "No. 1" is chlorinated and it may then flo'w into Carlsbad by gravity through an..;.18-inch pipeline. For the past tvv'o years, the San Luis Rey water has been•supplled only to North Carlsbad: ' •' ' Virtually all. of the City supply is Colorado River water delivered , by the District through several connections. The District line in El Camino Real. Chestnut Avenue, and-Valley Street terminates at Reservoir • No. 2. Other take-offs along this main are at Valley and Basswood, Xhestnut and Monroe,Mand two .on Chestnut near G-ameo Drive. " All of th'ese ' take-offs are-through'pressure-reducing valves'^ -the hydraul1|c 'elevation* in • the .main is usual ly labove -^130. The- nor.nial''static hydraul 1 c grade in the^ET Camino Real main; i s-that of Squires Dam (abovs'475), thou'gh'it-would be pos.S'1ble for the- head to rise to San Marcos Roservoi r "el-'evation of'6G0'• ' " if Squiros Dam v/ere valved off. During times of heavy draft the hydraulic grade -at Chestnut and £1 Cami no haS'^f a 11 en as low as 350', whicb' i s 'i nadsquate to serve the higher portions of the City. ' ' • '' ., -'Two otheri connecti ons with the -District provi de servi ce-to Terramar.' The.City's lino from the Kelljf vmlls' to Terramar crosses El Camino Real • a. ,short distance east of Agua Hedi'onda Creek. At this point, water can -be'.drawn .from the • 111 str 1 ct' s £1 Camino main through a pressure 'rsdud'ng a.nd ii^eteri ng 1 nstahl ati on . A similar 1 nstal Vati on' in Paloma-r .Airport • Road about a half mile cast of the Freeway also delivers -water'.to the southerly ond of Terramar. - • • Ths two Kelly -v/el Is thorns el ves were once the sole supply to Terramar. They -are part - of ithe ^Gi ty . system, but their yield 1s low and the vjater is, of poor quality. Ho water has been pumped from them since .1962 . A final potential source is Calavora Lake. Its original purpose v-jas'. to serve.as a-seasonal storage reservoir for San-'Luls Rey water. It was to be - f 111 ed duri ng . the winter by pnmpi ng from the C1 ty system and drav;n upon during'the high-demand summer months. The lake water Is quite turbid because of tiie rel at i vely shal 1 OV^J depth , and a filter pi ant was provi ded. Both:the pumping station and filter plant are i-n complete disrepair at present. A 14-inch-steel p1pel 1ne,'very rusty, and much cf it laid above ground, runs f rom - Cal a vera Lake to El Camino Real. -Tiiere, the line is connected to the C.M;W:D.-E1 Camino 11 ne throtigh a pressure • reducl ng station- and meter, and-continues westerly to tie into the main in-Park Drive. ' The portion west of El Camino Real has been mortar-lined and is in-operation. • • .?-Pressure- Zones , • • , ^ • • • • ' • • ' - - . • , The pressure, 2pnes-i nto whi ch the; City Is now divided are summari zeld^ .in-Tab.le V-1. and, are .shown in, Plate A. The, di strl buti on,- systems in-the ' eight, areas are Independent of• one anotheVi. and aTl' have'only, one' connection | with a source of-supply. ;There-are.several a 1ternative"source'connecti6ns ; which; can be created-by manual operation of va 1 ves however. 'Zone-I'can • i .draw, San Luis Rey water from, Reservoi r No. K and may-take'w'ater from - - ' Reservoir No. 2.at:a,1ower hydraul1c elevation (180). Terramar could be served via the line, from,the- Kelly wells, but at' present this -11ne supplies only,agricultural consumers east of Terramar , -Zones • I through V are separ- ated fromi-each other by a number „qf. closed valves in the distribution mains, so that some emergency interconnecting could be carriedout. Zone VI, tfee Skyline Road .and E1 Camino i-^esa areas, is served by a pump end pressure tank which can boost water frcm the Zone V system." These facilities are operated only when pressure in the District main at the Cameo regulator falls off because of heavy drafts, ' Zone VIII, the North Carlsbad area, is served from the 18-inch aqueduct between tjie San Luis Rey wells and the City. There are three sub-zones of service areas within North Carlsbad. The lowest areas are • served directly from mains taking off from tho transmission main and thus rely on the operating head of Reservoir TJo. 1. Tho next higher pressure zone is formed by Reservoir Ho. 4 and its Pumping Station Mo. 4. Finally, the highest area, surrounding Reservoir Ho. A is served by a pumping station