HomeMy WebLinkAboutCA-SDI-8303; Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course; Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course Volume I; 2005-08-01CARLSBAD MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE
DATA RECOVERY PROGRAM FOR CA-SDI 8694,
AND INDEXING AND PRESERVATION
STUDY FOR CA-SDI-8303 AND CA-SDI-8797 LOCUS C
CITY OF CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
VOLUME I
Prepared for:
City of Carlsbad
Prepared by:
Gallegos & Associates
August 2005
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CARLSBAD MUNICIPAL GOLF COURSE
DATA RECOVERY PROGRAM FOR CA-SDI 8694,
AND INDEXING AND PRESERVATION STUDY
FOR CA-SDI-8303 AND CA-SDI-8797 LOCUS C
CITY OF CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for:
City of Carlsbad
Parks and Recreation Department
1200 Carlsbad Village Drive
Carlsbad, Califomia 92008
Prepared by:
Gallegos & Associates
5671 Palmer Way, Suite A
Carlsbad, Califomia 92010
(760) 929-0055
PJ. 4-04
National Archaeological Data Base Information
Type of Study: Data Recovery/Site Index
Sites: CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
Data Recovery Site Size: 3,000 sq. m (CA-SDI-8694)
USGS 7.5' Quadrangles: San Luis Rey, Encinitas
Key Words: Habitation, Lithics, Bifaces, Milling Tools, Ceramics, Bone Tools, Olivella sp.
Shell Beads, Glass Beads, Fish Hook, Faunal, Shell, Fish, Otoliths, Obsidian Sourcing,
Radiocarbon Dates, Residue Analysis.
Authors
Tracy A. Stropes
Project Archaeologist/Lab Director
Jeff Fleimiken
Co-Principal Investigator
Dennis Gallegos
Co-Principal Investigator
Contributors
Monica Guerrero - Ceramic Analysis
Larry Tift - Field Director and Graphics
Karen Hovland - Report Preparation
Nick Doose - GIS Specialist
Mark Mojado - Native American Monitor
Patricia Mitchell - Fatmal Analysis
Beta Analytic, Inc. - Radiocarbon Dating
Geochemcial Research Laboratory, Inc. -
Obsidian Sourcing
Laboratory of Archaeological Sciences, CSUB-
Residue Analysis
August 2005
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY X
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XV
1 INTRODUCTION 1-1
1.1 Project Background 1-1
1.2 Environmental Setting 1-4
1.3 Backgrotmd - Prehistory 1-4
1.3.1 Early Period/Archaic 1-5
1.3.2 Late Period 1-8
1.3.3 Protohistoric Period 1-9
1.4 Site Backgroimd and Significance 1-10
1.4.1 CA-SDI-8303 1-10
1.4.2 CA-SDI-8694 1-14
1.4.3 CA-SDI-8797 1-14
2 RESEARCH ORIENTATION AND METHODS 2-1
2.1 Introduction 2-1
2.2 Research Questions 2-1
2.3 Research Priorities 2-12
2.4 Data Needs 2-12
2.5 Laboratory Methods 2-12
2.5.1 Lithic Analysis 2-13
2.5.1.1 Analytical Methods 2-13
2.5.1.2 Ground Stone Tools 2-17
2.5.1.3 , Miscellaneous Stone Artifacts 2-18
2.5.2 Ceramic Analysis 2-18
2.5.2.1 Ceramic Wares in the San Diego Region 2-19
2.5.2.2 Petrographic Thin-Section 2-22
2.5.2.3 Rim Sherd Profile Methods 2-24
2.5.3 Faunal Analysis 2-24
2.5.3.1 Methods 2-24
2.5.3.2 Categories 2-25
2.5.4 Radiocarbon Dating Analysis 2-26
2.5.5 Obsidian Source Identification 2-26
2.6 Native American Consultation 2-26
2.6.1 Provisions for Encountering Human Remains 2-27
2.7 Curation 2-27
2.8 Personnel 2-28
2.9 Monitoring 2-28
3 INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-SDI-8303 3-1
3.1 Previous Work 3-1
3.2 Current Study 3-1
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3.2.1 Surface Collection 3-3
3.2.2 Unit Excavation 3-3
3.3 Artifact Analysis 3-14
3.4 Debitage Analysis 3-14
3.4.1 Methodology 3-14
3.4.2 Analyzed Sample 3-15
3.4.3 Technological Artifact Categories (tecats) 3-16
3.4.4 Toolstone Materials 3-18
3.4.5 Analytical Results: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage 3-19
3.4.6 Analytical Results: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage 3-24
3.4.7 Technological and Functional Summary 3-24
3.4.8 Conclusions 3-28
3.5 Formed Artifact Analysis 3-29
3.5.1 Points and Bifaces 3-29
3.5.2 Cores 3-34
3.5.3 Utilized Flake Tools 3-34
3.5.4 Steep-Edged Unifacial Tools (SEUTs) 3-34
3.5.5 Battered Implements 3-36
3.6 Ground Lithic Artifact Analysis 3-38
3.6.1 Introduction 3-38
3.6.2 Manos 3-38
3.6.3 Metates 3-39
3.6.4 Ground Stone Fragment 3-40
3.6.5 Polished Stone 3-40
3.7 Ceramic Analysis 3-40
3.7.1 Introduction 3-40
3.7.2 Results 3-41
3.8 Shell Artifact Analysis 3-43
3.8.1 Introduction 3-43
3.8.2 Olivella sp. Shell Beads 3-44
3.8.3 Shell Disc Beads r 3-44
3.8.4 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestnut Cowry) 3-47
3.9 Miscellaneous Artifact Analysis 3-47
3.9.1 Introduction 3-47
3.9.2 Quartz Crystal 3-47
3.9.3 Glass Trade Beads 3-48
3.9.4 Pitch 3-48
3.10 Invertebrate Faunal Analysis 3-48
3.10.1 Introduction 3-48
3.10.2 Methods 3-49
3.10.3 Results 3-49
3.11 Vertebrate Faunal Analysis 3-54
3.11.1 Introduction 3-54
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3.11.2 Methods 3-55
3.11.3 Results 3-57
3.11.4 Butchered Bone 3-63
3.11.5 Natural History 3-63
3.11.6 Bone Artifacts 3-67
3.12 Otolith Analysis 3-71
3.12.1 Introduction 3-71
3.12.2 Results 3-71
3.12.3 Natural History 3-71
3.13 Radiocarbon Dating Analysis 3-73
3.13.1 Sample Results 3-73
3.14 Obsidian Source Analysis 3-75
3.15 Residue Analysis 3-75
3.16 Site Summary 3-77
4 INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-SDI-8694 4-1
4.1 Previous Work 4-1
4.2 . Current Study 4-1
4.2.1 Surface Collection 4-6
4.2.2 Unit Excavation 4-6
4.3 Artifact Analysis 4-9
4.4 Debitage Analysis 4-10
4.4.1 Methodology 4-10
4.4.2 Analyzed Sample 4-11
4.4.3 Technological Artifact Categories (tecats) 4-14
4.4.4 Toolstone Materials 4-15
4.4.5 Analytical Results: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage 4-17
4.4.6 Analytical Results: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage 4-19
4.4.7 Technological and Functional Summary 4-20
4.4.8 Conclusions 4-23
4.5 Formed Artifact Analysis 4-24
4.5.1 Points and Bifaces 4-24
4.5.2 Cores and Tested Raw Material 4-26
4.5.3 Utilized Flake Tools 4-26
4.5.4 Steep-Edged Unifacial Tools (SEUTs) 4-27
4.5.5 Hammerstone 4-28
4.5.6 Battered Implements 4-29
4.6 Ground Lithic Artifacts 4-31
4.6.1 Introduction 4-31
4.6.2 Manos 4-31
4.6.3 Metates 4-32
4.6.4 Ground Stone Fragment 4-34
4.6.5 Shaped Stone 4-34
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4.7 Ceramic Analysis 4-34
4.7.1 Introduction 4-34
4.7.2 Results 4-35
4.8 Shell Artifact Analysis 4-41
4.8.1 Introduction 4-41
4.8.2 Olivella sp. Shell Bead 4-41
4.9 Invertebrate Faunal Analysis 4-42
4.9.1 Introduction 4-42
4.9.2 Methods 4-42
4.9.3 Results 4-42
4.10 Vertebrate Faunal Analysis 4-46
4.10.1 Introduction 4-46
4.10.2 Methods , 4-48
4.10.3 Results 4-49
4.10.4 Butchered Bone 4-56
4.10.5 . Natural History 4-56
4.10.6 Bone Artifacts 4-59
4.11 Otolith Analysis 4-65
4.11.1 Introduction 4-65
4.11.2 Results 4-65
4.11.3 Natural History 4-65
4.12 Radiocarbon Dating Analysis 4-67
4.12.1 Sample Results 4-67
4.13 Residue Analysis 4-69
4.14 Site Summary 4-69
5' INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-SDI-8797 LOCUS C 5-1
5.1 Previous Work 5-1
5.2 Current Study 5-3
5.2.1 Surface Collection 5-3
5.2.2 Unit Excavation 5-3
5.3 Artifact Analysis 5-13
5.4 Debitage Analysis 5-16
5.4.1 Methods 5-16
5.4.2 Analyzed Sample 5-16
5.4.3 Technological Artifact Categories (tecats) 5-17
5.4.4 Toolstone Materials 5-19
5.4.5 Analytical Results: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage 5-20
5.4.6 Analytical Results: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage 5-25
5.4.7 Technological and Functional Summary 5-26
5.4.8 Conclusions 5-27
5.5 Formed Artifact Analysis 5-28
5.5.1 Cores 5-28
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SECTION TITLE PAGE
5.5.2 Utilized Flake Tool 5-28
5.5.3 Steep-Edged Unifacial Tools (SEUTs) 5-29
5.5.4 Battered Implements 5-30
5.6 Ground Lithic Artifacts . . 5-32
5.6.1 Introduction 5-32
5.6.2 Manos 5-33
5.6.3 Ground Stone Fragment 5-33
5.7 Invertebrate Faunal Analysis 5-34
5.7.1 Introduction 5-34
5.7.2 Methods 5-34
5.7.3 Results 5-34
5.8 Vertebrate Faunal Analysis 5-38
5.8.1 Introduction 5-38
5.8.2 Methods 5-40
5.8.3 Results 5-41
5.8.4 Butchered Bone - 5-44
5.8.5 Natural History 5-46
5.9 Radiocarbon Dating Analysis 5-46
5.9.1 Sample Results 5-46
5.10 Site Summary 5-48
6 SITE DISCUSSIONS 6-1
6.1 Research Questions 6-1
6.2 Chronology 6-1
6.2.1 CA-SDI-8303 6-1
6.2.2 CA-SDI-8694 6-6
6.2.3 CA-SDI-8797 6-6
6.2.4 Regional Chronology Discussion 6-7
6.3 Lithic Technology 6-9
6.3.1 CA-SDI-8303 6-9
6.3.2 CA-SDI-8694 6-12
6.3.3 CA-SDI-8797 6-13
6.3.4 Regional Lithic Technology Discussion 6-14
6.4 Diet/Subsistence Strategy 6-15
6.4.1 CA-SDI-8303 6-16
6.4.2 CA-SDI-8694 6-20
6.4.3 CA-SDI-8797 6-21
6.5 Site Type and Settlement Pattem 6-22
6.5.1 Site Type and Settlement Pattem for CA-SDI-8303, -8694,
and-8797 6-23
6.5.2 Ceramics and Cultural Affiliation 6-29
6.5.3 Tool Forms and Culture Groups 6-32
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SECTION TITLE PAGE
6.5.4 Understanding Settlement Pattems in North San Diego
County 6-36
6.5.5 Summary 6-40
6.6 Trade and Travel 6-42
6.6.1 Trade and Travel for CA-SDI-8303, -8694, and -8797 6-42
6.7 Ceramic Discussion 6-43
6.8 Site Summaries 6-44
6.8.1 CA-SDI-8303 Site Summary 6-44
6.8.2 CA-SDI-8694 Site Summary 6-46
6.8.3 CA-SDI-8797 Site Summary 6-47
6.9 Summary 6-49
7 BIBLIOGRAPHY 7-1
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1-1 Terminology for Culture History in the San Diego Area 1-6
1-2 CA-SDI-8303: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work 1-12
1-3 CA-SDI-8694: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work 1-16
1-4 CA-SDI-8797: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work
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1-18
2-1 Average Mineral Compositions for Brown Wares 2-21
3-1 Total Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8303 3-4
3-2 CA-SDI-8303: Unit 6 Cultural Material by Depth 3-7
3-3 GA-SDI-8303: Unit 7 Cultural Material by Depth 3-8
3-4 CA-SDI-8303: Unit 8 Cultural Material by Depth 3-10
3-5 CA-SDI-8303: Unit 9 Cultural Material by Depth 3-11
3-6 CA-SDI-8303: Unit 10 Cultural Material by Depth 3-12
3-7 CA-SDI-8303: Unit 11 Cultural Material by Depth 3-13
3-8 CA-SDI-8303: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage 3-20
3-9 CA-SDI-8303: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage 3-21
3-10 Bifaces Recovered from CA-SDI-8303 3-30
3-11 Thin Section Results for CA-SDI-8303 3-42
3-12 CA-SDI-8303: Total Invertebrate Faunal Remains by Depth 3-50
3-13 CA-SDI-8303: Species by Habitat Summary 3-51
3-14 CA-SDI-8303: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Unit 3-58
3-15 CA-SDI-8303: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Depth 3-59
3-16 CA-SDI-8303: NISP and MNI Summary 3-61
3-17 CA-SDI-8303: Summary of Bumed Bone . 3-62
3-18 CA-SDI-8303: Bone Artifact Summary 3-68
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3-19 CA-SDI-8303: Otolith Summary 3-72
3-20 CA-SDI-8303: Radiocarbon Dates 3-74
3-21 Results for Protein Residue Analysis for CA-SDI-8303 3-76
4-1 Summary of Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8694 4-3
4-2 CA-SDI-8694: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage 4-12
4-3 CA-SDI-8694: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage 4-13
4-4 Thin Section Results for CA-SDI-8694 4-36
4-5 CA-SDI-8694: Characteristics for Profiled Rim Sherds 4-38
4-6 CA-SDI-8694: Total Invertebrate Faunal Remains by Depth 4-43
4-7 CA-SDI-8694: Species by Habitat Summary 4-45
4-8 CA-SDI-8694: NISP Disfribution of Vertebrate Remains by Unit 4-50
4-9 CA-SDI-8694: NISP Disfribution of Vertebrate Remains by Depth 4-51
4-10 CA-SDI-8694: NISP and MNI Summary 4-53
4-11 CA-SDI-8694: Summary of Bumed Bone 4-55
4-12 CA-SDI-8694: Bone Artifact Summary 4-60
4-13 CA-SDI-8694: Otolith Summary 4-66
4-14 CA-SDI-8694: Radiocarbon Dates 4-68
4-15 Results for Protein Residue Analysis for CA-SDI-8694 4-70
5-1 CA-SDI-8797: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work 5-2
5-2 Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C 5-5
5-3 CA-SDI-8797: Unit 1 Cultural Material by Depth 5-8
5-4 CA-SDI-8797: Unit 2 Cultural Material by Depth 5-9
5-5 CA-SDI-8797: Unit 3 Cultural Material by Depth 5-11
5-6 CA-SDI-8797: Unit 4 Cultural Material by Depth 5-12
5-7 CA-SDI-8797: Unit 5 Cultural Material by Depth 5-14
5-8 CA-SDI-8797: Unit 6 Cultural Material by Depth 5-15
5-9 CA-SDI-8797: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage 5-21
5-10 CA-SDI-8797: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage 5-22
5-11 • CA-SDI-8797: Total Invertebrate Faunal Remains by Depth 5-35
5-12 CA-SDI-8797: Species by Habitat Summary 5-36
5-13 CA-SDI-8797: NISP Disfribution of Vertebrate Remains by Unit 5-42
5-14 CA-SDI-8797: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Depth 5-43
5-15 CA-SDI-8797: Summary of Bumed Bone 5-45
5-16 CA-SDI-8797: Radiocarbon Dates 5-47
6-1 Radiocarbon Dates for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and
CA-SDI-8797 6-2
6-2 Radiocarbon Dates for the Agua Hedionda Lagoon Region by Site
Number 6-8
6-3 Cultural Material Recovered for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C (This Study) 6-10
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TABLE TITLE PAGE
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8
6-9
Summary of Vertebrate Remains for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694,
and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C (This Sfridy) 6-17
Species by Habitat for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and
GA-SDI-8797 Locus C (This Study) 6-18
Recorded Sites Surrounding Agua Hedionda Lagoon Study Area 6-25
Agua Hedionda Lagoon Site Type by Region , 6-28
Comparison of Ceramic Ware Disfribution 6-31
Projectile Point Frequencies from Various Late Period Occupation 6-34
Sites in San Diego County
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1-1
1-2
1-3
1-4
1-5
1-6
3-1
3-2
3-3
Regional Location of Project 1-2
Site CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Shown on
USGS Map 1-3
CA-SDI-8303 Site Map Showing Previous Work (Gallegos et
al., 1999) 1-11
CA-SDI-8303 Site Map Showing Previous Work (RECON, 1999) 1 -13
CA-SDI-8694 Showing Significant Site Area and Previous
Excavations 1-15
CA-SDI-8797 Showing Previous Work 1-17
CA-SDI-8303: Detail Map of Indexed Area, Showing Surface
Collection Points and 1x1 Meter Units 3-2
CA-SDI-8303; Unit 7 Profile 3-5
Example of Bifaces from CA-SDI-8303 3-31
Olivella sp. Shell Beads from CA-SDI-8303 3-45
Shell Disc Beads from CA-SDI-8303 3-46
CA-SDI-8303 Shell Habitat by Depth 3-52
CA-SDI-8303 Comparison of Major Species by Depth 3-53
Bone Artifacts from CA-SDI-8303 3-69
Bone Artifact from CA-SDI-8303 , 3-70
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
Map Showing Previous Extent of Site CA-SDI-8694
CA-SDI-8694 Site Map Showing Data Recovery Units
CA-SDI-8694; Pattems A and B Unit Profiles
Example of Bifaces from CA-SDI-8694
Diagram Showing Ground Stone Stroke Variations
Examples of Rim Measurements from CA-SDI-8694
Examples of Rim Measurements from CA-SDI-8694
CA-SDI-8694 Comparison of Habitats by Depth
4-2
4-7
4-8
4-25
4-33
4-39
4-40
4-44
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FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4-9 CA-SDI-8694 Comparison of Major Species by Depth 4-47
4-10 Bone Artifacts from CA-SDI-8694 4-62
4-11 Bone Artifacts from CA-SDI-8694 4-63
4-12 Otolith Pendant (?) from CA-SDI-8694 4-64
5-1 CA-SDI-8797 Locus C: Detail Map of Indexed Area Showing
1x1 Meter Units 5-4
5-2 CA-SDI-8797 Locus C: Unit 2 Profile 5-6
5-3 CA-SDI-8797 Shell Habitat by Depth 5-37
5-4 CA-SDI-8797 Comparison of Major Species by Depth 5-39
6-1 Measured C-14 Dates for Agua Hedionda Region 6-3
6-2 Habitat Comparison Between Sites 6-19
6-3 Agua Hedionda Site Type Study Areas 1 and 2 6-27
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX , TITLE PAGE
A Resumes of Key Persormel A-1
B Glossary of Terms and Technological Category Abbreviations B-1
C Catalogues C-1
D Field Forms D-1
E Radiocarbon Dating Results E-1
F Obsidian Source Analysis F-l
G Residue Analysis G-1
H Site Record Forms and Updates H-1
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IX
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TITLE:
AUTHORS:
Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course Data Recovery
Program for CA-SDI-8694, and Indexing and
Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-
8797 Locus C, City of Carisbad, Califomia.
Tracy Sfropes, Jeff Flenniken and
Dennis Gallegos
Gallegos & Associates
5671 Palmer Way, Suite A
Carisbad, Califomia 92010
DATE:
SOURCE OF COPIES:
August 2005
South Coastal Information Center
San Diego State University
4283 El Cajon Boulevard, Suite 250
San Diego, CaUfomia 92105
ABSTRACT:
This report provides the results of the Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course Data Recovery
Program for prehistoric site CA-SDI-8694, and Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-
SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C conducted by Gallegos & Associates. The work
was conducted to adequately address mitigation of impacts resulting from the
development of the Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course. Mitigation was achieved through
the completion of the data recovery program for CA-SDI-8694, and avoidance and
capping for CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. Prior to avoidance and capping,
both CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C were "sampled using six Ixl-m excavation
units per site to provide an index sample representing the archaeological deposit being
capped and preserved.
Sites CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C are located within the
City of Carlsbad. The data recovery program for CA-SDI-8694 provided for a 2 to 5
percent phased excavation of the primary site area (3,000 sq. m). This program included
excavation of 1x1-m sample units, block excavations, feature excavation, analysis of
artifacts and ecofacts, radiocarbon dating, and will provide monitoring during
construction grading. The research orientation for.this study focused on chronology,
lithic technology, settlement and subsistence sfrategy, environmental setting, and frade
and fravel. The index sample included the excavation of six 1x1-m units at both CA-
SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. All artifacts and ecofacts recovered were washed,
analyzed, and special studies for lithic, shell, bone, radiocarbon dating, obsidian sourcing,
ceramic and residue analyses were completed.
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The portion of sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C within the Open Space
Easements, will be capped using one inch of clean sand, and a minimum of six inches of
clean fill soil. Shallow-rooted plants will be used in the Open Space Easements. Water
lines and other utilities will need to be placed outside of the Open Space Easements or
within the fill soil. As CA-SDI-8694 cannot be avoided of development impacts,
mitigation of impacts has been achieved through the completion and acceptance of this
data recovery program.
The purpose of the data recovery program for CA-SDI-8694 was to adequately address
mitigation of impacts through the completion of the excavation of forty-four Ixl-m units,
artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. In all, this work produced 4
bifaces, 5 cores, 1 piece of tested raw material, 8 nodule tools, 4 utilized flake tools, 4
steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs or adzes), 10 flakes from SEUTs, 2,367 debitage, 1
hammerstone, 22 battered implements, 19 flakes from battered implements, 61
manos/mano fragments, 6 metates/metate fragments, 18 ground stone fragments, 1
shaped stone, 260 ceramic fragments, 1 Olivella sp. shell bead, 2 bone awls, 1 bone
fishing toggle, 1 bone bead, and 1 possible otolith pendant. Faunal material recovered
includes 76,492.08 g of shell, 4 otoliths, and 167.9 g of bone.
Disturbance from construction, agricultural activities, and bioturbation was noted in all
units. The range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8694 indicates a habitation/village site occupied
at a minimum during the spring and summer seasons (based on otolith analysis). Flake
production from local cobbles, suggests flake tool use. Most likely, these tools were,
manufactured and used at the site. Hunting activities may have occurred near this site as
indicated by the recovery of two projectile points. The presence of 85 ground stone tools,
and 21 battered implements represents preparation of plant foods through pounding
and/or grinding. The presence of shellfish remains, and small to large mammal bone
demonstrates the range of foods collected, hunted, and processed. In addition, the large
number of fish remains suggests a range of maritime activities performed by the
inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694.
Faunal analysis identified coyote, black-tailed jackrabbit, mule deer, Califomia groimd
squirrel, desert cottontail, bmsh rabbit, Botta's gopher, soupfin shark, white croaker, bat
ray, Califomia halibut, shovelnose guitarfish, spotfin croaker. Pacific bonito, Califomia
sheephead and albacore. This suggests that a range of hunting, fishing, and collecting
activities occurred at the site. Analysis of the 76,492.08 g of shell identified the majority
of shellfish species as Chione sp. {l\.l>Vo),Argopecten sp. (19.4%), Ostrea lurida{l .2%),
and Polinices (0.9%). This collection indicates that the site's inhabitants likely exploited
the nearest lagoon habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon), and occasionally visited other open
coast shoreline areas.
The presence of Obsidian Butte obsidian and various cherts suggests possible movement
or contact with nearby desert locations, and contact with the inhabitants of the southem
Orange County region. However, the majority of lithics used for tool manufacture was
locally procured. Ceramic analysis identified the pottery samples as Tizon Brown Ware
(mountain ware), Salton Brown Ware (desert ware), and Lower Colorado Buff Ware.
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Radiocarbon dating of four shell samples places site occupation primarily during the
Early Period (Middle Holocene) circa 5,160 to 7,500 years ago. In addition. Late Period
reoccupation is supported by two radiocarbon dates identifying occupation from AD
1000 to AD 1910. These dates are additionally supported by the presence of one
Cottonwood Triangular arrow point and ceramics. As demonstrated by the dates
recovered and the shell and artifact assemblage, CA-SDI-8694 is a multi-component site
with both Early and Late Period occupations.
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8303 included field excavation of six
Ixl-m units, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. The purpose of the
Indexing and Preservation Study was to provide an index sample representing the deposit
to be capped and preserved.
In all, the Indexing and Preservation Study at CA-SDI-8303 produced 6 bifaces, 9 arrow
points, 1 biface preform, 1 flake blank, 10 battered implements, 18 flakes from battered
implements, 3 steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs), 2 rejuvenation flakes from SEUTs, 6
flake tools, 1 flake knife, 3 cores, 3,887 debitage, I nodule tool, 6 ground stone
fragments, 19 manos/mano fragments, 5 metates/metate fragments, 1 polished stone
fragment, 449 ceramic fragments, 12 Olivella sp. shell beads, 7 shell disc beads, 1
Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestnut Cowry) shell, 1 bone bead, 2 glass frade beads, 1
quartz crystal, 1 fragment of pitch, 2 otoliths, 2 bpne tools, 465.4 g of bone, and
32,838.1 g of shell. Disturbance from agricultural activities, bioturbation, and geologic
activities was noted in all units. It is probable that CA-SDI-8303 maintains gOod site
integrity. The range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8303 primarily indicates a Late Period
habitation/village site occupied at a minimum during the spring and summer seasons
(based On availability of plants, animals, and otolith analysis). Flake production from
local cobbles, suggests flake tool use. Most likely, these tools were manufactured and
used at the site. Hunting activities may have occurred near this site as indicated by the
recovery of nine projectile points. The presence of 30 ground stone tools, and 11 battered
implements identifies preparation of plant foods through pounding and/or grinding. The
presence of shellfish and fish remains, and small to large mammal bone demonsfrates the
wide range of foods collected, hunted, and processed. In addition, the diverse fish
remains suggest a range of maritime activities performed by the inhabitants of CA-SDI-
8303.
Faunal analysis identified black-tailed jackrabbit, desert cottontail rabbit, brash rabbit,
mule deer, Califomia quail, soupfin shark, white croaker, bat ray, Califomia halibut,
shovelnose guitarfish, spotfin croaker. Pacific bonito. Pacific sardine, Califomia
sheephead, and albacore. This collection suggests that a range of hunting and fishing
activities occurred at the site. Analysis of the 33,220 g of shell identifies the majority of
shellfish species as Donax gouldii (71.6%), Chione sp. (24.8%) and Argopecten sp.
(2.7%). This collection indicates a primary exploitation focus on sandy beach habitats by
the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303, with minimal evidence of exploitation of
bay/lagoori/estuary habitats.
PJ. 4-04 xii
August 2005
Prehistoric evidence of trade and travel was identified through the sourcing of obsidian to
Obsidian Butte in the Imperial Valley, approximately 100 miles east^northeast of CA-
SDI-8303. An additional obsidian specimen provided trace element concentrations
geochemically placing its volcanic glass origin to the Coso Volcanic Fields located in
Kem County, Califomia. However, the majority of lithics used for tools were
manufactured from local materials. Ceramic analysis identified the pottery samples as
Tizon Brown Ware (mountain ware), and Lower Colorado Buff Ware (desert ware).
The radiocarbon dating of four shell samples and the presence of glass frade beads place
the occupation of site CA-SDI-8303 primarily during the Late Period from circa AD 980
to historic contact, with minor evidence of an earlier occupation circa 4,600 years ago.
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8797 Locus C included excavation of
six 1x1-m imits, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. The purpose of
the Indexing and Preservation Study was to provide an index sample representing the
archaeological deposit to be capped and preserved. The fieldwork resulted in the
collection of 337 debitage, 2 cores, 1 flake tool, 1 steep-edged unifacial tool (SEUT), 17
flakes from SEUTs, 2 battered implements, 4 manos, 1 ground stone fragment, and 1
polished stone. Faunal material recovered includes 8.4 g of bone and 2,353.4 g of shell.
Disturbance from constmction, agricultural activities, and bioturbation was noted in all
units. The range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8797 Locus C indicates a habitation site
primarily occupied during the Early Period (Middle to Late Holocene). The primary
flintknapping activity was nodule core reduction; and, the predominant aspect of nodule
core reduction was the production of a few very late stage flake blanks, most likely for
unmodified flake tools. The presence of five groimd stone tools, and two battered
implements implies preparation of plant foods through pounding and/or grinding. The
presence of shellfish remains, and small to large mammal bone demonstrates the range of
foods collected, hunted, and processed. Faunal analysis identified primarily Sylvilagus
audubonii, and other small mammals. Analysis of the 2,353.4 g of shell recovered
identifies the majority of shellfish species as Chione sp., Argopecten sp., Ostrea lurida,
Polinices sp., and Astrea undosa, indicating that the inhabitants primarily exploited the
nearest lagoon habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon), and occasionally visited the open coast
shoreline area.
Evidence for prehistoric trade and travel was identified through the analysis of the lithic
materials. For the most part, tools were manufactured from local lithic materials,
however, non-local lithic materials were minimally used. These materials include chert
(traded from either the north or east), Monterey chert (fraded from the north), and Piedra
de Lumbre chert (fraded from the Camp Pendleton area).
The radiocarbon dating of four shell samples suggests that the site was occupied from the
Middle to Late Holocene, with the primary site occupation occurring circa 5,000 years
ago, and the most recent occupation occurring within the past 1,000 years.
PJ. 4-04 xiii
August 2005
All artifacts collected as a result of this study will be curated at the San Diego
Archaeological Center, or with the Luiseno Native Americans (i.e. San Luis Rey Band of
Mission Indians).
For the direct impact area of CA-SDI-8694, mitigation of impacts has been achieved
through the completion ofthe data recovery program. Both CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-
8797 Locus C will be protected within Open Space Easements, and capped. Capping
using a minimum of one-inch of sand and six to twelve inches of fill, and planting of
shallow-rooted native plants is recommended. Utilities (i.e., water, gas, and sewer) and
deep-rooted plants are to be placed outside ofthe Open Space Easements.
Given the potential for finding human remains, monitoring during constmction grading
by an archaeologist and a Native American shall be conducted. Prior to issuance of the
grading permit, the city planner shall verify that the requirements for archaeological
monitoring have been noted on the appropriate constraction documents.
PJ. 4-04 xiv
August 2005
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This study could not have been completed without the support of John Cahill and the City
of Carlsbad. The Gallegos & Associates staff and their consultants are responsible for
making these reports better than I imagined possible. Jeff Flenniken's insights into lithic
technology are invaluable. Tracy Sfropes assisted Jeff Flenniken in debitage analysis,
provided the lithic analysis for all formed artifacts, provided all illusfrations, and
addressed the majority of the research questions. All graphics were produced by Larry
Tift and Tracy Stropes. Mark Mojado (San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians) was the
senior Native American Monitor for the excavation program. Jason Gervais (San Luis
Rey Band of Mission Indians) provided day-to-day Native American monitoring. Karen
Hovland assisted in the fieldwork, and provided proofreading, editing and report
preparation. Ryan Anderson and Lucas Pick, students from Palomar College, were
essential to completing the fieldwork in a timely and professional manner. Dennis
Gallegos, Co-Principal Investigator, provided research orientation, direction and editing.
In the course of preparing this study, Gallegos & Associates staff and consultants
contributed to field survey, excavation, artifact cataloguing, special studies, graphics, and
report preparation. The contributors are listed below:
Dennis R. Gallegos - Co-Principal Investigator, Senior Editor
J. Jeffrey Flenniken, Ph.D. - Co-Principal Investigator, Lithic Analyst
Tracy Sfropes - Project Archaeologist, Lithic Analyst, Lab Director, Report Graphics
Monica Guerrero - Report Contributor
Larry Tift - Field Director, Report Graphics
Karen Hovland - Editing and Report Production
Nick Doose - GIS Specialist
Mark Mojado - Senior Native American Monitor
Jason Gervais - Native American Monitor
Field Personnel - Tracy Stropes, Larry Tift, Monica Guerrero, Karen Hovland, Ryan
Anderson, Lucas Piek, David Gallegos, and Julie Gallegos.
Special Studies
Beta Analytic, Inc. - Radiocarbon Dating
Laboratory of Archaeological Sciences, CSUB - Residue Analysis
Patricia Mitchell - Faunal Analysis
Geochemical Research Laboratory, Inc. - Obsidian Sourcing
PJ. 4-04 XV
August 2005
I
I
II
I
I
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND
This Cultural Resource Data Recovery Program for prehistoric site CA-SDI-8694, and
Indexing and Preservation Stiidy for CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C, was
prepared by Gallegos & Associates to adequately address mitigation of impacts resulting
from the development of the Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course. Mitigation will be
achieved through the completion of data recovery for CA-SDI-8694, and avoidance and
capping for CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. Prior to avoidance and capping,
both CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C were sampled using six Ixl-m excavation
units per site to provide an index sample representing the deposit being capped and
preserved.
