HomeMy WebLinkAbout; Carlsbad Beach Erosion Study-Shore Protection; Carlsbad Beach Erosion Study-Shore Protection; 1989-04-01CITY OF CARLSBAD PROPOSAL
FOR THE CARLSBAD BEACH EROSION STUDY
AND COASTAL SHORE PROTECTION PROJECT
APRIL, 1989
CITY OF CARLSBAD PROPOSAL
FOR THE CARLSBAD BEACH EROSION STUDY
AND COASTAL SHORE PROTECTION PROJECT
APRIL, 1989
CLAUDE A. LEWIS, MAYOR
ANN J. KULCHIN, MAYOR PRO-TEM
MARK V. PETTINE, COUNCILMEMBER
JOHN J. MAMAUX, COUNCILMEMBER
ERIC LARSON, COUNCILMEMBER
RAYMOND R. PATCHETT, CITY MANAGER
JOHN J. CAHILL, MUNICIPAL PROJECTS MANAGER
CARLSBAD CITY HALL
1200 ELM AVENUE
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA 92008
(619) 434-2830
CITY OF CARLSBAD PROPOSAL
FOR THE CARLSBAD BEACH EROSION STUDY
AND COASTAL SHORE PROTECTION PROJECT
APRIL, 1989
INTRODUCTION
The City of Carlsbad is a Southern California coastal community
of approximately 60,000 residents located in Northern San Diego
County. Carlsbad is bounded on the west by approximately six and
one half (6.5) miles of ocean front in which it shares its
presence with a combination of properties and facilities owned
and operated by the State of California, the San Diego Gas and
Electric Company, and the Regional Encina Sewage Treatment
Facility. Three (3) major coastal lagoons are located in
Carlsbad: Buena Vista Lagoon on the north, Agua Hedionda Lagoon,
and Batiquitos Lagoon on the south. Carlsbad has three (3)
major north-south thoroughfares which serve the entire Northern
San Diego County region's circulation system: Carlsbad
Boulevard, a portion of U.S. Highway 101, Interstate 5, and El
Camino Real. Reference Figure 1.
CITY OF CARLSBAD
OCEANSIDE
TO SAN OIEGO
40 MILES
ENCINITAS
FIGURE 1
The Southern California coastline experienced severe damage from
Winter storms in 1983. Carlsbad's beaches have yet to recover.
What little sand that existed at the time, and later followed by
other Winter storms, has been removed, and to date not returned
to the beaches. In January of 1988, a Winter storm struck the
Southern California coast resulting in millions of dollars of
property damages area wide. In Carlsbad, this storm damaged
important public parking facilities, resulted in road closures
and required extensive and costly maintenance and clean-up.
Carlsbad is dangerously and repeatedly exposed to severe and
expensive damage to private property and important public
transportation and circulation systems.
The United States Army Corps of Engineers sponsors two (2)
programs that are specifically designed to provide both short
term and long term assistance to both the City and the general
public in our area.
CORPS PROGRAM SUMMARIES
The City of Carlsbad has formally requested support from the
United States Army Corps of Engineers under their "continuing
authority" for the Corps' Los Angeles District Office to initiate
a Section 103 "Small Beach Erosion Control Project" to assist the
City investigate alternatives protecting a section of Carlsbad
Boulevard from repeated damage.
Secondly, the City has formally requested inclusion in the next
available United States Army Corps of Engineers' budget,
authorization for the Corps to begin a study of the causes,
effects, and solution options to the severe beach erosion problem
in the City of Carlsbad. The first step towards such a study can
be accomplished by the addition and/or inclusion to the Corps'
budget authorization and funding appropriations in the amount of
$250,000 specifically earmarked for the Carlsbad Beach Erosion
Study.
SECTION 103 "SMALL PROJECT" PROGRAM
INTRODUCTION
The proposed project area generally covers the shoreline from the
south end of the existing SDG&E jetties at the entrance to Agua
Hedionda Lagoon to the north end of the SDG&E outlet jetties.