and hydro-pneumatic tank drawing water from -Reservoir Ho. 4.. /4 Table SUMMARY OF EXISTING V-1 PRESSURE ZONES ZONE NO. I II HI IV V VI VII VIII AREA DESCRIPTION W. of Highland and Adams E. of Highland; W. of Monroe; N. of Basswood W. of Monroe & Val1ey; E. of Adams E. of Monroe; N. of Chestnut Between Sunnyhi11 and Park Drive Skyline Road and El Camino Mesa ' Terramar North Carlsbad (includes 3 sub-zones) SOURCE OF SUPPLY HYD.EL CMWD line at Reservoir No.2 250 CMWD line at Reservoir No.2 320 CMWD line at Valley and 308 Basswood CMWD line at Chestnut and • 360 Monroe CMWD line at Ellery take-off 350 CMWD line at Chestnut and 410 Cameo CMWD line at Palomar Vault 227 San Luis Rey wells' Several 3. Reservolrs Table V-2 lists the distribution reservoirs within the City system. Their total capacity is over six million gallons. If all of this storage were effect- ively available it would be more than ample for the existing population. However-, Reservoir No. 3 has not been used for some five years; its elevation is "out of step" with Ellery Reservoir and Reservolr No. 2 so that it cannot be feasibly adapted to the existing pressure zones. Reservoir No. 4 serves only North Carlsbad. Reservoir No. 1 could provide reasonable service to portions of the City below elevation 100 If it were filled with Colorado River water. However, the rather long transmission line (15,000 ft.) between Reservoir No. 1 and the City service area is in mediocre condition and the reservoir toof Is decrepit. At present, Reservoir No. 1 is filled with San Luis Rey water and serves only North Carlsbad. Finally, Reservoir No. 2, at its elevation of 180, provides emergency service at low pressures to existing Zone 1 only. Its roof is also c/8 in bad condition. The only active distVibution reservoir in the City proper is the Ellery Tank which, with its 500,000 gallons capacity. Is simply not adequate. Table V-2 EXISTING RESERVOIRS NAME LOCATION ZONE CAP. GALS. ELEV Reservolr No. 1 . • Mesa Drive, Oceanside I 2,750.000 223 Reservoi r No. 2 Buena Vista and Highland ' • ' I 2,000,000 182 Reservolr No. 3" Monroe South of Karren not in use 650,000 222 Reservoi r No. 4 Yucca Road, North Carlsbad VIII 650.000 • 329 El 1ery Chestnut & El Camino Real V 500,000 .. 345 PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS Since the local ground water quality has become Increasingly unsatis- factory and there are no eaVly prospects for a reversal of this trend the City must henceforth rely on the County Water Authority for its entire supply The ground water will continue to be available and dther supplementary sources may be established in the future, but realistic planning will be for the City to provide for receiving Its total needs from th.e Carlsbad Municipal Water District. Accordingly, it is proposed to add connections to the District lines at separated points so that the distribution system within the City can be expanded as economically as possible. The imp.fo.ved system vlsual ized for the year 1980 is- shown in PTkte-B. Two new connections to the District maiijn In El Camino Real are contemplated; thes.e are the Hedionda Feeder near the intersection of proposed Kelly Drive with El Camino Real, and the Elm Avenue Feeder, which will lie in the extension of Elm Avenue. At some time before the proposed expansion. Is completed, it may be necessary to parallel the El Camino line. This tfS^ is discussed in Chapter VI. ... ' ' The port1o,n of. the City lying between the two lagoons, rises from sea level to about 350 feet, and three pressure zones are required to maintain service pressures within the acceptable range of 40 to 100 psi. It Is pro- posed to eliminate the existing zones operating from the Monroe and Basswood regulators, and to rearrange the remaining zone boundaries to conform more closely with the topography. A summary of the proposed zone elevations is given in Table V-3. . . Table V-3 . PROPOSED PRESSURE ZONES ZONE NO. HYDRAULIC ELEV. - HIGHEST GROUND ELEV. I 240 - 120 n , ' . 350 240 • III 430 350 • Three new reservolrs total 11ng six million gallons will bring the dis- tribution storage to an adequate level. Elm Reservoir, on the north, will serve the commercial area along Btiena Vista Lagoon. Skyline Reservoir will serve the shoreline development O'f Agua Hedionda Lagoon. The en-tire town area above elevation 120 (Zones II and III) will be supplied through the new Ellery Reservoir. All three reservoirs will be capable of feeding the down.