HomeMy WebLinkAbout; Agua Hedionda Cooling Water Outfall; Agua Hedionda Cooling Water Outfall; 1989-09-01I
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DISPERSION AND MOMENTUM FLUX STUDY
OF
THE COOLING WATER OUTFALL
AT
AGUA HEDIONDA
SEPTEMBER 1989
BY
SCOTT A. JENKINS, DAVID W. SKELLY AND JOE WASYL
CENTER FOR COASTAL STUDIES
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY
DISPERSION AND MOMENTUM FLUX STUDYm OF THE COOLING HATER OUTFALL AT A6UA HEDIOMDA
by
Scott A. Jenkins, David W. Skelly and Joe Wasyl
Center for Coastal Studies
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
Prepared For
San Diego Gas and Electric Company
September 1989
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Momentum flux and dispersion measurements were
conducted by Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the
•thermal outfall of Encina Power Plant. The purpose of these
measurements was to provide direct observations of the
discharging cooling water through the surf zone from the
Encina Power station, and to assess whether this action has
sufficient transport capacity to divert beach sands into
offshore sandbars. While the temperature measurements
indicated a significant seaward intrusion of the thermal
signature of the plant, the current measurements showed that
virtually none of the seaward directed momentum of the
outfall extends beyond the surf zone even under the
conditions of high discharge and low waves. Because the
seaward transport distance is less than the surf zone width
it is not possible for the discharge plume to scavenge
suspended sediment and deliver it beyond the surf zone.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
m
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I INTRODUCTION 1
II FIELD MEASUREMENTS 2
A) Current Meter Measurements 2
B) Tide and Wave Height Measurements 11
C) Vertical Temperature Distribution Measurements 16
D) Dye Dispersion 23
III DATA ANALYSIS AND MOMENTUM BALANCE 23
IV CONCLUSIONS 32
I> INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this study was to gather oceanographic
data to provide direct observations of the seaward directed
mt
fluxes of momentum associated with discharging cooling watermi
ill through the surf zone from the Encina power station. The
m subsequent analysis of these measurements determine whether
™ this discharging action has sufficient transport capacity to
* divert beach sands into offshore bars. Two sets of data
«•
vere collected, the first during neap diurnal tides on 28
•m
February, 1989 and the second set during spring semi-diurnal
^ tides on 7 March, 1989. The oceanographic data collected
*» included; (1) water current measurements, (2) wave height,
"" period and direction measurements, (3) vertical temperature
<m measurements and (4) dye dispersion observations.
The temperature data serve as a tracer of the dischargeta
plume. The thermal patterns observed in the offshore waters
«• are used to deduce the thermal diffusivity which is a
«*• measure of the relative degree of mixing in the nearshore
jd due to both waves and currents. From the thermal
«•>diffusivity, the momentum diffusivity is determined directly
from the Prandtl number. The momentum diffusivity is in
•!
H turn used in a momentum balance equation between the onshore
IIP fluxes of wave momentum and the offshore fluxes of discharge
M
momentum. The solutions to the momentum balance equation
** provide the decisive answers to this study, namely: 1) the
•maximum seaward distance over which the discharge plume
«P»
retains sufficient momentum to transport sediment, and 2)
-» how that distance depends upon the wave conditions, beach
•topography, and plant discharge rates.
*"* II) FIELD MEASUREMENTS
m
A) Current Meter Measurements"»P
xn Water current measurements were taken on both February
,* 28, 1989 and March 7, 1989. These dates were selected to
*" cover the extreme range in coastal currents due to tidal
4-1 action. The February 28, 1989 series of measurements
m
coincided with neap tides when coastal currents were
*»
minimal. The March 7, 1989 measurements occurred during
Spring tides, when coastal currents were maximum. Two types
*• of current measuring instruments were used, a Savonious
•""• rotor current meter and the InterOcean S4 self recording
current meter. The Savonious rotor current meter was
mm i
suspended from the west end of the outfall culvert down into
WM
the water discharging from the plant. Water speed
MM
JM measurements were recorded manually about every fifteen
i— minutes. Tables 1 and 2 show the water speed at the culvert
** during the field data acquisition periods.
TABLE 1
OUTFALL CULVERT (WEST END)
HATER CURRENT OBSERVATIONS
FEBRUARY 28, 1989
TIME SPEED (cm/sec)
1050 93.0
1110 89.5
1117 89-5
1140 97.5
1156 97.5
1207 90.5
1220 90.5
1236 96.5
1245 96.5
1320 99.5
1335 99.5
1400 99.5
1440 103.0
1450 109.5
1510 109.5
1520 110.0
1545 112.0
TABLE2
— OUTFALL CULVERT (WEST END)
WATER CURRENT OBSERVATIONS
"" MARCH 7, 1989•f
TIME SPEED (cm/sec)
m 1136 96.5
1157 99.5
m. 1217 99.5
— 1238 103.0
1300 103.0
«t I310 106.5
1431 103.0
•I 1445 99.5
1454 103.0
<•» 1451 96.5
m 1625 103.0
On both days the average speed was about 100 cm/sec
if
m
which varied by at most 10% during the offshore data
acquisition. This variation is due primarily to the change
in the tide which changes the cross sectional flow area of
the discharge channel. Discharge records, see Tables 3 and
4, from the plant show that the discharge was constant
during the nearshore data acquisition periods. The
discharge on February 28, 1989 was 466 x 106 gallons per day
and on March 7, 1989 it was 576 x 106 gallons per day.
These discharge values represent the highest possible flow
rates which the Encina Power Plant was able to provide given
constraints of user demand.
TABLES
DATE TIME DISCHARGE FLOW DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE
(Million Gallons (Degrees F)
Per Day)
< 28 FEB 89 9 AM
10 AM
11 AM
12 PM
1 PM
2 PM
3 PM
4 PM
5 PM
362.88
362.88
466.56
466.56
466.56
466.56
466.56
466.56
466.56
72.516
73.413
72.736
71.901
71.105
70.265
69.744
68.516
68.906
po
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TABLE 4
BATE TIME DISCHARGE FLOW DISCHARGE TEMPERATURE
(Million Gallons (Degrees F)
(Per Day)
7 Mar 89 9 AM
10 AM
11 AM
12 PM
1 PM
2 PM
3 PM
4 PM
5 PM
6 PM
506.88
547.20
576.00
576.00
576.00
576.00
576.00
576.00
576.00
576.00
72.995
73.979
73.479
74.714
75.032
74.927
72.755
71.257
72.065
75.037
Three InterOcean S4 current meters were deployed in the
nearshore region just off the discharge culvert. The
locations of the S4 current meters on both February 28 and
March 7 are shown in Figure 1. On February 28 the three
current meters were deployed in line with the center line of
the discharge culvert. Current meter #50 was 375 feet from
the seaward end of the culvert, current meter #52 was 425
feet from the seaward end and current meter #54 was 750 feet
from the seaward end. On March 7 current meter #50 was
deployed about 450 feet south of the culvert and 250 feet
off of the end of the discharge culvert. Current meters #52
and #54 were deployed 450 feet and 625 feet respectively off
the end of the discharge culvert. The time period of
deployment, the depth of water relative to MLLW and the
height of each S4 above the bottom is given in Table 5.