The portion of sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C within Open Space
Easements, will be capped using one inch of clean sand, and a minimum of six inches of
clean fill soil. Shallow-rooted plants will be used in the Open Space Easements. Water
lines and other utilities will need to be placed outside of the Open Space Easements or
within the fill soil. As CA-SDI-8694 cannot be avoided of development impacts,
mitigation of impacts was achieved through the completion of a data recovery program.
Sites CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C are located within the
City of Carlsbad (Figures 1-1 and 1-2). The data recovery program for CA-SDI-8694
provided a 2 to 5 percent phased excavation ofthe primary site area (3,000 sq. m). This
program included excavation of 1x1-m sample units, block excavation, analysis of
artifacts and ecofacts, radiocarbon dating, and monitoring during constraction grading.
The research orientation for this study will focus on chronology, lithic technology,
settlement and subsistence sfrategy, environmental setting, and frade and fravel. The
index sample will include the excavation of six Ixl-m units at both CA-SDI-8303 and
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. All artifacts and ecofacts recovered will be washed, analyzed.
PJ. 4-04 1-1
August 2005
Riverside County
San Diego County
l Oreaon i Idaho
1 1
i Utah
Nevada |
\ • ( California
Pacific
Ocean
Arizona
i;;|san Diego County f ^' ]
Mexico..-
Lake
"CHenshaw
Sutherland
Resen«)ir
Pacific
O c e a n
u
0, 25 5
Gallegos & Associates
I
Regional Location of Project FIGURE
1-1
I
I
San Luis Rey and Encinitas 7.5' USGS Maps
240 MILS
SCALE 1:24000
0
1000 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 FECT
1 KILOMETER
Gallegos & Associates
Site CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797
Shown on USGS Map
FIGURE
1-2
I
and special studies were completed as needed. Special studies include lithic, shell, bone,
radiocarbon dating, obsidian sourcing, ceramic and residue analyses.
Section 1 provides an overview of the project area, archaeological sites, and culture
history. Research orientation and methods are described in Section 2. Field sfrategy and
results are discussed by site number in Sections 3, 4, and 5. Site discussion and research
questions are addressed in Section 6. Resumes are included in Appendix A; a glossary of
terms in Appendix B; a catalogue for each site in Appendix C; unit level records in
Appendix D; radiocarbon dating results in Appendix E; obsidian source analysis results
in Appendix F; residue analysis results in Appendix G; and site form updates in
Appendix H.
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The proposed Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course is situated west of Interstate 5, and south
of Agua Hedionda Lagoon in north coastal San Diego County. The lagoon habitat
provided rich and varied food resources for prehistoric populations. These resources
include shellfish, fish, plants, and small, medium, and large mammals.
The vegetation for the Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course includes cultivated lands and
native Coastal Sage Scrab. The ridgelines. are Pleistocene marine terraces containing
cobble deposits that were exploited by Native Americans throughout prehistory for a
range of tools such as cores (for making a wide range of flake based tools), percussion
tools (i.e., hammers, battering implements), milling tools, and firehearths. Soil within the
study area is sandy loam underlain by a sandstone deposit.
1.3 BACKGROUND - PREIDSTORY
The body of current research of prehistoric occupation in San Diego County recognizes
the existence of at least two major cultural fraditions, discussed here as Early
Period/Archaic and Late Period, based upon general economic frends and material
PJ. 4-04 1-4
August 2005
cultiire. Within San Diego County, the Early Period/Archaic spans from roughly 9,500 to
1,300 years ago, and the Late Period includes from 1,300 years ago to historic contact.
The Historic Period covers the time from Spanish contact to the present (Table 1-1).
1.3.1 Early Period/Archaic
The Eariy Period/Archaic, for this discussion, includes the San Dieguito and La Jolla
complexes, which are poorly defined, as. are the interrelationships between
contemporaneous inland, desert, and coastal assemblages (Gallegos 1987). Initially
believed to represent big game hunters, the San Dieguito Complex is better typified as a
hunting and gathering society. These people had a relatively diverse and non-specialized
economy wherein relatively mobile bands accessed and used a wide range of plant,
animal, and lithic resources. Movement of early groups into San Diego County may have
been spurred by the gradual desiccation of the vast pluvial lake system that dominated
inland basins and valleys during the last altithermal period. This hypothesis is supported
by the similarity between Great Basin assemblages and those of early Holocene Archaic
sites in San Diego County. Several researchers have recognized the regional similarity of
artifacts and grouped these contemporaneous complexes under the nomenclature of either
the Westem Pluvial Lakes Tradition or the Westem Lithic Co-Tradition (Rogers 1939;
Warren 1967; Davis et al. 1969; Bedwell 1970; and Moratto 1984).
The origin of coastal populations and subsequent interaction between the coastal
population and Great Basin desert groups is a subject of some debate (Gallegos 1987).
Whatever their origin, the first occupants immediately exploited the coastal and inland
resources of plants, animals, shellfish, and fish (Moriarty 1967; Kaldenberg 1982;
Gallegos 1991; and Kyle et al. 1998).
The development of a generalized economic system indicates that the inhabitants of the
San Dieguito Complex and related groups can be placed within the general Early
Period/Archaic pattem. Early Period/Archaic cultures occur within North America at
slightly different times in different areas, but are generally correlated with local
economic specialization growing out of the eariier Paleo-Indian Tradition (Willig et al.
PJ. 4-04 1-5
August 2005
Tablel-1
Terminology for Culture History in the San Diego Area
(Gallegos 2002)
® s
S H O
•a
o
.mm U
<u
Years
Before
Present
Other Names Diagnostic Cultural
Material
a
<U S
^ ffl
T3
JS u
:<
-o
o
.mm
PH
Present
1,300
Historic
Late Prehistoric
Yuman
Cuyamaca Complex
San Luis Rey I, II
2,000
3,000 /K
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
Pauma Complex
Encinitas Tradition
La Jolla Complex
Bow and arrow, small triangular
and side-notched points,
cremations, fish hooks, ceramics
Obsidian Butte obsidian.
w.„
Stone bowls, triangular points
fishing gorges, burials.
Dart and atlatl, cogged stones,
plummet stones, leaf-shaped
points/knives, comer-notched
and stemmed points, Coso
Obsidian, burials.
Spear, crescents, lanceolate and
leaf-shaped points, leaf-shaped
knives, Casa Diablo and Coso
Obsidian, burials.
San Dieguito Tradition/Complex
1988). Early Period/Archaic cultures are often represented by more diverse artifact
assemblages, and more complex regional variation than Paleo-Indiah tiraditions. This is
generally thought to have resulted from the gradual shift away from a herd-based hunting
focus to a more diverse and area-specific economy.
The eariiest Eariy Period/Archaic sites are found near coastal lagoons and river valleys of
San Diego County. These sites are the Harris site (CA-SDI-149), the Agua Hedionda
sites (CA-SDI-210/UCLJ-M-15 and CA-SDI-10695), Rancho Park North
(CA-SDI-4392/SDM-W-49), and Remington Hills (CA-SDI-11079), all dating from
9,500 to 8,500 years ago. The north San Diego County coastal lagoons supported large
populations circa 6,000 years ago, as shown by the numerous radiocarbon-dated sites
adjacent to these lagoons. After 3,000 years ago, there is a general absence of
archaeological sites in north San Diego County to circa 1,500 years ago. This reduction
in the number of archaeological sites can be attributed to the siltation of coastal lagoons
and the depletion of shellfish and other lagoon resources (Warren and Pavesic 1963;
Miller 1966; Gallegos 1985). Archaeological sites dated to circa 2,000 years ago are
found closer to San Diego Bay, where shellfish were still abundant, and may well
represent what can be considered the end of the La Jolla Complex (Gallegos and Kyle
1998).
The La Jolla and Pauma complexes, identified as following the San Dieguito Complex,
may simply represent seasonal or geographic variations of the somewhat older and more
general San Dieguito Complex. Inland La Jolla Complex occupation sites have been
reported in fransverse valleys and sheltered canyons (Trae 1959; Warren et al. 1961;
Meighan 1954). These non-coastal sites were termed "Pauma Complex" by Trae (1959),
Warren et al. (1961), and Meighan (1954). Pauma Complex sites by definition have a
predominance of grinding implements such as manos and metates, a lack of shellfish
remains, greater tool variety, a greater expression of a more sedentary occupation, and a
sfronger emphasis on both gathering and hunting (Trae 1959; Warren et al. 1961;
Meighan 1954).
PJ. 4-04 1-7
August 2005
Early Period/Archaic site types from 9,500 to 1,300 years ago within San Diego County
include coastal habitation sites, inland hunting and milling camps, and quarry sites.
Material cultural assemblages during this long period are remarkably similar in many
respects. These deposits may well represent a process of relative terrestrial economic
stability, and presumably slow cultural change. Though various culture fraits developed
or disappeared during the span of 9,500 to 1,300 years ago, there is a clear pattem of
cultural continuity during this period.
1.3.2 Late Period
During the Late Period (circa 1,300 years ago to historic contact), a material culture
pattem emerged in the archaeological record similar to that of the Native Americans
documented by ethnohistoric researchers. The economic pattem during this period
appears to be one of more intensive, and efficient exploitation of local resources. The
prosperity of these highly-refined economic pattems is well evidenced by the numerous
Kumeyaay/Dieguerio and Luiseiio habitation sites scattered throughout San Diego
County. This increase in Late Period site density probably reflects better preservation of
the. more recent archaeological record, and a gradual population increase within the
region. Artifacts and cultural behaviors reflecting this Late Period pattem include small
projectile points, pottery, the establishment of semi-permanent or permanent seasonal
village sites, the proliferation of acom milling sites in the uplands, the appearance of
obsidian from Obsidian Butte, and interment by cremation.
Many of the Late Period cultural, pattems in southem Califomia were shared with groups
along the eastem periphery of the region. Even in the most recent periods, the Native
Americans of southem Califomia incorporated many elements of their neighbors'
cultures into their own culture. This transferring and melding of cultural fraits between
neighboring groups makes it difficult to identify associations of archaeological deposits
with particular ethnographically-known cultures. This is particularly tme of groups
within San Diego County. Although significant differences exist between Luiseno and
Kumeyaay/Dieguefio cultures, including linguistic stock, the long interaction of these
groups during the Late Period resulted in the exchange of many social pattems.
PJ. 4-04 1-8
August 2005
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Archaeologists must rely heavily on ethnographic accounts of group boundaries as
recorded during the historic period, although it is not known how long these boundaries
had been in place, or the validity of these boundaries as reported and recorded. Florence
Shipek, Ph.D. (1993) identifies the northem and southem Kumeyaay/Dieguefio tiibal
boundary as:
In 1769, Kumeyaay national territory starting at the coast about 100 miles
south of the Mexican border (below Santo Tomas), thence north to the
coast at the drainage divide south ofthe San Luis Rey River including its
tributaries. Using the U.S. Geological Survey topographic maps, the
boundary with the Luiseno then follows that divide inland. The boundary
continues on the divide separating Valley Center from Escondido and then
up along Bear Ridge to the 2240 contour line and then north across the
divide between Valley Center and Woods Valley up to the 1880 Ft. peak,
then curving around east along the divide above Woods Valley...
Following Shipek's (1993) definition, the project area falls near the boundary between
the territories ofthe Kumeyaay/Dieguefio and Luisefio Native Americans. As a result of
contact with Spanish, Mexican, and American settlers. Native American populations
were decimated by resettlement and disease. Presently, Native Americans are found
throughout San Diego County, especially within the 18 San Diego County reservations.
Further readings on Kumeyaay/Dieguefio and Luiseno Native Americans include
Almstedt (1974); Barrows (1900); Bean (1972); Bean and Saubel (1972); Burrus (1967)
Cuero (1968); Dracker (1937); Dubois (1908); Gifford (1918); Harrington (1978)
Hedges (1986); Heizer and Almquist (1971); Heizer and Whipple (1957); Hooper (1920)
Keneally (1965); Kroeber (1925); Langdon (1970); Luomala (1978); Merrill (1973)
Pourade (1960); Priestley (1937); Robinson (1969); Rudkin (1956); Shipek (1977, 1978,
1980, 1986 a and b, 1987, 1988, 1989 a and b, 1991, 1993); Sparkman (1908); Spicer
(1962); Spier (1923); Sfrong (1929); Tibesar (1955); Underbill (1941); White (1963);
Wolcott (1929); and Woodward (1934).
1.3.3 Protohistoric Period
The Hispanic intinsion and colonization (1769-1822) within Native American southem
Califomia, affected the coastal fribes and peoples living in well-fraveled river valleys.
PJ. 4-04 1-9
August 2005
The Mexican Period (1822-1848) saw continued displacement ofthe native populations
by expansion of the land grant program, and development of extensive ranchos. The gold
rash of 1849, and the concomitant granting of Califomia's statehood in 1850, resulted in
an influx of Anglo-Americans and a rapid displacement of the Native Americans, and a
deterioration of their culture and lifeways (Bancroft 1886; Kroeber 1925).
1.4 SITE BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE
1.4.1 CA-SDI-8303
Testing in 1999 (Gallegos et al.) included the excavation of 51 shovel test pits (STPs),
and five Ixl-m units (Figure 1-3). This work produced over 1,107 artifacts that included
a wide range of tools, beads, a Haliotis sp. (abalone) shell fish hook, ceramics, arrow
points, milling tools, 13,730.85 g of shell, and 122.75 g of bone (Table 1-2). Site. CA-
SDI-8303 is a major village site, occupied circa 760 to 1,080 years ago. The shell
recovered reflects both lagoon and open coast habitat exploitation. Obsidian was also
recovered and sourced to Obsidian Butte in the Imperial Valley. Other frade material
includes chert, wonderstone, siltstone, and Piedra de Lumbre chert. The high number of
artifacts and ecofacts recovered, the diversity of artifactual and ecofactual material, and
the potential of this site to address important research questions provide sufficient
information to identify CA-SDI-8303 as a significant cultural resource under CEQA and
federal criteria. A data recovery program was completed by RECON (Cheever and
Berryman 1999) to mitigate Faraday Road constraction impacts (Figure 1-4). The
mitigation of impacts for CA-SDI-8303 included the excavation of 27 sq. m of
archaeological deposit. RECON reported that the area excavated "...appears to represent
a seasonal campsite occupied on a short-term basis" (Cheever and Berryman 1999). In
all, 794 debitage, 34 flaked lithic tools, 390 ceramics, 4 shell beads, 8 ground stone tools,
130.6 g of bone, and 40,701.6 g of shell were recovered (Cheever and Berryman 1999).
Site CA-SDI-8303 will be index sampled, capped, and avoided of impacts..
PJ. 4-04 1-10
August 2005
I i I I /
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CA-SDI-8303 Site Map Showing Previous Work (Gallegos et al., 1999) FIGURE
1-3
Table 1-2
CA-SDI-8303: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work
Cultural Material Surface STPs 1-51 Units 1-5 Total
Biface 0 1 1 2-
Biface AP 0 2 5 7
Flake Tool 3 0 6 9
Nodule Tool 0 3 3 6
Core 0 0 1 1
Debitage 2 159 811 972
Mano 1 1 2 4
Metate 0 0 2 2
Bowl/Mortar 2 0 0 2
Ground Stone 0 3 3 6
Ochre Stone 0 1 , 0 1
Ceramic 0 18 68 86
Abalone Fish Hook 0 0 1 1
Shell Bead 0 2 5 7
Bone Awl 0 Q 1 1
Otolith 0 0 3 3
Shell* 0 1260.1 12470.75 13730.85
Bone* 5.8 10.5 106.45 122.75
C-14 Date (CRYBP)*** 1080
850
760
Total** 8 190 909 1107
* Weight in grams
**Does not include bone, shell, or otoliths
***CRYBP = Corrected Radiocarbon Years Before Present
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CA-SDI-8303 Site Map Showing Previous Work (RECON, 1999) FIGURE
1-4
1.4.2 CA-SDI-8694
Previous work (testing) at CA-SDI-8694 included the excavation of 18 STPs, and two
Ixl-m units (Figure l-5)(Gallegos et al. 1999). This work produced 584 artifacts, 3,477
g of shell, and 33,9 g of bone (Table 1-3). Given the extensive and diverse artifact
assemblage present to address research questions, this habitation site, occupied circa
5,000 years ago, is identified as significant under CEQA criteria. As CA-SDI-8694 will
be directly impacted by the proposed development, mitigation of impacts will be
achieved through the completion of a data recovery program.
1.4.3 CA-SDI-8797
Site CA-SDI-8797 was initially recorded by Malcolm Rogers as SDM-W-116. This site
was tested and identified as significant under City of Carlsbad and CEQA criteria
(Gallegos and Kyle 1992; Gallegos and Harris 1995; and Gallegos et al. 1999)(Figure 1-
6). Testing conducted at Locus A by Gallegos and Kyle (1992) identified a cultiiral
deposit to 80 cm that included the recovery of debitage, cores, ground stone, a scraper,
ceramics, a biface fragment, a shell bead, an otolith, modified bone, and shell (Table 1-
4). Testing of site CA-SDI-8797 Locus B (southem portion of CA-SDI-8797) included
collection of surface artifacts, and excavation of 21 STPs (Gallegos and Harris 1995).
Locus B contained milling tools, bone tools, a shell bead, bone, shell, and depth of
deposit to approximately 100 cm. The test excavation of CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
identified a rich cultural deposit, and the presence of human remains (Gallegos et. al
1999). This portion of CA-SDI-8797 was radiocarbon dated to circa 5,000 years ago.
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C is within the Carisbad Municipal Golf Course development area
and will be index sampled, capped, and avoided of impacts.
PJ. 4-04 1-14
August 2005
• = Positive STP
O = Negative STP
H = 1x1 Meter Units
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8694 Showing Significant Site Area, and Previous Excavations FIGURE
1-5
e
«
0
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
Table 1-3
CA-SDI-8694: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work
CA-SDI-8694
Cultural Material
STPs
Habitation
2 Units
Total
Debitage 46 518 564
Utilized Flake Tool 0 3 3
Core/Cobble Tool 1 1 . 2
Core 0 3 3
Mano 5 0 5
Ground Stone 4 2 6
Ceramic 0 1 1
Shell* 484.60 2992.40 3477
Bone* 1.50 32.40 33.9
C-14 Date (CRYBP)*** 5160
Total** 56 528 584
*Weight in grams
**Does not include bone or shell
***CRYBP = Corrected Radiocarbon Years Before Present
N40AV90
O
N2/W70\ N2/W50
O • • \ •
• = STPs
• = 1x1 IVleter Units
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8797 Showing Previous Work FIGURE
1-6
Table 1-4
CA-SDI-8797: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work
Cultural Material Gallegos and Harris 1995 Gallegos and Kyle 1992 Gallegos etal. 1999 Total
5 Units and STPS 2 Units and STPs Unit 1 and STPs
Debitage 1910 149 211 2270
Shell Bead 4 1 0 4
Biface Fragment 5 1 0 6
Bowl/Mortar Fragment 3 0 0 3
Core 13 6 2 21
Core/Cobble Tool 1 0 0 1
Core Scraper 5 0 0 6
Edge Modified Flake 1 0 0 1
Flake Knife 2 0 0 2
Flake Scraper 16 0 0 16
Teshoe Flake Scraper 3 0 0 3
Flake Tool 0 0 4 4
Scraper (unspecified) 1 1 0 2
Ground Stone 11 1 5 16
Hammerstone 16 0 0 16
Mano 11 1 19 31
Metate Fragment 9 0 3 12
Ceramic . 20 6 0 21
Pestle 1 0 3 4
Scraper Plane 4 0 0 3
Shell Dish 1 0 0 1
Tarring Pebble 1 0 0 1
Modified Bone 4 6 0 2
Bone* 138.5* 24* 2205.9* 2369.4*
Shell* 12047.1* 5479.5* 9.7* 17536.3*
Total 2042 172 247 2446
Weight in grams
SECTION 2
RESEARCH ORIENTATION AND METHODS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This section identifies regional research orientation, field and lab methods, special stiidies, and
curation of recovered artifacts and ecofacts (i.e., bone, shell). The Site Index and Preservation
Sttidy for prehistoric sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C were prepared by Gallegos &
Associates to provide a sample of the archaeological deposits and long-term protection of the
resources through capping ofthe primary site areas of CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C.
The Data Recovery Program for CA-SDI-8694 was conducted to adequately address mitigation of
impacts under CEQA and City of Carlsbad requirements.
2.2 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The research orientation, developed for the site indexing and preservation studies and the data
recovery program employed regionally and locally specific questions, and identified data needs to
approach these questions. A wide range of research questions or topics was possible for sites CA-
SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. However, five research domains were selected
on the basis of previous work, available data to address these questions, and overall contribution to
the archaeological record. The specific research questions focused on chronology; lithic
technology; subsistence sfrategy; site type and settlement pattem; and, ttade and travel. For the
index samples, these research topics will be used to guide the study, however sufficient materials to
answer the research questions may not be recovered given the small number of sample units and
nature of this study.
• Chronology
What was the period(s) of use and/or occupation for the sites?
Determining the period of occupation of a site or a region can be accomplished by the use of
radiocarbon dating and by relative dating. Radiocarbon dating depends on the retrieval of
PJ.4-04 2-1
August 2005
materials (i.e., bone, shell, charcoal) amenable to scientific analysis. Radiocarbon dates for north
San Diego County range from roughly 10,000 years ago to historic contact.
Altematively, relative dating is based on the recovery of specific artifacts that are temporally
diagnostic. Temporally diagnostic artifacts recovered in context with associated radiocarbon dates
include atlatl-dart points, arrow points, and ceramics. Obsidian sourcing and hydration rind
measurements are also relative dating measures, as obsidian absorbs water at slow and somewhat
constant rates. Obsidian from sources such as Obsidian Butte in the Imperial Valley was available
during the late Holocene, while obsidian from the Coso Range was available throughout the
Holocene.
In order, to address the research questions posed, temporal placement ofthe site is necessary.
Previous work at CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694 identified Late Period components as defined by
the presence of pottery and small projectile (arrow) points. Sites CA-SDI-8694 and CA-SDI-8797
also contain Early Period components as illusfrated by the radiocarbon dating of shell from these
two sites.
Data Needs
Shell, bone, and charcoal are present at sites CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8797, and CA-SDI-8694.
Multiple shell samples from each site were submitted for radiocarbon dating. The testing program
also produced small arrows points, ceramics, and obsidian. Shell specie preference or availability
may also be used to place sites within a relative order. For example, marine shell can be identified
by species to determine shell habitat, and, along with radiocarbon dates, can be used to identify
environmental setting and change within the Holocene.
Methods of Collection
Shell retrieved during the subsurface excavation programs was clearly labeled with provenience
(i.e., site, unit, level, date, person collecting the sample, associated feature), and date of recovery,
and was submitted to Beta Analytic, Inc. for Accelerator Mass Specfrometry (AMS) radiocarbon
dating. AMS results are provided in Sections 3 through 6. Obsidian was separated from other
debitage, wrapped in plastic to prevent edge damage, and labeled appropriately. Diagnostic
PJ. 4-04 2-2
August 2005
artifacts recovered during surface collection or excavation were placed in resealable plastic bags,
labeled, and catalogued.
• Lithic Technology
How do the assemblages reflect the technological trajectories used by the prehistoric
inhabitants? Which lithic reduction strategies were in use and when?
Several flake-tool reduction sfrategies have been identified for the southem Califomia coastal
region. These include biface reduction, split-nodule core reduction, small blade core reduction,
bipolar core reduction, and nodule reduction. The decision to use one or the other of these
techniques was dependent on several factors, but the most important factors were the type of
material that was worked, the morphology of the parent material, and the intended tool. Some
lithic materials, such as Monterey chert and Piedra de Lumbre chert, are more easily worked, and
with heat-freatment become some of the best knappable material in the westem United States.
Problems exist, however, in the form of the material in its raw state. Piedra de Lumbre chert
generally occurs in small pieces, thus it was used extensively in the late Holocene for small arrow
points (Pigniolo 1992). This material has been recovered from a site dating to 8,000 years ago
(Gallegos 1991). Monterey chert occurs in small cobbles and in layers. For small cobbles, bipolar
reduction would be the most efficient method of producing usable flakes. For the layered
Monterey chert, biface reduction was the most expedient method of producing tools, as the layers
were already thin, and only the outer perimeter needed to be worked (Cooley 1982). Other chert
sources in San Diego County need to be identified and the material chemically characterized.
Large biface production and reduction requires pieces of material large enough to be reduced, and
homogenous enough to produce workable items. Santiago Peak Volcanics found in San Diego
County have been used extensively for the production of large tools (i.e., adzes, scrapers, scraper
planes, cores, hammerstones) and bifaces (Schroth and Flenniken 1997). The use of quarry
material from these formations may be an early to middle Holocene marker, as the larger spear and
dart points would have necessitated the use of larger blocks of parent material.
PJ. 4-04 2-3
August 2005
Nodule core reduction comprises numerous techniques with specific trajectories such as pyramidal-
shaped split-nodule core reduction (used to produce thick, contracting flakes for flake tools), the
production of teshoe flakes for large flake tools and nodule core tools wherein the parent material
rather than the removed flakes become tools. Cobble layers found in streambeds, across coastal
terraces, and along the coast provided materials for these reduction sequences.
Ground stone artifacts (i.e., manos, metates, and pestles) occur on sites throughout San Diego
County, and especially at habitation sites, milling stations, and temporary camps. To date, little
analysis has been conducted regarding ground stone manufacture and use, or change of use through
time in the San Diego region. An analysis of debitage and lithic tools from site CA-SDI-10148,
located south of the San Diego River near Santee, was completed by Flenniken (Kyle and Gallegos
1993). Flenniken determined that all of the flaked core/cobble tools recovered from the site were
used for ground stone manufacture and rejuvenation, and that the debitage was the result of both
tool manufacture, and rejuvenation of ground stone grinding surfaces. Analysis of debitage and
tools from habitation sites can provide information regarding manufacture, use, and rejuvenation of
ground stone. Changes in resources and task-specific uses should be analyzed to determine if
ground stone tools were designed for specific tasks, and if technological changes occurred through
time as climate and resources changed.
Assuming that sufficient quantities of lithic materials will be recovered, the following research
hypotheses will be addressed.
HO: Specific lithic reduction techniques have changed through time, with large biface reduction
and steep-edged unifacial tools dominating during the early and middle Holocene, and
small biface reduction and nodule core reduction dominating during the late Holocene.
HI: All reduction sfrategies were equally important throughout the Holocene.
Studv Topics
(a) Which technological reduction sfrategies are present based on the debitage at the
site?
PJ.4-04 2-4
August 2005
(b) Which reduction sfrategies were used to produce which tools? Were these sfrategies
the same or different?
(c) Are recovered tools made from local or imported materials?
(d) If ground stone tools are present, are the cobble materials local or non-local?
(e) Is there evidence that ground stone tools were produced at the site, or were they
produced elsewhere and then carried to the site?
(f) How do technologies and stages of tool reduction relate to site function and tools
recovered at the sites?
(g) Can the recovered tool forms be assigned to specific culture groups?
Data Needs
(a) Collection of a sample of cores and debitage.
(b) Detailed analysis of cores and debitage for technological attributes and reduction
sequence classification.
(c) Identification of the technological attributes and reduction sequences used to
produce the tools.. .
• Subsistence Strategy, Site Type, and Settlement Pattern
What settlement and subsistence patterns can be identifled, and have these patterns
changed over time? Did the collection of shellfish change with time? If so, what
influenced the changes: environment, populations, technologies, or combinations of these
factors? Temporally, how do these sites fit into the overall pattern for San Diego County?
That is, what group or culture is being examined in the context of the known culture
history, and can period of occupation be differentiated? If a given site is representative of
a specialized camp and/or gathering group, what was the site's function, and how does the
site relate to other sites: as a base camp, a special-use site, or as an extractive site? How
did occupation and use of the sites contribute to seasonal or year-round occupation of the
region in general?
PJ. 4-04 2-5
August 2005
The most pronounced environmental change for coastal southem Califomia is the rise in sea level
that occurred during the early to middle Holocene, and the flooding of coastal valleys and the
creation of lagoons associated with this event. Evidence of environmental change in lagoons is
based on analysis of core samples combined with radiocarbon dates and radiocarbon dated shellfish
samples taken from prehistoric sites near lagoons. Environmental studies using shellfish to explain
site patterning, and envirormiental change include Miller (1966), Warren et al. (1961), Warren and
Pavesic (1963), Bull and Kaldenberg (1976), Gallegos (1985), and Masters (1988).
Circa 3,500 years ago, sea level stabilized, causing an increase in siltation processes that eventually
caused degradation of the lagoons during the late Holocene. In confrast to San Diego Bay, the
environmental change in north San Diego County was more complex. San Diego Bay formed in
the early Holocene and stayed open to the ocean throughout the Holocene (Gallegos and Kyle
1998). As such, some prehistoric sites reflect a changing environment and an absence of lagoonal
shellfish and fish, whereas other sites, wherein the inhabitants were dependent upon San Diego
Bay, reflect continuity in shellfish and fish exploitation. .
Large quantities of shellfish are generally not recovered from inland prehistoric sites. This relative
lack of shellfish remains may be the result of poor preservation. Changes in use of shellfish and
fish through time may, therefore, be difficult to determine. Environmental changes have also been
documented for the coastal region, suggesting climatic drying and accompanying vegetation
changes occurring over the past 7,000 years (Davis 1992). Pollen studies suggest that pine trees,
oak trees, and grasslands were present during the early and middle Holocene.
The Native American occupation of San Diego County during the 10,000-year period of the
Holocene is poorly documented. Gallegos (1987) suggests that early and middle Holocene (Early
Period/Archaic) sites, identified as inland San Dieguito, Pauma, and coastal La Jolla complex
occupations, were occupied by the same cultural group on a seasonal round. Another hypothesis
suggests that Native Americans had large village sites occupied year-round with little change in
diet (White 1963). True (1970) hypothesizes that Late Period settlement pattems include winter
village sites at lower elevations, and summer village sites in the mountains with occupation based
on seasonal subsistence.
PJ. 4-04 2-6
August 2005
A research goal of San Diego archaeology over the past several decades has been the typing of Late
Period archaeological sites into either San Luis Rey (Luisefio) or Cuyamaca
(Kumeyaay/Dieguefio) complexes. Archaeologists have suggested that sites typifying the San Luis
Rey Complex assemblage were occupied by ancesfral Luisefio, and those of the Cuyamaca
Complex by ancesfral Dieguefio (Kumeyaay). These complexes were first divided by Meighan
(1954) into north and south manifestations, and were further defined by Trae (1966). True's goals
in his 1966 and 1970 work were to provide a basis for professional-quality cultural reconstractions,
and detailed comparative studies. His 1966 work focused on an attempt to isolate pattems that
coincided with linguistic boundaries in San Diego County.
The differences between these complexes were based primarily on the archaeological record
defined by Trae in 1970, and atfributed to degree rather than to artifact type. This included the
hypothesis that San Luis Rey Complex sites, as compared to Cuyamaca Complex sites, display an
inhabitant preference for Cottonwood Triangular points over Desert Side-notched points; and that
Cuyamaca Complex sites display an inhabitant preference for Desert Side-notched points. While
both San Luis Rey and Cuyamaca complex sites may contain ceramics, Cuyamaca Complex sites
generally display more exotic ceramic forms such as multiple vessel types, bow pipes, effigies, and
rattles. Milling equipment and steatite are also believed to be more common in Cuyamaca
Complex occupations. Trae (1970) states that hearths in Cuyamaca Complex sites are clay lined;
cemeteries are distinct from living areas; arid cremations are placed in ceramic ums with offerings
and markers.
Trae's (1970) specific list for typical features of Cuyamaca Complex (Kumeyaay/Dieguefio) sites
are as follows:
• Defined cemetery areas apart from living areas.
• Use of grave markers.
• Cremations placed in ums.
• Use of specifically made mortuary offerings such as miniature vessels, shaft
sfraighteners, and elaborately made projectile points.
• Cultural preference for side-notched projectile points, indicating a desert connection.
PJ. 4-04 2-7
August 2005
• Substantial numbers of scrapers, scraper planes, and flaked tools, in contrast to small
numbers at San Luis Rey sites at a contemporaneous time.
• Emphasis placed on ceramics to include a wide range of forms and several specialized
items such as rattles, bow pipes, and effigies.
• A well-developed local steatite industry.
• A substantially higher frequency of milling stone elements when compared to San Luis
Rey.
• Clay-lined hearths.
Given that sufficient faunal remains are recovered as a result of the data recovery program, the
research hypotheses and study topics listed below will be addressed:
HO: During the Holocene, the environment of the coastal plain changed through time. The
apparent difference in faunal consumption at these sites is a reflection ofthe changing
environment of the coastal plain.
HI: During the Holocene, the environment of the coastal plain was stable, thus changes in
faunal consumption cannot be equated with natural changes.
Studv Topics
(a) Do the sites contain sufficient information to determine site type, duration of stay, or
possible cultural affiliation?
(b) Can the sites be placed within a temporal settlement system for contiast with other earlier or
later settlement systems?