- town area west of the freeway via transmission mains in Buena Vista Avenue^ ro Tamarack and Chinquapin, and to, Pine Avenue The Sap Luis Rey .well Supply may again become-p.ptable someday, and If so, it should be utilized because ,of its relatively low cost. However, raising the Zone I hydraulic elevation to 240 will curtail the delivery of water from Reservoir No. 1 to tovvn by gravity. Instead the reservoir may ; be bypassed, and the pumps in Station No. 5 modified or replaced so that they can lift directly Into the Elevation 240 system. Meanwhile North Carlsbad remains connected with the- 18-inch transmission line. There is some possibility that North Carlsbad will annex to Oceanside, but until such.time the City has an obiigatlon, .inherited from the Mutual Water Company, to serve water there. The San Luis Rey facilities and the North Carlsbad distribution system must therefore be maintained in operating condition, but no extensive improvements will be justified until their future utility is assured. Since Calavera:.Lake no longer serves any storage function and its develop'ment as a source Is not feasible, there is no reason to maintain or replace the crumbling 14$,1nch steel line between the lake and El Camino Real. However, the connection of the Calavera line with the C.M.W.D. El Camino line may be useful to deliver water west of El Camino Real on an interim basis. Eventually.the proposed Hedionda Feeder will perform this duty. The improvements needed to modernize the present system may be grouped ; into a number of projects with the construction spread, over a period of several years. Not listed is the work of replacing local cast iron 4-^^^^ tf" inch mains with 6-^8 Inch asbestos cement. A number of these old pipes are still in use, especially In the southwest section of the town proper and In North Carlsbad. Their replacement is a long-range matter involving miscellaneous construction and may be scheduled by annual programs. Follow- ing Is a description of the Individual projects: ' • • .Zone-III Definition ' i < r : . In the proposed system. Zone,III will comprise -aM ^land-above elee ' vation 240. As-long as there is .adequate pressure in the District's El Camino line. Zone III may be served from the existing Cameo pressure regulator. At "present only Skyline Road and Cameo Drive take water from • the Cameo regulator; al1 of Seacrest Estates lies above elevation 240 but Is fed at lower' pressure-from the Monroe regulator. The pressure in Sea'-- crest ismt, adequate for f 1 re protection* nor 1 s it up to a reason'able domestic standard. Therefore, it is recommended that Seacrest be connected to . the Cameo regulator "immediately, thereafter remain iri Zone II l' where • ultimately unreliable pressures will require installation of a booster pump. Inclusion of Seacrest Estates in'Zdne III Involves only a length of ' 10-i.nch'. main between Ridgecrest Drive and the Cameo regulator, ' A' piping modification at'Basswood and Donna Drive is also necessary so that DonnaV'. - north of Basswood, will go into Zone III with Seacrest, while Donna south* and Basswood west will remain in the system supplied by the Monroe regulator. i •2. New Ellery Reservoir • • ' • The most serious present short-coming of the system is a deficiency of distribution storage and'this Item should be corrected without delay. Storage at the Ellery site wilTprovide the ^greatest benefit since it can supply water by gravity to' all rf the system except proposed Zone III. The tank Is urgently needed because when peak drafts from the City are applied to the El Camino supply line the pressure in parts of Zone III falls nearly to zero.. In addition to the rese'rVoir Itself, certain facilities are necessary to integrate it into the system. These are a control valve to permit drawing water from the El Camino line at a relaiively constant but adjustable rate and a pipeline to transmit water from the reservoir into Zone I. The ex1sti^pg«:,District main in Chestnut and Valley will, serve the latter purpose, and. i t; is 'sugge.s.ted that! the; City .make 'arrangements with the District to install; the ne:ces:S;ary structures .