CURRENT METER LOCATIONS RELATIVE TO END OF OUTFALL JETTY
28 FEB 1989
N
_L _L _L J
0 500 1000 1500 2000
SCALE IN FEET
CM |5* ( -322.3N.-752.0E )
CM |52 ( -222.tM.-507.1E }«
CM |50 { -1<9.tN.-348.0E
< CURRENT METER LOCATIONS RELATIVE TO END OF OUTFALL JETTY
7 MARCH 1989
CM ,f5t ( -275.0N.-554.3E )
CM |52 ( -102.IN.-397.9E )*
CM |SO ( -548.2N.-135.2E )*
500 1000
SCALE IN FEET
1500 2000
Figure 1. s-4 current meter locations,
TABLE 5
CURRENT METER
NUMBER
50
52
54
CURRENT METER
NUMBER
50
52
54
S4 DATA COLLECTION
FEBRUARY 28, 1989
TIME
(PST)
10:17-16:40
10:21-16:40
10:49-16:40
DEPTH
(FT, MLLW)
-12
-17
-22
MARCH 7, 1989
HEIGHT (FT)
ABOVE BOTTOM
10
15
19
TIME
(PST)
10:30-16:20
10:30-16:20
10:30-16:20
moved at 1340
DEPTH
(FT, MLLW)
-9
-9
-14
HEIGHT
ABOVE BO
5.5
3.5
10.5
The S4's were moored using a 70 Ib chain link as an
anchor, 1/8" steel cable as mooring line and a 40 Ib float
for buoyancy. The data acquisition modes for the S4's were
set in the laboratory. The sample rate was l sample per
second. Data was recorded for five minutes once every
twenty minutes. The S4's measure current speed by changes
in an electromagnetic field and measure the direction
relative to magnetic north with an internal compass. The
instrument records the data using an internal memory. Once
the instrument is retrieved at the end of the data
collection period the memory is dumped into a personal
computer for subsequent analysis and plot outputs.
The current meter data presented herein is in
three formats, as in Figure 2, with the entire body of
current meter data appearing in Appendix I. The first
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IntwOcean $ssie«, Inc.SKE522/28/WUnphs averasffl: 166
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1291 -1591 il9c,Vs/li';
Figure 2. Formats for current meter data
resentation.
format is the top plot of Figure 2 which shows the water
speed averaged over consecutive 100 second intervals for the
entire time of data collection. The second format is shown
by the middle plot of Figure 2. This format is a standard
speed and direction plot which provides high density
coverage of a five minute segment of data every 20 minutes
throughout the experiment. The final format represented by
the bottom plot of Figure 2 is a typical polar plot (aka
current rose). The length of each line is a scaled measure
of the magnitude of the water velocity while the direction
on the compass shows the water velocity direction relative
to magnetic north. The plots combine both the oscillatory
wave velocities and the mean currents. To convert magnetic
north compass readings to degrees true just subtract 14
degrees. Table 6 gives the mean current speed and direction
bearings towards which the currents flow for the entire body
of current meter data appearing in Appendix I.
m
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TABLE 6
MEAN CURRENT PROPERTIES
FEE 28
SENSOR #
50
52
54
TIME
1040-1100
1140-1200
1320-1340
1120-1140
1240-1300
1520-1540
1100-1120
1320-1340
1600-1620
SPEED (cm/sec)
34.6
33.89
36.35
26.51
25.11
26.73
20.31
24.28
23.96
DIRECTION (
165
162.78
164.67
162.45
159.07
159.7
164.63
156.41
160.31
MAR 7
SENSOR #
50
52
54
TIME
1040-1100
1240-1300
1320-1320
1440-1500
1540-1600
1020-1040
1040-1100
1240-1300
1300-1320
1440-1500
1540-1600
1020-1040
1040-1100
1240-1300
1300-1320
1540-1600
SPEED (cm/sec)
18.29
17.51
16.62
17.45
20.69
25.94
30.22
35.11
37.34
33.31
41.13
25.45
27.7
30.54
30.95
28.72
DIRECTION (
162.83
176.38
172.82
175.57
175.04
174.71
159.62
162.52
178.32
168.53
162.29
166.85
168.47
168.90
168.95
160.81
m,
m
On both the 28th of February and again on the 7th of
March, none of the current meter moorings indicated any mean
seaward flowing currents outside of the surf zone. This
result was found in spite of the fact that the current
meters were moored on or very near the axis of the discharge
outfall, where seaward directed currents would be a maximum.
11
On the 28th of February during the neap tides, the mean
currents averaged between 20 and 35 cm/sec directed
southward along a mean bearing of 148° true or 162° mag.
The coastline in the neighborhood of the Encina Power Plant
assumes a mean bearing in the southward direction of 157°
true. Therefore the mean currents outside the surf zone if
anything had a slight shoreward directed component probably
associated with a mass transport of the waves propagating
onshore. The results of the March 7 measurements when the
tidal range was considerably larger indicated mean currents
ranging from 29-34 cm/sec with a mean bearing of 159° true.
Thus the mean currents on the 7th of March were nearly
parallel to the shoreline. These southward flowing currents
are consistent with the southward skewness of the
temperature field, see Figures 6-14. Furthermore no seaward
directed transport of drifting debris was observable during
the experiment.
B) Tide and Wave Height Measurements
As previously discussed the tide on February 28, 1989
was a neap diurnal tide. Diurnal tides occur only a few
days every year and are characterized by slowly varying
tidal currents, see Figure 3. The tide on March 7, 1989 was
a spring semi-diurnal tide which is characterized by a more
rapidly changing tidal current.
Tide measurements were taken by pressure sensors
located inside two of the S4 current meters (#50, #54).
These pressure sensors were sampled at 1 Hertz and recorded
TIDE
12
1989 FEBRUARY
DMTIOMAI orr/iw "Tirnvrv MFIIM - M i r if
rfiirf «!»«•« »»«•(* on
1989
SUN MON TUES I WED THPR FRI SAT
WOO ia» WOO I 0600 IMOWOO0600 BOO WOO I 0600 1200
1989 MARCH 1989
SUN
0800 000 ' «•OBI woo
MON TUES WED
MOO COO WOO I 0600 COO WOO
THUR FRI
lllllllllHJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimniiiiiin COO WOO I 0600 1700 WOO I 0600 1200 WOO
SAT
.mill!11 ;iiHI liili L,,,,(,,v11111 I ! ' !!' !' t(l !,•'iiiiiiili! 11 III I in liiiiii liiiii i (in ii iiiiiiiHii iiiiiinimi II 111 mint
'r 3
Figure 3. Predicted tides during field ex ent.
13
for five minutes once every twenty minutes, as were the S4
^ current meters. Plots of the tide signal for both days are
w shown in Figure 4. The units of depth of the instrument in
** these plots is decibar. To convert the decibars to meters
™* multiply by 0.004273.
There were two sources of wave data collected for this
m investigation. One source is the Corps of Engineers wave
m data array of Oceanside Beach located in 9.1 meters of
*t water. The analyzed data from the wave data array is
••• published monthly. Table 7 gives the significant wave
tm height, the total energy and the percent of that energy in
each period band for several times on the two days of data
1H
acquisition. The significant wave height during data>••
tw collection on February 28 was about 77 cm and on March 7
«•* about 73 cm. Table 8 gives the significant angle, the total
"* longshore component of the radiation stress and the angular
""* distribution in period bands for the Oceanside array.