(c) Do the sites represent both Early Period and/or Late Period components, and can
environmental change in the faunal assemblage be identified?
(d) Do the sites represent specialized food processing localities, or conversely, do they
represent campsites wherein a wide range of foods were gathered and processed?
(e) On the basis of Trae's (1970) work and artifacts recovered, can the sites be culturally
identified as Kumeyaay/Dieguefio or Luiseno occupation sites?
PJ. 4-04 2-8
August 2005
Data Needs
Data necessary to address the questions of diet and economic strategy includes floral and faunal
remains to permit the reconstraction of diet or dietary practices and preferences of the site
occupants. The presence of particular species of plants and animals allows for a more complete
appraisal of the various environmental niches exploited by the site occupants.
Methods for interpreting the data include speciation of the recovered faunal assemblage, with
special attention to evidence of butchering or cooking; and the identification of species within
preferred habitats, and the placement of these speciated remains within the ecological model to
reconstract the habitat(s) exploited by the site occupants.
Artifacts recovered from the site can also provide inferential information regarding subsistence
exploitation. For example, if plant material is not found, the presence of mortars, manos, and
metates provides evidence that floral and faunal material was processed at the site. Immunological
studies of residues on tools from the site may provide data relating to both the use of tools and to
the resources exploited. On the basis of previous studies, pollen and phytolith preservation may be
poor, and as protein residue analysis is a costly procedure, it should be undertaken only when intact
subsurface levels and/or features are present.
• Trade and Travel
To what extent are trade and travel evidenced at the sites? Early travelers and
ethnographers noted the presence of Native American trails and trade activities among
different cultural groups in the southern California region. The procurement of lithic
resources, such as serpentine, chalcedony, chert, jasper, obsidian, and steatite, may
identify contact with other cultural groups, as these materials were not available in the
local area. Although many other trade items were perishable, what non-perishable
archaeological evidence demonstrates trade and/or travel?
Several exotic lithic materials (i.e., obsidian, and Piedra de Lumbre chert) have been identified as
trade items. Their occurrence at San Diego County sites aids in delineating frade/travel routes.
PJ. 4-04 2-9
August 2005
Further research with exotic material found in context will be necessary, to determine the extent of
trade, what materials were traded, and if ttade materials and routes changed through time.
Generally, if obsidian was present in early and middle Holocene sites in San Diego County, then it
was obtained from the Coso Range, located over 300 miles north, in north-centtal California.
Obsidian from late Holocene sites is usually sourced to Obsidian Butte in the Imperial Valley.
Obsidian was also available from Mexico, and from other sources not presently identified.
Other non-local lithic materials that may have come from nearby sources include jasper, chert, and
chalcedony. Such material generally occurs at sites as very small retouch flakes, or as finished
items, suggesting that the items were procured in a late lithic reduction stage. This behavior
suggests, therefore, that the material was likely procured by frade. Had the material been obtained
by direct procurement, then the raw material and early stages of tool production would have been
present. Sources for these materials, and sites near the sources where the material was worked,
need to be identified to fully understand the frade network involved. Neufron activation analysis
has been used successfully to source these exotic materials.
Steatite sources are present in southem San Diego County, and include a fairly large quarry called
the Stonewall Quarry located in Rancho Cuyamaca State Park (Trae 1970). Another known
quarry, the Jacumba Valley Quarry, is located near the U.S./Mexico border approximately 95 km
(59 miles) from the Pacific Ocean (Polk 1972). Neutron activation has been used successfully to
match specific steatite artifacts to specific sources or quarries, and provides valuable information
for identifying trade/fravel directions.
The shell that occurs in San Diego County sites is evidence of fravel to lagoons or open coast
habitats, or of trade with groups occupying those regions. The closest source of shellfish is Agua
Hedionda Lagoon located within 1-2 miles of all three of the sites being examined for this study.
Research questions for shell include: Did the site occupants travel to the lagoon and/or open shore
to acquire shell? Did they obtain Olivella sp. shell and make spire-lopped beads? Were decorative
shells from other, non-local areas, such as Olivella sp. shells from the Gulf of Califomia, acquired
through trade and/or fravel?
PJ. 4-04 2-10
August 2005
If trade materials are recovered as a result of the data recovery program, the research hypotheses
and study topics listed below can be addressed:
HO: During the early Holocene, trade was long-distance, possibly through trading partners in a
down-the-line pattem. Obsidian was imported, and was primarily obtained from the Coso
Range located in east-central Califomia (Hughes and Trae 1987). During the middle
Holocene, ttade consisted of mutual bartering with local neighbors, and Piedra de Lumbre
chert from north coastal San Diego was a preferred lithic import. During the late Holocene,
trade was practically non-existent, however some trade materials, such as obsidian from
Obsidian Butte, are present in the artifactual assemblages.
HI: Trading for preferred lithic material was a common practice throughout the Holocene with
no change in distance or direction.
Studv Topics
(a) Is there evidence of frade and/or ttavel?
(b) What was the nature of cultural contact: continuous, sporadic, or limited?
(c) What are the inferred routes of frade?
(d) What econornic needs, if any, were met through contact and frade?
Data Needs
(a) Recovery and analysis of an adequate sample of cultural material that includes frade goods
(i.e., obsidian, Piedra del Lumbre chert, Monterey chert, desert lithic material, steatite and
beads).
(b) Identification of the sources of trade items.
In addition, it should be noted that ceramics may provide an important tool in defining cultural
boundaries, and the presence or absence of trade/travel. Beginning on the west, the boundary
separating Kumeyaay and Luisefio territories is identified as between Agua Hedionda Lagoon and
Batiquitos Lagoon and extending to just south of Escondido, and then continuing to the northeast to
the Cupefio territory. Ceramic sourcing may provide clues to the classifying of Late Period sites to
PJ. 4-04 2-11
August 2005
Kumeyaay or Luisefio cultural occupation. It is anticipated that a minimum of 90 ceramic
fragments, representing up to three pottery types, will be recovered for analysis.
2.3 RESEARCH PRIORITIES
Many of the research questions overlap, as they address environmental setting, and prehistoric
occupation. Research priorities for this study are: chronology, lithic technology, subsistence
strategy, and trade and fravel.
2.4 DATA NEEDS
Sites CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8797, and CA-SDI-8694 contain a range of artifacts and ecofacts,
including shell, bone, flaked lithic tools, ground stone, and non-local obsidian and chert, to address
the research questions posed. Artifacts such as non-local obsidian and chert will be used to address
the question of trade and fravel. The presence of shell will be valuable in providing material for
dating associated tools or features. Radiocarbon dates for the site, and association with artifacts
and features will greatly assist in addressing questions conceming chronology and settlement
pattem. Faunal remains (i.e., shell, fish bone, and mammal bone) will be collected, speciated, and
weighed to provide data to address both diet and seasonality. Artifacts and features will be
analyzed with respect to chronology. Shellfish will be analyzed to identify range and quantity of
species, as well as paleoenvironmental lagoon shellfish habitat. This analysis will assist in
understanding environmental setting and site function.
2.5 LABORATORY METHODS
To address the research questions posed, a number of diagnostic tools, shell samples, and hearth
features need to be recovered and analyzed. Previous work at each site demonstrates the presence
of faunal remains including shellfish and small manmials, as well as milling tools and non-local
lithic material. Cores, tools, and debitage are also present to provide the information necessary to
address questions of material preference and tool technology.
PJ.4-04 2-12
August 2005
Gallegos & Associates' standard system of cleaning, cataloging, and analyzing cultiaral remains
was used for artifacts recovered during this study. These procedures include cleaning and
separating artifacts and ecofacts by material class for each unit level prior to cataloging. Each
item, or group of items, was counted, weighed and/or measured, and given a consecutive catalogue
number marked directly on the artifact or on an attached label. Additionally, each item was
analyzed for specific characteristics peculiar to each material class. All catalogued items were
divided into typological categories, and placed within appropriately labeled boxes for interim
storage at Gallegos & Associates' cultural resource laboratory.
All artifacts and ecofacts collected were tteated using accepted and appropriate archaeological
procedures. Initial laboratory work included washing and/or brashing artifacts, and cataloging.
Artifacts were sorted into classes, such as bifaces, cores, bone tools, beads, milling tools, and
flakes. Cataloging provides basic data such as count, measurement, weight, material type,
condition, and provenience. The catalogue also offers information as to horizontal and vertical
distribution of cultural material.
Specialized studies were conducted after the initial sorting and cataloging. The number and type of
specialized studies completed for this project was dependent upon the materials recovered, and the
research question addressed. Studies completed include lithic technological analysis, ceramic
analysis, faunal analysis, shell analysis, obsidian source analysis, pollen analysis, and radiocarbon
dating. Specialized studies on speciflc material classes are discussed below.
2.5.1 Lithic Analysis
2.5.1.1 Analytical Methods
Technological lithic analysis based upon replicative data was conducted for all flaked stone
artifacts recovered. All lithic artifacts were also examined on the basis of raw material types and
reduction stage categories. Reduction stage flake categories were defined by comparing
technological attributes of replicated artifacts from known and catalogued flaked stone tool
reduction technologies to prehistoric controls. In tum, by comparing the prehistoric artifacts
(controls) to the known artifacts in terms of manufacture, reduction stages were assigned to
PJ. 4-04 ' 2-13
August 2005
I
I
I
I
technologically diagnostic debitage. Some debitage, however, was considered technologically
nondiagnostic because of the lack of attributes on fragmentary pieces.
Technological debitage analysis based upon replicative data (Flenniken 1981) was selected over
other analytical methods to obtain processual reduction stage identifications. Methods such as size
grading (Abler 1989), or morphological attribute analyses (length, width, thickness, weight, or
completeness of flake)(Sullivan and Rozen 1985) do not allow processual anthropological
modeling of specific technological activities. Analyses dependent on mefric data provide the
analyst with size-descriptive information only; they do not allow reliable identification of
prehistoric behaviors. Mefric analyses do not take into account cracial variables such as raw
material type, quality, shape, and flakeability, nor do they consider the skill level of the prehistoric
knapper, the reduction sequence(s), or the intended end product(s).
Size grading of debitage as a form of "technological" analysis is also ineffectual as a means of
providing accurate prehistoric lithic technological information (Scott 1985, 1990, 1991). In one
case where samples of debitage from six different sites were subjected to both size-grading
analyses and technological analyses in an effort to define the lithic reduction activities that
occurred at each site, Scott (1985) found that "...size-grading artificially separates debitage into
classes that do not accurately reflect lithic reduction."
Ahler's (1989) work conceming size-grading analysis or "mass analysis of flaking debris" is the
most comprehensive study to date. However, even using experimental confrols, size-grading
analysis proves inadequate for making inferences as to the reduction process because of the
qualifications placed on interpretive comparisons. For example, Ahler's (1989) reduction model
does not apply to multiple material sites wherein the size, shape, and quality of the original raw
materials may have influenced reduction sfrategies. Multiple flaking episodes are said to require
interpretation through multivariate statistical analysis even though statistics are not capable of
"interpreting" data. Ahler's (1989) approach provides little or no accurate technological
information conceming lithic reduction techniques because of inherent methodological errors
regarding scientific experimental procedure. Reasoned sampling of large assemblages combined
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with technological attribute and stage analysis is more informative than are low-level description
of complete, large assemblages.
Replicative systems analysis (RSA) is a methodological concept designed to understand the
behavior prehistorically applied to flaked stone artifacts (Flenniken 1981). The method involves
replicating, through flintknapping experimentation, a hypothesized sequence (based upon debitage
frequencies documented during analysis) of lithic reduction employed at a particular archaeological
site. By comparing the prehistoric debitage with catalogued experimental debitage, it is possible to
determine the reduction techniques and sequence(s) that were employed at a given site by
prehistoric knappers. Experimentation has also demonstrated that many by-products associated
with tool manufacture can be mistaken for functional tools such as "scrapers" (Flenniken and
Haggarty 1979).
The RSA approach offers a reliable means to both identify and demonstrate the method(s) utilized
by prehistoric knappers to reduce available stone into flaked stone tools and weapons. Because
flintknapping techniques are learned rather than an innate behavior, reduction sfrategies can be
both culturally and temporally diagnostic (Flenniken 1985; Flenniken and Stanfill 1980). Thus, by
studying, the reduction technologies employed at archaeological sites, it is possible, once the
technological foundation based upon numerous technological analyses has been established, to
correlate sites in time and space by identifying related or similar lithic technologies (Flenniken and
Stanfill 1980). The correlations may aid future research involving descriptions of regional mosaics
of human activity pattems as they vary through time. In regions where volcanic or acidic
sediments preserve very little of the archaeological record except stone artifacts, or where
prehistoric activities left little or no frace, this method of gathering information can be exttemely
productive. The RSA approach to lithic analysis is useful and appropriate because it focuses on
determining what lithic technologies were used at a particular site, how these technologies may
have changed through time, and whether these changes correlate to specific time periods.
Attributes evidenced on the prehistoric debitage, in conjunction with experimental analogs, were
used to identify technologically diagnostic debitage, enabling flakes to be assigned to specific
experimentally derived reduction stages (Flenniken 1978, 1981). The remaining debitage was not
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ascribed to any reduction stage because of the fragmentary nature of the specimens. These
specimens were characterized as technologically nondiagnostic, although attributes such as
material type, heat treatment, and presence/absence and type of cortex were noted.
Debitage classification atfributes were divided into reduction-oriented technological categories,
and these categories were then segregated into stages. Stage 1, core reduction debitage, is defined
on the basis of amount and location of cortex on the dorsal surface, platform atfributes, dorsal arris
count and direction, and flake cross/long-section configuration. Stage 2, bifacial reduction
debitage, is classified on the basis of multi-faceted platform configuration and location, location of
remnant bulb of force, dorsal arris count and direction, flake termination, flake cross/long-section
orientation, and presence or absence of detachment scar. Stage 3, percussion bifacial thinning
debitage, is segregated on the basis of multi-faceted platform configuration, size, lipping and
location, dorsal arris count and direction, flake termination, cross/long-section orientation, and
presence or absence of detachment scar. Stage 4, pressure bifacial reduction debitage, is separated
on the basis of multi-faceted platform configuration and location, dorsal arris count and direction,
flake termination, platform-to-long axis geometry, cross/long-section orientation, and presence or
absence of detachment scar. Nondiagnostic fragments (flake fragments, with or without cortex)
were defined as such. These reduction-oriented technological categories were further segregated
on the basis of geological material types such as metavolcanic, vein quartz, metasedimentary,
quartzite, chert, and obsidian. Interpretation of the reduction sequence from this site was
determined using only the technologically diagnostic debitage, whereas discussions conceming
lithic raw material types include all debitage and formed artifacts.
A 100% sample of the debitage, recovered from excavation units, was analyzed, identified, and
assigned to specific technological categories and stages. Technologically diagnostic debitage was
assigned to a specific reduction category, and. served as the basis for interpretation of lithic
technology. Since the artifacts recovered from the site are intra-site similar in technological
character, the sample of the entire excavated assemblage may be small, and technological change
from level one through the deepest level may not be identified. Consequently, all artifacts from the
site may be combined for the purpose of interpretation ofthe site's lithic technology.
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Not all flaked stone reduction technologies are the same throughout prehistory even within one
locality such as southem Califomia, or within one formed artifact class. For example, biface
reduction sequences may vary technologically from site to site as a result of cultural/temporal
differences even though the same raw lithic material is present at these sites. By identifying
technologically diagnostic debitage from sites, specific reduction technologies can be easily
segregated.
2.5.1.2 Ground Stone Tools
These tools were used primarily for vegetal processing; however, ethnographic records indicate
that bone, clay for pottery, and pigments for paint were also ground using these implements
(Gayton 1929; Kroeber 1925; Spier 1978). Ground stone tools were first separated into four
groups: manos, metates, pestles, and mortar/bowls, recognizing of course that all four groups in
actuality feature complex tools that have two primary parts. Attributes selected for the discussion
of ground stone tools are most amenable to comparisons with similar artifacts from other sites in
the region.
Manos: Atfributes important in the classification of manos include cobble or shaped, number of
faces used (bifacial or unifacial) to determine extent of usage, end-battering (presence or absence
resulting from roughening grinding surfaces), outline, and cross-section. The shape of a mano can
aid in identifying the type of metate (i.e., shallow or deep basin) used in association with the mano.
Shaping is important in determining the length of occupation of a site; as the time needed to shape
a proper mano would not be taken if the user only meant to employ the mano for a short period of
time and then discard it. Shaping denotes an unnecessary amount of time expended to make an
object aesthetically pleasing.
Metates: Ground stone fragments are identified as metate fragments based on the presence of at
least one concave ground surface. Both slab (thin and highly portable) and block (thick and heavy)
metates may be present. Some may have been used unifacially and others bifacially, denoting the
amount of time spent grinding.
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2.5.1.3 Miscellaneous Stone Artifacts
Miscellaneous artifacts include specimens more esoteric in nature, and items that cannot be placed
in the above categories. These items may denote status, and include beads and pendants, or, in the
case of ritual/ceremonial activities, shaman crystals and hematite (red or yellow paint stone). Other
items classified under the miscellaneous category include tarring pebbles, boiling stones, and
manuports.
2.5.2 Ceramic Analysis
Ceramic analysis is valuable in the interpretation of an archaeological site, as it provides data on
the activities of the people who once occupied the site, the clay sources, and trade and ttavel.
Typically, when ceramics are recovered from an archaeological site in the San Diego region, they
are found in small quantities. Moreover, the collection usually consists of small, fragmented body
sherds, and a few rim sherds. Without diagnostic pieces (incised, decorated, etc.) or whole vessels,
analysis of vessel attributes, vessel morphology, and specific activities cannot be addressed. In a
situation where there are few , ceramic sherds to examine, a different type of analysis may be more
usefiil. Petrographic analysis of ceramics allows the researcher to identify mineral inclusions ofthe
ceramics that are specific to geologic zones, providing data on fhe possible frade and movement of
the people who once occupied the site. For large ceramic collections, pettographic analysis is also
helpful, as it provides information on local clay source preferences.
In the San Diego region, ceramic artifacts are created from local clays in the mountains, or from
clays farther east from different areas of the desert. To differentiate which clays are local and non-
local, clays need to be identified in relationship to their geological source. The different geologic
zones that make up the San Diego region include the coastal plains, the Peninsular Range
Mountains, and the Salton Trough desert. The coast and desert regions contain alluvial clays
derived from marine and lacustrine sedimentary rock, while the Peninsular Range Mountains
contain residual clays derived from gabbroic-granitic materials. An analysis of the mineral
composition of the ceramic sherd must be conducted in order to identify the geological source from
which the clay was obtained. The type of ceramic ware can be identified, once the geological
source of the clay has been determined.
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2.5.2.1 Ceramic Wares in the San Diego Region
Ceramic wares within the San Diego region include Tizon Brown Ware, Salton Brown Ware, and
Colorado Buff Ware, as well as other desert wares that are not commonly seen west of the
Peninsular Range Mountains.
• Tizon Brown Ware
Previous attempts to produce ceramic ware typologies for San Diego County has resulted in the
identification of two different ware types: brown ware and buff ware (Rogers 1936). Brown wares,
referred to as Tizon Brown Wares, are frequently associated with the mountain region. Tizon
Brown Ware is the most common ware in San Diego County. The term Tizon Brown Ware was
originally associated with the northwestem Arizona region, and many southem Califomia ceramics
were later included under this name (Euler 1959). As a result, there has been a tendency to classify
southem Califomia ceramics under the all-inclusive Tizon Brown Ware type, without any
subtypes. Although this classification suggests some regional continuity between Arizona and
southem Califomia ceramics, that is not the case. Problems arise with this classification because
many variations of Tizon Brown Ware have been recovered in southem Califomia. Moreover,
many brown ware sherds are not restricted to mountain sites, and can be found along the coast and
inland near the Salton Sea (Van Camp 1979). Tizon Brown Ware vessels were shaped using the
paddle-and-anvil technique, and were made from residual granitic-derived clays.
Residual clays are found primarily in the mountain and coastal areas of San Diego County. These
clays are the end products of weathering, and the breakup of gabbroic and granitic outcroppings of
the Peninsular Range Batholith. Along the west side of the Peninsular Range, gabbroic rocks
dominate, and are characterized by a high concentration of plagioclase and amphibole. Along the
east side, which slopes and extends into the desert region, granitic rocks dominate. Consequently,
there is an apparent decline in the amount of amphibole in the granitic rocks (east side), but a
greater concentration of mica (biotite and muscovite) and quartz (Hildebrand et al. 2002).
Therefore, clays from the east, granitic side have few or no amphibole minerals (Hildebrand et al.
2002). The clays contained in Tizon Brown Ware originate along the westem, gabbroic side of the
Peninsular Range and thus contain inclusions of plagioclase, quartz, mica, and amphibole.
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• Lower Colorado Buff Ware
The other common ceramic ware found in southem Califomia is buff ware. Buff ware ceramics are
often referred to as desert wares, and are also known as Lower Colorado Buff Wares. Buff wares
are made from sedimentary clays that result from the mixture of soil and water. Coarse particles
are -left behind, while fine particles are deposited some distance from the parent source.
Sedimentary clays are finer in texture and have a more homogenous composition when compared
to mountain clays (Rice 1987). These clay types can be found in former lake bottoms and alluvial
deposits in the Colorado Desert, and in Imperial County near ancient Lake Cahuilla. The minerals
contained in Lower Colorado Buff Ware include quartz, feldspar, rare instances of amphibole, and
sometimes mica. Lower Colorado Buff Ware vessels found in the San Diego region were also
shaped using the paddle-and-anvil technique.
• Salton Brown Ware
The general classification for ceramic wares in the San Diego region does not allow for a third type
of ware that is found in the San Diego region, Salton Brown Ware. Salton Brown Ware is another
desert ware, similar in appearance to Tizon Brown Ware. Lower Colorado Buff Ware is easily
discemible from the two types of brown ware. However, distinguishing Salton Brown Ware from
Tizon Brown Ware is not as sfraightforward. These two brown wares cannot be differentiated
based on visual inspection alone because their exteriors are so alike. One of the main factors
distinguishing Salton Brown Ware from Tizon Brown Ware is the absence of amphibole, a rock-
forming mineral that weathers into clay (Rice 1987). Salton Brown Ware originates along the
eastem side of the Peninsular Range (westem Salton Trough sediments), and has a higher content
of mica, quartz, and a rare instance of amphibole when compared to Tizon Brown Ware (Table 2-
1). Salton Brown Ware vessels were also shaped using the paddle-and-anvil technique.
In order to differentiate between the different wares, a fresh edge must be broken off the sherd to
examine the cross section. Examining the exterior of the sherd does not provide enough
information about the mineral composition, and can lead to mistakes in ceramic ware identification.
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August 2005
Table 2-1
Average Mineral Compositions for Brown Wares*
Ceramic Type Quartz Plagioclase Biotite Muscovite Amphibole Rock
Salton 61% 11% 15% 6% 4% 4%
Tizon 51% 20% 4% 1% 20% 1%
* adapted from Hildebrand et al. 2002
For example, mica observed on the surface of a sherd has been, in the past, mistakenly identified as
part of the mineral composition of the sherd, rather than an end result of pot manufacture. In
Hildebrand et al.'s (2002) study, both ttace-element (NAA) and pettographic thin-section analyses
were used to examine a representative sample of ceramic sherds for south San Diego County.
Salton Brown Ware sherds had an average mineral composition of 61% quartz, IP/o plagioclase,
15% biotite, 6% muscovite, and 4% amphibole (see Table 2-l)(Hildebrand et al. 2002). Analysis
of the Tizon Brown Ware sherds indicated an average mineral composition of 51%o quartz, 20%
plagioclase, 4% biotite, 1% muscovite, and 20% amphibole (see Table 2-1) (Hildebrand et al.
2002). These results suggest that Salton Brown Ware has a higher percentage of quartz and mica,
and almost no amphibole, while Tizon Brown Ware has a higher percentage of amphibole and
plagioclase.
2.5.2.2 Petrographic Thin-Section
As a result ofthe current fieldwork, a total of 449 sherds were recovered from site CA-SDI-8303,
and a total of 260 sherds were recovered from site CA-SDI-8694. All sherds were not included in
the ceramic analysis as some were too small to obtain a thin-section sample. A total of 289 sherds
from CA-SDI-8303, and 252 sherds from CA-SDI-8694 were included for sample selection.
Ceramic sherds were first placed into different sample groups based upon mica (biotite and
muscovite) concenfration, sherd thickness, rim shape variability, surface color, and core color.
Sherds with recent broken edges were checked to see if they mended with other sherds within the
sample group. Both procedures reduced the possibility of analyzing sherds from the same parent
vessel. At site CA-SDI-8303, 11 different sample groups were identified, while 15 different
sample groups were identified for site CA-SDI-8694. After all the sherds had been placed into
different sample groups, each group was placed into plastic bags and a random sherd was selected
as the representative sample for each group.
Twenty-six ceramic sherds were submitted to the San Diego Pefrographics Laboratory in
Escondido, Califomia, for the creation of thin-section samples. Each sherd was enveloped in
epoxy resin, then polished and cemented to a glass slide. The sample was then cut and polished to
a thickness of 30 microns (^im), and sealed with a glass-cover slip.
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Once the thin-section samples, along with what remained of the ceramic sherds, were retumed to
Gallegos & Associates' laboratory, they were analyzed for mineral composition. Each thin-section
sample was examined under a polarizing (petrographic) microscope by ttansmitted light (plane-
polar and cross-polar) from 28X to 1500X magnifications. Important mineral characteristics that
were considered when examining the thin sections include distinctive cleavage, twinning,
alteration, zoning, exsolution, or the presence of inclusions. The following provides a description
of these characteristics:
Cleavage: Cleavage is the appearance of fine parallel cracks in mineral grains; minerals exhibit
different types and intersecting angles of cleavage that aid in mineral identification.
Twinning: Twinning denotes different regions of grain that have different crystallographic
orientations that result in the appearance of horizontal or vertical bands.
Alteration: Some minerals may be altered for some reason, such as weathering, resulting in
secondary minerals, wherein a complete replacement of one mineral by another
occurs.
Zoning: The composition of mineral grains is heterogeneous, wherein different parts of
minerals exhibit different optical properties.
Exsolution: At high temperatures, some minerals exsolve, or unmix to form two distinct
compositions during or after cooling.
Inclusions: Some minerals tend to contain inclusions of specific types of minerals, and rarely
contain mineral inclusions that are not of that type.
The mineral inclusions were identified using the point-count method, with a minimum count of
100. Each slide was examined once under the polarizing microscope using the point count method
and then a second time examining the entire slide for a general observation of the mineral
composition.
One last mineral characteristic that was considered in the current analysis was the shape of the
quartz inclusions. Quartz inclusions that are rounded are likely from the desert, whereas quartz
inclusions from the mountains tend to be angular. Rounded and angular quartz inclusions are a
result of sedimentary versus residual movement of the clay deposits. Clays from the desert are
sedimentary and have been moved by waves, tides, sfreams, wind, erosion, or other forces to
produce quartz minerals that have become rounded from abrasive movement. In the mountain,
clays are found near or at the location of the parent rock from which they developed. The
movement is not as abrasive as in the desert, producing less attrition and resulting in angular quartz
inclusions.
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August 2005
2.5.2.3 Rim Sherd Profile Methods
A rim sherd profile is a vertical measurement of the rim sherd. Rim sherds that were large enough
to identify the arc of the rim and that were easy to orient were selected for profile samples. The
rim sherd was placed upright and oriented along a right angle raler. The angles where the rim
sherd intersected with the vertical and horizontal lines were plotted on graph paper. A carpenter's
contour gage was placed alongside the interior of the rim sherd to obtain the contour of the rim
sherd. The contour gage was then placed alongside the marked angles on the graph paper, and the
interior contour of the rim sherd was outlined. The same procedure was done with the exterior of
the rim sherd. Calipers were used to measure thickness and a concentric radii measurement tool
was used to measure the radius ofthe rim sherd.
2.5.3 Faunal Analysis
Shell was identified, sorted, counted, and weighed by species. Use of this data contributed to
answering questions regarding diet, environmental setting and change through time, and settlement
pattems.
Bone, was identified by genus and species when possible. When species identification was not
possible, the bone was identified to successively higher levels of classification, settling on terms
such as small, medium, or large vertebrate mammal. Elements were then identified as bumed or
unbumed. Where possible, cooking methods were discussed. Faunal information, including
number of individual species and weight by species, was tabulated by unit and level. Where
possible, age of capture of identifiable specimens was estimated. Bird bone, wherever possible,
was identified to family, genus, and/or species, as the information about migratory birds can add to
the data for determining seasonality.
2.5.3.1 Methods
Each bone was examined to determine: 1) element; 2) right or left side; 3) highest taxonomic
category; 4) evidence of buming, and if so, degree of oxidation; and 5) evidence of butchering, and
if so, method of butchering. Comparative skeletal collections were used in the identification
process from Scripps Institute of Oceanography, as well as from private collections. Bone atiases
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(Lawrence 1951; Nickel et al. 1986; Olsen 1985; Sandefiir 1977; Schmid 1972) were also used to
supplement the analysis.
2.5.3.2 Categories
Categories used in this analysis include:
(1) Bumed: Bone elements or fragments in this category show color change from exposure to
heat or fire (oxidation). Colors may include:
• brown: indicates exposure to heat, but little or no exposure to open flames.
• black: shows direct exposure to open flames (i.e., roasting or discard in a fire).
• blue/white (calcined): denotes direct exposure to a fire hotter than 800° Celsius
(Ubelaker 1978), and may represent bone that was severely bumed during preparation.
If flesh was present on the bone during exposure to the fire, the bone would exhibit
signs of warping and shrinking (Ubelaker 1978). Calcined bone may also be the result
of having been discarded in a fire hearth (Wing and Brown 1979).
(2) Unbumed: No evidence of buming or oxidation.
(3) Butchered: Bone with evidence of processing by slicing or chopping actions.
(4) Bird: Bones that have thin walls in cross-section, are hollow, and light in weight. These are
often distinguishable from mammal bone because they contain large cavities that would
have been filled with air in life.
(5) Lizard: Small animal bone fragments, which are usually mandible fragments with
homodont teeth that are straight instead of curved like snake teeth, or long-bone fragments
that are split and funnel-shaped, or vertebrae with ball and socket features with a flattened
vertebral foramen.
(6) Snake: Vertebrae with ball and socket features with a domed-shaped vertebral foramen.
(7) Teleostei: Funnel-shaped vertebra with/without the spinous process attached, and other
skeletal elements considered as bony fish.
(8) Ray/Skate: Tooth plates that are from rays and skates, as well as spines and hooks.
(9) Elasmobranch: Dram-shaped vertebra that are from cartilaginous fish (rays/skates, shark)
When species identification as noted above was not possible, the bone was identified to
successively higher levels of classification. These include:
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August 2005
(1) Small Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, with size between a mouse and a
jackrabbit.
(2) Medium Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, for which sizes are larger than
a jackrabbit, but smaller than a deer.
(3) Large Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate, fragments, for which sizes are deer-size and
larger.
The quantification of faunal material studied is usually determined by the sample size and type of
site under investigation. Two methods were used in this study: the number of identified specimens
per taxon (NISP), which represents the total number of specimens within a category; and the
minimum number of individuals (MNI), which represents the minimum number of individuals
within a genus and species category.
2.5.4 Radiocarbon Dating Analysis
A minimum of one to two samples of shell was selected for Accelerator Mass Specfrometry (AMS)
radiocarbon analysis. Radiocarbon dating provides valuable information for site placement within
the prehistoric chronology for San Diego County.
2.5.5 Obsidian Source Identification
Obsidian samples were submitted for x-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF) source identification.
Usually, the number of obsidian items recovered is small, and all samples large enough (1.0 cm in
maximum measurement) will be submitted for analysis. In all, five obsidian samples were
submitted for XRF source analysis.
2.6 NATIVE AMERICAN CONSULTATION
Native American monitoring is not required for the present project, however, as Native Americans
are interested and can confribute to cultural resource studies, a representative from the San Luis
Rey Band of Mission Indians assisted with the project. Mark Mojado of the San Luis Rey Band of
Mission Indians provided Native American monitoring services for this project, and a Native
American monitor was on site daily.
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August 2005
2.6.1 Provisions for Encountering Human Remains
If human remains are encountered, then the specific procedures outlined by the Califomia Native
American Heritage Commission (NAHC)(1991), and in accordance with Section 7050.5 of the
Health and Safety Code Section 5097.98 ofthe Califomia Public Resources Code (Chapter 1492,
Stattites of 1982, Senate Bill 297), and SB 447 (Chapter 44, Stattites of 1987) will be followed.
Section 7050.5 will guide the potential Native American involvement, in the event of discovery of
human remains.
Specific measures to be followed should human remains be encountered are: 1) work will cease in
the immediate area of the burial; 2) the person in direct charge of the project will contact the
County of San Diego Coroner; and 3) as per Section 7050.5(c) "If the coroner determines that the
remains are not subject to his or her authority, and if the Coroner has reason to believe that the
human remains are those of a Native American, he or she will contact the Native American
Heritage Commission." The Native American Heritage Commission, the local agency
representative, and the authorized local tribal representative will review and provide input as to
further action. Under typical circumstances, the. Most Likely Descendent(s) (MLD) of the
discovered remains will then be contacted by the NAHC. The MLD has 24 hours to make
recommendations to the Project Owner/Environmental Compliance Manager regarding freatment
and disposition of the identified remains.