• or," perferably.,-r- -to acquire th^e ,line outright. The control yalve.must .be placed, upstream from the,-take-.off to the, new, reservoir, iaither .In thei 16-i nch 'Chestnut 11 ne or^ln the-El Camino 11,ne. itself / r"=From the-standpoi nt !of, a'future integrated system, extended.'east -of El Cami no-Real I it fwoul d be preferable to have the-control valve;,in the :E1. Camino 1 ine;'Where ,11 would' provide a. pressure break, to . al 1 of.-Zone T I'.nor.th and- east pf Chestnut and .El .Camino,, as: ,wel 1 as .to the .City area .qn^ the- ; west.- ;However, jsihce the, District ma.y vyish to retain complG,_te• control over, the ^operation .of -Jts sysftem, .;it 1;s possible that, the City .will have to place the 'control valve in the Chestnut line. ,tater on,, any ,C1 tjf niai ns in'El Camino Real may, be connected just downstream'of .the ,valve. . v^E._ £)<\ST- 4, P.'hOO ' t Piping required to put.the new, reservol r in service includes a .run of 1.6r1.nch between the reservoir and .Chestnut, and a run.of 12-inch along ,^ %% \> Chestnut between. the Cameo regulator and a ipoint upstream of the control .• valve. If the Zone ; 111 bopster station is constructed at. the same time, . as the reservoir, or at least located and. designed, the regulator cariiibe moved at this time ,to its final position ahead of the pumps. The .control valve,should be placed close to the 1ntersection.of Chestnut and El Camino to facilitate future connection of lines running north. A short length of 12-Inch pipe in Monroe between Chestnut and Magnolia- wi11 feed -the southern portion of Zone II. V^.lnally, when the reservoir is put Into service, the Monroe and Basswood regulato.rs may be disconnected, and removed for use else- where (in ,the system. . " With the new>eservoir in operation it will be possible to realigh the ,boundary Between Zones I ,apd II. , While the--exact line of separation is to some extent arbitrary, its most satisfactory reute wil.l be along the elevation no P^E^L^ MOTOR -''nw... 1—l=Gl=MO P»ROPOSED 7 lO" 20" ST"/^"~nOM SUi^^PU^^ TO srr>i::mor-i o (0 RESERVOIR CO 12" Pt=5 ENSURE 10" OR. (.0 MOTOR ORERATEO RL_OW l^'RESeURi ^or-iE HI H E - l]J<! I 0 i20. contour. A compari-soh of Plates A and B shows that the princ-ipal changes will be for the area between. Hi ghl and and the Freeway north of Pine to .go into-the higher pressure zone, and for the area around Shelter Cove to drop into the lower zone. Existing-Zones II, III. V'and a portion.of Zone IV, wi IT^ form-future Zone II.' • • ^ ^ . • : ' The comparatively intricate piping complex at Reservoir • No'2 may'be simp 11 fled and'strengthened'at-any time after the zones are rev.isedi ''The existing and proposed schemes' are shown in Figure No. -8. The two lines in Highland may'be Interconnected and' joined to the lO-inch line in Buena Vista, completing a principal' loop of Zone II. 'For a time thp. nre<• 11rP VPniV 1 atn^ at Reservoir No. 2 will continue to be the sole regularosource for Zorie lv***"- Later on the proposed 'El Avenue Reservoir' will replace the regulators, and a portion of the 14-Inch line 1n Buena Vista and Valley will be integrated into the transmission line from Elm Reservoir. At this stage the r|i^6j5twf^^ can ssume the role of an automatic'emergency connection from Zone II to "•--'-"^ Zone I. The 18-inch line from the San Luis Rey wells should remain connecte.d to the Zone I -system at Reservoir No. 2,. In the event of a catastrophic failure in the District system the San Luis Rey wells could furnish a limited amount of water;^ an emergency pump located on or near the Reservolr .No. 2 ^ site would make this water available throughout'Zones I and II. A final benefit of the new Ellery storage will' be to permit the abandon- ment of Reservoir Ne. 2. While this facility could be renovated for possibly $60,000, its low elevation limits, its usefulness except in conjunction • with a pressure zone'much smaller than- the proposed Zone I. As is mentioned in Chapter VII, the most.advantageous disposition of Reservoir No, 2 will be ... be qooli-e-c) +o Its s,aTe as residential property, with the proceeds to -^IfT^fnHfH i=xiST"ir-iOi CVJ t (T) I SAri uuis RE^-* QG N "3 14" Rt=C;LJL-/iTOR 2 ) EiOOeTEF^ PLJMR ^Ol-l[= xc T i2" 14" ^7 '3^ ' !He'dionda.Feecier ; I s • . ; , , , ' • , — ' * Reliability of'Service In 'the' gro'wing City ' area. !di eta tes the construction