1M
Direct measurement of the waves off of the outfall
tmn,
,w culvert during the data acquisition were taken by the S4's
,~. internal pressure sensor. The sample rate of 1 Hz was
"* sufficient to resolve surface gravity waves. Figure 5 is a
** typical five minute wave record from S4 #54. The maximum
m
wave height in this record is about 200 decibar or 0.85
'•*
m meters. The predominate period band is 8 to 10 seconds as
verified by the Oceanside pressure sensor array data, see
M* Table 7 and Table 8.
14
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Figure 4. Measured tides during data acquisition.
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en
16
C) Vertical Temperature Distribution Measurements
The three dimensional temperature field generated by
•the heated discharge water was mapped psuedosynoptically on
both February 28 and March 7. The elevated temperature (or
•temperature anomoly) of the water discharged from the plant
provided an abundant tracer of the water's path through the
nearshore region. A temperature chain consisting of 5 Omega
DL-701 Thermistor thermometers was suspended from the side
of the Boston Whaler supplied by SDG&E for field data
collection. The thermometers were located along the T-chain
at the surface, 2 feet, 4 feet and 6 feet below the surface
and at the bottom. The exact nearshore location of each set
of five measurements was determined using a mini ranger
locating system. The mini ranger system uses two
transponders at different locations on the shore and a
receiver on the boat. The exact location is determined
using triangulation. One transponder was located on the
south jetty of the lagoon entrance channel and the other was
located on the short groin directly in front of the plant
entrance gate.
The temperature data was recorded manually at numerous
locations in the nearshore region. Then data were entered
into a computer to generate a gridded temperature map for
each depth on both days. Figures 6-10 are the temperature
maps for February 28 and Figures 11 - 15 are the maps for
March 7, 1989.
17
YMAX - 25OO
wW ^^^^^^^^^—.^^^_^^^^^_
YMIN = -1000
* TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: SURFACE 28 FEB 1989
Figure €. February 28, 1989 surface temperature
distribution. Temperature is in degrees Centigrade with
contours shown at %° C. intervals. Coordinates (x,y) are in
feet and relative to an origin at the end of the discharge
jetties, see Figure 1.
tM*X - 2500 18
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION:
YMIN - -1000
•2 FEET 28 FEB 1989
Figure 7. February 28, 1989 temperature distribution two
feet below the surface. Temperature is in degrees
Centigrade with contours shown at \ C. intervals.
Coordinates (x,y) are in feet and relative to an origin at
the end of the discharge jetties, see Figure 1.
YMAX - 2500
s\
YMIN -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: -4 FEET 28 FEB 1959
Figure 8. February 28, 1989 temperature distribution four
feet below the surface. Temperature is in degrees
Centigrade with contours shown at %° C. intervals.
Coordinates (x,y) are in feet and relative to an origin at
the end of the discharge jetties, see Figure 1.
YMAX - 2500 19
YMIN = -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: -6 FEET 28 FEB 1989
Figure 9. February 28, 1989 temperature distribution six
feet below the surface. Temperature is in degrees
Centigrade with contours shown at %" C. intervals.
Coordinates (x,y) are in feet and relative to an origin at
the end of the discharge jetties, see Figure 1.
YMAX « 2500
YMIN « -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: BOTTOM 28 FEB 1989
Figure 10. February 28, 1989 temperature distribution at
the bottom. Temperature is in degrees Centigrade with
contours shown at %° C. intervals. Coordinates (x,y) are in
feet and relative to an origin at the end of the discharge
jetties, see Figure 1.
20
m YMAX - 25OO
YMIN = -1000
- TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: SURFACE 7 MARCH 1989
Figure 11. March 7, 1989 surface temperature distribution.
Temperature is in degrees Centigrade with contours shown at
\ C. intervals. Coordinates (x,y) are in feet and relative
•to an origin at the end of the discharge jetties, see Figure
JL •
YMAX - 25OO 21
M
II
X
YMIN -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: -2 FEET 7 MARCH 1989
Figure 12. March 7, 1989 temperature distribution 2 feet
below the surface. Temperature is in degrees Centigrade
with contours shown at h C. intervals. Coordinates (x,y)
are in feet and relative to an origin at the end of the
discharge jetties, see Figure 1.
YMAX 2500
z«**
8o
YMIN - -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: -4 FEET 7 MARCH 1989
Figure 13. March 7, 1989 temperature distribution 4 feet
below the surface. Temperature is in degrees Centigrade
with contours shown at -5° C. intervals. Coordinates (xfy)
are in feet and relative to an origin at the end of the
discharge jetties, see Figure 1.
YMAX - Z500 22
YMIN -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: -6 FEET 7 MARCH 1989
Figure 14. March 7, 1989 temperature distribution 6 feet
below the surface. Temperature is in degrees Centigrade
with contours shown at ^° C. intervals. Coordinates (x,y)
are in feet and relative to an origin at the end of the
discharge jetties, see Figure 1.
YMAX - 2500
YMIN -1000
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION: BOTTOM 7 MARCH 1989
Figure 15. March 7, 1989 temperature distribution at the
bottom. Temperature is in degrees Centigrade with contours
shown at h C. intervals. Coordinates (x,y) are in feet and
relative to an origin at the end of the discharge jetties,
see Figure 1.
23
D) Dye Dispersion
On March 7, 1989 a dye diffusion experiment was
conducted. Thirty gallons of florescene dye were injected
into the outfall culvert channel at 11:05 AM. Photographs
were taken from the crane located at the cooling water
Intake every two minutes until the dye was no longer
visible. Photograph 1 shows the dye proceeding out towards
the surf zone. Photograph 2 shows the dye in the surf zone
as the discharge plume is deflected to the south. Note the
wave breaking upon the sand bar in front of the culvert
jetties. This bar serves as a bypassing bar for the
longshore drift of sand.
Although these dye dispersion patterns are similar to
"the temperature anomolies in Figure 11-15, they could be
followed for only a brief time due to dilution of the dye.
Because the heat released by the plant was a much more
abundant tracer, it could be analysed over much greater
distances and times than could the environmentally
acceptable levels of dye.
IIIl DATA ANALYSIS AND MOMENTUM BALANCE
The decisive question of whether or not the cooling
water discharge scavenges sand from the beach involves a
competition between the seaward directed momentum fluxes of
the discharge plume and the shoreward directed momentum
fluxes of the incoming waves. We desire to know the
distance from the shoreline at which these two competing
24
Photograph 1. Florescene dye just after release.
Photograph 2. Florescene dye in the surf zone about one
minute after dye release.
25
momentum fluxes exactly balance. At this point further
seaward transport of sediment by the discharge plume is not
possible.