Altematives for the disposition of human remains and associated burial-related artifacts include: 1)
leaving human remains in situ; 2) uncovering the human remains for analysis in situ; 3) removing
human remains for analysis and curation; 4) removing human remains for analysis and repattiation
to local Native Americans affiliated with the local area; and 5) removing human remains with no
analysis for repafriation to Native Americans affiliated with the local area.
2.7 CURATION
All cultural resources, except burial-related artifacts and unless otherwise required by law,
excavated or removed from prehistoric or historic sites during testing and/or data recovery
programs, along with all associated project data, will be permanently curated at an institution
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acceptable to the reviewing agencies and the Luiseno Native Americans. The curation facility
should be a qualified repository as defined by the "State of Califomia Guidelines for the Curation
of Archaeological Collections," such as the San Diego Archaeological Center. Curation includes,
but is not limited to, field records, catalogues, and final reports. Additionally, the owner agrees to
execute a release of title form, and to pay the required curation fees in effect at the time of curation.
All curation shall be accomplished within six (6) months from the completion of the project.
2.8 PERSONNEL
Project personnel included Dennis Gallegos, Project Manager; Tracy Sfropes, Project
Archaeologist/Lab Director; and Larry Tift, Field Director. Jeff Flenniken, Ph.D. and Tracy
Sfropes provided lithic analysis for all debitage. Tracy Sfropes provided lithic analysis for all
tools. Special studies included ceramic analysis by Monica Guerrero; faunal analysis by Patricia
Mitchell; shell analysis by Tracy Sfropes; obsidian sourcing by Geochemical Research Laboratory;
residue analysis by Robert Parr; and radiocarbon dating by Beta Analytic, Inc. Field personnel
included Karen Hovland, Ryan Anderson, Lucas Piek, David Gallegos, and Julie Gallegos. Mark
Mojado and Jason Gervais of the San Luis Rey Band of Mission Indians provided Native American
. monitoring services. All illusfrations were completed by Tracy Stropes. Graphics were provided
by Larry Tift and Tracy Stropes. GIS maps were provided by Nick Doose. Resumes for key
personnel are provided in Appendix A.
2.9 MONITORING
An archaeologist and Native American shall monitor all grading and earth-moving activities during
constraction within the vicinity of each site. Should burials, cremations, or features be located,
grading and/or earth-moving activities will be halted for a period of 72 hours to allow for
excavation and removal of the deposit(s) in a timely and sensitive manner. Analysis of artifacts
and ecofacts recovered during monitoring will be included as an addendum to the final report.
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SECTION 3
INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-SDI-8303
3.1 PREVIOUS WORK
Site CA-SDI-8303 was recorded circa 1920 by Malcolm Rogers as the Kelly Springs site. Rogers
noted that the site was located on both sides of a canyon. Cultural remains noted include'cobble
hearths, shell, arrow points, and one bone pipe with three loop handles. Rogers also noted that
Dewey Kelly found a cremation associated with ceramic sherds and the bone pipe. Subsequent
surveyors included Franklin (1978); Hatiey (1979); Hanna (1980); and Douglas and Weil (1980). In
1986, Wade monitored backhoe ttenching performed by SDG&E. Based on her observations, she
described the site complex as "composed of several elements which overlap, have been disturbed,
and are spatially separated," so that the exact site size was difficult to determine. In 1998, the site
was tested by Gallegos & Associates (Gallegos et al. 1999) to determine site significance. The
testing included the excavation of51 shovel test pits (STPs) and five Ixl-m units (see Figure 1-3).
This work produced over 1,107 artifacts that include a wide range of tools, beads, a Haliotis sp.
(abalone) fishhook, ceramics, arrow points, milling tools, 13,730.85 g of shell, and 122.75 g of bone
(see Table 1-2). Site CA-SDI-8303 is a major village site, occupied circa 760 to 1,080 years ago.
The shell reflects both lagoon and open coast shell exploitation. Obsidian was also recovered and
sourced to Obsidian Butte in the Imperial Valley. Other trade material includes chert, wonderstone,
siltstone, and Piedra de Lumbre chert.
3.2 CURRENT STUDY
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8303 included field excavation of six Ixl-m units
(Figure 3-1), collection of surface artifacts, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies.
The purpose of the Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8303 was to provide an index
sample representing the deposit being capped, protected, and avoided of impacts. The fieldwork
resulted m the collection of 6 bifaces, 9 arrow points, 1 biface preform, 1 flake blank, 10 battered
implements, 18 flakes from battered implements, 3 steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs), 2
rejuvenation flakes from SEUTs, 6 flake tools, 1 flake knife, 3 cores, 3,887 debitage, 1 nodule tool,
PJ.4-04 3-1
August 2005
HEAVY RIPARIAN VEGETATION
-
ENLARGED AREA
INSET SHOWING CA-SDI-8303
SIGNIFICANT SITE AREA
14
PUWJ 6
HI
UNIT 7 H *
8. a
UNITS B
UNIT 11
13
12
I
KEY
A = Site Datum
11 =1x1 Meter Unit
• 1 = Surface Collection Point
Gallegos & Associates
/
8 I
UNIT 9
.9
• 10 • 1
' 4
10M
SCALE
CA-SDI-8303: Detail Map of Indexed Area Showing Surface Collection Points and 1x1 Meter Units FIGURE
3-1
6 ground stone fragments, 19 manos, 5 metate fragments, 1 polished stone fragment, 449 ceramic
fragments, 12 Olivella sp. shell beads, 7 shell disc beads, 1 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestiiut
Cowry) shell, i bone bead, 2 glass trade beads, 1 quartz crystal, 1 fragment of pitch, 2 otoliths, 2
bone tools, 465.4 g of bone, and 32,838.1 g of shell (Table 3-1).
3.2.1 Surface Collection
A surface collection was completed to ensure that exposed surface artifacts were collected prior to
capping activities. The totaf artifacts collected from the surface include 3 debitage, 2 SEUTs, 3
battered implements, 8 manos, 5 metates fragments, and 1 ground stone fragment (see Table 3-1).
3.2.2 Unit Excavation
A total of six 1x1-m units were excavated at CA-SDI-8303. Unit selection was based on random
sampling within the primary site area. Units 1 through 5 were excavated during the test phase
(Gallegos et al. 1999), and Units 6 through 11 were excavated as part of the present indexing study.
Units 6,8,9,10, and 11 were selected for water screening. Soil sfratigraphy forthe units excavated
conform to primarily one single depositional pattem across the site (Figure 3-2). This pattem
exhibited a topsoil of loose, brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 4/2) disturbed historically by
agricultural activities. This loam ranged from 0-30 cm and contained a moderate amount of cultural
material. The topsoil was generally followed by a moderately compacted, dark brown sandy loam
(Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2) with occasional rocks, beginning at depths ranging from 15 to 35 cm, and
terminating between 30 and 90 cm in depth. This level contained the bulk of cultural materials
recovered from CA-SDI-8303. Finally, all units terminated between 40 and 90 cm within a dark
gray-brown sandy clay (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1) primarily devoid of cultural material. While the
developed, cultural material-bearing soil observed in the secondary layer remained consistent
throughout the site (dark brown sandy loam, Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2), the underlying subsoils varied in
accordance with site topography. Unit excavation descriptions are provided below by unit number.
Units 1 through 5 were excavated as part ofthe test phase (Gallegos et al. 1999). Units 6 through 11
were excavated for the site indexing and preservation study. Sfratigraphic profiles and unit tables
are provided in Appendix D. See Table 3-1 for unit artifact and ecofact recovery counts and
weights. Unit 6 was placed in the northem portion of the primary site area and was excavated to 60
PJ. 4-04 3-3
August 2005
Table 3-1
Total Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8303
Cultural Material Surface 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total
Biface 0 0 3 0 3 0 0 6
Biface AP 0 1 3 2 2 0 1 9
Biface Preform 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Flake Blank 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Core 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 3
Debitage 3-365 520 970 875 0 1154 3887
Nodule tool 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 1
SEUT 2 0 • I 0 0 0 0 3
Flake from SEUT 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 2
Flake Knife 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Flake Tool 0 1 2 0 2 0 1 6
Battered Implement 3 1 2 0 1 0 3 10
Battered Implement Flake 0 5 5 2 3 0 3 18
Mano 8 1 2 3 2 0 3 19
Metate 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Ground Stone 1 0 1 1 1 0 2 6
Polished Stone 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Pitch 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Quartz Crystal 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 1 2 2 1 0 6 12
Shell Disc Bead 0 0 1 0 3 0 3 7
Chestnut Cowry Shell 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Trade Bead 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
Bone Awl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bone Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bone Tool 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ceramic 0 64 70 104 117 0 94 449
Otolith 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2
Bone* 0 24.75 121.3 116.8 72.65 0 129.9 465.4
Shell* 0 2277.5 10254.7 5454.7 4820.1 165.2 9865.9 32838.1
Total** 22 442 617 1085 1014 0 1275 4457
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone, shell, or otoliths
CA-SDI-8303
Unit 7
North Wall Profile
(90 cm depth)
0
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
40 cm
50 cm
60 cm
70 cm -
80 cm -
90 cm L
o
KEY
I I = loose, dark gray-brown sandy loam with higli organic content
l^ai = light to medium compaction, darl< gray-brown sandy loam
= highly compacted, light brown, sandy clay
= larger, subangular dasts
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8303; Unit 7 Profile FIGURE
3-2
cm. Unit stratigraphy included a disturbed brown sandy loam from the surface to approximately 15
cm, followed by a dark brown sandy loam to approximately 40 cm, and by a compacted, gray-brown
sandy clay deposit to unit depth. Artifacts recovered from Unit 6 include 1 biface (arrow point), 1
flake tool, 2 cores, 365 debitage, 1 battered implement, 5 flakes from battered implements, 1 mano,
64 ceramic sherds, 1 Olivella sp. shell bead, and 1 quartz crystal, for a total of437 artifacts (Table 3-
2). Faunal material includes 2,277.5 g of shell, and 24.75 g of bone. The majority of artifacts were
recovered from the upper 40 cm of Unit 6, corresponding to the upper stratiam of dark brown sandy
loam. Minor disturbance was noted throughout the unit.
Unit 7 was located in the cenfral portion ofthe primary site area and was excavated to 90 cm. Unit
sfratigraphy included a distiarbed brown sandy loam from the surface to approximately 20 cm,
followed by a dark brown sandy loam to approximately 85 cm, and by a compacted, gray-brown
sandy clay deposit to unit depth. Artifacts recovered from Unit 7 include 6 bifaces (3 bifaces, 3
arrow points), 1 flake blank, 2 flake tools, 1 steep-edged unifacial tool (SEUT), 1 flake from a
SEUT, 520 debitage, 2 battered implements, 5 flakes from battered implements, 2 manos, 1 ground
stone fragment, 1 polished stone, 70 ceramic sherds, 1 glass frade bead, 2 Olivella sp. shell beads, 1
shell disc bead, and 1 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestnut Cowry) shell, for a total of 611
artifacts (Table 3-3). Faunal material includes 1 otolith, 10,254.7 g of shell, and 341.83 g of bone.
The majority of artifacts were recovered from the first 70 cm of Unit 7, corresponding primarily to
the upper stratum of dark brown sandy loam. Minor disturbance was noted throughout the unit.
Unit 8 was located in the central portion of the primary site area and was excavated to 60 cm. Unit
stratigraphy included a disturbed brown sandy loam from the surface to approximately 15 cm,
followed by a dark brown sandy loam to approximately 55 cm, and by a compacted, gray-brown
sandy clay deposit to unit depth. A portion ofthe basal clay deposit was identified as protrading
upwards through the center of the unit into the 30 cm level. The possible causes of this uplifting
may include localized liquefaction. Artifacts recovered from Unit 8 include 2 bifaces (arrow points),
970 debitage, 1 flake from a SEUT, 2 battered implement flakes, 3 manos, 1 ground stone fragment.
PJ. 4-04 3-6
August 2005
Table 3-2
CA-SDI-8303: Unit 6 Cultaral Material by Depdi
Cultural Material 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm Total
Biface AP 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Flake Tool 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Core 0 0 0 0 2 0 2
Debitage 61 81 97 50 40 36 365
Battered Implement 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Battered Implement Flake 1 2 1 0 0 1 5
Mano 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Ceramic 12 16 21 12 0 3 64
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Quartz Crystal 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
Bone* 2.6 5.3 . 8.55 4.45 3.1 0.75 24.75
Shell* 447 627 580.3 380.8 134.5 107.9 2277.5
Total** 74 99 121 64 42 42 442
•Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
Table 3-3
CA-SDI-8303: Unit 7 CulUural Material by Depth
Cultural Material 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Total
Biface 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 3
Biface AP 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 3
Flake Blank 0 0 0' 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Flake Tool 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
SEUT 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Flake from SEUT 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Debitage 31 43 97 67 69 80 75 ' 44 14 520
Battered Implement 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0-0 2
Battered Implement Flake 0 1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 5
Mano 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
Ground Stone 0 0 0 0 - 1 0 0 0 0 1
Polished Stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ceramic 7 16 18 9 14 3 0 3 0 70
Trade Bead 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
Shell Disc Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Chestnut Cowry Shell 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Otolith 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Bone* 4.5 10 9.25 9.2 21.45 21.75 25.85 15 4.3 121.3
Shell* 1008.3 801.1 1837.4 1340.5 1558.4 1572.4 1088.1 694.4 354.1 10254.7
Total** 38 60 118 78 90 86 85 47 15 617
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone, shell, or otoliths
104 ceramic sherds, and 2 Olivella sp. shell beads, for a total of 1,083 artifacts (Table 3-4). Faunal
material includes 5,454.7 g of shell and 116.8 g of bone. Disturbance was noted throughout the unit.
Unit 9 was placed in the southem portion of the primary site area and was excavated to 60 cm. Unit
stratigraphy included a disturbed brown sandy loam from the surface to approximately 10 cm,
followed by a dark brown sandy loam to approximately 40 cm, and by a compacted, gray-brown
sandy clay deposit to unit depth. Artifacts recovered from Unit 9 include 6 bifaces (3 bifaces, 2
arrow points, 1 preform), 2 flake tools, 1 core, 875 debitage, 1 battered implement, 3 flakes from
battered implements, 2 manos, 1 ground stone fragment, 117 ceramic sherds, 1 glass frade bead, 1
Olivella sp. shell bead, 3 shell disc beads, and 1 bone tool, for a total of 1,011 artifacts (Table 3-5).
Faunal material includes 4,820.1 g of shell and 72.65 g of bone. The majority of artifacts were
recovered from the first 40 cm of Unit 9, corresponding primarily to the upper sfratum of dark brown
sandy loam. Minor disturbance was noted throughout the unit.
Unit 10 was placed in the northeastem portion of the primary site area, as previous STP excavations
performed during the test phase had identified an extended portion of the cultural deposit. However,
further investigation with the excavation of Unit 10 identified a highly disturbed portion ofthe
deposit. This unit was excavated to 30 cm and was terminated on a deposit of compacted, gray-
brown sandy clay. Unit 10 was identified as sterile with the exception of a redeposited smear of
shell on the surface. Materials recovered from Unit 10 include 165.2 g of shell (Table 3-6).
Unit 11 was placed in the eastem portion of the primary site area and was excavated to 80 cm. Unit
stratigraphy included a disturbed brown sandy loam from the surface to approximately 10 cm,
followed by a dark brown sandy loam to approximately 70 cm, and by a compacted, gray-brown
sandy clay deposit to unit depth. Artifacts recovered from Unit 11 include 1 biface (arrow point), 1
flake knife, 1 flake tool, 1 nodule tool, 1,154 debitage, 3 battered implements, 3 flakes from battered
implements, 3 manos, 2 ground stone fragments, 94 ceramic sherds, 6 Olivella sp. shell beads, 3
shell disc beads, 1 bone awl, 1 bone bead, and 1 fragment of pitch, for a total of 1,272 artifacts
(Table 3-7). Faunal material includes 1 otolith, 9,865.9 g of shell and 129.9 g of bone. The majority
PJ. 4-04 3-9
August 2005
Table 3-4
CA-SDI-8303: Unit 8 Cultural Material by Depth
Cultural Material 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm Total
Biface AP 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
Debitage 241 202 147 135 127 118 970
Battered Implement Flake 0 1 0 0 0 •1 2
Flake from SEUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Mano 0 1 1 0 1 0 3
Groimd Stone 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ceramic 24 28 29 17 5 1 104
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 1 1 0 0 0 2
Bone* 24.9 16.35 14.85 22.35 21.85 16.5 116.8
Shell* 2038.1 967.6 898.6 21.85 16.5 201.8 4144.45
Total** 266 234 178 153 134 120 1085
•Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
Table 3-5
CA-SDI-8303: Unit 9 Cultaral Material by Depth
CulUural Material 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm . 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm Total
Battered Implement 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Battered Implement Flake 1 2 0 0 0 0 3
Biface 1 2 0 0 0 0 3
Biface AP 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
Biface Preform 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Core 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Flake Tool 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
Debitage 157 230 244 166 54 24 875
Mano 1 • 0 1 0 0 0 2
Ground Stone 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Ceramic 31 31 42 12 1 0 117
Bone Tool 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Trade Bead 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
Shell Disc Bead 1 0 1 0 0 1 3
Bone* 16.7 16.1 18.95 11.75 5.85 3.3 72.65
Shell* 1116.4 1308.2 1154.8 771.4 289.6 179.7 4820.1
Total** 193 270 289 182 55 25 1014
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
I
I
I
Table 3-6
CA-SDI-8303: Unit 10 Culniral Material by Depth
Cultural Material 0-10 cm Total
Shell* 165.2 165.2
Total* 165.2 165.2
•Weight in grams
Table 3-7
CA-SDI-8303: Unit 11 Culhoral Material by Depth
Cultural Material 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm Total
Biface AP 0 0 0 • 0 0 1 0 0 1
Flake Knife 0 1 ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 .
FlakeTool 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Nodule Tool 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Debitage 170 155 312 161 135 93 119 9 1154
Battered Implement 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 3
Battered Implement Flake 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 3
Mano 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 3
Ground Stone 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 2
Ceramic 38 28 20 0 2 0 6 0 94
Bone Awl 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
Bone Bead 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 0 1 0 ,2 1 1 1 6
Shell Disc Bead 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 3
Pitch 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Otolith 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bone* 6.8 13.35 26.85 25.9 26.8 14.5 14.3 1.4 129.9
Shell* 1325.8 1196.2 1949.1 1726.7 1519.3 879 1088.4 181.4 9865.9
Total** 209 188 338 164. 142 97 127. 10 1275
•Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone, shell, or otoliths
of artifacts was recovered from the surface to 70 cm of Unit 11, corresponding primarily to the upper
stratum of dark brown sandy loam. Minor disttirbance was noted throughout the unit.
3.3 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS
The artifact assemblage from CA-SDI-8303 consists of a wide range of artifact types including 6
bifaces, 9 arrow points, 1 biface preform, 1 flake blank, 10 battered implements, 18 flakes from
battered implements, 3 steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs), 2 rejuvenation flakes from SEUTs, 6
flake tools, 1 flake knife, 3 cores, 3,887 debitage, 1 nodule tool, 6 ground stone fragments, 19
manos, 5 metate fragments, 1 polished stone fragment, 449 ceramic fragments, 12 Olivella sp. shell
beads, 7 shell disc beads, 1 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestiiut Cowry) shell, 1 bone bead, 2
glass trade beads, 1 quartz crystal, 2 otoliths, 2 bone tools, 465.4 g of bone, and 33,220 g of shell
(see Table 3-1). The following sections describe the analysis for all materials recovered from the
present indexing study.
3.4 DEBITAGE ANALYSIS (by Jeff Flenniken and Tracy Sfropes)
3.4.1 Methodology
Technological lithic analysis based upon replicative data was conducted for all flaked stone artifacts
identified from this debitage sample recovered from CA-SDI-8303. Technological identifications
were determined for all analyzed flaked stone artifacts. Lithic artifacts were categorized according
to toolstone material type (metavolcanic, quartz [quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal], chert, and
obsidian), technological category (tecat), and reduction stage (Appendix B). Reduction stage flake
categories were defined by comparing technological attiibutes of replicated (experimental) artifacts
from known and cataloged flaked stone tool reduction technologies to the prehistoric conttols. In
tum, by comparing the technological attributes of prehistoric artifacts (conttols) to the technological
attributes of known artifacts in terms of manufacture, reduction stages were assigned to
technologically diagnostic debitage. Some debitage, however, was considered technologically
nondiagnostic because ofthe lack of technological attiibutes (i.e., platforms) on fragmentary pieces.
PJ. 4-04 3-14
August 2005
Attributes evidenced on the prehistoric debitage, in conjunction with experimental analogs, were
used to identify technologically diagnostic debitage that enabled flakes to be assigned to specific
experimentally derived reduction stages (Flenniken 1978,1981). The remaining debitage was not
ascribed to any reduction stage because of the fragmentary nature of the artifacts. Therefore,
fragmentary debitage was characterized as technologically nondiagnostic, although attributes such as
material type, and presence/absence and type of cortex were noted.
3.4.2 Analyzed Sample
The debitage included in this analysis was archaeologically recovered from five excavation units. In
Unit 6, six (1x1x0.1 m) levels were excavated; Unit 7, nine levels; Unit 8, six levels; Unit 9, six
levels; and Unit 11, eight levels. A total of 35 (1x1x0.1 m) levels were excavated to produce a
flaked stone assemblage sample of 3,887 artifacts. Each flaked stone artifact from this excavated
sample was analyzed and recorded as a separate entity in an attempt to identify and isolate
technological variation. Evidence to support intentionally different technological freatment of
different lithic materials within the analyzed sample was not identified. The different lithic materials
(metavolcanic, quartz, chert, and obsidian) identified from this infra-site sample were reduced
following a similar reduction sequence to manufacture similar end products. Therefore, because of
the lack of infra-site technological variation, the lack of differential lithic reduction freatinent, and
the small sample (n=650) of technologically diagnostic debitage, all flaked stone artifacts and
materials were combined for site interpretation.
For example, in an attempt to identify evidence to support intentionally different technological
treatment of different toolstone materials within the analyzed sample, the quartz, chert, and obsidian
debitage were separated in an attempt to identify biface reduction activities that may have occurred
at this site (see Appendix B). It was suspected that if biface manufacture occurred at this site,
bifaces would have been produced from the non-metavolcanic materials, as Santiago Peak
Metavolcanic (light green, fine-grained, homogeneous, and check-free) material, the most common
biface (for larger bifaces) toolstone in the area was not identified in this sample in any quantity.
This attempt to segregate technological variation proved ineffectual as all toolstone materials were
technologically tteated the same by the prehistoric knappers.
PJ. 4-04 3-15
August 2005
Furthermore, the analyzed debitage recovered from these five subsurface contexts were similar in
technological character, and even by combining materials, the technologically diagnostic debitage
(n=650, 16.7% of the total 3,887 flakes and flake fragments) still provided a small sample for
interpretation. Therefore, all technologically diagnostic flaked stone artifacts from this analyzed
sample were combined for the purpose of specific site interpretation conceming flintknapping
activities. Again, only the technologically diagnostic debitage was employed for interpretation of
CA-SDI-8303 flintknapping activities.
As mentioned above, the recovered technologically diagnostic flaked stone sample from this
excavated site was small (n=650), only 16.7% of the recovered debitage. A small technologically
diagnostic flaked stone sample, in association with a homogeneous flaked stone sample that lacked
technological variation even between different toolstone materials, were additional reasons to
combine technological data for interpretation of specific site flintknapping activity.
3.4.3 Technological Artifact Categories (tecats)
Technological analysis of the debitage from this CA-SDI-8303 sample identified a very interesting,
and limited technologically, flaked stone tool assemblage. The technological end of one reduction
continuum (flake core), or the last stage of reduction, was well represented at this site. Debitage
classification attributes were divided into technological categories (tecats) that reflect technological
differences in the reduction continuum and reduction stages that occurred at this site (see Appendix
B). Continuum is defined as a process that includes the entire life cycle of a specific flaked stone
tool (including all debitage) from the selection of the raw lithic material, initial decortication, heat
treatment (if applicable), reduction into the original tool, use and reuse of that tool (which may be
multi-functional), rejuvenation of that tool, the deposition of that tool into archaeological context,
and possible reuse of that tool later in prehistoric time. Reduction stage, as employed for this
analysis, is a concept designed to separate a flintknapping continuum for analytical purposes only.
The reduction-oriented technological stages (processes) employed in this analysis, the flake
categories, based upon replicated artifacts that correspond to those processes, and the flake attributes
used to define those categories are, with few exceptions, within the nodule core reduction
technology that was well established in prehistoric southem Califomia.
PJ. 4-04 , 3-16
August 2005
Nodule core reduction is known in the southem Califomia archaeological literature as "Cobble Core
Reduction" (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). The term nodule was substittited for cobble
because the term cobble is geologically defmed as a size clast (64-256 mm) and many prehistoric
core and core-based artifacts (such as some battered implements) were manufactured from boulders
(>256 mm), and to a much less extent, pebbles (4-64 mm). The term nodule was selected because a
nodule can be any size and tends to be somewhat rounded to subrounded.
Nodule core debitage was recognized and grouped into technological categories based on the amount
and location of dorsal cortex, platform atttibutes, dorsal arris count and direction, and flake
cross/long-section shape. Debitage was classified according to three platform types identified
among the flakes from nodule core reduction: natural/cortical platforms (NP), single-faceted
platforms (SEP), and multi-faceted platforms (MFP). Flakes were further subdivided according to
the location of dorsal cortex (tecats include NP-1 through NP-11, SFP-1 through SFP-11, and MFP-
1 through MFP-1 l)(see Appendix B).
The reduction-oriented technological categories of diagnostic flakes were also segregated on the
basis of geological material (metavolcanic, quartz [quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal], chert, and
obsidian). Flake fragments that lacked the necessary atfributes to be placed in one of these
reduction-oriented'tecats were classified as technologically nondiagnostic debitage with and without
cortex. Only raw material type and presence or absence of cortex were recorded for these artifacts.
Interpretation of the reduction sequence from this site was determined using only the technologically
diagnostic debitage, whereas discussions conceming lithic raw material types include all debitage
and formed artifacts.
Metavolcanic nodules (cobbles and boulders) were selected for size, shape, material quality, and
platform location. Nodules with natural platforms were reduced directly by percussion in a circular
marmer around tbe natural platform. The location of dorsal cortex indicates the sequence of flake
removals (see Appendix B). Cores with faceted platforms were nodules that required platform
preparation prior to reduction. This occurred usually when a nodule of quality material was
selected, but the nodule did not possess a naturally appropriate platform. It was therefore necessary
PJ. 4-04 3-17
August 2005
I
I
I
to create a platform by percussion flaking. The desired products of nodule core reduction were flake
blanks that were thick in cross-section, long and narrow in planview, and ranged in length depending
upon intended use, but were most likely 5 to 12 cm in length.
3.4.4 Toolstone Materials
The lithic materials employed by the prehistoric knappers at this site included a variety of
metavolcanic rock, quartz [quartzite, vein quartz, monocrystalline quartz], chert, and obsidian,
mostly all collected from alluvial deposits. Obsidian is the only non-local toolstone material
identified in the assemblage sample. All (100%)) ofthe identified cortex was incipient cone cortex
resulting from water fransportation ofthe lithic nodule; toolstone was prehistorically collected from
alluvial (past or present) environments.
Metavolcanic materials are found as pebbles, cobbles, and boulders derived from Eocene volcanic
rhyolites, andesites, and diabase of basaltic composition (Clevenger 1982). These materials have
been extensively metamorphosed causing stmctural recrystallization and a rather porphyritic nature
(Clevenger 1982). Metavolcanic rocks range in color from green to brown to black and require great
dynamic loading forces to fracture conchoidally. Distinctive Santiago Peak Metavolcanic (known
locally as "felsite"), found as bedrock in San Diego County and redeposited as float, was poorly
represented in this analyzed assemblage.
Quartz is one ofthe most common lithic materials, and occurs in a wide variety of hexagonal prisms
that are terminated by pyramidal shapes. It also occurs in massive, granular, concretionary,
stalactitic, and cryptocrystalline habits (i.e., vein quartz). When combined with other materials,
quartz or metaquartzite is referred to as quartzite, whereas a single crystal is called monocrystalline
quartz. Colors range from white, red, grey, purple, yellow, brown, pink, black, green, and can be
colorless as well. Quartz is fransparent to translucent with some forms occurring as opaque (i.e.,
quartzite). Quartz has a hardness of 7, a specific gravity of 2.65, and fracttires conchoidally
(Chesterman 1995; Klein andHurlburt 1985; Luedtke 1992; Pellant 1995).
PJ. 4-04 3-18
August 2005
I
I
Chert is an opaque form of microcrystalline quartz composed of numerous grains that form a
granular crystalline stracture. Chert and jasper are chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks
classed as microcrystalline, but may contain sheaf-like aggregates that may include impurities such
as clays, silts, carbonates, pyrites, iron, or other organic materials. Chert and jasper also may
contain several forms of silica such as opal, chalcedony, or cryptocrystalline quartz. Cherts range in
color from white to light gray to black. Jasper, because ofthe iron, is red, yellow, or brown. Green
jasper is called prase or chyrsoprase. Jasper is distinguished from chert on the basis of color
(Chesterman 1995; Klein and Hurlburt 1985; Luedtke 1985; Pellant 1995).
Obsidian is an igneous glass that is non-crystalline and often has a bright vifreous luster. Obsidian
has a specific gravity (G) of 2.4 and is slightly harder than common window glass (H=5.5). It forms
as a result of the rapid cooling of extrasive magma, preventing any crystalline growth, or as a result
of a viscous magma that was too rigid to support crystalline growth. Obsidian is usually black, but
gray, red, brown, green, and even blue are common in specific geological locations in westem North
America. The red colors are due to the inclusion of magnetite or hematite. Obsidian is usually
franslucent, but can occur as fransparent or opaque (Chesterman 1995; Klein and Hurlburt 1985;
Luedtice 1992; Pellant 1995).
3.4.5 Analytical Reisults: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage
• Introduction
This analyzed debitage assemblage consisted of 3,887 flakes and flake fragments (and two small
biface fragments) manufactured from four different raw lithic material groups. A total of 650
(16.7%) artifacts were technologically diagnostic, while 3,237 (83.3%)) flake fragments were
technologically nondiagnostic (Tables 3-8 and 3-9). Of the 650 technologically diagnostic artifacts,
in the present CA-SDI-8303 sample, 586 artifacts represent nodule core reduction technology, and
64 artifacts represent biface reduction (see Table 3-8).
PJ. 4-04 3-19
August 2005
Table 3-8
CA-SDI-8303: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage
Toolstone Materials
TECAT MV Q CH OB Totals
NP-1 4 0 0 0 4
NP-4 4 0 0 0 4
NP-5 3 0 0 0 3
NP-6 1 0 0 0 1
NP-7 1 0 0 0 1
NP-8 1 0 0 0 1
NP-10 5 0 0 0 5
NP-11 351 0 0 0 351
SFP-1 4 0 0 0 4
SFP-4 4 0 0 0 4
SFP-5 1 0 0 ~ 0 1
SFP-6 1 0 0 0 1
SFP-7 3 0 0 0 3
SFP-8 1 0 0 0 1
SEP-10 3 0 0 0 3
SFP-11 47 0 0 0 47
MFP-1 2 0 0 0 2
MFP-6 1 0 0 0 1
MFP-10 0 1 0 0 1
MFP-11 4 0 0 0 4
lOl.PI 0 0 1 0 1
lll.SI 0 0 1 0 1
113.SS 0 0 2 0 2
121.11 0 0 8 0 8
122.IS 0 38 53 2 93
123.IM 2 1 17 • 0 20
127.IS ' 0 0 4 0 4
128.IM 2 4 8 1 15
300.M-0 0 4 0 4
302.E-4 5 12 3 24
400.E-4 3 26 3 36
Total 453 52 136 9 650
Percent 69.7% 8.0% 20.9% 1.4% 100.0%
MV = Metavolcanic Materials
Q = Quartzite, Vein Quartz, Monocrystalline Quartz
CH = Chert
OB = Obsidain
Table 3-9
CA-SDI-8303: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage
Toolstone Materials
TECAT MV Q CH OB Totals
With Cortex 84 5 29 0 118
Without Cortex 2237 467 396 19 3119
Total 2321 472 425 19 3237
Percent 71.7% 14.6% 13.1% 0.6% 100.0%
MV = Metavolcanic Materials
Q = Quartzite, Vein Quartz, Monocrystalline Quartz
CH = Chert
OB = Obsidam
• Nodule Core Reduction
Prior to the nodule core reduction discussion, biface tecats in Table 3-8 require explanation. As
mentioned above, an attempt to isolate technological variation between different lithic materials was
not productive, as all toolstone materials were technologically freated in a similar manner. The
quartz, chert, and obsidian debitage represented in this sample included only Stage 1, core reduction,
flakes that were most likely confined to nodule core reduction debitage (see biface reduction stages
and tecats in Appendix B). Therefore, the 144 technologically diagnostic Stage 1, core reduction,
flakes are identified and included in nodule core counts as 101.PI=NP-1; lll.SI=NP-8;
113.SS=SFP-8; 121.II=NP-11; 122.IS=SFP-11; 123.IM-MFP-11; 127.IS=SFP-11; and
128.IM-MFP-11 (see Table 3-8).