df new supply " lines' to' back up the "present si ngl e' main in Chestnut. ' Since ' •the-1 and at'th'e' head of'Agua HedioWa'Lagoon may be expected 'to devel'ofi In the hear future'," a'connection to the El Camino line at this'point will accomplish the ''dual purpose 'of facil itating the development and' creating a new supply I'ink. ,. • ' ^ , j . • ' ' ' Components of the projects' as built initially would be a pressu'fe '' regulating and metering station on El Camino Real, about 1800" feet of 10-inch line leading to a' proposed 1, 5-mi 11 ion gal Von ' reservoir. a'nd "some "640'0 feet-— of 16-inch main' from the reservoir cdn'necting with the existing 12-Inch' laid^""" in Park Drive al ongs Ide Shel ter'Cove*. The line between E'V Cami'no Real and the' ireservoir will be at Zone II pressure to permit serving the h(f,l I'sides. Later this main can be 'extended west to connect with the existing main in Sunnyhin, and easterly across El Camino Real. The Skyline Reservoir at elevation 240 will provide distribution storage for all of the Zone I area- along the lagoon and wil 1 also del 1 ver water into town during peak' demands. It may be noted that the old 14-Inch steel 1ine to Calavera Lake follows roughly the alighment proposed for the Hedionda Feeder. The reason for not "utilizing it for the remainder of its life is that the pipe is above ground and 'w'ill have to be removed when the land Is subdivided. Be- cause of its relatively poor condition it would not be economical to lay the same pipe underground. 4. ' Elm' Avenue" Feeder ' The final tie between the El Camino line and the downtown area will be a" feeder laid in! the' proposed Elm Avenue extension. A 10-inch length will fill the Elm Reservoir, "and a 14-Inch transmission line will carry water from the Reservoir at Zone I pressure to join the existing 14-Inch line in Valley; the latter In turn will connect to the 12-Inch main in Buena Vista. -..Ultimately,, the ,Elm Reservoir may also provide distribution storaoe for. the strip along, Buena Vista Lagoon^ via a line run down,, through the Hpsp, Grove. However,* before th,e Elm, .Avenue project ,is. constructed it will, . , probably b,e necess^ary^ to, extendd.the., 10,-i nch Di strl ct , 11 ne. at ^El-Cami,no. • . Real no^rthe,rly,.to. serve a, proposed shoppinq center at, Vista. Wav. / prac^-Sv , 5. Pine Avenue Regulator . , • , , , ,• . . , ; Pursuant to ,the. plan prpposeu, in .the I960.-Boyle, Engineering report City forces ,haye- gradual.ly .laid 12.-1nch .p,ipe .-in. P,1 n.e,.Avenue, west, pf the'. freeway ' with, t,hp .Idea of ;forming a supply line .to, supplement the :line in ,Buena,, Vista and/Jef fersOn,.^ ! The, 1 att^r' main .now, .constitutes - the onjy .re route by^. whieh, water .enters the downtown .area. The only, portion of the.P„ine Avenue tfee.der,)et. tncomp.lete , i.s .the 19.0.0-f,o.o'-t -length..'b.etneen; iHighland a.ri.d-the. freeway. A. pressure reguTating station is ,a,l,s.o.,,required, in. the, center, of this.-run. The ..PI ne.. Avenue, .m.ain, and..regulator will be the pri ncipal. meansi of del ive.ring wat.er from Ellery Reservoir to Zone I.., ' ., , ; ' • / ,' , ; - ,6'. Reservoir No..., I Modi fi cation .. , - While the,San Luis Rey supply-must be-mai ntai ned in.order to serve,North Carlsbad and fo.r possible f uture ,City; use, no immediate rehabilitation Is indicated. .However , the roof pf . Reservoi r No.. I is . 1 n "a terminal vstate, of decay,r and - s.ome .step s.hqul d be; ta.ken,; to abate,the hazard of bodily Injury. It is proposed, to, .removed the roof, .,dr;a1,n the reservol r ,; and, construct a small .(50,OOO-gallpn). ste.e,! tank near the chlo.rfnator b.urlding,. The tank . would.permit continuation of service to North Carl.sbad without further modi- fication of.the pumps and controls, The reservoir and most of its land would then, be free for. disposal at an opportune time.., , , , 7. Zone" III Booster Station' 'At present, there' is usually enough pressure'at Chestnut and El Camino to supply'the area' included in proposed Zone III. When the'new El 1ery Reservoir goes on line'any temporary pressure drops due to high consumption Iri 'town should be eliminated; peak demands will be furnished by the reservoir, and the draft upon the Di'strict 11 ne'wi 11 remain steady. Eventually, how- everV' the increasing demand on