We shall prescribe the momentum balance equations with
regard to a cartesian coordinate system (x,y) whose origin
is placed on the shoreline at the center of the discharge
outfall channel with the x-axis directed positive in the
seaward direction and the y-axis positive along shore in a
right hand system. Let the cooling water discharge velocity
at x=y=0 be UQ. Consider first an incoming train of waves
approaching the shoreline at exactly normal incidence (along
the x-axis). Let the wave height in deep water be H,,,
and the deepwater wave number kg,. Let the local values
of wave height and wave number be H and k. The mean onshore
flux of onshore directed momentum due to these waves may be
written as:
tif f= < (P + pu2)dz>- p0dz
J-h '-h
2kh . 1 (1)
A ilh(2kh)
where E =
Here g is the acceleration of gravity, p is the pressure, p
is the density, pQ is the hydrostatic pressure, and h is the
local depth of water. Similarly the mean longshore flux of
longshore directed momentum may be written:
26
f" f°Syy = < (p + pv2)dz> - I p0dz
•-h *-h
sin h(2kh)
Once these waves propagate into shallow water where h is
less than their wavelength these steady wave induced fluxes
of momentum reduce to the following:
•I sxx = |E
m Syy = 2E
m
Now consider the case when the waves are not normally
•i incident to the shoreline, but rather approach at an angle
*" a with respect to the x-axis. In this case the mean
onshore flux of onshore directed momentum due to the waves
in imay be written as follows:m
„ Sx,x, = Sxxcos2a + Syysin2a (4)
m
mm
^1 The shoreward fluxes of momentum as prescribed by equation
_ (4) are now balanced against the seaward fluxes of momentum^PH
*" due to the discharge. The mean velocities tabulated in
** Table 6 can be resolved into offshore (seaward) components
m and alongshore components. Because the velocities are
4M
nearly parallel to the shoreline the seaward component is
small (on the order of 5 cm/sec). As a consequence of the
• seaward component of the discharge velocity being so small,
^ we may neglect the advective terms in the momentum equation.
27
Therefore the momentum balance between the waves and the
discharge may be prescribed as:
m P ax
•
subject to: u = u0 at x = 0
•I u = 0 at x = «
H vhere « is the diffusivity of momentum. To solve (5) we
m
must specify the diffusivity of momentum. The central
^ objective of the measurements described in the preceding
section was directed at precisely answering this question.
• To do so we use the heat released by the plant as a tracer
*" of the discharge plume because this tracer is made so
** abundant by operating the plant at near its maximum capacity
"™ throughout the experiment.
Taking advantage again of the fact that the offshore
m directed components of current are negligable, we can
_ prescribe the heat equation as a balance between the
*" longshore flux of heat and the on/offshore diffusion of
*"' heat. The heat equation based on this fact is:
m
ma
3T _ _9_/rr 3T.
subject to: T = T0 at x = y = 0
T=0atx=y=w
where T is the temperature anomoly above ambient, V.
28
in* is the longshore component of the current; and Kx is the
thermal diffusivity. Because the diffusion processes are
" length scale dependent, see Lam et. al (1984), the thermal
fliffusivity is dependent upon the dimensions of the thermal
m
H plume according to:
yq.
' vhere q is a constant of proportionality, and ax is
* the variance of the seaward extent of the plume. We solvei
for the thermal diffusivity by adjusting the parameters in
jy equation (7) in order to make the solution to equation (6)
match with the thermal patterns in Figures 6-15. The
•M solution to equation (6) may be written as:
«- <
^ where T« is the temperature anomaly above ambient at the
HI discharge, b is the width of the thermal plume and erf is
to the error function. A computerized mean squared difference
m analysis between equation (8) and the observed temperature
m
patterns is plotted in Figure 16 and yields the following
m
m solution for the thermal diffusivity:
m
* Kx = 1.8 X 10"3LX'4
" Lx = 3ax (9)
m
_ We find in Figure 16 that the thermal diffusivity grows with
t i II I I t l t i ft i II 11 fcJ i j
O
CU
CO
D(*.
fc CV2o g
J O
X5
00
O
N
O
<O
O
O __
O .-
CO
O
CM
O
DIFFUSIVITY vs ON-OFF SHORE SPREADING
Kx= 1.8 x 10 3Lx4
O
O
icr io4 10° 10°
ON-OFF SHORE SPREADING LENGTH
Lx= 3<JX( cm )
Figure 16. Thermal diffusivity as a function of the seaward
spreading of the thermal plume as derived by a minimization
of the mean squared difference between equation (8) and the
near surface temperature pattern in Figures 6 and 11. Solid
line is mean squared fit of equation (8) to plotted data.
10
rovo
30
•the seaward extent of the thermal plume according to the 1.4
power.
With the thermal diffusivity specified by equation (9)
we can solve for the momentum diffusivity by means of the
Prandtl number:
c - PK (10)
where P is the Prandtl number equal to 7.03 for water. With
equation (10) the momentum balance equation (5) reduces to
the following form:
1*0
£n
xo
xxdx (11)
r ~
0
Here x0 is the distance from the shore where the seaward
directed momentum fluxes of the discharge exactly balance
the shoreward directed momentum fluxes due to the waves.
Solving equation (11) for XQ we find:
64tanff
£ (3coszo + sin2a)
where tan/3 is the beach slope. The solution by equation
(12) is plotted in Figure 17. We find that the maximum
seaward distance over which the discharge plume can
conceivably transport sediments off the beach will increase
as the square of the discharge velocity but decreases with
the 4th power of the incident wave height. Consequently
even small increases in wave height result in very large
decreases in XQ. The maximum seaward transport distance
also decreases with decreasing beach slope, which is a
natural shoreline response to large waves and stormy
it ii ii ft I it i i ft « ft i ft i ft i t. j i j
OFFSHORE TRANSPORT DISTANCE vs WAVE AND DISCHARGE PARAMETERS
o
2<E-co(— I
Q
Di
O
CU
CO
6O
O
SD
Si— i
X
CD
O
too
o __
COo 4-
o 4-
o __
0
FIELD MEASUREMENTS
O FEE 28 1989
A MARCH 7 1989
PLANT OUTPUT VELOCITY
10 cm/sec
50 cm/sec
— 100 cm/sec
"'-•.,u = 10 cm/sec
u = 100 cm/sec
u = 50
100 200 300 400 500
H°° ( cm )
DEEP WATER WAVE HEIGHT
Figure 17. Solution for the maximum seaward transport
distance as a function of wave and discharge parameters.
Calculations based upon beach slope of 0.03; deep water wave
number 0.0004 (10 second wave); momentum diffusivity 1.8 X
105; and a wave angle of 8 degrees.
32
„, conditions. Local storms are also accompanied by short
** period waves with larger wave numbers that also tend to
"* diminish seaward transport capacity of the discharge plume.
m The significant wave heights during our experiments
m averaged 76.7 cm during the February 28 measurements and
73.1 cm during the March 7 measurements. These represent
H relatively small waves for the Encina Power Plant location.
JM Nonetheless in spite of unusually large discharge velocities
the maximum seaward transport distances by equation (12) is
^ only 56.3 meters for the February 28 measurements and 53.6
Ml
meters for the March 7 measurements, see Figure 17. Surf
— zone widths during both days ranged between 65 and 77
m meters. Therefore it does not seem possible for the
* discharge plume to scavenge suspended sediment and deliver
"* it beyond the surf zone, because the seaward transport
m
distance is less than the surf zone width even under these
approximately worst case scenarios with high flow rates and
low waves. The wave heights would have to drop to less than
m 20 cm for discharge scavenging to be possible, a condition
*» which is not sufficient to suspend sand and has not been
M recorded at this relatively high energy site.