The subject portion of Carlsbad Boulevard where the shore
protection is proposed is approximately 2,600 feet long and is
situated along the beach. Carlsbad Boulevard drops down to its
lowest level through this area where the elevations along the
existing street center line range from approximately +13 to +16
feet, mean sea level datum (MSLD). Reference Figure 2. The
existing roadway along this area is approximately 40 feet wide
with parking for automobiles along the west side of the
SCALE: 1" = 2000'
LOCATION MAP
CARLSBAD BOULEVARD SHORE PROTECTION
FIGURE 2 —,
DRAWNBY: cb | CHECKED BY-/A< | PROJECT NO; 8851268E-SI01 | P*TE: 7-28-88 |
WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS
Boulevard. The parking area is separated from the roadway by an
asphalt berm and abuts directly against the beach. For several
miles, Carlsbad Boulevard runs parallel with, and adjacent to,
the beach and is the primary access to several residential areas,
commercial centers, regional power generating facilities, and
related business and transportation interests. This section of
Carlsbad Boulevard is also the only roadway west of Interstate 5
to cross Agua Hedionda Lagoon. As such, it carries the majority
of north-south traffic through the area.
The beach in this area is historically thin and narrow. Almost
every year, Winter storms strip away the thin layer of sand from
the Summer swells and sand transport leaving a discontinuous
layer of gravel and cobbles. During the most severe Winter
storms, large waves impact directly on and overtop Carlsbad
Boulevard in this area. Because of the proximity of the ocean,
the highway is washed out. In the latest major storm of January
17 and 18, 1988, important public parking facilities along the
west side of the road were lost and the slopes that support the
roadway were severely eroded. Reference Figure 3. The paved
parking area has been reduced from approximately 300 spaces to
about 60 spaces. Neither the City of Carlsbad nor the State of
California, Department of Parks and Recreation, has the funds to
properly maintain this area on an annual basis. In fact, repairs
that have been made at substantial City expense, have been
damaged again or completely destroyed.
Because of the vital importance of this roadway to the regional
circulation system of both the City and the northern portion of
the County, the City of Carlsbad will begin widening and
improving Carlsbad Boulevard within the subject area
immediately. These improvements, at a cost of approximately
$2,500,000, include a divided roadway with a raised landscaped
median, parallel parking on the west side, and pedestrian
walkways on both sides. New landscaping and safety lighting are
also planned. In order to protect these improvements, the City
requests the assistance of the United States Army Corps of
Engineers to investigate alternatives and assist with the
financing of a permanent solution to protecting this important
public thoroughfare at the earliest possible time.
The City has undertaken a preliminary feasibility study to
investigate potential alternatives to construct some type of
shore protection. Ten (10) different structural considerations
were reviewed. Based upon civil and coastal engineering review,
the City has identified several potential alternatives. One
approach is an anchored sheet pile wall with a concrete cap which
has the advantage of impacting the least amount of beach while at
the same time providing the most stable, long term structural
life. Reference Figure 4. The City requests Corps participation
in any approach to a permanent solution to this situation.
Reinforced Concrete Cap
+14.0
-20 FIGURE 4
Other considerations for a shore protection project for this
section of Carlsbad Boulevard include the necessity of placing
rip rap material north and south of the proposed wall.
Additionally, handicap access to the beach areas in the form of
ramps and short stairways has long been a primary concern to the
community. Reference Figure 5.
The alternative to constructing a proposed shore protection
project along the subject portion of Carlsbad Boulevard is,
essentially, to do nothing in which case continued erosion and
damage to the roadway would occur during frequent periods of high
tides and Winter storms. This would result in continued high
maintenance costs for the area, damage, and repair costs to the
new improvements as well as replacement costs for portions of the
roadway and existing utilities. This approach does not appear to
be consistent with the current and pro j ected use of the area.
Additionally, some permanent method* of protecting coastal
resources and regionally strategic public highways is
fundamentally important to all.
Several other approaches are also possible alternatives such as
beach nourishment or off-shore protection. These measures
include possible revetments, groin systems, sand fills,
breakwaters, and a permanent sand by-pass system. Only the sand
Aqua Hedionda Lagoon
Handicap Ramp
Approx. Center line
of Road
Handicap Ramp.
Indicates approximate location of test boring
Indicates approximate location of survey profile
line.