Three nodule core platform types (NP, SEP, and MFP) were represented in this debitage sample (see
Appendix B and Table 3-8)(Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). Nattiral platform (NP)
debitage was represented by 380 flakes, single-faceted platform (SEP) debitage was represented by
163 flakes, and multi-faceted platform (MFP) debitage included 43 flakes (see Table 3-8). the most
frequent (n=359) natural platform debitage category was NP-11, or flakes devoid of dorsal surface
cortex (see Table 3-8). This tecat is produced well after cortex removal and flake blank production
is in fiill force. Given the small overall size of the NP-11 flakes identified during this analysis, these
flakes were most likely produced at the very end of flake core reduction just prior to the core
becoming exhausted and discarded, and/or laterally cycled into another functional tool such as a
battered implement. The remaining 21 other nattiral platform flakes were produced throughout the
reduction cycle, and exhibited dorsal cortex (see Table 3-8).
The same technological reduction pattem was repeated, almost identically, in the single-faceted
platform debitage and the multi-faceted platform debitage (see Table 3-8 to compare NP tecats to
SEP and MFP tecats)(see Appendix B). The most commonly occurring (n=144) single-faceted
platform debitage category was SFP-11, and the most common (n=3.9) multi-faceted platform
debitage tecat was MFP-11 (see Table 3-8). Most ofthe recovered debitage was too small for flake
blanks, or was broken, or too thick, and was therefore discarded.
PJ. 4-04 3-22
August 2005
For the most part, the CA-SDI-8303 nodule core debitage sample is small in overall size (< 3 cm
long). This debitage produced from flake cores was placed into two general technique categories:
rejected flake blanks or working face preparation flakes. Rejected flake blanks may be the
appropriate length (> 5 cm), but were rejected because they were too thick, too narrow, covered with
too much cortex, too many stacked step fractures on the dorsal surface, broken by sheared cones
(very common at this site), etc. Working face preparation flakes are generally too small (< 3 cm),
triangular in cross-section, and thick for use as they were most frequently produced as platform
over-hang removal flakes, and/or to sfraighten the arrises on the face of the core. Useable flake
blanks may have been transported from the site for use elsewhere.
• Biface Reduction
As mentioned above, diagnostic debitage was separated into tecats that may support the very
beginnings (flake blank manufacture from flake cores) of biface reduction, but this debitage also
exhibited tecats of nodule core reduction (see Appendix B). Separation was based upon
technological attributes conceming material quality, flake thickness, number and position of dorsal
arrises, platform type and size, and flake cross/long-sections. Therefore, the quartz, chert, and
obsidian flakes possessed Stage 1, core reduction attributes, and the beginning of a biface reduction
sequence. Knowing that only an entire flaked stone assemblage can accurately reflect the complete
technological character of an archaeological site, these "biface" flakes were separated to detemiine if
biface reduction actually occurred at this site (see Appendix B). Percussion biface manufacture was
not well represented in this sample, as only 28 of the 200 segregated quartz, chert, and obsidian
artifacts represented biface reduction (see Table 3-8).
Stage 1, core reduction, debitage was discussed previously. Stage 3, percussion biface thinning,
flakes were also identified in this site sample. Twenty-eight Stage 3 flakes represented biface
manufacture (see Table 3-8). The four margin removal flakes (300.M-) are actual portions of biface
margins removed as knapping errors when the knappers strack the biface margins too far from the
edges, and/or the platforms were too stout. Stacked step fractures on the top surfaces of the bifaces
may have also added weaknesses to the biface margins. The 24 early stage percussion bifacial
thinning flakes (302.E-), created when bifaces are thinned and shaped, support biface production.
PJ. 4-04 3-23
August 2005
These flakes are small and poorly formed, indicating that the bifaces produced were small, thick,
most likely asymmetrical, and well within the arrow point size range.
Pressure flaking was represented at this site (see Table 3-8) by 36 (5.5% of the technologically
diagnostic debitage) Stage 4, early stage pressure bifacial thinning flakes (400.E-). These flakes
were quite small and may represent biface edge rejuvenation and/or resharpening by pressure. These
pressure flakes may have also been produced from non-bifacial tool resharpening or shaping.
3.4.6 Analytical Results: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage
• With Cortex
One hundred eighteen (84 metavolcanic, 5 quartz, and 29 chert) technologically nondiagnostic flake
fragments that exhibited incipient cone cortex were examined for this analysis (see Table 3-9).
Most of these flake fragments were broken during production by sheared cones, and were small,
angular, and appeared to be by-products of nodule core reduction.
• Without Cortex
Two thousand one hundred nineteen (2,237 metavolcanic, 467 quartz, 396 chert, and 19 obsidian)
technologically nondiagnostic, cortex-free flake fragments were also examined for this analysis (see
Table 3-9). As with the cortical flake fragments, most of these pieces of debitage were small,
angular, and also appeared to be by-products of nodule core reduction. Sheared cones, produced
during flake production, created many of these flake fragments.
3.4.7 Technological and Functional Summary
• Nodule Core Reduction
Nodule core reduction technology is the most common core technology identified in this CA-SDI-
8303 sample (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). Products of nodule core reduction are also
the most abundant as measured by percent (90.2%)) of technologically diagnostic flakes. This simple
and expedient technology may have been so commonly used because it provided a simple and
relatively effortless way to produce useful flakes, and flake blanks intended for immediate use
PJ.4-04 3-24
August 2005
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Or further reduction. Because ofthe local (San Diego County) abundance of metavolcanic materials,
there was often little need for more material-efficient, and consequently more time-consuming
technologies.
Debitage produced from nodule core reduction was classified according to the pattem of dorsal
cortex present (if any), dorsal arris pattems, and platform attiibutes. Dorsal cortex attributes provide
clues conceming two processes: stage of reduction and patterning of flake removals. The amount of
cortex will decrease through the reduction sequence. Flakes with 100% dorsal cortex
(NP/SFP/MFP-ls), therefore, usually result from earlier portions of the sequence while flakes with
no dorsal cortex (NP/SFP/MFP-11 s) result from the latter portions of the sequence. The abundance
of flakes that lack dorsal cortex exist because, once cortex is removed from a nodule early in the
reduction sequence, all subsequent flakes will lack dorsal cortex.
The positioning of dorsal cortex results from the patteming of flake removals (clockwise, counter-
clockwise, or unpattemed in relation to the platform). The analysis of this debitage sample did, to a
limited degree, reveal a potentially meaningful pattem regarding flake removal for some flakes.
While nodule core reduction was the dominant flaked stone reduction technology practiced at this
site, the Topaz Mountain reduction technique may have also been used to maximize the amount of
flake blanks that could be produced from an oddly shaped, elongated pebble/cobble-size nodule of
quality material. The Topaz Mountain technique is discussed later in this section.
Another aspect of variability seen in the nodule core reduction debitage assemblages relates to
platform characteristics. This variability also appears to result purely from technological
considerations, rather than, for instance, a "mental template" to which might be attached some
chronological or ethnic significance. Three examples of platforms are frequently found
(unprepared/natural/cortical [NP], single-faceted [SEP], and multi-faceted [MFP]), and they vary, in
part, according to the amount of shaping required to obtain a suitable platform configuration for
successful flake removals (a uniform platform surface and adequate platform-to-core face angle).
Some nodules did not require shaping (natural platforms) to obtain a proper platform configuration;
others required more (multi-faceted platforms) or less (single-faceted platforms) shaping. It is
PJ. 4-04 3-25
August 2005
expected that these different platform types could be produced within a single reduction sequence as
a result of adjustments made in response to the changing shape of the core as it was reduced.
One source of inter-site variation may relate to the portion ofthe nodule core reduction sequence
conducted at a site. It appears that cores were not always entirely reduced at a single location, but
rather initial shaping may have been performed at one site, and subsequent core reduction performed
at another. This is indicated at some sites where few early stage flakes were found, but later stage
flakes were common, such as CA-SDI-8303. Altematively, this pattem could be explained as a
result of sampling bias resulting from incomplete, or non-representative artifact collections.
• Topaz Mountain Reduction
The Topaz Mountain technique is applied to a rounded-to-subrounded, elongated pebble, cobble, or
boulder. A distal end of the elongated pebble, cobble, or boulder is removed by direct free hand
percussion. The remaining flakes are produced by direct free hand percussion "sectioning" of the
core, thus all flakes have cortical rim platforms.
Four flake types frequentiy occur. Linear cortical flakes reflect the flintknapper' s attempt to flatten
the working surface of a Topaz Mountain core. This step is necessary if large flat flakes are to be
subsequently removed from the core. A cortical platform is required for the manufacture of linear
cortical flakes. The platform occurs above and in line with an axis that divides the dorsal surface of
the prospective flake into a portion containing cortex, and a portion containing a segment ofthe facet
left by removal of the first split flake (Raymond 1984).
Broad cortical (around the edges) flakes were produced after linear cortical flakes were removed
from the core. To produce broad cortical flakes the knapper must hold the split core in one hand,
with the split facet side facing away from the knapper. The other hand uses a hammerstone to strike
the cortex of the core just above the perimeter ofthe split core face via direct free hand percussion.
The point chosen for a platform depends on the angle formed by the core's working face and
adjacent cortical surface. Generally, the most suitable location for a platform is in line with a ridge
PJ.4-04 3-26
August 2005
I
or undulation on the core's working surface, and at a ridge or area of high mass on the exterior
cortical surface of the core (Raymond 1984).
Under ideal circumstances the applied force fravels all the way through the Topaz Mountain core.
This results in the largest and widest possible flake, and can be viewed as a successful "section" or
"slice" of the core. Less ideally, the flake terminates with a hinge fracture in the middle of the
working face of the core. Such "unsuccessful" flakes were discarded (Raymond 1984).
As production of broad cortical flakes continued, the flintknapper rotated the Topaz Mountain core
on an axis perpendicular to its working surface, aligning cortical platforms with working surface
morphology for further flake removals. In the process, the core becomes smaller, yet the original
cortex surface remains at the edge ofthe dorsal face of each flake (Raymond 1984). All flakes
produced (except the first flake, which can be identified as a NP-1 flake) are technically versions of
NP-5, NP-6, NP-7, NP- 10, and NP-11 flakes. However, these flakes are not removed to
decorticate the nodule. Produced flakes serve as flake blanks for tool manufacture. The cortex
remaining on the edges of the Topaz Mountain flakes has three fimctions: 1) to serve a consistent
platform; 2) to serve as natural backing for flake tools; and/or, 3) to help maintain a flat flake during
flake removal.
The CA-SDI-8303 sample exhibits flakes and flake fragments that may have been produced using
the Topaz Mountain technique. However, because of the high degree of sheared cones, these flakes
could not be identified as being unequivocally produced by the Topaz Mountain technique. While
virtually all NP-11 (as well as NP-4, NP-5, NP-6, and NP-7) flakes were broken as a resuh of
sheared cones, it is expected that some of these flakes may have been Topaz Mountain flakes.
• Adze Flakes
Only two adze resharpening flakes were identified during the analysis of this debitage sample. This
tecat (1005.AZ Flake) typically has a pronounced single-faceted platform (very few have cortical or
multi-faceted platforms), multiple series of clusters of stacked step fractures on the proximal end of
the dorsal surface, multiple linear flake scars and arrises (unidirectional from the platform or planer
PJ. 4-04 3-27
August 2005
surface) on the dorsal surface, more or less parallel side margins, slightly curved in long-section,
feather or stepped distal end terminations, and most importantly, have excessive polish (from contact
with wood surfaces) with linear striations that are pattemed perpendicular, (or oblique) to the flake
platform as well as the margin ofthe adze from which it was produced. Tecat 1005.AZ Flake
specifies adze resharpening (see Table 3-8).
3.4.8 Conclusions
The analyzed debitage assemblage from CA-SDI-8303 provided an example of a site wherein
primarily the last stages of metavolcanic nodule core reduction (and possibly Topaz Mountain core
reduction) occurred. Ofthe metavolcanic nodule core reduction flakes identified in this sample, 586
(90.2%) were NP-11, SFP-11, and MFP-11 (and may also include lOl.PI, 11 l.SL 113.SS, 121.11,
122.IM, 127.IS, and 128.IM)(see Table 3-8). Therefore, the primary flintknapping activity that
occurred at this site was associated with metavolcanic nodule core reduction, and the predominant
aspect of nodule core reduction was the production of a few late stage flake blanks, most likely for
unmodified flake tools and potentially bifaces. Selection of metavolcanic nodule core toolstone,
nodule core platform preparation, nodule core decortication and manufacture, and extensive nodule
core reduction did not occur at this site. Only late stage flake blanks were produced at this location.
Quartz, chert, and obsidian flakes also support this technological observation conceming
metavolcanic nodule core reduction. Based upon the analyzed debitage sample from CA-SDI-8303,
flintknapping activities were limited to nodule core flake blank production; minimal thinning and
shaping by percussion and pressure flaking of small bifaces; resharpening of adzes that may have
been laterally cycled from exhausted flake cores; and, resharpening of manos and metates with
battered implements that may have also been laterally cycled from exhausted nodule and Topaz
Mountain flake cores.
PJ. 4-04 3-28
August 2005
3.5 FORMED ARTIFACT ANALYSIS (by Tracy Stropes and Jeff Flenniken)
3.5.1 Points and Bifaces
A total of 17 bifaces were recovered from the indexing sttidy at CA-SDI-8303 (Table 3-10 and
Figure 3-3). This sample includes nine complete or nearly complete specimens and eight
fragmentary specimens. Their shape, size, and weight (see Table 3-10) indicate that nine ofthe
specimens recovered are arrow points (Fenenga 1954) or arrow point fragments. The remaining
eight specimens may be fragments of bifacial cores or bifacial knives that broke during use and/or
manufacture, bifacial flake blanks, and/or preforms. Complete, but exhausted arrow points, in
addition to broken arrow points (proximal ends and distal ends), were deposited into the
archaeological context at CA-SDI-8303. This discard behavior most likely represents activities
associated with retooling of bow/arrow hunting equipment. Broken arrow points were disposed of
and replaced with new arrow points manufactured on site. The artifacts and debitage recovered
sfrongly support this interpretation. Even the small nondiagnostic pressure-flaked biface fragments
were most likely fragments of arrow points. Interestingly, site activities conceming the flaked stone
artifacts were associated with arrow point manufacture and replacement, and only minimally with
arrow shaft production, as fragments of arrow shaft sfraighteners and abraders were not present
although flake tools, and/or scrapers were minimally identified in this assemblage. Arrow points
from CA-SDI-8303 (and arrow points overall) are temporally sensitive, based on the weapon they
were used with in conjunction with the bow and arrow. The aflatl and dart were replaced by the bow
and arrow an estimated 1,500 years ago in San Diego County (Moratto 1984). This change required
a transition to smaller projectile points suggesting that the site that these points originate from is less
than 1,500 years old.
Of the 17 bifaces, 9 are identifiable to the Cottonwood Series, and the remaining 8 are too
fragmentary or exhibit too much damage to accurately place them within a relevant projectile point
series. For the Cottonwood projectile points, four display concave bases in addition to concave
margins, four maintain concave bases with relatively sfraight margins, and one maintains a concave
base with convex margins. One of the nine specimens also displays evidence of serration, likely for
PJ. 4-04 3-29
August2005
Table 3-10
Bifaces Recovered from CA-SDI-8303
Cat. No. Unit Level Type Material Length Width Thickness Weight
CA-SDI-8303-(mm) (mm) (mm) (grams)
254 7 80-90 cm Biface Fragment Chert 28.6 22.6 7.8 4.4
245 7 60-70 cm Biface Fragment PDL 265 21.7 5.9 4.8
250 7 60-70 cm Flake Blank Quartz 16 11.4 2.3 0.5
154 9 20-30 cm . Preform PDL . 26.4 19.5 4.5 2.6
251 7 60-70 cm Tip Quartz 10.9 5.7 2.7 0.05
148 9 10-20 cm Tip Quartz 5.4 4.1 1.9 0.07
138 9 0-10 cm Tip PDL 14.8 7.2 2.7 0.24
149 9 10-20 cm Mid Section Quartz 12.7 7.3 3.21 0.37
106 11 50-60 cm Cottonwood Triangular Obsidian 14.1 9.3 3.5 0.33
147 9 10-20 cm Cottonwood Triangular PDL 21.9 16.2 4.66 1.6
162 9 30-40 cm Cottonwood Triangular Quartz 22.09 13 4.36 0.97
198 7 50-60 cm Cottonwood Triangular Quartz 23.3 17.4 4.9 1.9
188 7 • 40-50 cm Cottonwood Triangular PDL 32 16.8 4.1 2.03
249 7 60-70 cm Cottonwood Triangular Quartz 11.7 12.7 3.4 0.5
11 8 10-20 cm Cottonwood Triangular Quartz 12 11.6 2.7 0.44
23 8 30-40 cm Cottonwood Triangular Volcanic 24.1 20 3.5 1.46
82 6 30-40 cm Cottonwood Triangular PDL 14.9 10.3 3.3 0.4
CA-SDI-8303-249 CA-SDI-8303-106 CA-SDI-8303-82
1
il
CA-SDI-8303-147 CA-SDI-8303-162 CA-SDI-8303-11
1
CA-SDI-8303-23 CA-SDI-8303-198 CA-SDI-8303-188
CA-SDI-8303-154 CA-SDI-8303-254 CA-SDI-8303-245
Gallegos & Associates Scale 1:1
Example of Bifaces from CA-SDI-8303 FIGURE
3-3
ease of penetration into the intended target. In addition, four of the specimens maintain remnants of
their original detachment scar indicating manufacture directly from flake blanks.
The two arrow point preforms or blanks (specimens CA-SDI-8303-154, and -250) were likely
discarded because of problems encountered during manufacture, or to inherent problems with the
material being worked. The presence of arrow point blanks in the CA-SDI-8303 assemblage, and
several other small percussion flaked bifaces and fragments support Stage 3 debitage. These arrow
point blanks were manufactured into preforms by pressure flaking the blanks. The presence of
blanks and performs also supports on-site production of arrow points.
Five ofthe projectile specimens display evidence of direct impact to the tip, likely from use. Each
of these specimens (CA-SDI-8303-11, -82, -106, -147, and -249) maintains only minor damage in
the form of tip flutes or a bending fractiire. It is possible that the damage incurred by these points
was too severe, and as a result, the points were discarded. These pattems of breakage are indicative
of direct impact to an opposing surface, possibly in a hunting situation (Woods 1987). One ofthe
specimens (CA-SDI-8303-198) exhibits a manufactiaring error in the form of perverse fractiare. A
perverse fractiire is defmed by Crabtree (1972) as "a helical, spiral or twisting break initiated at the
edge of an objective piece." The perverse fracture on this projectile point likely occurred while
pressure flaking along one of the lateral margins of the objective piece. Fractures of this type are
common in both the archaeological record and in replicative experiments conducted throughout the
past few decades (Woods 1988). Experimental data conceming the fracture pattems and
rejuvenation of projectile points employed in simulated hunting situations are well established in the
archaeological literature (Flenniken 1985; Flenniken and Raymond 1986; Titinus and Woods 1986;
Towner and Warburton 1990; Woods 1988). Excavation of CA-SDI-8303 produced 13 arrow
points, arrow point fragments, and small pieces of pressure flaked bifaces that may have been
portions of arrow points. The biface assemblage and technological analysis indicates that reusable
arrow points were rejuvenated, as badly broken arrow points were discarded and replaced with
newly-made arrow points on site. Arrow points, point fragments, and debitage were recovered from
0-70 cm in depth from all units excavated.
PJ. 4-04 3-32
August 2005
In addition to these complete points and point bases, three point tips and one mid-section were
recovered. The specific point fragments recovered from the site display impact damage that may be
indicative of hunting activities. Often, projectile points were broken on impact with inanimate
objects (missed targets), or inside of animals (Flenniken 1985). Because of their small, unusable
condition, tips and mid-sections were not retrieved, and therefore, may have remained at kill sites.
Altematively, these fragments may have been deposited at the butchering location where the
fragments were retumed in the dispatched animals. Additionally, these arrow point fragments may
have been the results of flintknapping errors.that occurred during arrow point manufacture.
The arrow point rejuvenation that occurred at the site resutted in the replacement and discard of five
exhausted, but more or less complete, points. Exhausted points are those that have been slightly
broken for the last time in their use-lives during hunting activities. Furthermore, as a result ofthe
refurbishment ofthe hunting toolkit, arrow point bases broken in the haft (Flenniken and Raymond
1986; Flenniken 1985) were discarded and replaced with functional points. Basal fragments
adhering to the foreshaft after being broken were frequentiy retrieved from kill locations because of
the potential reuse ofthe point and the foreshaft.
For the entire assemblage of arrow points and fragments recovered from the site, the ratio of
complete points/bases to tips/mid-sections was nearly two to one. This technological observation
suggests possible circumstances that relate to site function. First, frequently, bases and complete
points were indicative of rejuvenation and weapon repair, while tips and mid-sections were
indicative of hunting activities. If this scenario is trae for CA-SDI-8303, then the site is associated
with a kill site wherein game was hunted. The actual kill site may be near CA-SDI-8303, or a
minimal distance away. Given that faunal remains are somewhat extensive at CA-SDI-8303, the
actual kill site most likely is a short distance away, \yherein the game was dispatched and butchered,
with a large portion of the meat package being fransported back to CA-SDI-8303. Some small
fragments of arrow points would have been brought back to the site in the meat package. Once back
at CA-SDI-8303, the hunters repaired their broken, but reusable, arrow point bases brought back to
the site on arrow shafts, and discarded badly broken and exhausted arrow points, and replacuig them
with new arrow points made at the site.
PJ.4-04 3-33
August 2005
3.5.2 Cores
Three cores were recovered from CA-SDI-8303. All three cores represent unidirectional nodule
core reduction, lack cortex, and were quite small (smaller than fist size). This suggests that the cores
had become too small for further reduction, and/or recycling into another tool form (i.e., SEUT or
battered implement). The presence of these cores further supports nodule core reduction activities at
CA-SDI-8303.
3.5.3 Utilized Flake Tools
Utilized flakes are flakes with a minimal amount or no shaping with modification (if any) generally
restricted to the working edge, and often resulting from naturally occurring use-wear. These tools
are frequently used for a short period of time, and then discarded. A total of six flake tools/flake tool
fragments were identified in the present collection. Four of the six flake tools are laterally utilized
flakes. Laterally utilized flake tools exhibit use or modification along a single lateral margin ofthe
flake from which the tools were produced. In addition, small areas of polish are exhibited on natural
arrises oh the flake tools suggesting use in a scraping activity. The four specimens maintain
relatively sfraight edges. The angle of the working faces of the specimens are relatively low (less
than 45 degrees). It is likely that these flake tools were used in a scraping motion for various
purposes, including the working of opposing curved surfaces (such as vegetable products), animal
materials (such as animal hides), and even other softer stone. In addition, two unaltered
metavolcanic flake fragments (produced from nodule core reduction) were identified as tools during
this analysis. Both fragments exhibited small areas of polish on natural arrises suggesting that these
unmodified flake fragments were used to perform an activity that involved scraping with an obtuse
edge.
3.5.4 Steep-Edged Unifacial Tools (SEUTs)
Southem Califomia archaeology has recovered numerous amorphous lumps of metavolcanic stone
that possess steep, unifacial edges for years. These objects have long been recognized by
archaeologists as artifacts. However, these steep-edged unifacial tools, or SEUTs, have been
subjected to numerous morphological and functional categories (i.e., horse hoof scraper, scraper
plane, flake. scraper, biscuit scraper, various core types, etc.). Schroth's (1997) analysis of
PJ. 4-04 3-34
August 2005
flaked stone tools from CA-SDI-11424 is by far the best effort to sort these artifacts into techno-
fimctional categories. The category of adze, or woodworking tool, defines these tools.
Three SEUTs and two flakes from SEUTs (adzes) were recovered from CA-SDI-8303. SEUTs are
plano-convex in cross-section, have steep sides, are almost circular in planview, are heavy, and most
importantly, have sfrong acute cutting edges. These tools are ideal woodworking tools because they
are often sharp, weighted, and durable.
Brian Hayden's (1979) ethnographic study in Austtalia, Palaeolithic Reflections, describes the
manufacture and use of SEUTs by Austtalia's indigenous people in great detail. Given that the
environments of Austtalia and southem Califomia are very similar, and that tools for woodworking
were essential aspects of the prehistoric tool kit, southem Califomia SEUTs were most likely used in
a similar manner. This functional interpretation is supported by the fact that these two tool
categories are the same in terms of manufacture, material quality, size, shape, wear-pattems, and
overall variation. Additionally, experimentation described by Schroth (1997) supports the use of
SEUTs as adzes.
Morphological variation within the SEUT category is, perhaps, the main reason for the numerous
scraper, plane, etc., categories. However, this variation in size and weight was a technological
consideration for the various tasks required of these tools. With basically the same attributes, except
size and weight, these tools functioned as adzes, with different sizes and weights being essential for
different tasks at hand. The most critical attribute, in addition to size and weight, was the acute,
sharp cutting edge. When this edge became dulled during woodworking, the tool was resharpened
or rejuvenated by removing flakes from the steep face while employing the piano-surface as a
platform. These flakes are diagnostic, and were identified at CA-SDI-8303.
The three SEUTs and two flakes from SEUTs identified in the present collection are very similar to
other known SEUT/adze specimens recovered from sites such as CA-SDI-12814 (Gallegos et. al
2001), and CA-SDI-5581 (Gallegos and Sfropes 1999). However, the specimens from CA-SDI-
8303 are considerably smaller than the average SEUT/adze specimen. The present size of the
PJ.4-04 3-35
August 2005
specimens may be a reflection of use-life termination, and not the ideal tool size and form. The
specimens exhibit primarily unifacial use-wear, with a minimal amount of grinding visible on the
ventral surface. The small size of these tools may indicate more confroUed tool functions such as
specified scraping tasks ranging from fiber processing to the shaping of bone or wood artifacts.
3.5.5 Battered Implements
Ten battered implements and eighteen battered implement flakes were examined during this
analysis. These artifacts support a ground stone technology in association with the flaked stone
technology at CA-SDI-8303. Prehistoric flaked stone assemblages from southem Califomia, Utah,
Nevada, and the American Southwest contain a common artifact identified by archaeologists by a
variety of names including chopper, hammerstone, pounder, muller, milling stone, flaked
hammerstone, handstone, battered hammerstone, masher, basher, utilized core, scraper planes,
pecking stone, fist ax, hand ax (Dodd 1979; Wallace 1978). Many of these artifacts are employed as
archaeological identifiers of specific prehistoric cultiires (Wallace 1954; Kowta 1969). Others are
simply weighed, measured, and described generally as plant and animal resource processing tools.
Dodd (1979) and others (Ambler 1985; Geib 1986), however, have devoted considerable time and
energy to the identification and function of a rather unsophisticated but highly specialized and
important prehistoric tool class, battered hammerstones. Battered hammerstones are separated from
the other artifact classes on the basis of pock marks located on one or more intentionally prepared
areas on a single tool that are a result of repeated pounding against another hard object. These
implements are most frequently produced from conchoidal fracturing, subrounded to subangular,
spherical to discoidal, cobble-sized, quartzite, chert, metavolcanic, and volcanic nodular alluvial
materials.
The manufactiiring process includes the selection of a check-free rock (or, most likely at CA-SDI-
8303, an exhausted nodule core) of the appropriate material and size. After material selection, a
unifacial or bifacial sinuous edge (or platform edge on a flake core) was produced by direct free
hand percussion. The sinuous edge may have been situated on the side ofthe nodule, end ofthe
nodule, or completely surrounding the nodule. The debitage produced as a result of edge
PJ. 4-04 3-36
August 2005
manufactiire is characteristic of initial nodule reduction, but is not well-pattemed because ofthe
variation in size, shape, and quality of the selected cobble. Because a sinuous edge was the
"intended end product," general debitage characteristics may include cortex (in varying amounts) on
the dorsal surfaces and platforms, few dorsal surface arrises, hinge terminations, thick flake cross-
sections, angular flake planviews, single-faceted platforms, and more rarely, multi-faceted platforms.
Once the sinuous edges were produced to satisfaction, the linear-edged hammerstone was ready for
use. The use of these hammerstones produced battered edges: the longer the use, the more intense
the battering. At some time during the use process, the battered hammerstone required resharpening.
Resharpening included the removal of flakes by direct free hand percussion along the sinuous
margin until the battered edge surfaces were partially or totally eliminated. A portion of the
debitage produced during the resharpening process is very distinctive in that the battered edge that
was once on the hammerstone is present on the proximal end of the dorsal surface of the
resharpening flake (battered implement flakes, 1005.AZ Flake). Additionally,' some battered
implement flakes (1005.AZ Flake) are produced during use (from block [battered implement] on
block [metate]). However, flakes that do not exhibit battering on their dorsal surface were also
produced, and are impossible to assign to the resharpening process. Once again, the hammerstone
was ready for use. After numerous use/resharpening events, battered tools were discarded into the
archaeological context. These discarded battered implements occur as exhausted, well-wom,
intensely battered tools, or as resharpened, sharp-edged, small hammerstones with isolated areas of
intense battering on one or more previously used margins. The latter were discarded because they
were too small and lack the specific gravity to fimction efficiently.
Experimental (Flenniken et al. 1993) and ethnographic data (Bartlett 1933; Hayden and Nelson
1981; Hill 1982; Hough 1897; Lange 1959; Michelsen 1967; Simpson 1952) document ground stone
tools, mainly manos and metates, were manufactured, sharpened, and resharpened with battered
implements (Flenniken et al. 1993). The sample of ten battered implements and eighteen battered
implement flakes demonsfrates that manos and/or metates were resharpened at CA-SDI-8303.
PJ. 4-04 3-37
August 2005
3.6 GROUND LiTHic ARTIFACT ANALYSIS
3.6.1 Introduction
All ground stone materials recovered from CA-SDI-8303 were selected for analysis and
interpretation. Ground stone implements may include a wide range of objects used, or created by the
processes of abrasion, impaction, or polishing (Adams 2002). Often, ground stone tools are
associated with the processing/milling of seeds, nuts (i.e., acoms, walnuts, holly leaf cherry), and the
processing of small mammals. In addition, ethnographic evidence indicates that bone, clay, and
pigments may have also been processed using the same tools (Gayton 1929; Kroeber 1925; Spier
1978). Implements of this type may be identified by the pattern of wear developed through milling
stone against stone. This process often results in a smooth and/or polished surface, depending on the
substance ground and the lithic material type. Often these surfaces are pecked or resharpened when
ground too smooth. These implements are sometimes shaped into a desired form through pecking,
grinding, or flaking. Thus, tool identification is based on the presence of ground or smooth surfaces,
pecked or resharpened surfaces, and evidence of shaping of the tool form. The tools were separated
into three groups: manos/metates, unidentifiable ground stone fragments, and battered implements.
Unidentifiable ground stone is defined herein as a fragment of lithic material with a minimum of a
single ground surface, but with no technologically identifiable characteristics to indicate tool form.
3.6.2 Manos
A total of nineteen manos were recovered as a result of the indexing study at CA-SDI-8303. Ofthe
total, eight were complete, or nearly complete, and eleven were fragmentary. The majority of manos
recovered are granitic cobbles (n=l 5), followed by cobble volcanics (n=3), and quartzite (n=l) with
bifacial use-wear (n=10) predominating the collection. Seven manos recovered at CA-SDI-8303
show evidence of shaping, such as pecking, flaking, and end-battering suggesting extended use.
This extended usage and mano curation may imply long-term occupation of the site. There is end-
battering present on one of the specimens, and two exhibit pecked grinding surfaces. The end-
battering visible on the specimens may indicate that the manos were also used as hammers to
sharpen metate grinding surfaces when they became too slick to grind. The overall curvature of each
mano face is slight, indicating that the opposing milling surface that the manos were ground against
PJ.4-04 3-38
August 2005
(i.e., metate, milling slick) was shallow in form. In addition, the grinding pattems evident on the
faces of each mano indicate that the majority of manos are basin manos used primarily in a
reciprocal sfroke manner in concert with shallow basin metates (Adams 2002). All ofthe manos
collected were thermally damaged to varied degrees. It is possible however, that some ofthe manos
present were not used for grinding purposes, but gleaned from other sites by the inhabitants of CA-
SDI-8303 for use in rock hearth/earth ovens, or that the manos from CA-SDI-8303 were recycled at
the site.
In general, the ratio of manos to metates at a site where milling technology is present is much
greater. It has been suggested that the reason for this is that manos wear out much faster than
metates (Wright 1993), and thus more manos are produced as needed. The larger milling
assemblage recovered from CA-SDI-8303 suggests that the inhabitants ofthe site depended on food
packages that required milling for processing (i.e., grass seeds). It is evident that a large portion of
the diet of the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303 was derived from plant foods that required milling
technology for consumption.