IV CONCLUSIONS
From the combined results of this report and Jenkins
and Skelly (1987), the following conclusions can be made:
1. Because the plant discharge is several degrees warmer
33
•than ambient waters, all physical and transport phenomena
*J attributable to the outfall are found in only the upper few
**t feet of the water column.
m
2. Even for the combination of high plant discharge and low
HI waves, there is no evidence whatsoever for seaward transport
in the mean current field outside the surf zone.«*
41 3. Following from conclusion 1 above, only suspended
m sediment in the upper few feet of the water column could be
ji transported by the thermal outfall.
** 4. Following from conclusion 2 above seaward transport of
m
suspended sediment in the upper few feet of the water column
^ is not possible by mean advection outside the surf zone.
Waves which are sufficiently large to suspend sediment will
^ overwhelm the discharge momentum and prevent it from
** escaping the surf zone.
m
5. Seaward intrusion of the temperature field associated
with plant operations occurs by diffusion only. Solutions
to the momentum equation indicate that seaward diffusion of
^^H suspended sediment beyond the surf zone is highly unlikely
m even for moderately low waves.
a 6. Conclusions 1-5 above are self-consistant with available
offshore bathymetry data which indicates no seaward bulgingm
of depth contours and no scavenging of beach sand into
m offshore bars in the neighborhood of the thermal outfall.
m 7. In the absence of any hard evidence to suggest a
mechanism for seaward transport of sediment by the outfall,
a long-term program of bathymetric surveys designed to
34
nil
unjustified.
observe such phenomenology does not appear to be justified.
A short term period of bathymetric studies would be useless
because the results would be masked by seasonal and annual
climatic variability.
8. The integrated effects of lagoon circulation in the
nearshore are found by the direct measurements of the
currents and dispersion patterns associated with the outfall
and the inlet. Because this study in conjunction with the
previous study has found no adverse impact to the nearshore
further circulation studies of the lagoon itself appear
35
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank Mr. Harry Stoehr, Mr. Bill
Dyson and the SDG&E personnel at the Encina Plant for their
assistance in conducting this research effort. Mr. Dyson
helped with the logistics and provided a Boston Whaler boat
for the field work. Mr. Stoehr coordinated the plant
operation to achieve maximum outflow during the experiment.
Several other SDG&E Encina Plant personnel assisted the
research effort by supplying chain link for anchors, gas for
the boat and the numerous other little details which helped
make the experiment successful.
36
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Fairchild, J,C., 1972, "Longshore transport of suspended
^ sediment", Proceedings of the Thirteenth Coastal
Engineering Conference, ASCE, vol 2, p 1069-1087.
*a»
_ Gable, C.G., 1981, "Report on data from the nearshore- sediment transport study experiment at Leadbetter
Beach, Santa Barbara, California January - February,
""' 1980", University of California, San Diego,
*J Institute of Marine Resources Reference No. 80-5,
314 pps.
itf*;
^ Jenkins, S.A. and D.W. Skelly, 1988, "An evaluation of the
coastal data base pertaining to seawater diversion
at Encina Power Plant Carlsbad, CA", Prepared for
San Diego Gas and Electric, 56 pps.
M
Lam, D.C.L., Murthy, C.R. and R.B. Simpson, 1984, Lecture
"** notes on Coastal and Estuarine Studies; Effluent
,y Transport and Diffusion Models in the Coastal Zone.
Springer-Verlag, New York, 168 pp.
<**_ U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Coastal Engineering Research
** Center, 1989, "Coastal data information program",
Wave Data Feb & Mar 1989.m
m
4**
APPENDIX I
CURRENT DATA
I t I t I * > t i t I I I I
InterOcean Systems, Inc,SDGE 50 2/28/89
Samples averaged !
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25,8
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Sanples averaged ! 5
Hodel §4 Current Heter 10436071?
File ! B:sd50228,S4BNean ! 38,3?
0.9
360
3012/28, 10120:
Mean ; 169,26
Sanples 6012/28, 10140:00
ti ti t f tfti t j t i it ti ti ti t t ti ii ii 11 i
InterOcean Systews, Inc. Hodel S4 Current Heter S04368717
SDGE 50 2/28/89 File ! Blsd5e228,S4B
279
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4
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Model S4 Current Heter 11043(0717File : B!sd50228,S4B iMean I 34,63
0,0
i i i i i i i t i i i i
360
0
Mean I 164,78
6012/28, 10:Sanples 901
2/28, 11:00:90
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8,8
368
188
8
Model S4 Cuiwnt Heter 1843(871?File : B:sd58228,S4BMean ; 33,89
Mean 1 162,78
15812/28, 11:48:88 Samples 2/28, 12:1 1881
speea
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50,0
CH/S
25,0
InterOcean System, Inc,SKE 50 2/28789
Samples averaged I 5
Hotel S4 Current Meter 104360717File ! B:sd50228,S46Mean I 36,35
0,0
360
180
0 30012/28, 13:20:00
Mean i 164.67
Samples
i i i i 11 11 i i t i i
3301
2/28, 13!40!00
I ii t i ii if t i it i i i i ii t i t i I J • $ t i i i t i • t 11 ii
P
0
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InterOcean Systews, Inc. Model S4 Current Meter 004360717SDGE 50 2/28/89 File ! B:sd50223,S4B
278
Sanples 3001 - 3301 10,0CH/s/div
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5
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50,0
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InterOcean Systens, Inc.SDGE 52 2/28/39Sawples averaged : 100
Hotel S4 Current Heter H4360710File ! B:sd52228,S4BMean ! 27,41
25,0
0,0 9012/28, 11:Sanples 60012/28, 16:40100
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InterOcean Systems, Inc,SDGE 52 2/28/89
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Model 54 Current Heter 104360710
File ! B:sd52228,S4B
Mean : 26,51
0,0
see
188
1201
2/28, 11:20198
Heart ! 162,45
ijl jt I t I I I I •! I t I I I I I I I I I I
Sanples 15812/28, 11:48:88
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InterOcean System, Inc.SDGE 52 2/23/89 -Model S4 Current MeterFile ! 6:sd52228,S4B
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averaged I 5
360
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Mean ! 25,11
24012/28, 12:40100
Hean : 159,07
Samples
11 111 111 11 11 i
2701
2/28, 13:00:00
ti * I ft I || ti t > t i it ci t I (I II II II II li II 11 t i
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8,8
368
Model S4 Cumnt Hetei> S04368710File ! B:sd52228,S4BMean : 26,73
Mean : 159,78
48812/28, 15:28:88
Sawples
i i i i i i i i i i i i
51812/28, 15:48:88
• i i • t i i i i J • i t i I f i i t i i f 1 f i 11 i i ii
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InterOcean Systerts, Inc.