the El Camino ' 11ne both upstream' and down- • stream from Chestnut will reduce'the ^i^draul 1 c grade'at the ' Cameo ' regul ator to'less than'the Elevation 400'necessary to maintain adequate service in Zone III. At such time ."a. booster pumping station should be 'constructed on the'take-off for Zone MI 'from the Chestnut main'.' the station could-be pro- vided with a pneumatic'tank to-facilitate controlof' the 'pump's .' Al t'er- nati'vely', tlie Installation could b^'made 'alm'ost ihvisible by using submer- sible in-line turbine pumps. In any case the station should'be located near tfie El Camino-Chestnut intersection where it can most directly supply the'Zone III areas on both sides of £1 Camino'Real. ' 8. ' Hedionda Strengthi ng ' " • ' ' ' '>•••• ^ • • . • With the construction of Skyline'Reservoir and'the'Hedionda Feeder (Project ) both the 1 agoon' shore 'and the'Zone i area in" the City proper will have the benefit of distribution storage and an additional source connection. Upon -further devel opment, however, ^addi ti ohaT transmi ss'i on' ' capacity-wi 11 be needed. Some 4400' feet of 12-ihch main in Park Drive and ' Adams Street will make the transmission line into town equivale'rit to a single 16-Inch line. Extension of the 8-inch main in SunnyhlU Drive to j3ln the ' Hedionda Feeder at Skyline Reservoir wi IT unify the Zone II 'area on the south. ' 9.' terramar Crossing ' , : • ; " While the distribution systems ' in'Terramar and the City proper could function independently, a significant Increase in reliabi11ty wi11 be CO afforded by tying the two systems together across the mouth.of''Agua Hedionda Lagoon. Another benefit will b° the possibi1ity,of receiving less water, from,Palomar Vault upon which the .City^must pay ,a sur,charge^of . $3.20 per acre-foo't. The tie „would .consist of. about 4400 feet of T,2.-i.nch'main.' At ^ "the la,go"on-the pipe would.be suspended .from the existing trunlf-.sewer trestle. ,10. , Tel emeteri ng, . , , , , 1 Operation, of ithe three 'proposed reservoirs and the new source .connections will r,equire su^bstan.tially more supervisory attention. "than at present. To. minimize man-hours - spent in field adjustment, a telemetering,system 1s proposed whi ch ; wTl T permi t observation and control f rom ,a central , 1 o'cation . The measurements to, be transmitted would Include the water, 1 evel s ,;1n all three reservoirs, and the pressures upstream of all pressur.e. regul ators (Elm,,. Hedionda, Pine, Buena Vista, Chestnut, Terramar Line,'.Palomar Vault), The flow measured at the control station In Chestnut Avenue would-also be made available. Control functions would be setting of the valve at .the Chestnut station, and starting,and stopping of the pumps -In the Zone III booster s'tatio'n.- A, chlorine residual recorder would be installed at the Water Department office (no ,telemetering .required). . ,- . , . • • Local JmprOvements . . • . . A number of" pa.ral 1 el , replacement, and additional lengths of main will be required throughout the existi'og service area. These .may. be , 1 nstal 1 ed at any time,, and can be scheduled-for inclusion among the previously .des- . cribed major projects.. The individual items are the following: a. Pio Pico Avenue. 5200 feet of 8 and 10-inch.pipe between Tamarack Avenue-and Laguna Drive. " , • b. Freeway Crossings. Short lengths of pipe to be installed under the freeway during widening, i.n Buena Vista, Pine and Chinquapin. ' c. Carlsbad -Boulevard. . 7700>feet'Of 107inch main: to, replace the. existing 4-1 nch . and 6-1'nch cast iron.-, > ' .1 •' d- Ocean Avenue. • 5300 feet of'Orinch main to ,replace existing 6- inch. • ' - • .• , \ . ,• : - - , - - e. "Laguna Avenue. ' 1850 feet ,of lO-inch main to replace existing 6-1 nch . - • • • • f.- Buena; Vista- Way and ^Jefferson .Street'. 5250 feet of 1,0.-,, 12-;, and 14.-inGh'^ main to reinforce the; exi s ti ng • 12-1 nch, s teel,; and compl ete the tra'nsrnission llne frorn Elm Reseryoir.., • ' -g. Chinquapin Avenue. 1 5.0,0 • feet of new 1 p-in,ch , main b.etween Carlsbad Boulevard and Washington.'- h.^ Madison Extension. , 22.00 feet of 10-inch main between Magnolia • and Tamarack., The route will be. determi nod by future street layout. 