3.6.3 Metates
Metates were identified based on the presence of at least one concave ground surface. Only block
style basin metates were identified within the present collection. In total, five metates/metate
fragments were recovered from CA-SDI-8303, and include three granitic and two sandstone
specimens. Slab metates in comparison to block metates may be considered portable. Block metates
are too heavy to transport and are defined by Binford (1980) as "site fumiture." The presence of
these large block metates may be evident of a longer period of site occupation. The five metates are
block metates, and include four unifacial and one unknown. The majority of the specimens retain
shallow to flat grinding surfaces. The flat basins retain a more planer grinding surface, and may
have been used to process less oily products such as fibers (Kowta 1969), whereas the shallow
basins may have been used for the processing of products such as hard seeds. Basin morphologies
identified for the metates recovered suggest primarily a reciprocal stroke pattem. All five ofthe
specimens show evidence of pecking to rejuvenate the grinding surfaces. Two oftlie five metates
display evidence of shaping in the form of pecking, flaking, and or grinding generally around the
PJ. 4-04 3-39
August 2005
outer circumference. Flaking and pecking would have acted to remove unnecessary mass, and aid in
producing the desired shape. Final grinding may have helped to even the overall surface, but was
not always necessary. Three of the metate fragments recovered are thermally damaged.
3.6.4 Ground Stone Fragment
Six ground stone fragments were identified in the present collection. A ground stone fragment is a
piece of ground stone implement that has some grinding, but lacks any defining attributes that would
facilitate tool identification. The small fragments recovered from CA-SDI-8303 are all granitic and
thermally damaged.
3.6.5 Polished Stone
A fragment of polished stone was also recovered from excavations at CA-SDI-8303. Specimen CA-
SDI-8303-248 is semi-round in form and exhibits polish around the circumference. The volcanic
specimen measures 92.2x45.1x36.9 mm with a weight of 192.7 g. The use of the artifact is
unknown. However, the polish on the high portions of the artifact and its granular stincture suggest
it may have been employed in lapidary applications.
3.7 CERAMIC ANALYSIS (by Monica Guerrero)
3.7.1 Introduction
As a result of the current study, a total of449 ceramic sherds were recovered from CA-SDI-8303.
All sherds were not included in the ceramic analysis, as some sherds were too small to obtain a thin-
section sample. A total of 289 sherds from CA-SDI-8303 were included for sample selection.
Ceramic sherds were first placed into different sample groups based upon mica (biotite and
muscovite) concentration, sherd thickness, rim shape variability, surface color, and core color.
Sherds with recent broken edges were checked to see if they mended with other sherds within the
sample group. Both procedures reduced the possibility of analyzing sherds from the same parent
vessel. At site CA-SDI-8303,11 different sample groups were identified. After all the sherds had
PJ. 4-04 3-40
August 2005
been placed into different sample groups, each group was placed into plastic bags and a random
sherd was selected as the representative sample for each group.
Eleven ceramic sherds from CA-SDI-8303 were submitted to the San Diego Pettographics
Laboratory, in Escondido, Califomia, for the creation of thin-section samples. Each sherd was
enveloped in epoxy resin, then polished and cemented to a glass slide. The sample was then cut and
polished to a thickness of 30 microns (pm), and sealed with a glass-cover slip.
Once the thin-section samples, along with what remained of the ceramic sherds, were retumed to
Gallegos & Associates laboratory, they were analyzed for mineral composition. Each thin-section
sample was examined under a polarizing (pettographic) microscope by ttansmitted light (plane-polar
and cross-polar) from 28X to 1500X magnifications. Important mineral characteristics considered
when examining the thin sections include distinctive cleavage, twinning, alteration, zoning,
exsolution, or the presence of inclusions. For a discussion of ceramic wares in the San Diego region
see Section 2.5.2.1.
3.7.2 Results
A total of 449 ceramic sherds were recovered during the index sampling of site CA-SDI-8303.
However, only 289 sherds were included in the study sample, as a good portion of the ceramic
collection was highly fragmented, and ranged from less than 1 cm in length. No rim sherds were
analyzed, as they were too small to provide data on the orientation of the vessel mouth or radius of
the vessel opening. A representative sample of ceramic sherds from site CA-SDI-8303 were thin-
sectioned, and analyzed under a polarizing (pettographic) microscope to identify specific mineral
inclusions and their corresponding geologic locales. Pettographic thin-section analysis was
conducted on 11 ceramic sherds. Results of this analysis indicate that 98% (n = 284) of these sherds
are Tizon Brown Ware, and 1% (n = 5) are Lower Colorado Buff Ware (Table 3-11). There are no
Salton Brown Ware ceramics present in this sample. The presence of Lower Colorado Buff Ware
ceramics from the former lake bottoms and alluvial deposits in the Colorado Desert and Imperial
PJ. 4-04 3-41
August 2005
Table 3-11
Thin Section Results for CA-SDI-8303*
Plagioclase Biotite Muscovite
Cat. No. Quartz Feldspar Mica Mica Amphibole Matrix Ceramic Ware
8303-27 50% 7% 2% 0% 4% . 37% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-30 52% 24% 6% 5% 9% 4% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-65 58% 7% 7% 4% 16% 8% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-81 47% 8% 1% 2% 11% 31% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-96 67% 14% 0% 2% 8% 9% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-126 51% 21% 2% 6% 7% 13% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-158 45% 9% 5% 2% 12% 27% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-189 56% 13% 0% 1% 8% 22% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-204 48% 20% 1% . 4% 10% 17% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-240 47% 14% 8% 5% 12% 14% Tizon Brown Ware
8303-145 47% 0% 0% 0% 0% 53% Colorado Buff Ware
*Based on a 100 Point Count
County (near ancient Lake Cahuilla) suggests that trade and/or travel occurred east from CA-SDI-
8303. As site CA-SDI-8303 is located in a coastal area, trade and/or travel inland, and/or to
mountain regions occurred for procurement of mountain clays.
3.8 SHELL ARTIFACT ANALYSIS (by Tracy Sfropes)
3.8.1 Introduction
For San Diego County, a processual understanding of manufacture, distribution, and use of shell
artifacts has not been achieved. In addition, the range of morphological types of beads used in the
San Diego region is not well understood. In contrast to other regions of California, there is little
information conceming the process by which shell artifacts were manufactured and used, or the
evolutionary changes these artifacts may have gone through over time. The analysis of shell
artifacts from other regions of Califomia (most notably the Chumash culture area) has demonsfrated
considerable anthropological value in the understanding of prehistoric economies, frade systems and
networks, and the organization of wealth and status in prehistoric societies (Fenenga 1988). For
these regions, particular styles of shell artifacts have been established as chronologically diagnostic
in a number of archaeological sites. The shell artifact assemblage from CA-SDI-8303 is large in
comparison to many sites in the north San Diego region. Although the present data will not answer
some of the larger questions that may be resolved by a greater regional study of multiple
archaeological sites, it will certainly contribute to the presently limited body of data, and will be of
value to future research issues regarding shell artifacts.
The shell artifacts for the present analysis were recovered across the five units within the midden
deposit of CA-SDI-8303. The use of 1/8"* inch hardware mesh screen, in addition to the wet
screening of the recovered midden, likely increased the recovery of shell artifacts. The use of larger
screen sizes can often bias the recovery of specific small bead types, possibly removing them from
the assemblage altogether. It should also be noted that none of the present specimens included in the
analysis were identified in context with any identifiable cultural features, and appear to be randomly
distributed across the site. However, "scattered, isolated beads often are found in and around living
areas of aboriginal villages in Califomia." (Fenenga 1988).
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August 2005
For this analysis, the typology developed by Gifford (1947) will be employed. A total of twenty
shell artifacts were recovered as a result of the indexing study at CA-SDI-8303. The majority of the
. specimens (n=12) are beads made from the shells of Olivella biplicata, a relatively small marine
gasfropod. Seven of the shell beads are disc beads manufactured from the central (thicker) portion
of a bivalve. Based on the large quantities of Chione sp. recovered from the site, this is the likely
species from which these beads were manufactured. In addition, a single Cypraea spadicea
Swainson (Chestnut Cowry) shell was recovered from the site.» .
3.8.2 Olivella sp. Shell Beads
Of the 12 Gifford type F5 Olivella sp. shell beads (Figure 3-4) two primary manufacturing
techniques are present, spire-lopped and spire-ground. Although these two manufacturing
techniques have often been split into separate types by various archaeologists (Bennyhoff and Heizer
1958; Bennyhoff and Fredrickson 1967; King 1982; Gibson 1974; Bass and Andrews 1977;
Bennyhoff 1986; Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987), it is more likely that the difference in techniques
utilized is a matter of manufacturing preference rather than stylistic change. This hypothesis is
supported by the fact that the two manufacturing techniques often occur at the same time within the
same assemblage. These specimens are primarily whole shells that have the spire end modified by
breaking or grinding to produce a hole for sfringing or attaching. These are the simplest and most
easily produced form of shell bead. In general whole Olivella sp. beads are not considered to be
reliable time markers throughout Califomia. However, spire-lopped/ground Olivella sp. beads are
likely the oldest form of shell bead known from Califomia (Fenenga 1988). Evidence from CA-
SDI-1 1079 in Otay Mesa suggests the employment of Olivella sp. shell for beads as early as 9,000
years ago (Kyle et al. 1998) and ethnographic evidence demonsfrates that their use continued
throughout historic times (Howard 1974; Dietz and Jackson 1981; Roop and Flyrm 1978).
3.8.3 SheU Disc Beads
A total of seven shell disc beads (Gifford Type J, likely Jlc) were recovered from excavations at
CA-SDI-8303 (Figure 3-5). The majority ofthe beads were likely produced from Chione sp. shell
found in relative abundance within the site midden. In addition, they were likely manufactured in a
similar manner. The shape was likely cut from a bivalve utilizing no natural edges, ground into
PJ.4-04 3-44
August 2005
CA-SDI-8303-60 CA-SDI-8303-194 CA-SDI-8303-54
CA-SDI-8303-105 CA-SDI-8303-67 CA-SDI-8303-153
CA-SDI-8303-103 CA-SDI-8303-22 CA-SDI-8303-130
CA-SDI-8303-15 CA-SDI-8303-236
Gallegos & Associates 3 cm
Olivella sp. SheU Beads from CA-SDI-8303 FIGURE
3-4
CA-SDI-8303-252 CA-SDI-8303-160 CA-SDI-8303-170
CA-SDI-8303-114 CA-SDI-8303-135
CA-SDI-8303-128 CA-SDI-8303-115
Gallegos & Associates
—1 1
5 10 mm
SheU Disc Beads from CA-SDI-8303 FIGURE
3-5
shape, and perforated. This type of bead clearly requires a greater investment oftime and energy to
produce. It is not clear if there is any temporal difference between the Type F5 Olivella sp. shell
specimens identified at CA-SDI-8303, or the Type J disc bead specimens.
3.8.4 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestnut Cowry)
A single Chestnut Cowry shell specimen was recovered from the 40-50-cm level of Unit 7.
Although no evidence of drilling or residues for attachment of the specimen as an idiotechnic object
is apparent, cowry shells still remain uncommon in the archaeological assemblages of southem
Califomia. Therefore the presence of such specimens within assemblages should be noted.
Although the use of the present specimen is uncertain, it should be noted that cowry shells cross-
culturally have been identified in relation to a variety of special powers and symbolic content
(Koerper and Desautels 1999). This symbolic content ranges from conceptions about the "evil eye"
to fecundity-based symbolism. For prehistoric southem Califomia, it has been suggested that
evidence exists to support the hypothesis that cowry shells are tied to sex-based symbolism (Koerper
and Desautels 1999).
3.9 MISCELLANEOUS ARTIFACT ANALYSIS
3.9.1 Introduction
Miscellaneous artifacts represent cultural material that is set apart from any of the major analysis
categories identified at a given site. For CA-SDI-8303, these artifacts include a small range of
artifact types including one quartz crystal, two glass ttade beads, and a fragment of pine pitch.
Descriptions and analyses of the miscellaneous artifacts recovered from CA-SDI-8303 are provided
below.
3.9.2 Quartz Crystal
A single quartz crystal (specimen CA-SDI-8303-91) was recovered from the 50-60-cm level of Unit
6 at CA-SDI-8303. The quartz crystal specimen is relatively small (<10 mm in length) and displays
no evidence of hafting. Many quartz crystals were thought to have magical powers (Sparkman
1908), and were ethnohistorically known to be hafted on the ends of ornate wooden, wand-like
PJ. 4-04 3-47
August 2005
objects known as shamans' wands as described by Kroeber (1925). However, because ofthe small
size of specimen CA-SDI-8303-91, it is unlikely that this fragment of quartz crystal sensed such a
function. The use of specimen CA-SDI-8303-91 is undetermined.
3.9.3 Glass Trade Beads
Two glass frade beads were identified in the artifact assemblage from CA-SDI-8303. Glass frade
beads were employed by the Spanish primarily for trade and commerce during tiie mission period in
Califomia history. The glass frade beads, predominantly manufactured in Venice, Italy, were often
used as currency to compensate Native American laborers for work performed at the missions, such
as nearby Mission San Luis Rey (San Diego Historical Society 2005). Specimen CA-SDI-8303-146,
recovered from the 10-20-cm level of Unit 9, is a dark red cane bead. Specimen CA-SDI-8303-193,
recovered from the 40-50-cm level of Unit 7, is a copper green cane bead. Copper blue, cobalt blue,
and copper green cane beads are identified as the most common glass frade beads exchanged in
southem Califomia (San Diego Historical Society 2005). The presence of glass frade beads at CA-
SDI-8303 suggests that the inhabitants of the site had contact with the Spanish or with other
missionized Native Americans. Additionally, the presence of glass frade beads at CA-SDI-8303
supports a Late Period component at the site.
3.9.4 Pitch
A single fragment of pitch (likely pine) was recovered from excavations at CA-SDI-8303. The
specimen (CA-SDI-8303-133) was collected from the 20-30-cm level of Unit 11. Pitch was used
prehistorically for a range of applications that include waterproofing, as mastic, and for medicinal
purposes. The fragment of pitch recovered from CA-SDI-8303 is small (<1 gram), and represents
the only specimen recovered from both current and previous excavations at the site.
3.10 INVERTEBRATE FAUNAL ANALYSIS
3.10.1 Introduction
Invertebrate remains recovered from the excavation of six Ixl-m units at CA-SDI-8303 totaled
32,838.1 g. All shell recovered from the site was identified to species, order, and class. A total of
PJ. 4-04 3-48
August 2005
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
12 species, 4 orders, and 3 classes of invertebrate remains were identified for the six units. These
shellfish species were representative of three marine environments: bay/lagoon/estuary; rocky
shore/outer coast; and sandy beach.
3.10.2 Methods
Each shell was weighed and examined to identify genus and species. All shell was speciated in
order to determine habitat exploitation pattems and to obtain paleo-environmental data.
3.10.3 Results
The 32,838.1 g of invertebrate remains recovered by unit are as follows: Unit 7 (10,254.7 g); Unit 11
(9,865.9 g); Unit 8 (5,454.7 g); Unit 9 (4,820.1 g); Unit 6 (2,277.5 g); and Unit 10 (165.2 g). Table
3-12 illusttates that the majority of shell was recovered from the upper (0-50 cm) levels and declined
with greater depth of excavation.
Ofthe 32,838.1 g of shell recovered, 32,078.2 g were identifiable to species. The remaining 759.9 g
were determined to be too fragmentary or weathered for proper identification. Table 3-13 lists the
species identified and their habitats. The majority of invertebrate remains were gathered from the
sandy beach environmient (71.6%), followed by a bay/lagoon/estiiary environment (28.3%)), and a
small amount from the rocky shore/outer coast environment (0.1%)(Figure 3-6). Given the shell
species recovered, the focus of exploitation of the native inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303 was primarily
on sandy beach environments, followed by bay/lagoon/estiiary environments. The radiocarbon dates
suggest that this exploitation pattem may represent different time periods of occupation for CA-SDI-
8303.
Table 3-13 illusttates that the majority of the identifiable shellfish species recovered from the 6 units
were Donax gouldii (71.6%), Chione sp. (24.8%)), and Argopecten sp. (2.7%o)(Figure 3-7). The
remaining species from the site contributed to less than one percent of the total specimens. This
indicates a primary exploitation focus on sandy beach habitats for the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303.
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Table 3-12
CA-SDI-8303: Total Invertebrate Faunal Remains by Depth
Species 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Total
Argopecten 150.8 91.7 113.8 106.8 107.8 124.9 124.2 38 21.6 879.6
Cerithidea califomica 1.5 2.9 4.3 3 3.5 3.4 2.7 0.5 0.6 22.4
Chione 1380.4 1041.7 1391.2 1238.4 1087.2 932.6 562.7 226.2 109.7 7970.1
Chiton 6.8 5.9 6 2.9 2.1 2 2.9 0.3 0 28.9
Donax gouldii 4369.9 3611.8 4693 3600.5 2667.4 1791.9 1428 591.6 203.2 22957.3
Macoma 0 0 0 0 5.2 0 0 0 0 5.2
Melatoma 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.1
Modiolus 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0 0.7
Olivella biplicata 3.3 2.3 2.6 0.9 1.4 1.1 1.6 0.1 0 13.3
Ostrea lurida 19 . 14.4 20.2 41.3 12.7 24 15.4 4.2 3.5 154.7
Polinices 2.8 1.1 19.8 0 16.2 0 3 0 0 42.9
Pseudochama exogyra 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 3
Unidentifiable 165.8 128.3 169.3 . 93.8 78.7 60.9 36 11.6 15.5 759.9
Total 6100.8 4900.1 6420.2 5087.6 3982.2 2940.8 2176.5 875.8 354.1 32838.1
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Table 3-13
CA-SDI-8303: Species by Habitat Summary
Sandy Beach
Donax gouldii 22957.3 71.6%
Olivella biplicata 13.3 0.0%
Total for Habitat 22970.6 71.6%
Bay/Lagoon/Estuary
Argopecten 879.6 2.7%
Cerithidea califomica 22.4 0.1%
Chione 7970.1 24.8%
Macoma 5.2 0.0%
Modiolus 0.7 0.0%
Ostrea lurida 154.7 0.5%
Polinices 42.9 0.1%
Total for Habitat 9075.6 28.3%
Rocky Shore/Outer Coast
Chiton 28.9 0.1%
Melatoma 0.1 0.0%
Pseudochama exogyra 3 0.0%
Total for Habitat 32 • 0.1%
Total 32078.2 100.0%
Figure 3-6
CA-SDI-8303 SheU Habitat by Depth
5000
4500
4000
3500
^ 3000
S es im
^ 2500
en
2000
1500
1000
500
10 20 30 40 50
Depth (cm)
60 70 80 90
Figure 3-7
CA-SDI-8303 Comparison of Major Species by Depth
5000
4500
4000
3500
^ 3000 4
cn
E es im eu r 2500 .a .SP '5
2000
1500
1000
500
0
~ 7^ \ ~' ~
\ / ' \ '•
' ^ ' s . " ^ ? •-. . : .' •;. ii';.
••^ ..... •^ .. --t. - . .'
..7.... ' •. • ... .
. - '2''^-- ' --'^-^ \
f-^^fe -"^^^^-k,.^ i'^r'-'^w :-v"-v!'' "i ./-.jrf-v--^;^ "S-.'V'.;
—. '^2^''2^^¥&^$'-^. ^!^^^k2^^M^-'^^'':^-'-
I'iLf: •'••'-.--'="<: '.. i-^.'SJ-?-'';, , ••i.^'bi-h.Z. A.-= {,.b^Sr-l •/•••.i-i--.'
\^
XL. ~t
rS«t
—^- 1^' 1 1 1 $ ~ l' ^ * 1 g —
i'i.- ^t?'1i.'^'*''"-^"'. V.^?.^^'>^ . '5^
i'K v*""'?'•'•'^'J s ^
-• •
- Argopecten
- Chione
-Donax gouldn
- Ostrea lunda
10 20 30 40 50
Depth (cm)
60 70 80 90
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In summary, the invertebrate shell data suggests that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303 primarily
exploited sandy beach habitats for shellfish. However, there is some evidence of exploitation of
bay/lagoon/estuary habitats as well. It is uncertain if this exploitation pattem represents a focus on
two environments at the same time, or the focus on different environments during different
occupations. The radiocarbon dates support exploitation of different environments at different
times. In addition, a sizeable sheU bead assemblage was identified at CA-SDI-8303. Although the
assemblage was culled to identify the presence of shell bead manufacture detritus, no manufacturing
debris was identified. Given the results of shellfish analysis for CA-SDI-8303, the inhabitants likely
exploited the nearest sandy beach habitat (likely near present day South Carlsbad State Beach)
during the Late Period, and nearest bay/lagoon/estuary habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon) during the
Early Period.
3.11 VERTEBRATE FAUNAL ANALYSIS (by Patticia Mitchell)
3.11.1 Introduction
The bird, mammal, reptile, and fish bone collection from site CA-SDI-8303 consists of 6,574
fragments with a combined weight of465.4 g. Of the 6,574 fragments, 7 (0.7 g) were determined to
be intrusive to the prehistoric site. These seven bone fragments exhibit signs of intrasiveness such
as oily texture, or fragile, whole elements. The oily texture suggests the presence of collagen in the
bone, and therefore, the bones are most likely the result of a recent, natural death, and were not
included in the following data tabulations. The remaining 6,567 (464.7 g) bone fragments were
recovered from the 0-90-cm levels of five excavation units within the primary site area (Units 6, 7,
8,9, and 11). All bone fragments were identified to class, order, family, or when possible to genus
and species. Nineteen animal species were identified and two additional genera. The animals
identified to genus and species include Callipepla califomica (Califomia quail), Canis latrans
(coyote), Clemmys marmorata (southwestem pond turtle), Galeorhinus zyopterus (soupfin shark),
Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker), Lepus califomicus (black-tailed jackrabbit), Myliobatis
califomica (bat ray), Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer), Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia
halibut), Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose guitarfish), Roncador steamsii (spotfin croaker),
Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine). Scomber japohicus (Pacific mackerel), Semicossyphus pulcher
PJ. 4-04 3-54
August 2005
(Califomia sheephead), Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squirrel), Sylvilagus audubonii
(desert cottontail), Sylvilagus bachmani (brash rabbit), Thomomys bottae (Botta's gopher), and
Thunnus alalunga (albacore). The two genera identified are Embiotoca sp. (surfjperch) and Sebastes
sp. (rockfish). The remaining bone fragments lacked the morphological featiires that would have
allowed them to be identified to a taxonomic category greater than their class. Other categories
used to identify these fragments include bird, elasmobranch, teleostei, ray, ray/skate, lizard, snake,
marine mammal, small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal. Evidence of buming was
present on a portion of the collection and has allowed for some interpretation ofthe preparation of
the meat portion of the inhabitants' diet at site CA-SDI-8303. Three bone artifacts were also
recovered from the site and are discussed in Section 3.11.6.
3.11.2 Methods
Each bone was examined to determine:
• element
• right or left side
• highest taxonomic category
• evidence of buming, and if so, what degree of oxidation
• evidence of butchering, and if so, what method of butchering
Comparative skeletal collections used in the identification process included those from Scripps
Institute of Oceanography, as well as from private collections and a photographic database. Bone
atiases (Carr 1952; Lawrence 1951; Nickel et al. 1986; Olsen 1985; Sandefur 1977; Schmid 1972)
supplemented the analysis.
Categories used in this analysis include:
Bumed: Bone elements or fragments that show color change from exposure to heat or fire
(oxidation). Colors may include:
• brown = exposure to heat, but little or no exposure to open flames.
• black = direct exposure to open flames (i.e., roasting or discard in a fire).
PJ. 4-04 3-55
August 2005
• blue/white (calcined) = direct exposure to a fire hotter than 800° Celsius
(Ubelaker 1978). This may represent bone that was severely bumed during preparation,
in which case, if flesh was present on the bone during exposure to the fire the bone
would exhibit signs of warping and shrinking (Ubelaker 1978). Calcined bone may also
be the result of having been discarded in a fire hearth (Wing and Brown 1979).
Unbumed: No evidence of buming or oxidation.
Butchered: Bone with evidence of processing by slicing or chopping actions.
Bird: Bones that have thin walls in cross-section, are hollow, and light in weight. These are often
distinguishable from mammal bone because they contain large cavities that would have been filled
with air in life.
Lizard: Small animal bone fragments that are usually mandible fragments with homodont teeth that
are sfraight instead of curved like snake teeth, or longbone fragments that are split and funnel-shaped
or vertebrae with ball and socket features with a flattened vertebral foramen.
Snake: Vertebrae with ball and socket features with a domed-shaped vertebral foramen.
Small Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are between a mouse and a
jackrabbit.
Medium Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are larger than a jackrabbit,
but smaller than a deer.
Large Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are deer-size and larger.
Marine Mammal: Sea mammals' bones are often distinguished from other medium or large-sized
terrestrial mammals by the spongy texture.
Elasmobranch: Dram-shaped vertebra that are from cartilaginous fish (rays/skates, shark).
Ray/Skate: Tooth plates that are from rays and skates, as well as spines and hooks.
Teleostei: Funnel-shaped vertebrae with/without the spinous process attached, and other skeletal
elements considered as bony fish.
The quantification of faunal material can be studied using several methods. The methods used in
individual studies are usually determined by the sample size and type of site being investigated.
Two methods were used in this study: the number of identified specimens per taxon (NISP), which
PJ. 4-04 3-56
August 2005
represents the total number of specimens within a category; and the minimum number of individuals
(MNI), which represents the minimum number of individuals within a genus and species category.
3.11.3 Results
The animal remains recovered from the five excavation units consisted of 6,567 (464.7 g) bone
elements from the 0-90-cm levels of the site (Tables 3-14 and 3-15). Nineteen animal species and
two genera were identified from 856 (13.0 %o) pieces of bone and include Callipepla califomica
(Califomia quail), Canis latrans (coyote), Clemmys marmorata (southwestem pond turtle),
Embiotoca sp. (surfperch), Galeorhinus zyopterus (soupfin shark), Genyonemus lineatus (white
croaker), Lepus califomicus (black-tailed jackrabbit), Myliobatis califomica (bat my), Odocoileus
hemionus (mule deer), Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia halibut), Rhinobatos productus
(shovelnose guitarfish), Roncador steamsii (spotfin croaker), Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine),
Scomber japonicus (Pacific mackerel), Sebastes sp. (rockfish), Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia
sheephead), Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squirrel), Sylvilagus audubonii (desert
cottontail), Sylvilagus bachmani (brash rabbit), Thomomys bottae (Botta's gopher), and Thunnus
alalunga (albacore). The remaining 5,711 bone fragments lacked the morphological features that
would have allowed them to be identified to the genus and species level, and were therefore
identified as bird, elasmobranch, teleostei, ray, ray/skate, lizard, snake, marine mammal, small
mammal, medium mammal, or large mammal.
Horizontal distribution of NISP counts presented in Table 3-15 shows that the majority of bone
elements were recovered from Unit 8 (30.0 %), followed by Units 11 (27.4 %), 7 (20.9 %), 9 (16.1
%), and 6 (5.5 %).
Table 3-15 presents the results ofthe vertical distribution of NISP counts of the five units. There is
a steady increase of vertebrate remains recovered from the surface to the 30-cm levels (NISP=711 to
NISP=1,112). The NISP counts begin to decline from the. 30-cm level to the 90-cm level
(NISP=1,112 to NISP=63). The majority of bone fragments (95.8 % combined) were recovered
from the 0-70-cm levels, with the greatest concenfration in the 10-60-cm levels (76.2 %).
PJ.4-04 3-57
August 2005
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Table 3-14
CA-SDI-8303: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Unit
Species Unite Unit 7 Units Unit 9 Unit 11 Total Percent
Callipepla califomica 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.0%
Canis latrans 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.0%
Clemmys marmorata 1 0 0 3 0 4 0.1%
Embiotoca sp. 6 2 1 9 9 27 0.4%
Galeorhinus zyopterus 0 1 0 0 1 2 0.0%
Genyonemus lineatus 20 23 58 53 71 225 , 3.4%
Lepus califomicus 2 6 8 5 14 35 0.5%
Myliobatis califomica 1 4 8 2 5 20 0.3%
Odocoileus hemionus 0 1 0 2 2 5 0.1%
Paralichthys califomicus_ 0 4 2 1 3 10 0.2%
Rhinobatos productus 1 3 1 2 1 8 0.1%
Roncador steamsii 0 6 2 0 1 9 0.1%
Sardinops sagax 20 16 105 58 87 286 4.4%
Scomber japonicus 0 0 . 1 5 0 6 0.1%
Sebastes sp. 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.0%
Semicossyphus pulcher 3 4 0 1 4 12 0.2%
Spermophilus beecheyi 0 0 2 0 1 3 0.0%
Sylvilagus audubonii 5 30 34 12 26 107 1.6%
Sylvilagus bachmani 3 10 9 6 7 35 0.5%
Thomomys bottae 0 6 7 3 9 25 0.4%
Thunnus alalunga 3 ^ 7 7 8 8 33 0.5%
Large Mammal 11 54 24 41 49 179 2.7%
Medium Mammal 0 1 0 13 0 14 0.2%
Small Mammal 235 1102 1601 757 1349 5044 76.8%
Marine Mammal 0 4 2 0 0 6 0.1%
Elasmobranch 4 9 14 4 4 35 0.5%
Ray 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.0%
Ray/Skate 0 0 0 .0 1 1 . 0.0%
Teleostei 48 76 84 71 143 422 6.4%
Bird 0 2 0 2 0 4 0.1%
Lizard 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.0%
Snake 0 0 1 0 3 4 0.1%
Total 364 1374 1973 1058 1798 6567 100.0%
Percent 5.5% 20.9% 30.0% 16.1% 27.4% 100.0%
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Table 3-15
CA-SDI-8303: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Depth
Species 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Total Percent
Callipepla califomica 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0%
Canis latrans 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 I 0.0%
Clemmys marmorata 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 4 0.1%
Embiotoca sp. 3 5 8 4 4 0 3 0 0 27 0.4%
Galeorhinus zyopterus 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0.0%
Genyonemus lineatus 29 44 40 39 34 14 19 4 2 225 3.4%
Lepus califomicus 5 9 5 6 3 4 2 I 0 35 0.5%
Myliobatis califomica 3 0 3 2 3 5 3 1 0 20 0.3%
Odocoileus hemionus 1 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 5 0.1%
Paralichthys califomicus 0 0 0 4 2 0 4 0 0 10 0.2%
Rhinobatos productus 1 0 2 2, 0 2 0 0 1 8 0.1%
Roncador steamsii 0 1 2 2 2 0 1 0 1 9 0.1%
Sardinops sagax 31 35 56 39 49 43 29 4 0 286 4.4%
Scomber japonicus 0 0 2 3 1 0 0 0 0 6 0.1%
Sebastes sp. 0 0 0 0' 2 0 0 0 0 2 0.0%
Semicossyphus pulcher 1 3 0 2 2 3 1 0 0 12 0.2%
Spermophilus beecheyi 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 3 0.0%
Sylvilagus audubonii 12 9 21 17 25 7 13 3 0 107 1.6%
Sylvilagus bachmani 3 4 5 4 10 6 1 2 0 35 0.5%
Thomomys bottae 1 8 2 3 4 1 5 1 0 25 0.4%
Thunnus alalunga 7 0 11 4 2 2 2 5 0 33 0.5%
Large Mammal 21 25 30 33 26 17 15 8 4 179 2.7%
Medium Mammal 3 3 2 4 0 1 1 0 0 14 0.2%
Small Mammal 537 737 856 820 695 749 427 170 53 5044 76.8%
Marine Mammal 0 0 0 0 4 2 0 0 0 6 0.1%
Elasmobranch 4 3 4 10 2 . 7 4 1 0 35 0.5%
Ray 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.0%
Ray/Skate 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.0%
Teleostei 49 66 59 56 75 58 47 10 2 422 6.4%
Bird 0 0 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 0 0 4 0.1%
Lizard 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 1 0 1 0.0%
Snake 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 0.1%.
Total 711 954 1112 1061 948 927 580 211 63 6567 100.0%
Percent 10.8% 14.5% 16.9% 16.2% 14.4% 14:1% 8.8% 3.2% 1.0% 100.0%
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Table 3-16 presents the total NISP and MNI (when possible) for each genus and species identified.
A minimum total of 49 animals were represented in the collection. The terrestrial small mammal
species {Sylvilagus audubonii: MNI=8; Thomomys bottae: MNI=7; Sylvilagus bachmani: MNI=5;
Lepus califomicus: MNI=3; and Spermophilus beecheyii: MNI=1) were the most abundant, and
represented 24 (48.9%) ofthe 49 animals. The fish species were the second most abundant, and
represented 21 (42.8%) ofthe 49 animals identified (Genyonemus lineatus: MNI=8; Sardinops
sagax: MNI=5; and Galeorhinus zyopterus, Myliobatis califomica, Paralichthys califomicus,
Rhinobatos productus, Roncador steamsii. Scomber japonicus, Semicossyphus pulcher, and
Thunnus alalunga with a MNI=1 each). Reptile (Clemmys marmorata), terrestiial medium mammal
(Canis latrans), and large mammal (Odocoileus hemionus) each had a MNI=1.