SDGE 54 2/28?89Sanples averaged : 106
9012/28, n;e0;00
Hodel S4 Current Meter
File ! B!sd54228,$4B
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it it * j • i * i * i • i *• « * « i it < i
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InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 50 3/7/89
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File ! B:sd5037,S46Mean : 17,71
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3/07, 16:20:00
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15013/07, 10:40:00
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3/07, 11:00:00
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3/87, 13:88:80
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Mean : 175,
68013/0?., 15:48:00 Sanples
• I Kl ti ft J •! ft! «l tl ftl II tl t I ftl * 1 II 1 I * I II 1 i
p
0
a
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 59 3/7/89 Model S4 Current Meter #84360717File ! B!sd5037,S4B
278
Samples 6001 - 6301 10,0CM/s/div
*l 1.4 ft! ti ft! ti II ft I ft I tl ft, ,1
spe
e
56,6
CH/S
InterOcean SustentSj Inc,5DGE 52 3/7/89Sanples averaged ! 50
Hodel S4 Current Meter 1(04368710File ! B!sd5237,S4BMean : 33,37
25,6
6,0
6013/07, 09:40:00 Sanples 6601
3/07, 16120:00
II ft I l*i i t i •! ft i I t i t i i • i i t *
spee
d
D
56,6
CM/S
25,6
InterOcean Systems, Inc,
SDCE 52 3/7/89
Samples averaged ! 5
Hodel S4 Cumnt Heter 1104360710File ! B:sd5237,S4BMean ! 25,94
360
Hean I 174,17
12013/07, 16:28:Samples 15013/07, 10:40:00
it J ft I If ft i ft • 1 l i i i i i
p
D
1ar
InterOcean SMStens, Inc. Hodel S4 Current Heter 184360710
SDGE 52 3/7/59 ' File : B!sd5237,S4B
278
Samples 1201-1501
it 1 1 ft i • j j •t i 11 • i * * t i ft i • i I • 1 1 i
S
Pe
e
d
J•ir
58,9
CH/S
25,0
InterOcean Systens, Inc,
SDGE 52 3/7/89
Sanples averaged I 4
Hodel 54 Current Heter 1104360718File : B!sd5237,S4BHean ! 30,22
0,0
"• W
360
15013/07, 10:40:
LI /
I11!,!"
•-l""l."V'".f''"rV""
Hean : 159,62
Sanples 1801
3/07, 11:00:00
fcl tl ft I Hi ft i il fti ft I i| tl fti ft| fti *i t§ VI 11 i
If
p
0
InterOcean Systems, Inc. Model S4 Current Heter 1043607119
SDGE 52 3/7/89 File I B!sdS237,S4B
276
Sanples 1501-1881
« f it * i * i if « § t i « §
spee
d
50,8
CH/S
25,9
InterOcean Systens, Inc,
SDGE 52 3/7/89
Sanples averaged ! 4
Hodel S4 Current Meter 804368710
File ! B!sd5237,S4B
Mean : 35,11
8,9
i i i r i | i i I »^ i K i i I i i ic i \jft i i
369
188
0 33813/87, 12:40:00
i i i i i t i i i i i i i
Mean : 182,52
36813/97, 13:99:88
« * ii r t • » * i • i •* i •
Po
1a
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 52 3/7/89
Hodel S4 Current Heter #94360710
File ! B!sd5237,S4B
270
Sanples 3301-3601 18,QcH/s/div
speed
Dir
56,0
CH/S
25,
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 52 3/7/89Samples averaged : 5
0.0
366
0
Hodel S4 Current Heter H04360710
File ! B:sd523?,S4BMean ! 37,34
36013/07, 13:
Mean ; 178,32
Samples 39013/07, 13:20:00
I t I • I t I t i t i
poIar
InterOcean Systems, Inc. Hodel $4 Current Heter I043S0710SDGE 52 3/7/-S9 File ! B:sd5237,S4B
270
Sanples 3601-3901 10,0CN/s/div
• I ft i i f I i • i fill II If f I II IJ II t I II || 11 i i
speed
1)•ir
InterOcean Sustens, Inc,
SDGE 52 3/7/89Sanples averaged ! 4
Hodel S4 Current Heter «84369718
File : E:SD5237,S46Mean : 33,31
76,01 V I V
CM/S
35,8
D Q
/ v?\
V V
^..A,^
i
ii i
i • • i i , i , PL . , i ', i i , . . . ,
./^..y^./Y
f ' ' *•>
•
i
1
111
(' ( t, . . . . i| I
'•f\ ,i r i mi
\ 1v :i
i
lj *»t
r
J 1
t ',
,-7^'V
V
•^,» 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
V
"V'/Y""
" U
Hean ; 168,53
5181
3/87, 14!48!88
Sa«ples 5481
3/87, 15:88:88
II 11 11 It II I > (I II tl fi « t II • I II II I I It t 1 I i
p
0
InterOcean Systems, Inc
SDGE 52 3/7/89
Model S4 Current Meter t043b0?i6
File ! B:SD5237,S46
278
Sanples 5101 - 5401
II * I II II (1 ft II t I t I C I < I It • I II II II II II II
speed
D
tir
70,
CH/S
35,0
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 52 3/7/89Samples averaged I 5
Model S4 Current Meter 184368718File I B:sd5237,S4BMean I 41,13
8.8
368
188
8
i i i i i i i i i i i
Mean : 182,29
3/87, 15:48;i
Sanples 6381
3/87, 16:88:88
II * I t I • I t I II (I t I t I t I (I • I i I II II II II II II
p
0
ap
IntepOcean Systens, Inc.
SDGE 52 3/7/89
Model S4 Current Heter 1843(8710
File ! B!sd5237,S4B
276
Samples 6001-6381 14,0CN/s/div
Kl si ct n
s
ee
d
InterOcean Sustens, Inc.SDGE 54 3/7/89Samples averaged ; 50
Model S4 Current Hetep 1104366703File I 6!SD5437,S4BHean ! 29,37
70,61 V 1 V
CM/S
W 0Ovf i V
Q Q
V
L,.
V
VI f. iT \l'y
\
\
•V r, /A/V-f
f /'
''.1"
jl
, . . , J.I, ,
^.^
jl
ftK i1!"V-1 V
1.MMf
9013/07, 10!Samples 69013/07, 16:40:00
II II t I • i • I « I II I I (I (1 I I II II II II II II II II
spe
e
d
D
56,6
CH/S
25,
InterOcean SMStews, Jnc,SDGE 54 3/7/89
Sawples averaged I 2
Nodel S4 Current Heter 164360783File I E!SK43?,S4BNean I 25,45
6,8
i i i i i t i i i |i t ili) i i i i i i i i i i i i
366
188
1291
3/87, 18128!
Hean : 166,85
Samples 1581
3/87, 18:48188
• i t i t a t * t * t i ft i ii i i • i it i i t * t j t i t i i i t i i i
P
D
ar
InterOcean Systehs, Inc. Ho del S4 Cumnt Heter K043607B3
SDGE 54 3/7/89 File ! B:SD5437,S4B
270
1201-1501 le.Bcn/s/div
• I I I i i i I f I f ) I 1 f f I • i t I • I ft 1 I 1 I I 1 I I i I j f I
spe
ed
D•ir
59,0
CH/S
25.6
8,8
360
188
0
InterOcean Sustens, Inc,
SDGE 54 3/7/89Samples averaged ! 4
Model S4 Current Meter 184360763
File ! B:SD5437,S4BMean ! 27,78
I i I i I i I f^ij t t ij i I i i j i i'
A f* \ I /
ft il YI i i i i i i i • i HI i i i i i
•V
,/W,,..i V i-
i i I i i r t i i i i i
i i i i i i i i i i i i
Mean : 168,47
l\t 1 1 1
1
t 1 1
•ft
1
1 1 1
1
1 1 II
••A
,,,
\ KIn
•
/s i.h
<•Jill
\
y-i i
v
11111(1
I * I 11 11 11 11 11
1581
3/87, 18I40I00
Samples 18813/07, 11:80180
tj II C I It** * I t I II (I «| (I t 1 * t II II If II 11 1
p
D
ar
InterOcean Systens, Inc.