1. Elm Avenue- 1500 feet of 8-Inch between fiadison and the freeway to-parallel existing 6-1nch. j. Canyon and Elm Extension;. ,8300 feet of 8-1nc,h main, to be Installed with-construction of-Elm Avenue extension. k. Highland Drive at -Buena Vista. 600 feet of 10-inch to complete Zone II loop in Highland, Buena Vista, and Valley. 1. Highland Drive at Chestnut. .900 feet of 12-inch pipe connecting Magnolia'Avenue line' with Highland^ m. Cannon Road.- 2400 feetof 10-inch main t,o repl ace. Oild ,steel pipe from Terramar Reseryoir (abandoned) to Terramar. n'. Terramra Header. 7000 feet, of 10-Inch main paralleling the Santa Fe tracks to Interconnect feeders in Cannon Road and Palomar Airport Road. 0. Chestnut Avenue. .2300 feet of lO-inch line b.etween Carlsbad Boulevard and. Ma.dison, rep.lacing existing 6-inch 'pipe. . ,p. El Camino Real. 3000 feet of 10-inch main from end of C.M.W.D. line .In El Camino Real north to Vista Way. • •:q. 'Park Drive "and Kel ly Dri ve.. '2000 f^et of 12-Inch in Park Drivd ' fromir'eserVoIr outlet to Kelly Drive, and 3400' feet o-f 12-1 nch'1 n Kelly '-, Drive'east to E-lXarhlno Real. • '* " " ' ' ' ESTIMATED COSTS OF IMPROVEMENTS -'•''• ' table V'-4 lists th'e'approximate unit prices used in prep'aring cost estirhates for the'proposed improvements. They represent direct contractor's costs ;>'the' total'"estimates ' include an additional 30 percent for contractor's profit'and'overhead,' arid 10 to 20 percent for engineering. All prices "reflect the pVeserii:' Eng 1 neeri ng News Record Construction Gosts^Index of 1075 .'- Projects'undertaken' several years from how will -probably run higher as' a' 'result'of'cohtinuin'g inflation, and account' should be niade of this fact wfien the'funds are'being raised through bond issues. ' " f'able= V-5 summarizes the estimated total cos'ts of the' various projects, along With their tentative construction time schedule. The total cost of all projects is $1 ,843,00^0, distributed over the next six years. -1\ Table„V-4': ..Basis of Cost,£sti;nit:ltes >.-r,; \ '• .6v Asbestos Cement-Pip.e, pet foot 'Hirx.^ Max. Ste€.l pipe, lined and coated, pvr ft. , Gate' Valves liatierfly Valves ' f I } 0 ' Plug Valves • -„ * • . Pressure Reg^ilaiing Valves altitude Valves {\ l"> • ' Air VaUi:- Assemblies Hydrant AssembU.-s Hvdranr Reconncctions HouSi- St-rvice Conneriions Prestressed Cuncrpi.u Reservoirs . 3 X'lG 1. 5 MG Asphalt Concrete PavemeAt, 3. ,00 • 3. 00 fS. 00 200 aoo 400 S 1 Z E- 16" 4, 00 Z. 00 12" 6. 10 iO. 00 14" 8. 00 9. 50 '400 I 100 0 600 ] 6" 10. 50 23. 00 13. 00. 850 1000 $1,200 330 - -400 500/-,. .7, 200 60 S 0. 0S4/gal.' S 0, 096/gal. • $0. 25/s. 1. Pi NO: 1. 2. 3. Table V-5 Cost Estimates and Schedule Improvements to Existing System''' PROJECT Zone III Defi'hition ''New El 1ery Reservoi r • Reservoi.r -' •- 'Zone' Hi' Re'c'oh'n'ection Flow Control Statiop - • • 'Monroe mai n- Removal Regulators * •- Emergency • Pump Sta. • Hedionda Feeder^ '= Skyl 1 ne ' Reservoi r Inlet Line '"• ^Out!et Line " ^ • ' Elm Avenue Feeder Elm Reservoir Inlet Line Outlet' Line ' •" Pine Avenue.Regulator Reservolr No. I Modi f1 cation Zone III Booster Station Hedionda Strengthening ,^Adams and Park Sunriyhil1 EXtensidn Terramar Crossing Telemetering Facilities YEAR- 1966 -1 966 .1967 1.967 1968 1967 1970 1972 1972 1966, $ 337,550 22,800 18^450 '9-,400 5,000 • 17;00d 206,800 ' 32,400 ^57,000 '205,000 16,750 58,750 58,600 •13;500 TOTAL COST $ • 12,950- - 410,200 305.200 280,500 35.200 28,500 29,000 72,1 00' 68,800 36,000 NO PROJECT YEAR TOTAL COST 11 . Local Improvements 1 966-75 • ' '• ' a; Pio 'Pico 'Avenue ' 43,800" b. Freeway Crossinas 18,300 c. 'Carlsbad -BlvdU " \ • 75 .1 50' d. ^ Ocean A.venue ' , ] 40,900 •' •'• e.'• Laguna ^Avenue ' • ' • 25 ,100 f. Buena Vista and Jefferson 76,200 '' g. Chinquapin Avenue " 18,800- h."." Madison Ave. Extension 18,400. ' • • ' • • i . 'Elm Avehue ' 10,200 ' j. Canyon ^.t Elm Extension 19,280 ' • • k. Highland-at Buena Vista "' 22 ,400' '1. Highland S. of Chestnut, .12,200 m. ' Canhori 'Road ' - " • ^ . 18,900' n. .Terramar .Header 31,000 0. Chestnut Avenue ' ' 22,700 p. El Camino Real . 38,,300 'qj Park Dr.^S! Kelly Dr. ' 64,100 Total Existing Sys.tem Improvements 555 ,-730 1 ,8-35,180 OPERATING COSTS" .."