.Plan is a portion of "County of San Diego - Topographic
Ma'1 dated 9^17-75 - USC&GS 1929 see level datum
Pacific Ocean
SITE PLAN
CARLSBAD BOULEVARD SHORE PROTECTION
WOODWARD-CLYDE CONSULTANTS
fill program has been attempted to date and was only temporarily
successful. A sand by-pass system is currently under
construction by the United States Army Corps of Engineers for the
Oceanside Harbor entrance in an attempt to reduce maintenance
dredging and provide a continuous sand replenishment system.
Even if successful, it will be several years before the results
of this program for the Oceanside Harbor can be evaluated. As of
this date, continued funding for the construction, development,
operation, maintenance, and monitoring of the Oceanside Harbor
Sand By-pass Project by the United States Army Corps of Engineers
is in doubt. It is clear that Carlsbad's erosion problems are
affected, if not directly caused by, sources outside of its own
jurisdiction and beyond Carlsbad's capability to resolve. Other
measures must be sought to provide long term solutions.
Since it is both impractical and not cost effective to close or
relocate the highway, some method of protecting it over the long
term needs to be identified and funded. The City believes that
the United States Army Corps of Engineers can provide the
assistance and funding necessary to insure continued public and
private benefits which this highway serves. Under the Corps'
continuing authority through a Section 103 project, such
important public facilities as transportation and circulation
systems can be protected from increasing and continuing damage.
The City of Carlsbad believes there is substantial federal
interest to necessitate the United States Army Corps of
Engineers' involvement in a proposed shore protection project for
this area. Such a partnership between the City and the Corps
will go a long way to protecting and promoting the local and
national interests while insuring quick resolution to a long
standing problem continually threatening the public's general
welfare.
ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
The proposed shore protection project would extend approximately
2,200 feet along the shoreline. In addition, it is estimated
that the existing rock revetments for approximately 250 feet in
length at both the north and south end would need to be
replenished and/or repaired. The following is an estimated
construction cost in 1989 dollars:
Construction $2,720,000
Construction Contingency (15%) 408.000
Total Estimated Construction Costs: $3,128,000
Engineering and Design $ 100,000
Supervision and Construction Administration 100.OOP
TOTAL ESTIMATED PROJECT COST: $3,328,000
BENEFITS ESTIMATE
Benefits are calculated comparing the existing facilities, the
proposed improvements to Carlsbad Boulevard, and area use to the
probable conditions, repairs, and required maintenance. This
assumes that no protection is provided for the proposed new
improvements on the Boulevard and that the erosion and
corresponding damage continues to occur, as it has historically
been demonstrated, on a periodic basis. It is anticipated that a
loss of benefits will occur every two to three years and will
last until they are restored by repair and maintenance. The loss
of benefits includes temporary loss of parking area and public
beach access; temporary closure of the road resulting in detour
of north-south vehicle traffic; temporary loss of bicycle travel
lanes; temporary loss of public utilities; and reduced tourist
use of the area. The value of these benefits is estimated from
the value of lost time and the cost for repairs and maintenance.
For estimating purposes, the following assumptions are made:
A 50 year useful life for the project;
Major damage due to storms once in 5 years;
Minor damage due to storms twice in 5 years;
An average beach use of 3,000 persons per day;
An average future daily traffic volume for Carlsbad
Boulevard of 27,000 trips per day;
An average daily bicycle traffic volume of 200 trips
per day; and
Gas, water, electric, storm drain, and other important
public utilities destroyed once in 50 years.
Based upon these assumptions and historical data for this area,
the following is the average annual value of benefits lost per
year;
Improvement Replacement/Maintenance Costs $ 47,000
Beach User Benefits Lost 81,000
Bicycle Lane Use Lost 14,400
Vehicle Operating Cost on Detour 162,000
Lost Time Value on Detour 115,715
Utility Replacement Costs 36,126
Other Miscellaneous Losses 50,000
TOTAL ANNUAL BENEFITS LOST $506,241
BENEFIT/COST RATIO
For the purposes of this estimate, construction costs are spread
over the estimated 50 year useful life of the project at an
interest rate of 12% and added to the annual estimated
maintenance cost of $3,600. The annualized construction cost
is, therefore, determined by multiplying the total cost by
0.12082.