SHE 54 3/7/89
Hode! S4 Current Heter 104360783File : B',SD5437,S4B
278
Sanples 1501 - 1801 10,0CH/s/div
II II t 1 «1 t*» • I II II (I fl (I It • I II II II II II II
spee
d
D•i
p
79,0
Ch/S
35,0
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 54 3/7/89
Sanples averaged ! 4
Hodel S4 Current Hetei> 104368703
File ! B!sd5437,S4B
Mean : 38,54
8,0
368
188
8
33813/87, 12148:88
Mean ! 198,
Sanples 3681
3/87, 13:80:88
I I I 1 « I II «"* II II I) II II « I It (I II II II 11 II II
InterOcean Sustens, Inc.SDGE 54 3/7/89
Po1a
270
Hodel S4 Currant Heter 104368703
File : B!sd543?,S4B
Samples 3381 - 3681 18,8cH/s/div
II II t t * I 11 II II II II (I I I
spee
d
0
CH/S
39,0
IntevOcean System, Inc.
SOCE 54 3/7/JfSawples averaged 1 4
0,0
360
180
Model S4 Current Heter It04360?03File : B:SW437,S4BMean : 30,95
36013/07, 13:
Mean I 163,95
Samples 39013/07, 13:20100
II II II II « I II II II II II tl tl II II II If II tl II
p
D
1ar
InterOcean System, Inc. Hodel S4 Currant Meter 1104368703SDGE 54 3/7/89 File ! B:SD5437,S46
276
Sanples 3681 - 3981
II II » I • I * 'l II II II II (1 II II til II II II II II II
speea
D•ir
0
CM/S
38,0
InterOcean Systens, Inc.
SDGE 54 3/7/89Sanples averaged ! 4
Model S4 Current Heter 194360703
File ! B;SC5437,S4BMean ! 28,72
0,0
360
0
3/07, 15140:00
Mean : 160,81
Samples 63013/07, 16:00:90
I II II ft I tl II • J 11 II II II II I I II II II II II II II
P
D
1
a
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 54 3/7/89 Hodel S4 Currant Heter 164368703File I B1SD5437.S4B
278
Sanples 6001 - 6301 12,0CM/s/div
APPENDIX II
DISCHARGE DATA
ENCINA POWER PLANT - SDO&E
DATA TRENDING
JQC SCtiLE SCPftEftTE fJEeTORE OUTPUT OPT I QMS
09'33=05A14-MAR-89
DAY>411:!I
^80.00 _
•560.80
,£40.80
urn
120.88 _
PLANT FLOW Afd DISCHARGE TEMPERAtllRE FOR FEB. 28
I I _L94!9996'99{£'99 I£9:99
.00
72.000
_ 48.000
24.000
0.00000
91-WAR
m ENCINA POWER PLANT - SDG&E
» DATA TRENDING
&M>mm .JOG SCALE SEPARATE RESTORE OUTPUT OPTIONS
14-MAR-89FROZEN
0.00000
a
«i
APPENDIX III WAVE AND TIDE DATA
WAVE DIRECTION IN PERIOD BANDS
31-
o> 21
00o>
CQ
UJU_
U.o
11 -
TN
s
ss/t
'('"/
s
22-18 18-16 16-14 14-12 12-10 10-8 8-6 6-4
PERIOD SEC.
OCEANSIDE BEACH ARRAY, DIRECTION
WAVE ENERGY SPECTRA FEB 1989
31 A
m
m
a
m
fl
20 16 12 8
PERIOD SEC.
OCEANSIDE BEACH ARRAY. ENERGY
WAVE DIRECTION IN PERIOD BANDS
m
H
n
m
a
31-
o> 21
00o>
u_o
11-1
X .
7.
r
TN
1
s X*
X*
22-18 18-16 16-14 14-12 12-10 10-8 8-6 6-4
PERIOD SEC.
OCEANSIDE BEACH ARRAY. DIRECTION
mm
WAVE ENERGY SPECTRA MAR 1989
20 16 12 8
PERIOD SEC.
OCEANSIDE BEACH ARRAY. ENERGY
J ft.J ft J ft I ft J ft I 1 i I I I I I I I i I I I I I I I i i i I i I i I i
D
e
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SKE SB 2/28/89
Sanples averaged ! 18
Model S4 Current Neter 104368717
file ! B:sdS8228,S4B 7
Mean : 371,24
dBar
,8
8.8
II I I I I II II II««II<««4I<
11111111111
3812/28,Samples
*-3 2/28, 17;6381
ii »i a < »J 11 • i it ii it I '(I it *' • ' ' ' " ' ' ' ' '
Be
D
edBap
InterOcean Ssstens, Inc.SKI se mmSawles averaged : 1
Hodel S4 Current Heter 10436071?File ! B:sdS8228,S4BMean ! 320,91
010191 v
e,e
6812/28, IB;Sanples 2/28,*
981
• I t i I J t I II t I t 1 t , , , , , , , , ,
D
e
medBar
InterOcean Systens, Inc.SHE SB 2/28/89
Sanples averaged ! 1
Hodel S4 Cumnt Meter §04368717
File : B:sd5l228,S4BMean : 336,
see.e
Illllllll IIIMIIMIII Mill I Illl III
15812/28, 11:48:88
Sanples 18812/28, 12:88:88
i I *** ft I I i ft 1 i I I 1 I 1 I I I , I , ( I §1 1 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I i
,edBar
InterOcean Systens, Inc.SKE 58 2/28789Sanples averaged'. 1
Model S4 Current Heter 184368717File : B!sdS8228,S46Mean 1 373,49
8.8 3881
0/00if60;
Sanples 3381
2/28, 13:48:88
i I 1 1 * * § * • « • • i • i i i i i i i • i t i • i ft i t , , , , ,
De
InterOcean Systews, Inc,SDGE 54 2/28/89averaged : 5
Model S4 Current Meter 104360703
File 1 B!sd54228,S46Mean ! 312,51
08,0W 1 V
dBar
on fluVi u
0 Q• 0
(
i
1 1 1 1 1 1 i i i 1 1 1
iiiitiiittii
ttiiiiiiiiii
U i
rflrtfW
lei
!/28, 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1
lltllllltltll
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
i;00:0e
1 1 1 I 1 1 1 t M t 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Illlllllllll
i
1
1 1 1 1 * 1 1 I 1 t 1 1
t t 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
I 1 1 1 1 I 1 i I I I i
^ikUiJTipffrff1
Illlllllllll
1 1 t 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1
1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
ri*W'F W^
Sanpl
1 1 1 1 * 1 1 1 1 * 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
-iiitMiiiiiii
I unil J k|li JL
PBlflriiWfl|j»T "^ u
les
Illllllllllll
Illlllllllltl
IIMIIIillllt
Illlllllllll
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1
Illlltllllll
L^iiyiki
i
i * 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
• 1 1 1 » 1 1 1 » i * i
IIIIIIIIMII
!/28, i
IIIIIIIMIIII
IIIMIIIIIIII
iMiiiiiiiiii
pWww
69016:40:80
I I t i k I t I 1 i II ti II II II II II II II II II ti || II
De
h
,0dBap
InterOcean Systews, Inc,SBGE 54 2/28/89Sanples averaged ! 1
Hodel 84 Current Heter K84360783File : B:sd54228,S4BKean : 265,31
588,8
8,
i i i i i i i i 11 i i
t 1 1 I 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 I
, 11:00:89
i i i i i i i ri i i i ' f| • ' ft " " • • ' L' / "A VA'
llllltllllll