Throughout the site, the greatest resource was small-sized mammals, and included Lepus
califomicus, Spermophilus beecheyii, Sylvilagus audubonii, Sylvilagus bachmani, Thomomys bottae,
and small mammal (80.0 %> combined). The remaining animal resources contiibuted much less to
the meat diet at the site: fish resources were 16.7 %; large mammal resources were 2.8 %; medium
mammal resources were 0.2 %; reptile, avian, and marine mammal resources were 0.1 %> each.
Table 3-17 shows evidence that buming was present on the majority of the bone collection (69.4 %>).
Ofthe 4,560 bones bumed, 90.3 %> (n=4,l 19) were bumed brown in color, indicating exposure to
heat, but not to a direct flame. Additionally, these animals were likely cooked in some type of
container (i.e., pottery, stone, basket). Dracker (1937) noted that the bones of small mammals and
the meat were pulverized, and that heated stones were used in baskets for cooking (stone boiling) by
the Luiseno Native Americans. Animal species or categories bumed brown in color include:
Clemmys marmorata, Embiotoca sp., Galeorhinus zyopterus, Genyonemus lineatus, Lepus
califomicus, Myliobatis califomica, Odocoileus hemionus, Paralichthys califomicus, Rhinobatos
productus, Roncador steamsii, Sardinops sagax, Scomber japonicus, Sebastes sp., Semicossyphus
pulcher, Spermophilus beecheyi, Sylvilagus audubonii, Sylvilagus bachmani, Thomomys bottae,
Thunnus alalunga, ray/skate, elasmobranch, teleostei, snake, marine mammal, small mammal,
medium mammal, and large mammal.
PJ. 4-04 3-60
August 2005
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Table 3-16
CA-SDI-8303: NISP and MNI Summary
Species NISP ' MNI Element Used
Callipepla californica 1 1 Right humeras
Canis latrans 1 1 Premolar
Clemmys marmorata 4 1 Carapace fragment
Embiotoca sp. 27 n/a 27 vertebrae
Galeorhinus zyopterus 2. 1^ Vertebra
Genyonemus lineatus 225 8^ 225 vertebrae
Lepus califomicus 35 3 Left proximal radius
Myliobatis californica 20 1 Vertebra
Odocoileus hemionus 5 1 Distal metacarpal
Paralichthys califomicus 10 1 10 vertebrae
Rhinobatos productus 8 1 Vertebra
Roncador steamsii 9 1 Right otolith
Sardinops sagax 286 5 286 vertebrae
Scomber japonicus 6 1 6 vertebrae
Sebastes sp. 2 n/a 2 vertebrae
Semicossyphus pulcher 12 1 10 vertebrae
Spermophilus beecheyi 3 1 Right distal tibia
Sylvilagus audubonii 107 8 Left mandible
Sylvilagus bachmani 35 5 Left proximal calcaneum
Thomomys bottae - 25 7 Right distal tibia
Thunnus alalunga 33 1 33 vertebrae
Large Mammal 179 •-Medium Mammal 14 -
Small Mammal 5044 -
Marine Mammal 6 -
Elasmobranch 35 -
Ray 1 -
Ray/Skate 1 -
Teleostei 422' -
Bird 4 -
Lizard 1 -
Snake 4 -
Total 6567 49
Table 3-17
CA-SDI-8303: Summary of Bumed Bone
Species Brown Black Calcined Total Percent Overall Total Species
Bumed
Callipepla califomica 0 0 0 0 0.0% 1
Canis latrans 0 0 0 0 0.0% 1
Clemmys marmorata 4 0 0 4 100.0% 4
Embiotoca sp. 21 0 0 21 77.8% 27
Galeorhinus zyopterus 2 0 0 2 100.0% 2
Genyonemus lineatus 181 0 0 181 80.4% 225
Lepus califomicus 21 2 0 23 65.7% 35
Myliobatis californica 16 1 2 19 95.0% 20
Odocoileus hemionus 1 0 0 1 20.0% 5
Paralichthys califomicus 4 0 0 4 40.0% 10
Rhinobatos productus 7 0 1 8 100.0% 8
Roncador stearnsii 8 0 0 8 88.9% 9
Sardinops sagax 200 2 0 202 70.6% 286
Scomber japonicus 4 0 0 4 66.7% 6
Sebastes sp. 2 0 0 . 2 100.0% 2
Semicossyphus pulcher 7 2 1 10 83.3% 12
Spermophilus beecheyi 1 0 0 1 33.3% 3
Sylvilagus audubonii 53 4 0 57 53.3% 107
Sylvilagus bachmani 22 1 1 24 68.6% 35
Thomomys bottae 8 0 0 8 32.0% 25
Thunnus alalunga 24 0 0 24 72.7% 33
Large Mammal 120 3 5 128 71.5% 179
Medium Mammal 10 0 0 10 71.4% 14
Small Mammal 3165 324 70 3559 70.6% 5044
Marine Mammal 1 0 0 1 16.7% 6
Elasmobranch 24 5 1 30 85.7% 35
Ray 0 1 0 1 100.0% 1
Ray/Skate 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Teleostei 210 14 1 225 53.3% 422
Bird 0 0 0 0 0.0% 4
Lizard 0 0 0 0 0.0% 1
Snake 2 0 0 2 50.0% 4
Total 4119 359 82 4560 69.4% 6567
Percent 90.3% 7.9% 1.8% 100.0%
The bones that were bumed black in color represent 7.9 %> (n=359) of the bumed specimens. The
coloring suggests that these bones were bumed during roasting, or that they were discarded in a fire
hearth. Wing and Brown (1979) suggest that this type of charring is usually confined to the exposed
ends of bone. This type of charring was only identified on one Lepus califomicus proximal radius
bumed black in color. It is likely that the remaining specimens charred black were the result of
being discarded in a fire hearth. Animal species or categories charred black in color include Lepus
califomicus, Myliobatis califomica, Sardinops sagax, Semicossyphus pulcher, Sylvilagus audubonii,
Sylvilagus bachmani, ray, elasmobranch, teleostei, small mammal, and large mammal.
The specimens that were calcined (1.8 %), n=82 of the bumed elements) were exposed to a direct
flame at exfremely high temperatures (greater than 800° Celsius), None of the calcined bones
exhibited signs of shrinking or warping. These are attributes that indicate the presence of soft tissue
on the bone at the time of exposure to an open flame. The calcined specimens were likely the result
of being discarded in a fire hearth. Animal species or categories calcined include Myliobatis
californica, Rhinobatos productus, Semicossyphus pulcher, Sylvilagus bachmani, elasmobranch,
teleostei, small mammal, and large mammal.
3.11.4 Butchered Bone
No butchering marks were observed on the bones in this collection.
3.11.5 Natural History
Terrestrial
There are three species of Leporidae represented in the vertebrate collection: Lepus califomicus
(black-tailed jackrabbit), Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail rabbit), and Sylvilagus bachmani
(brash rabbit). Jackrabbit is found only in open or partially open areas (Bond 1977), and is most
active in the moming and early evening. They feed on green vegetation, shrabs, and cacti (Russo
and Oldhausen 1987). According to Christenson (1986), jackrabbit is best hunted with nets.
Dracker (1937) also noted that rabbits were hunted in communal drives and driven into nets. Desert
cottontail can be found in open plains, foothills, low valleys, and coastal areas, and are easily caught
with a rabbit stick or bow and arrow (Christenson 1986). They are most active in early moming, late
PJ. 4-04 3-63
August 2005
afternoon, and at night. Their diet consists of green vegetation and fniit (Russo and Oldhausen
1987). Brash rabbit can be found in areas of thick brash. It is primarily noctumal, and does not dig
burrows. When pursued, the brash rabbit will more often go into low bmsh for protection rather'
than retreat into another animal's burrow (Whitaker .1980). All three Leporidae were probably
hunted for food as well as for their pelts (Schroth and Gallegos 1991).
Two rodent species were identified in this collection, and both species are native to San Diego
County. Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squirrel) and Thomomys bottae (Botta's pocket
gopher) can be found in areas ranging from the mountains to the coast. The ground squirrel, like the
gopher, is a burrowing animal. It is active from dawn until dusk, and while it may climb into brash
or frees it usually remains on the ground. The gopher is the most common and widespread rodent,
occurring wherever there is vegetation and loose dirt to burrow through (Bond 1977).
Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) is native to the westem half of the United States, most of Canada,
and northem Mexico. It feeds on shrabs, twigs, grasses, and herbs in several types of habitats, such
as coniferous forests, desert shrubs, chaparral, and grasslands with shrabs. Mule deer is most active
in the moming and the evening, and occur singly or in small groups (Burt and Gossenheider 1976).
Ethnographic data states that hunters would disguise themselves with the head and fur of a deer
when stalking other deer (Ashby and Winterboume 1966; Christenson 1981), and the usual weapon
used to kill deer was the bow and arrow, but the use of snares has also been documented (Sparkman
1908). The killed deer was useful for items such as the meat, hide, and hoof (for rattles).
Canis latrans (coyote) is native to most of the United States (Booth 1950), and is found in San
Diego County in the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones (Bond 1977). Coyotes are primarily
noctumal, but can be active at any hour. Their dens are usually located along river banks, canyons,
and gulches. They are omnivorous, but their diet consists mostly of small mammals (Russo and
Olhausen 1987). Dracker noted that the Luiseno avoided eating coyote (1937), and the coyote bone
recovered from the site is a claw so it is not certain that they actually consumed coyote at this site. •
PJ. 4-04 3-64
August 2005
Avian
Callipepla californica (Califomia quail) is a common resident in San Diego County and according to
Unitt (1984), can be found in "broken chaparral, grassy edges of chaparral or woodland, orchards,
and dense desert and semi-desert scrab." They are prevalent on the coastal slopes, and can also be
found on the eastem slopes of mountains, as well as into the Anza-Borrego desert (Unitt 1984).
Unitt (1984) documents definite breeding areas for Califomia quail occurring on Point Loma, and
former breeding areas just east of Point Loma.
Reptile
Clemmys marmorata (southwestem pond turtle) once ranged from Monterey Bay to northem Baja
Califomia, from coastal drainages to foothills, and even to the desert slope of the Mojave River (by
the San Bernardino Mountains)(Bond 1977). The southwestem pond turtle hibemates through
winter and emerges in March (Carr 1978). The diet ofthe southwestem pond turtle consists of
aquatic plants, insects, and carrion (Schneider and Everson 1989). "Turtle" uses include meat
consumption, ceremonial use (rattles), medicinal use, technological uses including ladles, scoops,
bowls, and containers, and symbolic uses in Native American artwork and oral fraditions.
Marine Fish
Galeorhinus zypoterus (soupfin shark) is a common epipelagic shark along the Califomia coast. It
ranges from San Juanico Bay in Baja Califomia to northem British Colombia. It can grow to 6.5 ft.
in length (MUler and Lea 1972).
Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It
ranges from Magdalena Bay in Baja Califomia to Vancouver Island, B.C. (Miller and Lea 1972). It
occupies all of the soft subsfrate habitats, but less so in the kelp beds and the deep rock reefs (Allen
1985). ^
Myliobatis californica (bat ray) is a common fish that can be found in bays and sandy shallow areas
to a depth of 150 ft. anywhere from the Gulf of Califomia to Oregon (Miller and Lea 1972). It can
weigh up to 210 lbs. and have a width of 4 ft. (Miller and Lea 1972).
PJ. 4-04 3-65
August 2005
Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia halibut) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast
and can be found from the surface to 300 ft. in depth. It ranges from Magdalena Bay in Baja
Califomia to the Quillayute River in British Columbia (Miller and Lea 1972). It can be found in
harbor/nearshore soft bottom habitats, and to a lesser degree bay/estuary environs (Allen 1985).
Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose guitarfish) is a common fish along the Califomia coast that
ranges from the Gulf of Califomia to as far north as San Francisco, and can be found from the
surface to a depth of 50 ft. (Miller a;nd Lea 1972). It can be found in harbor/nearshore soft bottom
habitats, and to a lesser degree bay/estuary environs (Allen 1985).
Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It ranges
from Mazatlan, Mexico to Point Conception, and includes the Gulf of Califomia (Miller and Lea
1972). It occupies open coast sandy beach habitats with seasonal occurrences in the bay/estuary
environment during the spring and summer (Allen 1985).
Sarda chiliensis (Pacific bonito) is a common fish along the Califomia coast. It ranges from Chile to
the Gulf of Alaska (Miller and Lea 1972). It is a neashore pelagic species that occupies midwater
habitats including deeper rock reefs and kelp beds (Allen 1985).
Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine) and Scomber japonicus (Pacific mackerel) are both nearshore
pelagic species, which are only found in nearshore midwater environments (Allen 1985). The
sardine can be found along the Pacific coastline between Guaymas, Mexico, and Kamchatka, and
grow to a length of 16 in. (Miller and Lea 1972). The mackerel can be found from Chile to the Gulf
of Alaska, and grow to a length of 25 in. (Miller and Lea 1972).
Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead) can be found from Cape San Lucas in Baja Califomia
to Monterey, Califomia. They can be 3 ft. long and weigh up to 36 lbs. They occur from the surface
to 180 ft. (Miller and Lea 1972), and can be found in shallow and deeper rock reef and kelp bed
environments (Allen 1985).
PJ. 4-04 3-66
August 2005
Thunnus alalunga (albacore) is a common epipelagic fish along the Califomia coast. It ranges from
Guadalupe Island to southeast Alaska. It can weigh as much as 93 lbs., but in Califomia only as
much as 76 lbs. (MiUer and Lea 1972).
3.11.6 Bone Artifacts
Three bone artifacts were recovered from the site. Gifford's 1940 publication was used to assign a
typological category when possible. One bone awl fragment, a drilled fish vertebra, and a modified
bone fragment were identified in the collection. Table 3-18 lists each artifact, its provenience, and
type.
Artifact CA-SDI-8303-49 was a tip fragment of an awl recovered from the 40-50-cm level of Unit
11, and assigned with Gifford's type Alal (1940). The tip fragment was manufactured from a mule
deer cannon bone with the distal end used as the handle. It had been slightly bumed (light brown in
color), shaped, with little polished near the tip (Figure 3-8). There was evidence of diagonal use-
wear striations.
Artifact CA-SDI-8303-55 was a biconically-drilled soupfin shark (Galeorhinus zyopterus) dorsal
vertebra. It was recovered from the 50-60-cm level of Unit 11, and was assigned with Gifford's type
CC5 (1940). The fragment was manufactured from shark vertebra, and had no Other modifications
other than being drilled (see Figure 3-8). One other unmodified soupfin shark vertebra was
recovered from a lower level ofthe same excavation unit.
Artifact CA-SDI-8303-143 was a fragment of modified bone manufactured from a medium to large-
sized mammal. It was recovered from the 10-20-cm level of Unit 9, but was not able to be assigned
a Gifford typological category. The bone had been bumed (dark brown in color), frapezoid-shaped
in cross-section, and polished (Figure 3-9). No use-wear striations were observed, and no function
of the artifact could be ascertained.
PJ. 4-04 3-67
August 2005
Table 3-18
CA-SDI-8303: Bone Artifact Summary
Artifact Unit Level Artifact Type Gifford Typology
49 11 40-50 cm Awl tip fragment Alal
55 11 50-60 cm Drilled Vertebra CC5
143 9 10-20 cm Trapezoid-shaped bone ?
4 cm
CA-SDI-8303-49
Odocoileus hemionus
Mule Deer metacarpal awl fragment
Gifford Type "Alal"
1.2 cm
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CA-SDI-8303-55
Galeorhinus zyopterus
Soupfin shark drilled vertebra
Gifford Type "CC5"
Gallegos & Associates
Bone Artifacts from CA-SDI-8303 FIGURE
3-8
0 .7 cm
CA-SDI-8303-143
Modified Bone Fragment
Gallegos & Associates
Bone Artifact From CA-SDI-8303 FIGURE
3-9
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3.12 OTOLITH ANALYSIS
3.12.1 Introduction
The two otoliths recovered from CA-SDI-8303 were analyzed for seasonality. Identification of the
fish species was completed with the use ofthe fish collection at Scripps Institute of Oceanography in
La Jolla, Califomia, which consists of450 Pacific coast and deepwater specimens. The otoliths were
first weighed (in grams) and measured (in millimeters). The process for analysis includes encasing
the otolith in a clear resin matrix, then cutting it in half with a lapidary saw and buming the cut
surface to better define the incremental lines. The cut surface was then examined under a
stereoscopic microscope at lOX and/or 20X. The seasons are defined as: spring=mid-March
through mid-May; sunimer=mid-May through early-October; and winter=mid-October through mid-
March.
3.12.2 Results
The two otolith specimens were identified as Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) and Roncador
stearnsii (spotfin croaker), and represented fish captured during the summer. The otoliths were
recovered from the 10-20-cm level of Unit 11 (Genyonemus lineatus), and the 60-70-cm level of
Unit 7 (Roncador stearnsii)(2l^dib\Q 3-19).
3.12.3 Natural History
Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It
ranges from Magdalena Bay in Baja Califomia to Vancouver Island, B.C. (Miller and Lea 1972). It
occupies all pf the soft subsfrate habitats, but less so in the kelp beds and the deep rock reefs (Allen
1985).
Roncador steamsii (spotfin croaker) is a comnion fish along the southem Califomia coast. It ranges
from Mazatlan, Mexico to Point Conception, and includes the Gulf of Califomia (Miller and Lea
1972). It occupies open coast sandy beach habitats with seasonal occurrences in the bay/estuary
environment during the spring and summer (Allen 1985).
PJ. 4-04 3-71
August 2005
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Table 3-19
CA-SDI-8303: Otolith Summary
Catalogue Unit Level Species Season of Capture
117 11 10-20 cm Genyonemus lineatus Summer
246 7 60-70 cm Roncador stearnsii Summer
3.13 RADIOCARBON DATING ANALYSIS
3.13.1 Sample Results
Four samples were submitted to Beta Analytic, Inc., for accelerated mass specttometry (AMS)
analysis (Table 3-20 and Appendix E). Specimen CA-SDI-8303-66A was collected from tiie 60-70-
cm level of Unit 11, and is a Polinices sp. specimen. Polinices sp. are believed to be associated with
Early Period sites, therefore this specimen was selected to determine if there is Late/Early Period
component mixing in the deposit, as this site is considered primarily Late Period. In addition, a
Polonicies sp. specimen was sampled from CA-SDI-8797 (considered primarily an Early Period site)
for comparison. The sample provided a date (at two-sigma range) of AD 980 to AD 1170 (Cal BP
980 to 780). This date identifies occupation for CA-SDI-8303 within the Late Period.
Specimen CA-SDI-8303-66B was also selected from the 60-70-cm level of Unit 11, and is a Donax
sp. specimen. Donax sp. is more often associiated with Late Period sites, therefore this specimen was
selected to directly compare to specimen CA-SDI-8303-66A. The sample provided a date (at two-
sigma range) of AD 1690 to AD 1910 (Cal BP 260 to 40)(see Appendix E). This date also identifies
occupation for CA-SDI-8303 within the Late Period.
Specimen CA-SDI-8303-256A was selected from the basal (80-90 cm) level of Unit 7, and is a large
Argopecten sp. specimen. Large Argopecten sp. are often associated with Early Period sites
reflecting a deep flushing lagoon producing a large amount of shellfish, therefore this specimen was
selected to identify the presence of Early Period occupation. The sample provided a date (at two-
sigma range) of BC 4780 to BC 4550 (Cal BP 6730 to 6500)(see Appendix E). This date identifies
an Early Period component for CA-SDI-8303.
Specimen CA-SDI-8303-256B was also collected from the basal (80-90 cm) level of Unit 7, and is a
Donax sp. specimen. Donax sp. is generally associated with Late Period sites, therefore this
specimen was selected to directly compare to specimen CA-SDI-8303-256A. The sample provided a
date (at two-sigma range) of AD 1340 to AD 1490 (Cal BP 610 to 460)(see Appendix E). This date
PJ.4-04 3-73
August 2005
Table 3-20
CA-SDI-8303: Radiocarbon Dates
Site Temp. Beta
Number Lab. Lab. Provenience Material C-14 C-14 2-Sigma
CA-SDI-Number Number (Unit/Level) Measured Convential Result BP
8303 66A 197206 11:60-70 cm Shell (Polmices) 1140+/-40 1570+/-40 980 to 780
8303 66B 197207 11:60-70 cm Shell (Donax) 300+/-40 730+/-40 260 to 40
8303 256A 197208 7:80-90 cm Shell (Argopecten) 5980+/-40 6410+/-40 6730 to 6500
8303 256B 197209 7:80-90 cm Shell (Donax) 710+/-40 1140+/-40 610 to 460
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identifies Late Period occupation for CA-SDI-8303, and provides evidence of Early and Late Period
component mixing at the basal level of the deposit.
3.14 OBSiDLyv SOURCE ANALYSIS
Five obsidian debitage samples were submitted to Geochemical Research Laboratory for x-ray
fluorescence (XRF) analysis (Appendix F). Four ofthe specimens' (specimens CA-SDI- 8303-26, -
104, -127, and -231) ttace element concenfrations geochemically place their volcanic glass origins to
the Obsidian Butte geochemical type, located in Imperial Coimty, Califomia. Obsidian Butte
obsidian is associated with Late Period occupation. Specimen CA-SDI-8303-40 however, provided
ttace element concenttations that geochemically placed its volcanic glass origin to the Coso
Volcanic Fields geochemical type, located in Kem County, Califomia. This obsidian type is more
often associated with Early Period sites in southem Califomia.
3.15 RESIDUE ANALYSIS
Residue analysis was conducted by Robert Parr (CSUB) for six projectile point specimens recovered
from CA-SDI-8303 (Table 3-21). A single positive reaction was registered for specimen CA-SDI-
8303-82 (Appendix G). The specimen, a small Cottonwood Triangular arrow point with a concave
base, reacted positively to guinea-pig antiseram indicating the presence of protein from any species
from the squirrel, porcupine, or beaver families. The positive reaction indicates that the arrow point
may have been used to hunt these species. Altematively, it may also indicate that the sinew or other
portions ofthe species may have been used in the hafting of the arrow point to the arrow shaft. As
noted in section 3.11, Califomia ground squirrel was identified in the faunal assemblage. The
absence of identifiable proteins on the remaining specimens may be because of poor preservation of
proteins, insufficient proteins, or that they were not used on any ofthe organisms included in the
available antisera.
PJ.4-04 3-75
August 2005
Table 3-21
Results for Protein Residue Analysis for CA-SDI-8303
Specimen No. Cultural Material Results
8303-23 Biface Negative
8303-82 Biface Guinea-pig
8303-147 Biface Negative
8303-162 Biface Negative
8303-188 Biface Negative
8303-198 Biface Negative
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3.16 SITE SUMMARY
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8303 included field excavation of six 1x1-m units,
surface artifact collection, artifact cataloguing, analysis, and special studies. The purpose of the
Indexing and Preservation Study was to provide an index sample representing the deposit being
capped and preserved. In all, the Indexing and Preservation Study at CA-SDI-8303 produced 6
bifaces, 9 arrow points, 1 biface preform, 1 flake blank, 10 battered implements, 18 flakes from
battered implements, 3 steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs), 2 rejuvenation flakes from SEUTs, 6
flake tools, 1 flake knife, 3 cores, 3,887 debitage, 1 nodule tool, 6 ground stone fragments, 19
manos, 5 metate fragments, 1 polished stone fragment, 1 quartz crystal, 449 ceramic fragments, 12
Olivella sp. shell beads, 7 shell disc beads, 1 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestiiut Cowry) shell, 2
otoliths, 2 glass ttade beads, 1 bone bead, 2 bone tools, 465.4 g of bone, and 32,838.1 g of shell.
Disturbance from agricultural activities, bioturbation, and geologic activities was noted in all units.
Site CA-SDI-8303 is primarily a Late Period habitation site with good site integrity. Radiocarbon
dates and diagnostic artifacts identify the majority of occupation within the Late Period with
minimal evidence of Early Period occupation present at the basal excavation level. The range of
artifacts at CA-SDI-8303 indicates a habitation/village site occupied at a minimum during the spring
and summer seasons (based on availability of plants, animals, and otolith analysis). Flake
production from local cobbles suggests flake tool use. Most likely, these tools were manufactured
and used at the site. Hunting activities may have occurred near this site as indicated by the presence
of nine projectile points in the artifact assemblage. The presence of 30 ground stone tools and 11
battered implements demonsttates preparation of plant foods through pounding and/or grinding. In
addition, the large number of fish remains suggests a range of maritime activities including the use
of nets and fishing. The presence of shellfish remains and the range of small to large mammal bone
demonsttates the range of foods collected, hunted, and processed.
PJ. 4-04 3-77
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SECTION 4
INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-SDI-8694
4.1 PREVIOUS WORK
Site CA-SDI-8694 (SDM-W-128) was originally recorded by Rogers as a highland accretion midden
resting on red clay. Rogers noted two ceramic sherds, two manos, and a large quantity oi Donax sp.
shell on the surface. Moriarty (1974) updated the site and identified a midden with shell on a knoll.
Scientific Resource Surveys, Inc. (SRSI)(1982) reported that the site was divided into two loci, with
the eastem locus being the larger ofthe two. SRSI also noted differential shell and lithic distribution
across the site. A survey by Gallegos & Associates (1997) noted the destmction of a large portion of
the site as a resuh of the constraction of College Boulevard (Figure 4-1). The remaining site area
represents the southeast portion of the original site. The survey of the property was followed by a
test of the remaining site area to determine site significance. Testing for CA-SDI-8694 included the
excavationof 18 shovel test pits (STPs) and two Ixl-m units (Gallegos etal. 1999)(see Figure 1-5).
This work produced 584 artifacts, 3,477 g of shell, and 33.9 g of bone (see Table 1-3). The presence
of a few ceramics identifies a Late Period component. Given the extensive and diverse artifact
assemblage present to address research questions, this habitation site, occupied circa 5,160 years
ago, was identified as significant under CEQA, Section 15064.5 (3) criteria D.
4.2 CURRENT STUDY
The purpose of the data recovery program was to adequately address mitigation of impacts through
the completion of collection of surface artifacts, field excavation of a representative sample of the
site through excavation of 1x1 -m units, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies for the
purpose of addressing important research questions. This fieldwork resulted in the collection of 4
bifaces, 5 cores, 1 piece of tested raw material, 8 nodule tools, 4 utilized flake tools, 4 steep-edged
unifacial tools (SEUTs), 10 flakes from SEUTs, 2,367 debitage, 1 hammerstone, 22 battered
implements, 19 flakes from battered implements, 61 manos/mano fragments, 6 metates/metate
fragments, 18 ground stone fragments, 1 shaped stone, 260 ceramic fragments, 1 Olivella sp. shell
bead, 2 bone awls, 1 bone fishing toggle, 1 bone bead, and 1 possible otolith pendant (Table 4-1).
PJ. 4-04 4-1
August 2005
Gallegos & Associates
Map Showing Previous Extent of Site CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-1
Table 4-1
Summary of Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8694
Cultural Material Surface 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12. 13 14 15 16 17 18
Biface AP 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flake Tool 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nodule Tool 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
Steep-Edged Unifacial Tool 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flake from SEUT 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Core 2 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Tested Raw Material 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Debitage 1 98 53 24 4 7 . 27 9 77 53 81 71 79 69 18 28 30
Hammerstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Battered Implement 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 0
Battered Implement Flake 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
Mano 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 4 1 0 1 0
Metate 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l' 0 0
Ground Stone 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shaped Stone 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ceramic 0 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 2 10 1 3 0 0 0 0
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone Awl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone Fishing Toggle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otolith Pendant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bullet Casing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Historic Ceramic 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Glass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otolith, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Bone* 0 5.5 2.8 2.8 0 0.04 3.16 0.68 1.7 6.2 4.5 2.4 4.46 10.31 1.11 0 0.58
Abalone Shell* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shell* 0 2602.2 1626.4 106.9 71.1 80.51 49.05 10.7 1906.2 2488 3408.7 2033.3 1484.7 129.3 33.4 9.8 9.94
Total** 14 103 58 24 5 8 27 9-81 58 96 79 87 73 19 30 35
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
Table 4-1
Summary of Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8694
Cultural Material 19 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Biface AP. 0 0 . 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Flake Tool 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Nodule Tool 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Steep-Edged Unifacial Tool 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Flake from SEUT 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Core 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
Tested Raw Material 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Debitage 19 19 20 58 92 120 88 33 18 0 10 22 72 84 88 90 36 59 73
Hammerstone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Battered Implement 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 2 0 0 0
Battered Implement Flake 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 0
Mano 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 6 1 1 5 2 1 4
Metate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 0 0
Ground Stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0
Shaped Stone 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ceramic 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 18 14 22 0 1 13
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bone Awl 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone Fishing Toggle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bone Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otolith Pendant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
Bullet Casing 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Historic Ceramic 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Glass 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Otolith 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
Bone* 0 0.1 1.1 3.9 9.22 3.8 5.7 0.2 1.69 0 2.65 1.4 7.8 10.2 6.7 16.5 0 3.3 1.85
Abalone Shell* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N 0 0 0 0 0 0
Shell* 18.6 3.2 84.6 888.5 885.3 771.6 588.2 35.4 43.8 5.9 74.5 153.6 8544 4808 6255 6629.8 463 1931.8 ; 4115.2
Total** 19 19 21 58 99 126 93 33 19 0 10 23 102 105 106 124 39 62 93
•Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
Table 4-1
Summary of Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8694
Cultural Material 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Total
Biface AP 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Flake Tool 0 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 7
Nodule Tool 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 8
Steep-Edged Unifacial Tool 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Flake from SEUT 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 10
Core 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Tested Raw Material 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Debitage 42 72 101 101 79 112 50 42 38 2367
Hammerstone 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Battered Implement 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 2 22
Battered Implement Flake 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 0 1 19
Mano 3 1 3 3 5 6 0 2 1 61
Metate 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6
Groimd Stone 0 0 3 1 0 3 1 1 0 18
Shaped Stone 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Ceramic 4 35 37 21 9 11 20 9 10 260
Olivella sp. Shell Bead 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bone Awl 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2
Bone Fishing Toggle 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bone Bead 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
OtoUth Pendant 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bullet Casing 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 2 1 6
Historic Ceramic 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5
Glass 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Otolith 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
Bone* 3.7 9.6 9.3 2.9 5.2 9.8 4.1 0.75 0.2 167.9
Abalone Shell* 0 0 0 0 0 0 67.4 0 0 67.4
Shell* 4122.8 4751.6 5303.4 2509 2356 5031.4 67.2 1.1 0.2 76492.08
Total** 49 113 150 130 93 135 76 56 53 2812
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
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Faunal material includes 76,492.08 g of shell, 4 otoliths, and 167.9 g of bone (see Table 4-1).
Results by surface collection and excavation units are provided in Sections 4.2.1 and 4.2.2.
4.2.1 Surface Collection
The site had been previously surface collected in 1999 (GaUegos et al. 1999). Additional surface
artifacts collected as a resuh of the present study include: 1 nodule tool, 2 cores, 1 debitage, 3
battered implements, 4 manos/mano fragments, 2 metates/metate fragments, and 1 ground stone
fragment (seeTable4-l).
4.2.2 Unit Excavation
For the data recovery program, a total of forty-four 1x1-m units were excavated at CA-SDI-8694
(Figure 4-2). The data recovery program was conducted in two phases. Phase I included a 1%
random sample across the sample universe. In all, 28 Ixl-munits were excavated (Units 3 to 19 and
21 to 31). Phase II was based on Phase I results, and was focused on the west-central portion ofthe
site. A total of 16 additional units (Units 32 to 47) were excavated in Phase II. Cultiiral material
recovered as a result of Phase I and II excavation is listed by unit number in Table 4-1. Unit
numbers start from Unit 3, as the test phase for CA-SDI-8694 conducted by Gallegos & Associates
(Gallegos et al. 1999) ended with Unit 2. Furthermore, Unit 20 was not excavated because of poor
artifact counts for the east portion of the site. Soil sfratigraphy for the units excavated during data
recovery conformed to two distinct pattems, Pattems A and B, which are discussed below.
Pattem A units were located primarily near the knoll-top on the westem portion of the site, and
included Units 3,4, 10 to 15, 23 to 26, 32 to 35, and 37 to 47 (Figure 4-3). These units contain the
majority of artifactual materials recovered from the site, and likely represent the primary site area
that presently remains on the property. Pattem A exhibits a topsoil of loose, gray-brown sandy loam
(Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) disttirbed historically by agricultural activities. This loam ranged from
between 6-20 cm, and contained a moderate amount of cultural materials. The topsoil was generally
followed by a moderately compacted, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1) with
occasional rocks, beginning at depths ranging from 10-20 cm, and terminating between 30-50 cm in
depth. This level contained the bulk of cultural materials recovered from CA-SDI-8694. Finally,
all units terminated between 40-60 cm witiiin dark gray-brovvoi sandy clay (Munsell 7.5
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INSET SHOWING BLOCK EXCAVATION UNITS
B = 1x1 Meter Excavation Units
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8694 Site Map Showing Data Recovery Units FIGURE
4-2
PATTERN A
JH
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm -
40 cm -
50 cm I-
CA-SDI-8694
Unit 32
South Wall Profile
(50 cm depth)
Sf
10 cm
20 cm >-
o
PATTERN B
CA-SDI-8694
Unit 6
West Wall Profile
(20 cm depth)
Ss:^—
KEY
I I = loose, dark gray-brown sandy loam with high organic content
= light to medium compaction, dark gray-brown sandy loam
= highly compacted, gray-brown, gravelly clay with cobbles
\+ M = highly compacted, brown clay with fragmented marine shell
= larger, subangular clasts
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8694; Pattems A and B Unit Profiles FIGURE
4-3
YR 3/1). Although this stratum was primarily devoid of cultural material, it did contain a smear of
shell in many ofthe units. This shell is likely a result of geologic and biologic processes that have
disturbed the site soil over time. While the developed, cultural material-bearing soil that was
observed in the secondary layer remained consistent throughout the site (moderately compacted,
dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1), the underiying subsoils varied in accordance
with site topography. Sttatigraphic profiles are provided in Appendix D. Table 4-1 provides unit
artifact and ecofact recovery counts and weights.