Annualized Construction Cost: $3,128,000 x 0.12042 = $376,675
Annual Maintenance Cost 3.600
TOTAL ANNUAL COST $380,275
The total annual cost compared to the total annual benefits lost
yields a benefit/cost ratio of approximately:
Benefit Cost Ratio: $506.241 = 1.33
$380,275
CONCLUSION
The City of Carlsbad believes there is substantial federal
interest involved necessitating the request for United States
Army Corps of Engineers' involvement in a Section 103 "Small
Project" for a shore protection approach to protecting Carlsbad
Boulevard. The City respectfully requests the Corps' involvement
from an engineering and financial standpoint, in a potential
solution to protecting the roadway at the earliest opportunity.
CARLSBAD BEACH EROSION STUDY
INTRODUCTION
The January, 1988 storms, because of the lack of sand on the
beaches of Carlsbad, caused severe damage to both public and
private property. This situation is historical; storm data for
the last three (3) decades indicates a direct relationship
between Winter storms accompanied by high tides resulting in
corresponding coastal damage. Private property in Carlsbad has
been continually threatened and damaged by the regular cycle of
Winter storms. Reference Figure 6.
Public facilities including important beach parking lots have
been continually inundated during Winter storm periods resulting
in severe damage and expensive repairs. A public parking
facility north of the Agua Hedionda Lagoon Bridge in Carlsbad
suffered severe damage including a breach of the existing rock
revetment. Reference Figure 7.
^~I
B
FIGURE
.
•I
p
*'jr•»$?
-v<-^£- *~*-*+**•
^
* - r *\'"S- '^ > *:4A
>
.
-^'
FIGURE 7
Sections of Carlsbad Boulevard, a portion of U.S. Highway 101,
are temporarily closed to traffic during Winter storms. City
maintenance crews repeatedly clean-up the coast highway and
repair damage to roadway sections. Public safety vehicles,
including emergency responses, are temporarily and critically
rerouted to avoid the closed highway. Costs to the City,
inconvenience to the general public, interruption of public
services, and the economic impacts caused by severe Winter storms
in Carlsbad continue to tax local public financial resources.
Reference Figure 8.
Figure 9 below identifies the several public facilities and
private homes in the immediate area of Winter storm impacts.
BUENA VISTA LAGOON
REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTER
PRIVATE HOMES
BRIDGE
PRIVATE HOMES?
BRIDGE
STATE
CAMPGROUND
DUAL BRIDGES
FUTURE STATE
BEACH PARKING LOT
S.D.G.4 E. POWER PLANT
FIGURE 9
I/
FIGURE 8
SUSPECTED BEACH EROSION CONTRIBUTORS
Beaches and sand dunes are the best dissipators of wave energy.
A wide, sandy beach provides a sufficient buffer between the
storm wave and backshore properties and facilities. After the
erosion caused by the storm, the beach will generally regain its
pre-storm width during periods of mild wave activity; that is,
only if there is sufficient sand to naturally nourish the
profile. The beach in a sediment start area such as in the City
of Carlsbad, lacks this self-rejuvenating mechanism. The beach
in a sand starved area also is a poor wave energy dissipator
because its deep, concave profile allows larger amounts of wave
energy to strike the shoreline. This in turn further aggravates
shoreline erosion. This partially explains why the beaches in
Carlsbad have been so slow to recover from the last several
decades of severe Winter storms. Reference Figure 10.
BEFORE
PROTECTIVE
BEACH
LIMIT OF EROSION
PRESENT
UMIT OF EROSION FIGURE 10
An overview of beach widths along the shoreline between Dana
Point and Point La Jolla, referred to as the Oceanside Littoral
Cell, reveals the beach widths in the City of Carlsbad to be the
narrowest in the entire region. The beach in the City of
Carlsbad, looking almost like a small, indented bay, stands in
stark contrast to the distinctly wider beaches in the surrounding
areas. There appears to be equivalent sediment starvation up and
down coast. Reference Figure 11.
10
BEACH WIDTH (FEET)
800 600 400
I
200
I
— DOHENEV 8EACH
— SAN ONOFRE
I OCEANS1DE
HARBOR
BUENA VISTA
LAGOON
BATIQUITOS
LAGOON
•*• DEL MAR
LA JOLLA
DATA: CORPS OP ENGINEERS, 1986-87
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
FIGURE 11
In 1951, Carlsbad was a sleepy coastal town of less than -5,000
permanent residents. Carlsbad was known as a year round vacation
destination due primarily to the wide expansive public beaches.