t i i i i i i t i i i t
i i i i i i i i i i i i
• 111111111111
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
• 11111111 * 11
• 1111111111
111111111111
t 1 I 1 M 1 1 1 1 1 1
• 111111111111
1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 | t 1
1111111111111
• * 1111111111 * 11111111111 • 11111111111
* 1111111111
Samples 1281
2/28, 11:28:88
II II II t i • I II II II II II II II II II II II II II II
fte
,0
dBar
InterOcean System, Inc,SDGE 54 mm -Samples averaged i 1
Model S4 Current Heter M4360703File ! B!sd54228,S4BMean : 310,i
see,e
!)l
i i i i i i i i i i 11 i i i i i i t i i i i i i i i i i t i i i i i i i
I 1 I I I I I t M I I I
I I I I I I I I I
11111*1(1*11
I I I I I t I I t t I I
t I l I l I I I 1 I l t 1 I I I
I I t I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I |
3001
2/28, 13:20:08
Samples 33012/28, 13:40:00
ft a * i ft t ft i ft f ft § t i r i r i t i i I • i • i • i • i t i t i i i • i
D
e?h
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 54 2/28/85Samples averaged ! 1
Hodel S4 Current Heter #04368703File I Blsd54228,S4BHean : 354,19200,8
dBar
Clfl RVVl V
a a
• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
KvV
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
nil l\ipv
1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
I^H
i i i i i t i t i i i »
f^
t t i i i i i i i i i i
'IT' 1ww
Illlllllllltl
\ hyW
• 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 * i
yy?
iiiiMiitiii
'$]$
iiiitiiiiiM
i
(IIIIIIIMIII
Iw|A
54012/28, 16!Samples 57012/28, 16:20:00
»• *l • I t I II tl •I II II II II f|I > I II II II
I
e
InterOcean Systens, Inc,SDGE 50 3/7/89Samples averaged ;
Hodel S4 Current Meter 104360717File ; B!sd5G37,S4BMean : 357,58
dBai>
356,0
6,6 12613/07, 16:26:66
Sawples £9613/67, 16:46:66
Ilillltilftltifll it 11 ii if i i 11 » • till
De
f
6
dBar
InterOcean System, Inc.SDGE 58 3/7/89Sanples averaged ! 1
Model S4 Current Heter #04360717File ! B:sd5837,S4BMean I 615,25
458,8
8,8
i i i i I i i I r i t
i i i i I i I i i i I
i t i i i i i i i i i
i i i t i i i i i t i i
i i i i i i t i i i i
i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i t i i i i
i i l i l i t i l I i i
i i I i I i i i i t i I
i i i i i i l i i i l i
i i l i i i i l i i l l
l I I l I t I I I I l ( l
I « l t i I I I l I l I I
i i i i l i i r i i i
i l i i i i t i t i i i
i i i i i l l t * i i i
1581
3/87, IB!
itiiifiiiiti
l l i i l l l i l i l I
i i i i l l i l l i l
i t l l i t i t l i l l l
r i i i t i i l i t i I il l l i i i i t i i i t
i i i t i f i i i t i t
i i l i i i i i i i (
Samples 3/87, 11: i 1881
tl ft i * i It II II II II I I II II II II II II II II II I)
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SKE 58 3/7/89Samples averaged I 1
Hodel S4 Current Neter 104360717
File ! B:sd5837,S4BHean I 356,39
888dBar
RR RVVi V
Q Q
i
i I I i n t 1 in i I
y V J \J
iiikitiJiiiii
r 1 11
1 IB t 1 J 1 1 1 1 l»
•
1 | 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 111 1t rni i i BI i i i t t
AnIsu7\^1 1 i 1 1 4' ' * • *Fl
AV
„ ,,,fc,,,JL
3601
3/07, 13:88!
Sanples
• I J • I • 1 1 I ft 1 I I I I i I 1 1 1
De
0
InterOcean Sustens, Inc.SDGE SO 3/7/85
Sanples averaged I 1
Nodel S4 Current Meter 104360717
File ! B:sd503?,S4BMean ! 303,43
,0
0,0
60013/07; 15140:00
Samples 3/07, 16:6301
t I k 1 ft f ft l~t t I II
InterOcean Systems, Jnc,SKE 54 3/7/89Samples averaged I 50
Hodel 34 Current Heter 104360703File ! BISD5437.S4BMean ! 371,69
1000.0JtVW 1 V
D dBtf
B
l
f
1
Sflfl ftJOOi v
Q Q
1 1 1 1 1 1 11 1 » * i
V_j
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
\mim
L-~^
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 1
, ., y X^K^1'""
*™^B
"--^-.-1 .—
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1
H— -— "
1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 i 1 | 1 i
.— — ' 1
3/07, 10:00:00 69013/07, 16:40:00
l I • l • i t l • I t l I i • l I i I 1 I l I i • l • i • i • i • i t i l i
pev
,0
dBar
InterOcean Systens, Inc,SDGE 54 3/7/89SaHples averaged ! 2
Model S4 Current Meter 104360703File ! B!SD5437,S4BMean ! 553,53
0
L-7M/
0,0
illlllltllll
12013/07; 10:20:00
Illllllllllil
1 1 1 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1
llllllllllil
1 1 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1
Illllllllltl
IIIIIIIIIIII
tllltllllll
11111111111
i i i i i l l i i i i
i i l i l l l l l I i
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
111111111111
Samples 1501
3/07, 10:40:00
II * I • I II 1*1 II (1 II II II tl II II II II II II II II
D
e
,0
InterOcean Systew, Inc.
SDGE 54 3/7/89Samples averaged I 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 i i i i i i i i t i i t
0,0
i t i i t i 11 i i 11 i
11 i i i 11 * i i i
I I I I I I t I I 1 M
I t I I I I I I I I | | I
I I I I I i I I t I I I I
Illlllllflll
I I I I I I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I I I t I I I
15013/07, 10:40:00 Samples
IIMIIIIIIIIl
1 1 1 1 l 1 I 1 1 1 t 1
Model S4 Current Meter 104360703File : B!SD5437,S4BMean : 520,28
f""'-
I I I I I I I I I I
1891
3/07, 11:00:00
• I ft I ft I • i ft I ft 1 II II I i II If 11 II I i ft I II 1 I II II
DeP
,0dBar
InterOcean Systems, Inc.SDGE 54 3/7/89Sanples averaged : 1
Ho del S4 Current Heter 1104360703File ! BISD5437.S4BMean ! 358,
0,0
3/07, 15:40:00 Samples 63013/07, 16:00:00