•';. • ; .As an indication of normal .system operating costs, Table V-5 contains a summary of expenses- and revenues for past years as-maintai ned on the Finance Department • accounts-. It will be noted that total, operating costs have'risen from about $60 per acre-foot In 1 953 to -$75 1n1l965. ' During the ' same period the'Metropol i tan Water District Increased its'basic rate for Colorado River water from $15 per..acre-foot to $25, per acre-foot. The rise in the City's'expenses was 1arger, but the Ci ty 'is purchas1ng considerably more Colorado Ri ver wa.ter now than it was in 1958. "^The rapis increase in whol esa 1 e water costs is very real and should be c'leai^ly re cognized. Metro- politan's rate was raised to $28 per acre-foot- on :July 1 , 1965, and on July 1, 1966 it will go to $31 per acre-foot. This charge will be passed on to the City through the County Water Authority and' the Carlsbad M.W.D. So far^ the City's revenues have kept pace with increasing costs, probably as a 'result of the gradual replacement of agricultural (lov^nrate)users .by residential customers. Included in the operating expenses each year has been a depreciation allowance of about $43',000. This amount, plus the profit, is available for bond'reti remen t and'new constructioii^ However, the present. Interest expensef(non-bperating expense) on some'$1 ,100,000 of outstanding bonds is about :$43,obo annually:' - The proposed new f;o.nstruction will prob'ably double the Waters Department' s i ndebtedness in a • few years', and increased revenue evi den tlywi 11 be necessary. A'rise in retail water rates would.* certainly appear to'be in order, and an evaluation of the rate schedule should be included in'the forthcoming Water Department financial study. As discussed in Chapter VII, it will be possible to raise appreciable capital by the judicious sale of valuable properties which are no longer needed for water supply purposes. (^7 Table V-6 -Water Department Expenses .and Revenues Year Production Operating. Expense Distribution Adsihistrative Total- Operating lixoense Operating Expense .per acre-foot 1 -. - #207,762 1 59.7- 1959-60 1 209,373 60.1 1960-61 213,440 53-0 1 1961-62 ; 86,074 79,335 ' 39,139 204,551 57.1 1962-63 ' 108,124 85,"321 • •-57,367 251,312 ' 66.7 1963-64: 129,967 35,052 44,122 259,141 69.7 1964-65 •..133,166 " 86,539 46,237 270,992 74.3 Year Operating Eevenuer-. Non Operating • • Income Non Operating Expense Profit 1958-59 25^,927 28,710 22,455 4- 1959-60 27-7 f $97 • .31,320 37,204 1960-61 299,694 35,021 51,233 1961-62 : 279,, 53a ' 3,464 43,657 34,344 1962-63 305, Oi^ 4,257 43,764 14,204. 1963-64 320,962 5.313 43,765 23,374 1964-65 340,579 13,317 43,099 44,305 Data froaj Auditor's Reports, City of Carlsbad 6^ been assumed, and the process consists of chemical coagulation, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and chlorination. Satisfactory turbidity removal might also be obtained if the coagulation and sedimentation were omitted; the con- struction cost would then be reduced by at least one-third. PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION A set of tentative major works needed for a future expanded system is shown in Plate C. Estimated construction costs are given in Table VI-1. The improvements shown have been selected to serve those presently { uninhabited areas which will probably become developed before 1980. It has been assumed that District lines now crossing these areas will bo drawn upon. Only main feeders are indicated; individual housing and commercial develop- ments will require detailed distribution systems consisting of asbestos cement mains of 6-inch size or larger, hydrants, house services, and line valves. In most cases the costs of such minor works will be borne by the developers. Design standards as outlined in Chapter 'VIU should be enforced. A description of the individual construction items follows: ^' Vista Way Line A proposed shopping center located at Vista Way and El Camino Real will be served initially by the El Camino extension tabulated in Table V-5, as an existing system improvement. Further development along Vista Way will then be possible, and a lO-inch line fed from the El Camino extension will be desir- able. After construction of the Elm Reservoir the Vista Way line can be extended to it through the Hosp Grove to provide distribution storage for this portion of Zone I. In the distant future it may be necessary to feed the Vista Way line at ita east end by connecting it to the District's Reservoir "B". 72