Reference Figure 12. Wide, sandy beaches provided protection to
the bluff-top private homes, the coast highway, and other public
facilities.
In 1942, the United States Army Corps of Engineers constructed
the Del Mar Boat Basin on the United States Marine Corps Base at
Camp Pendleton north of Oceanside to support the important
military presence in Northern San Diego County. As a staging and
training area, the jetty structures that were constructed by the
Corps provided safe access to the basin. In the early 1950's,
the Corps widened the mouth of the basin and reconfigured the
entrance channel to provide safe access for military craft during
all tidal conditions. Reference Figure 13, Today, the United
States Marine Corps Base at Camp Pendleton is the largest
military amphibious training facility in the world.
CARLSBAD, 1951
3
.
.-«
FIGURE 12
OCEANSIDE, 19
11
In the early 1960's, a public recreational harbor was constructed
within the City of Oceanside funded by the United States Army
Corps of Engineers south of Camp Pendleton's Del Mar Boat Basin
utilizing an extended jetty system. Today, the Oceanside Harbor
serves all of Northern San Diego County, including the City of
Carlsbad, by providing excellent recreational harbor facilities
and commercial fishing enterprises. Reference Figure 14. In
viewing Figure 14, it is important to note the shared entrance
channel, the width of the beaches in and around the harbor, and
the extended harbor entrance jetties. The City of Carlsbad has
always been, and continues to be, one of the strongest supporters
of the Oceanside Harbor for its military, recreational,
commercial, national defense and other interests.
EXISTING SEDIMENT STREAM IN THE OCEANSIDE LITTORAL CELL
The longshore sediment stream, which continuously nourishes the
beach while moving in a surf zone, is deflected seaward at
Oceanside. This occurs to the sediment stream arriving at this
location from both the north and south. Recent data indicates
the deflected sediment reaches water depths of as much as 40 to
60 feet which is too far off-shore to ever return to the surf
zone. There is some further indication that this sediment on the
off-shore bed continues its journey southward under the influence
of the wind induced coastal jets, however, remaining in
approximately the same depths of 40 to 60 feet. If true, this
path completely by-passes the coastline south of Oceanside,
directly impacting the Carlsbad beaches. Reference Figure 15.
Today, the shoreline between the Buena Vista Lagoon on the north
and Batiquitos Lagoon on the south within the City of Carlsbad,
is essentially a cobble beach with very little measurable sand.
EXISTING SEDIMENT STREAM
IN OCEANSIDE LITTORAL CELL
OANA
POINT
LEGENO
SEDIMENT PATH
DEPOSITION
EANSIDE
HARBOR
FIGURE 15
»»'••» -
—&c«
.V.
12
There is some concern that the harbor presence, because of its
location and jetty configuration, interrupts the sediment path
causing a deflection of material into deeper water. Sand tends
to travel and is therefore deposited with regularity in
approximately 25 feet of water. Most coastal engineers agree
that suspended sediment in depths greater than 25 feet are lost
from the littoral drift.
It is estimated that approximately 440,000 cubic yards of sand
are deflected into deeper water and lost from the littoral drift
each year. The United States Army Corps of Engineers studies of
beach profiles taken in 1934 prior to the configuration of the
Del Mar Boat Basin and the Oceanside Harbor, and again in 1972
after these events, indicate an emerging accretion of sand at
approximately 40 to 60 feet of water off the Carlsbad coastline.
Reference Figure 16. Although not conclusive, there is the
strong suspicion that only 25% of the total sand resources within
the entire littoral cell are currently available both up and down
coast.
HISTORICAL SEDIMENT DEFLECTION AT OCEANSIDE HARBOR
ANNUALLY ABOUT 440,000 CY
OCEANSIDE HARBOR
ACCRETION GREATER THAN 2 FT BETWEEN 1934-72
SUSPECTED SEDIMENT PATH FIGURE 16
13
Because of the proximity of the Oceanside Harbor to the Carlsbad
beaches, there is the increasing belief of direct, adverse
impacts downcoast. Reference Figure 17.
OILMAfl 1O*T IAIIN
CtTV Of OCI*HM)I
OCEANSIDE HARBOR *
DELMAR BOAT BASIN ARE
APPROXIMATELY 3 MILES
FROM THE CITY LIMITS
OF CARLSBAD
FIGURE 17
SATELLITE IMAGERY
Figure 18 is a reproduction of an infra-red thermal graph
provided by the National Qceanographic Administration's NIMBUS
Satellite taken in 1982. For orientation, the blue area is the
coastline within the Oceanside Littoral Cell, from Dana Point in
the north to Point La Jolla on the south. The orange and yellow
areas depict varying water temperatures. Of importance is the
yellow stream in the middle of the graph extending off-coast in
a southwesterly direction and in a circular configuration. This
indicates wave currents of warmer waters traditionally closer to
shore which had been deflected seaward. The point along the
coastline which is believed to be the origin of the deflection is
approximately the area of the Oceanside Harbor.
14
SUSPECTED INFLUENCE OF OCEANSIDE HARBOR
A search of the available literature reveals more than a passing
consideration of the suspected influences of the Oceanside Harbor
and its extended j etty structures upon downcoast beaches,
particularly those in Carlsbad.
William Herron, former Chief of the Coastal Engineering Branch
and Head of the Beach Erosion Control Section of the United
States Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District Office, from
1954 - 1970, stated in a 1986 Corps of Engineers Report entitled,
"Oral History of Coastal Engineering Activities in Southern
California, 1930 to 1981":
"This beach erosion problem has actually been gradually
extending downcoast until it now affects the entire
shorefront of Oceanside and Carlsbad, the adjacent City
to the south, and it is beginning to extend on down
below the Agua Hedionda Lagoon."
Mr. Herron, who presided over the coast of Southern California
for over twenty (20) years as the leading Corps of Engineers
expert on local coastal processes, made the following statement
in a 1983 article published in Shore and Beach magazine:
"This combination of the Harbor interference with
littoral sand movement and the long term lack of
natural supply of beach sand from the rivers has caused
extensive erosion of the Oceanside beach and the City
of Carlsbad, a distance of about ten (10) miles."
Dr. Douglas L. Inman, noted scientist on coastal processes at the
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, has also raised the belief
that erosion damage caused by the Oceanside Harbor extends into
the City of Carlsbad. In a 1983 consultant report prepared for
the City of Oceanside, entitled, "Oceanographic Report for
Oceanside Beach Facilities," Dr. Inman states:
"During the forty (40) year period from 1942 to 1982,
an erosion of 6.0 million cubic yards occurred mostly
in the 6,000 yard length of coast from about 6th Street
to Buena Vista Lagoon... The erosion extends south of
Oceanside, but there are not adequate surveys to
estimate the rates."
"The most striking feature is the erosion of about 2.5
million cubic meters (3.3 million cubic yards) from the
5.5 km (18,000 ft) length of beach downcoast from the
harbor. Further, the erosion appears to extend well
beyond the southern survey limit at COE range S-24 (a
point 2,000 ft south of Buena Vista Lagoon - editor)."
15
Gerald Kuhn, Senior Scientist at Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, a well known author of a number of publications and
reports on bluff erosion in San Diego County and Dr. Francis P.
Shepard, Professor Emeritus at Scripps Institution of
Oceanography, widely recognized as the leader of modern marine
geology and for numerous research works on coastal sediment in
Southern California stated in a 1985 Duke University Press
publication entitled, "Living with the California Coast," stated
the following:
"The jetties at the harbor mouths have cut off the sand
moving southward, which nourished the wide beaches in
the Carlsbad and Oceanside areas."
CONCLUSION
The City of Carlsbad's concerns about the current beach erosion
situation and potential damage and costs to both public and
private facilities from future storms is well founded. To date,
there is not a definitive investigation of the causes, sources,
and potential solutions to an existing and on-going problem. The
City believes there is a clear and present federal interest and
responsibility to investigate and mitigate downcoast effects from
the Corps' Oceanside Harbor Proi ect with the obi ective of
minimizing continuing erosion and future damage. This can best
be accomplished by a Corps sponsored Carlsbad Beach Erosion Study
to begin at the earliest opportunity.
16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The City of Carlsbad wishes to acknowledge and express its
appreciation for the assistance, cooperation, and technical work
of the following:
Louis J. Lee, P.E.
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Incorporated
San Diego, California
Dr. Choule Sonu, President
Tekmarine, Incorporated
Pasadena, California
Municipal Projects Staff
City of Carlsbad
Carlsbad, California