Pattem B units were primarily located on lower slopes, roughly in the eastem portion of the data
recovery area, and included Units 5 to 9, 16 to 19, 27 to 31, and 36 (see Figure 4-3). In addition.
Units 21 and 22 exhibited a similar pattem to the eastem units although they were located in the
westem portion ofthe site. Pattem B is represented by a thin topsoil of loose, brown sandy loam
(Munsell 7.5 YR 4/2) disturbed historically by agricultural activities. This loam ranged from
between 0-10 cm and contained little cultiiral materials. The topsoil was underlain by a moderately
compacted, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1) with rocks, beginning at depths
ranging from 10-20 cm, and terminating between 30-40 cm in depth. Finally, all units terminated
between 30-50 cm within dark gray-brown sandy clay mixed with several cobbles (Munsell 7.5 YR
3/1). Although the strata in the two unit models do not differ drastically in color or texture, the
amount of cultural materials, shallowtiess of the units, and presence of a cobble layer at depth set
them apart from the core area ofthe site. While the small amount of developed, cultural material-
bearing soil that was observed in the secondary layer remained consistent throughout the site
(moderately compacted, dark gray-brown sandy loam, Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1), the underlying subsoils
varied in accordance with site topography. Sfratigraphic profiles and unit tables are provided in
Appendix D. See Table 4-1 for unit artifact and ecofact recovery counts and weights.
4.3 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS
The artifact assemblage from CA-SDI-8694 consists of a wide range of artifact types including 4
bifaces, 5 cores, 1 piece of tested raw material, 8 nodule tools, 4 utilized flake tools, 4 steep-edged
unifacial tools (SEUTs), 10 flakes from SEUTs, 2,367 debitage, 1 hammerstone, 22 battered
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implements, 19 flakes from battered implements, 61 manos/mano fragments, 6 metates/metate
fragments, 18 ground stone fragments, 1 shaped stone, 260 ceramic fragments, 1 Olivella sp. shell
bead, 2 bone awls, 1 bone fishing toggle, 1 bone bead, and 1 possible otolith pendant (see Table 4-
1). Faunal material includes 76,492.08 g of shell, 4 otoliths, and 167.9 g of bone. The following
sections describe the results of analyses performed for all materials recovered from the present
study.
4.4 DEBITAGE ANALYSIS (By Jeff Flenniken and Tracy Sfropes)
4.4.1 Methodology
Technological lithic analysis based upon replicative data was conducted for all flaked stone artifacts
identified from this debitage sample recovered from CA-SDI-8694. Technological identifications
were determined for all analyzed flaked stone artifacts. Lithic artifacts were categorized according
to toolstone material type (metavolcanic, quartz [quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal], chert, and
obsidian), technological category (tecat), and reduction stage (Appendix B). Reduction stage flake
categories were defined by comparing technological attiibutes of replicated (experimental) artifacts
from known and cataloged flaked stone tool reduction technologies to the prehistoric confrols. In
tum, by comparing tiie technological attributes of prehistoric artifacts (conttols) to the technological
atfributes of known artifacts in terms of manufacture, reduction stages were assigned to
technologically diagnostic debitage. Some debitage, however, was considered technologically
nondiagnostic because of the lack of technological attiibutes (i.e., platforms) on fragmentary pieces.
Atfributes evidenced on the prehistoric debitage, in conjunction with experimental analogs, were
used to identify technologically diagnostic debitage that enabled flakes to be assigned to specific
experimentally derived reduction stages (Flenniken 1978, 1981). The remaining debitage was not
ascribed to any reduction stage because of the fragmentary nature of the artifacts. Therefore,
fragmentary debitage was characterized as technologically nondiagnostic, altiiough atiributes such as
material type, and presence/absence and type of cortex were noted.
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4.4.2 Analyzed Sample
The debitage included in this analysis was recovered from 43 (Units 3 to 19, and 21 to 47) ofthe 44
Ixl-m units excavated at CA-SDI-8694. In all, 152 IxlxO.l-m levels were excavated, producing a
flaked stone debitage assemblage sample of2,366 artifacts (Tables 4-2 and 4-3). Each flaked stone
artifact from the data recovery program was analyzed and recorded as a separate entity in an attempt
to identify and isolate technological variation and site flintknapping activity(s). Evidence to support
intentionally different technological tteatment of different lithic materials within the analyzed
sample was minimal. The different lithic materials (metavolcanic, quartz, chert, and obsidian)
identified from this infra-site sample were reduced following two reduction techniques, primarily
nodule core reduction, and to a much lesser extent, but a continuation of fhe nodule core reduction,
biface reduction. Therefore, because of the near lack of intta-site vertical and horizontal
technological variation and differential lithic reduction tteatment, and the near complete use of
metavolcanic materials as toolstone (n=2,192 or 91.3 %>), all flaked stone artifacts and materials were
combined for site interpretation.
Eleven flakes (0.9%o of the diagnostic debitage) were identified as biface reduction debitage, and
included all four identified toolstones from this site (see Table 4-2). Therefore, 99.1%) of the
analyzed sample of technologically diagnostic debitage represented nodule core reduction (n= 1,186),
while less than one percent represented biface reduction (n=l 1). Furthermore, because of the very
small sample, these 11 flakes identified as biface reduction may have been fortuitously categorized
based upon technological attributes that overlap with other tecats, or biface reduction was minimally
practiced at this site.
The analyzed debitage recovered from these 44 subsurface contexts was similar in technological
character, and did not support technological variation at different locations across the site. Based
upon this analysis, prehistoric technological homogeneity was maintained both vertically and
horizontally across the site, as different flintknapping activity areas were not identified. By
combining materials, the technologically diagnostic debitage (n=l,197, 50.6% ofthe total 2,366
artifacts) provided an adequate sample for interpretation of site flintknapping activities. Therefore,
all technologically diagnostic flaked stone artifacts from tiiis analyzed sample were combined
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Table 4-2
CA-SDI-8694: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage
Toolstone Materials
TECAT . MV Q CH OB Totals
NP-1 8 0 0 0 8
NP-4 6 0 0 0 6
NP-5 2 0 0 0 2
NP-6 3 0 0 0 3
NP-7 2 0 0 0-2
NP-10 4 0 0 0 4
NP-11 764 5 1 0 770
SFP-1 25 0 0 0 25
SFP-2 1 0 0 0 1
SFP-4 4 0 0 0 4
SFP-5 11 0 0 0 11
SFP-6 11 1 0 0 12
SFP-7 17 1 1 0 19
SEP-10 32 0 0 0 32
SFP-11 205 27 10 0 242
MFP-1 7 . 0 0 0 7
MFP-10 3 0 1 0 4
MFP-11 32 0 2 0 34
204.E+ 0 0 1 1 2
302.E-3 3 1 0 7
400.E-1 0 1 0 2
Totals 1141
95.3%
37
3.1%
18
1.5%
1
0.1%
1197
100.0%
MV = Metavolcanic Materials
Q = Quartzite, Vein Quartz, Monocrystalline Quartz
CH = Chert
OB = Obsidian
Table 4-3
CA-SDI-8694: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage
Toolstone Materials
TECAT MV Q CH OB Totals
With Cortex 165 15 2 0 182
Without Cortex 855 111 20 1 987
Total 1020 126 22 1 1169
Percent 87.3% 10.8% 1.9% 0.1% 100.0%
MV = Metavolcanic Materials
Q = Quartzite, Vein Quartz, Monocrystalline Quartz
CH = Chert
OB = Obsidian
for the purpose of specific site interpretation conceming flintknapping activities. Again, only the
technologically diagnostic debitage was employed for interpretation of CA-SDI-8694 flintknapping
activities.
4.4.3 Technological Artifact Categories (tecats)
Technological analysis ofthe debitage from CA-SDI-8694 identified a very interesting, and limited
technologically, flaked stone tool assemblage. The technological end of one reduction continuum
(nodule core), or the last stage of reduction, was well represented at this site. Debitage classification
atfributes were divided into tecats that reflect technological differences in the reduction continuum
and reduction stages that occurred at this site (Appendix,B). Continuum is defined as a process that
includes the entire life cycle of a specific flaked stone tool (including all debitage) from the selection
of the raw lithic material, initial decortication, heat freatment (if applicable), reduction into the
original tool, use and reuse of that tool (which may be multi-functional), rejuvenation of that tool,
the deposition of that tool into archaeological context, and possible reuse of that tool later in
prehistoric time. Reduction stage, as employed for this analysis, is a concept designed to separate a
flintknapping continuum for analytical purposes only. The reduction-oriented technological stages
(processes) employed in this analysis, the flake categories, based upon replicated artifacts that
correspond to those processes, and the flake attributes used to define those categories are, with few
exceptions (n=ll bifacial tecats), within the nodule core reduction technology that was well
established in prehistoric southem Califomia.
Nodule core reduction is known in the southem Califomia archaeological literature as "Cobble Core
Reduction" (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). The term nodule was substituted for cobble
because the term cobble is geologically defined as a size clast (64-256 mm) and many prehistoric
core and core-based artifacts (such as some battered implements) were manufactured from
boulders(>256 mm), and, to a much less extent, pebbles (4-64 mm). The term nodule was selected
because a nodule can be any size and tend to be somewhat rounded to subrounded.
Nodule core debitage was recognized and grouped into technological categories based on the amount
and location of dorsal cortex, platform attributes, dorsal arris count and direction, and flake
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cross/long-section shape. Debitage was classified according to three platform types identified
among the flakes from nodule core reduction: natural/cortical platforms (NP), single-faceted
platforms (SEP), and multi-faceted platforms (MFP). Flakes were fiirther subdivided according to
the location of dorsal cortex (tecats include NP-1 through NP-11, SFP-1 through SFP-11, and MFP-
1 through MFP-11 )(Appendix B).
The reduction-oriented technological categories of diagnostic flakes were also segregated on the
basis of geological material (metavolcanic, quartz [quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal], chert, and
obsidian). Flake fragments that lacked the necessary attributes to be placed in one of these
reduction-oriented tecats were classified as technologically nondiagnostic debitage with and witiiout
cortex. Only raw material type and presence or absence of cortex were recorded for these artifacts.
Interpretation ofthe reduction sequence from this site was determined using only the technologically
diagnostic debitage, whereas discussions conceming lithic raw material types include all debitage
and formed artifacts.
Metavolcanic nodules (cobbles and boulders) were selected for size, shape, material quality, and
platform location. Nodules with natiiral platforms were reduced directiy by percussion in a more or
less circular manner around the natural platform. The location of dorsal cortex indicates the
sequence of flake removals (Appendix B). Cores with faceted platforms were nodules that required
platform preparation prior to reduction. This occurred usually when a nodule of quality material was
selected, but the nodule did not possess a naturally appropriate platform. It was therefore necessary
to create a platform by percussion flaking. The desired products of nodule core reduction were flake
blanks that were thick in cross-section, long and narrow in plan view, and ranged in length
depending upon intended use, but were most likely 5 to 12 cm in length.
4.4.4 Toolstone Materials
The lithic materials employed by the prehistoric knappers at this site included a variety of
metavolcanic rock, quartz (quartzite, vein quartz, monocrystalline quartz), chert, and obsidian,
mostly all collected from alluvial deposits. Obsidian is the only non-local toolstone material
identified in the assemblage sample. All (100%o) of the identified cortex was incipient cone cortex
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resulting from water transportation ofthe lithic nodule used for toolstone. This suggests that tiie
nodules used for toolstone were prehistorically collected from alluvial (past or present)
environments.
Metavolcanic materials are found as pebbles, cobbles, and boulders derived from Eocene volcanic
rhyolites, andesites, and diabase of basaltic composition (Clevenger 1982). These materials have
been extensively metamorphosed causing stiiictiiral recrystallization and a rather porphyritic nature
H (Clevenger 1982). Metavolcanic rocks range in color from green to brown to black and require great
dynamic loading forces to fractiire conchoidally. Distinctive Santiago Peak Metavolcanic (known
I locally as "felsite"), found as bedrock in San Diego County and redeposited as float, was highly
represented in this analyzed assemblage.
I
Quartz is one ofthe most common lithic materials, and occurs m a wide vanety of hexagonal pnsms
H that are terminated by pyramidal shapes. It also occurs in massive, granular, concretionary,
stalactitic, and cryptocrystalline habits (i.e., vein quartz). When combined with other materials,
I quartz or metaquartzite is referred to as quartzite, whereas a single crystal is called monocrystalline
quartz. Colors range from white, red, grey, purple, yellow, brown, pink, black, green, and can be
I coloriess as well. Quartz is ttansparent to franslucent with some forms occurring as opaque (i.e.,
quartzite). Quartz has a hardness of 7, a specific gravity of 2.65, and fracttires conchoidally
(Chesterman 1995; Klein andHurlburt 1985; Luedtke 1992; Pellant 1995).
Chert is an opaque form of microcrystaUine quartz composed of numerous grains that form a
granular crystalline stracture. Chert and jasper are chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks that
are classed as microcrystalline but may contain sheaf-like aggregates that may include impurities
such as clays, silts, carbonates, pyrites, iron, or other organic materials. Chert and jasper also may
contain several forms of silica such as opal, chalcedony, or cryptocrystalline quartz. Cherts range in
color from white to light gray to black. Jasper, because ofthe iron, is red, yellow, or brown. Green
jasper is called prase or chyrsoprase. Jasper is distinguished from chert on the basis of color
(Chesterman 1995; Klein andHurlburt 1985; Luedtke 1985; PeUant 1995).
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Obsidian is an igneous glass that is non-crystalline and often has a bright vifreous luster. Obsidian
has a specific gravity (G) of 2.4 and is slightly harder than common window glass (H=5.5). It forms
as a result ofthe rapid cooling of extrasive magma, preventing any crystalline growth, or as a result
of a viscous magma that was too rigid to support crystalline growth. Obsidian is usually black, but
gray, red, brown, green, and even blue are common in specific geological locations in westem North
America. The red colors are because of the inclusion of magnetite or hematite. Obsidian is usually
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ttanslucent, but can occur as ttansparent or opaque (Chesterman 1995; Klein and Huriburt 1985;
Luedtke 1992; PeUant 1995).
I 4.4.5 Analytical Results: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage
• Introduction
]| This analyzed debitage assemblage consisted of2,366 flakes and flake fragments manufactured from
four different raw lithic material groups (see Tables 4-2 and 4-3). A total of 1,197 (50.6%) artifacts
I were technologically diagnostic, while 1,169 (49.4%) flake fragments were technologically
nondiagnostic (see Tables 4-2 and 4-3). Of the 1,169 technologically diagnostic artifacts in this CA-
II SDI-8694 sample, 1,186 artifacts represented nodule core reduction technology, while 11 artifacts
represented biface reduction (see Table 4-2).
• Nodule Core Reduction
Three nodule core platform types (NP, SEP, and MFP) were represented in this debitage sample (see
Table 4-2 and Appendix B)(Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). Natiiral platform (NP)
debitage was represented by 795 flakes, single-faceted platform (SFP) debitage was represented by
346 flakes, and multi-faceted platform (MFP) debitage included 45 flakes (see Table 4-2). The most
frequent (n=770) natural platform debitage category was NP-11, or flakes devoid of dorsal surface
cortex (see Table 4-2). This tecat is produced well after cortex removal and flake blank production
is in full force. Given the small overall size of the NP-11 flakes identified during this analysis, these
flakes were most likely produced at the very end of flake core reduction just prior to the cores
becoming exhausted and discarded, and/or laterally cycled into another fimctional tools such as
battered implements and/or adzes. The remaining 25 other natural platform flakes were produced
throughout the reduction cycle, and exhibited dorsal cortex (see Table 4-2).
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The same technological'reduction pattem was repeated, almost identically, in the single-faceted
platform debitage and the multi-faceted platfonn debitage (see Table 4-2 to compare NP tecats to
SFP and MFP tecats)(see Appendix B). The most commonly occurnng (n=242) single-faceted
platforai debitage category was SFP-11, and the most common (n=34) multi-faceted platform
debitage tecat was MFP-11 (see Table 4-2). Most of the recovered debitage was too small for flake
blanks, or was broken, or too thick, and was therefore discarded. Sheared cones, resulting from
excessive dynamic loading (stiikirig the core too hard by direct free hand percussion), were
responsible for most flake blank breakage.
For the most part, the CA-SDI-8694 nodule core debitage sample is small in overall size (< 3 cm
long). This debitage produced from flake cores was placed into two general technique categories:
rejected flake blanks or working face preparation flakes. Rejected flake blanks may be the
appropriate length (> 5 cm), but were rejected because they were too thick, too nan-ow, covered witii
too much cortex, too many stacked step fractiires on the dorsal surface, broken by sheared cones
(very common at this site), etc. Working face preparation flakes are generally too small (< 3 cm),
ttiangular in cross-section, and thick for use as they were most frequentiy produced as platfonn
over-hang removal flakes, and/or to sfraighten the anises on the face of the core. Useable flake
blanks may have been transported from the site for use elsewhere.
• Biface Reduction
Diagnostic debitage was separated into tecats that may support minimal biface reduction (see
Appendix B). Separation was based upon technological attributes conceming material quality (very
fine-grained green [possibly Santiago Peak] metavolcanic material, fine-grained quartzite, quartz
crystal, chert, and obsidian), flake thickness, number and position of dorsal arrises, platform type
and size, and flake cross/long-sections. Therefore, the high flintknapping quality flakes possessed
attiibutes of a biface reduction sequence. Knowing that only an entire flaked stone assemblage can
accurately reflect tiie complete technological character of an archaeological site, these "biface"
flakes identify biface reduction at this site (see Appendix B). Biface manufactture was not well
represented in this sample, as only 11 (0.9%) ofthe technologically diagnostic debitage represented
biface reduction (see Table 4-2).
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Stage 1, core reduction, debitage was not identified at this site, and was most likely not misidentified
as nodule core reduction debitage because the nodule core reduction debitage was produced from a
much poorer flintimapping quality of toolstones. Stage 2, edge preparation, debitage was
represented by two edge preparation flakes that exhibited detachment scars (204.E+) indicating flake
blank manufacture similar to nodule core reduction.
Seven Stage 3, percussion biface thinning, flakes (302.E-) were identified in this site sample. These
flakes represented biface thinning at this site (see Table 4-2). The seven early percussion bifacial
thinning flakes (302.E-), created when bifaces are thinned, support bifacial flintimapping activities.
These flakes were small, but well formed, indicating bifaces were already well-shaped prior to the
removal of these few flakes. Possibly larger, well-made bifaces from higher quality toolstone
materials were ttansported to this site, and occasionally thinned, but not manufactured at this
location.
Pressure flaking was represented at this site (see Table 4-2) by two (0.2% of the technologically
diagnostic debitage) Stage 4, early stage pressure bifacial thinning flakes (400.E-). These flakes
exhibited classic pressure flake attributes, but a sample of two flakes suggests these flakes were
fortuitous. These pressure flakes may have also been produced from non-bifacial tool (such as
unifacial tools) resharpening or shaping.
4.4.6 Analytical Results: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage
• With Cortex
One hundred eighty-two (165 metavolcanic, 15 quartz, and 2 chert) technologically nondiagnostic
flake fragments that exhibited incipient cone cortex were examined for this analysis (see Table 4-3).
Most of these flake fragments, many broken during production by sheared cones, were small,
angular, and appeared to be by-products of nodule core reduction.
• Without Cortex
Nine hundred eighty-seven (855 metavolcanic, 111 quartz, 20 chert, and 1 obsidian) technologically
nondiagnostic, cortex-free flake fragments were also examined for this analysis (see Table 4-3). As
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with the cortical flake fragments, most of these pieces of debitage were small, angular, and appeared
to be by-products of nodule core reduction. Sheared cones, produced during flake production,
created most of these broken flakes.
4.4.7 Technological and Functional Summary
• Nodule Core Reduction
Nodule core reduction technology is the most common core technology identified in this CA-SDI-
8694 sample (Gallegos et al. 2002; GaUegos et al. 2003). Products of nodule core reduction are also
tiie most abundant as measured by percent (99.1 %) of technologically diagnostic flakes. This simple
and expedient technology may have been so commonly used because it provided a simple and
relatively effortless way to produce usefiil flakes, and flake blanks intended for immediate use or
further reduction. Because ofthe local (San Diego County) abundance of metavolcanic materials,
there was often little need for more material-efficient, and consequently more time-consuming
technologies.
Debitage produced from nodule core reduction was classified according to the pattem of dorsal
cortex present (if any), dorsal anis patterns, and platfonn attributes. Dorsal cortex attributes provide
clues conceming two processes: stage of reduction and patteming of flake removals. The amount of
cortex will decrease through the reduction sequence. Flakes with 100% dorsal cortex
(NP/SFP/MFP-ls), therefore, usually result from eariier portions of the sequence while flakes with
no dorsal cortex (NP/SFP/MFP-1 Is) result from the latter portions ofthe sequence. The abundance
offtakes that lack dorsal cortex exist because, once cortex is removed from a nodule early in tiie
reduction sequence, all subsequent flakes will lack dorsal cortex.
The positioning of dorsal cortex results from the patteming of flake removals (clockwise,
counterclockwise, or unpattemed in relation to the platform). The analysis of this debitage sample
did, to a limited degree, reveal a potentially meaningful pattem regarding flake removal for some
flakes. While nodule core reduction was the dominant flake stone reduction technology practiced at
this site, the Topaz Mountain reduction technique (a variation of the nodule core reduction
.technique) may have also been employed (21 flakes, 3 NP-4 and 18 NP-11) to maximize the amount
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of flake blanks that could be produced from an oddly-shaped elongated pebble/cobble-size nodule of
quality material. The Topaz Mountain technique is discussed later in this section.
Another aspect of variability seen in the nodule core reduction debitage assemblages relates to
platform characteristics. This variability also appears to resuh purely from technological
considerations, rather than, for instance, a "mental template" to which might be attached some
chronological or ethnic significance. Three examples of platforms are frequently found
(unprepared/nattu-al/cortical [NP], single-faceted [SFP], and multi-faceted [MFP]), and tiiey vary, in
part, according to the amount of shaping required to obtain a suitable platform configuration for
successfiil flake removals (a unifonn platform surface and adequate platform-to-core face angle).
Some nodules did not require shaping (natiiral platforms) to obtain a proper platform configuration;
others required more (mutti-faceted platforms) or less (single-faceted platforms) shaping. It is
expected that these different platform types could be produced witiiin a single reduction sequence as
a result of adjustinents made in response to the changing shape ofthe core as it was reduced.
One source of inter-site variation may relate to the portion ofthe nodule core reduction sequence
conducted at a site. It appears that cores were not always entirely reduced at a single location, but
rather initial shaping may have been performed at one site, and subsequent core reduction was
performed at another. This is indicated at some sites where few early stage flakes were found, but
later stage flakes were common. At CA-SDI-8694,88.2%) of the nodule core debitage was assigned
to the "end stage" of core reduction, while only 11.8% ofthe nodule core debitage represented all
other earlier flake production tecats.
• Topaz Mountain Reduction
The Topaz Mountain technique (a specialized nodule core reduction technique) is applied to a
rounded-to-subrounded, elongated pebble, cobble, or boulder. A distal end ofthe elongated pebble,
cobble, or boulder is removed by direct free hand percussion. The remaining flakes are produced by
direct free hand percussion "sectioning" of the core, thus all flakes have cortical rim platforms.
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August 2005
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Four flake types frequently occur. Linear cortical flakes reflect the flintknapper's attempt to flatten
the working surface of a Topaz Mountain core. This step is necessary if large flat flakes are to be
subsequently removed from the core. A cortical platform is required for the manufacture of linear
cortical flakes. The platform occurs above and in line with an axis that divides the dorsal surface of
the prospective flake into a portion containing cortex, and a portion containing a segment oftiie facet
left by removal of the first split flake (Raymond 1984).
Broad cortical (around the edges) flakes were produced after linear cortical flakes were removed
from the core. To produce broad cortical flakes the knapper must hold the split core in one hand,
with the split facet side facing away from the knapper. The other hand uses a hammerstone to stiike
the cortex ofthe core just above the perimeter ofthe split core face via direct free hand percussion.
The point chosen for a platform depends on the angle formed by the core's working face and
adjacent cortical surface. Generally, the most suitable location for a platform is in line with a ridge
or undulation on the core's working surface, and at a ridge or area of high mass on the exterior
cortical surface of the core (Raymond 1984).
Under ideal circumstances the applied force fravels all the way through the Topaz Mountain core.
This results in the largest and widest possible flake, and can be viewed as a successfiil "section" or
"slice" of the core. Less ideally, the flake terminates with a hinge fracture in the middle of the
working face ofthe core. Such "unsuccessful" flakes were discarded (Raymond 1984).
As production of broad cortical flakes continued, the flintknapper rotated the Topaz Mountain core
on an axis perpendicular to its working surface, aligning cortical platforms with working surface
morphology for further flake removals. In the process the core becomes smaller, yet the original
cortex surface remains at the edge of the dorsal face of each flake (Raymond 1984). All flakes
produced (except the first flake, which can be identified as a NP-1 flake) are technically versions of
NP-5, NP-6, NP-7, NP- 10, and NP-11 flakes. However, these flakes are not removed to
decorticate the nodule. Produced flakes serve as flake blanks for tool manufacture. The cortex
remaining on the edges ofthe Topaz Mountain flakes has three functions: 1) to serve as consistent
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August 2005
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platforms; 2) to serve as natural backing for flake tools; and/or, 3) to help maintain flat flakes during
flake removal.
The CA-SDI-8694 sample provides 21 flakes and potentially numerous flake fragments that may
have been produced using the Topaz Mountain technique. However, because ofthe high degree of
sheared cones, these flakes could not be identified as being unequivocally produced by the Topaz
Mountain technique. While virttially all NP-11 (as well as NP-4, NP-5, NP-6, and NP-7) flakes
were broken as a result of sheared cones, it is expected that some of these flakes may have been
Topaz Mountain flakes.
• Adze Flakes
Ten adze resharpening flakes were identified during the analysis of this debitage sample. This tecat
(1005.AZ Flake) typically has a pronounced single-faceted platform (very few have cortical or
multi-faceted platforms), multiple series of clusters of stacked step fracttires on the proximal end of
the dorsal surface, multiple linear flake scars and anises (unidirectional from the platform or planer
surface) on the dorsal surface, more or less parallel side margins, slightly curved in long-section,
feather or stepped distal end terminations, and most importantly, have excessive polish (from contact
with wood surfaces) with linear striations that are pattemed perpendicular (or oblique) to the flake
platform as well as the margin of the adze from which it was produced. Tecat 1005.AZ Flake
specifies adze resharpening (see Table 4-2).
4.4.8 Conclusions
The analyzed debitage assemblage from CA-SDI-8694 provided ari example of a site wherein the
last stages of nodule core reduction (and possibly Topaz Mountain core reduction) occuned. Of the
nodule core reduction flakes identified in this sample, 1,046 (87.5%)) were NP-11, SFP-11, and
MFP-11 (see Table 4-2). Therefore, the primary flintknapping activity that occurred at this site was
associated with nodule core reduction, and the predominant aspect of nodule core reduction was the
production of a few late stage flake blanks, most likely for unmodified flake tools and potentially
bifaces. Selection of metavolcanic nodule core toolstone, nodule core platform preparation, nodule
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August 2005
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core decortication and manufacture, and extensive nodule core reduction did not occur at this site.
Only late stage flake blanks were produced at this location.
The 10 adze flakes from CA-SDI-8694 support on-site woodworking activities. Adzes (SEUTs),
effective woodworking tools (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003), are typically "...circular or
semi-circular in outline form and have a low profile for the frontal view with the contiguous planer
use-wear located near the working element" (Schroth and Flenniken 1997). Based upon the
resharpening debitage (1005.AZ-Flake), functioning adzes (manufactured directiy from a
metavolcanic nodule that produced nodule core reduction debitage, and/or were laterally cycled
exhausted cores) were employed at this site as woodworking tools. The three flake tools also
support minimal woodworking activities.
Based upon the analyzed debitage sample from CA-SDI-8694, flintknapping activities were limited
to nodule core flake blank production, minimal thinning by percussion and pressure flaking of well-
made bifaces, resharpening of adzes that may have been laterally cycled from exhausted flake cores,
and, resharpening of manos and metates with battered implements that may have also been laterally
cycled from exhausted flake cores.
4.5 FORMED ARTIFACT ANALYSIS (by Tracy Sfropes and Jeff Flenniken)
4.5.1 Points and Bifaces
The four bifacial specimens recovered from CA-SDI-8694 suggest that a small amount of bifacial
retooling and/or rejuvenation of projectile points and/or bifaces was performed at the site (Figure 4-
4). Two of the four specimens are composed of quartz (specimens CA-SDI-8694-189, and -303),
while the remaining specimens are composed of metavolcanic material (specimens CA-SDL8694-
497, and -630). In addition to the projectile points, bifacial debitage was also recovered. Specimen
CA-SDI-8694-189 was recovered from the 0-10-cm level of Unit 11. Specimen CA-SDI-8694-303
was recovered from the 40-50-cm level of Unit 25. Specimen CA-SDI-8694-597 was recovered
from the 0-10-cm level of Unit 44. Specimen CA-SDI-8694-630 was recovered from the 20-30 cm
level of Unit 47. The weight of each of the complete projectile point specimens places them well
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August 2005
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CA-SDI-8694-303
CA-SDI-8694-189
Gallegos & Associates Scale 1:1
Example of Bifaces from CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-4
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within the weight range (<3.5 g) for anow points (Fenenga 1953). This suggests a date of roughly
less than 1,500 years ago (Yohe 1992) for the site, given the introduction and use ofthe bow and
anow circa 1,500 years ago. Evidence of rejuvenation in the form of chevron flaking (Woods 1988)
is present on the distal end (the tip) of specimen CA-SDI-8694-303 indicating that the point may
have been damaged during use (i.e., in a hunting situation), and required retooling for fiirther use.
However, as the site appears to be a mixed deposit with both Early and Late Period components, it is
possible that this point is not an anow point at all, but rather a dart point that was rejuvenated and
later discarded. Typologically, specimen CA-SDI-8694-303 would fall into the Pinto category. In
confrast, specimen CA-SDI-8694-189 is a much smaller projectile (anow point) that is readily
identifiable to the Cottonwood Triangular family. The remaining biface fragments were too
fragmentary to provide information conceming intended use.
4.5.2 Cores and Tested Raw Material
Cores represent the parental mass from which flakes were removed for use as tools. The orientation
and pattems ofthe remnant flake scars left by the removal of the flakes define the core type. Five
cores were recovered from CA-SDI-8694. The five cores were represented by four unidirectional
single-faceted platform nodule cores and one multidirectional multi-faceted platform nodule core.
All ofthe cores lacked cortex and were quite small (smaller than fist size). This suggests that the
cores had become too small for further reduction and/or recycling into another tool form (i.e., SEUT
or battered implement). The presence of these cores further supports nodule core reduction activities
at CA-SDI-8694. In addition, a single piece of tested raw material (TRM) was also recovered at
CA-SDI-8694. TRM is a piece of lithic material that at one time or another was tested for isottopity
(the ability to flake) by a native inhabitant. This type of artifact is usually represented by a few
attempted flake removals on a piece of raw material that proved to be undesirable for flake reduction
or tool formation. The piece of raw material is subsequently discarded. Specimen CA-SDI-8694-
359 proved to be a specimen of relatively low-grade material preventing ease of reduction.
4.5.3 Utilized Flake Tools
Utilized flakes are flakes with a minimal amount or no shaping, witii modification (if any) generally
restricted to the working edge often resulting from naturally occuning use-wear. These tools are
PJ. 4-04 4-26
August 2005
frequently used for a short period of time, then discarded. A total of seven flake tools/flake tool
fragments were identified in the present collection. All of the flake tools are laterally utilized flakes.
Laterally utilized flake tools exhibit use or modification along a single lateral margin ofthe flake
from the tools were produced. In addition, small areas of polish are exhibited on natural anises on
the flake tools suggesting use in a scraping activity. All specimens maintain relatively sfraight
edges. The angles of the working faces of the specimens are relatively low (less than 45 degrees). It
is likely that these flake tools were used in a scraping motion for various purposes, including the
working of opposing curved surfaces (such as vegetable products), animal materials (such as animal
hides), and even other softer stone. In addition, all of the flake tools were produced from nodule
core reduction.
4.5.4 Steep-Edged Unifacial Tools (SEUTs)
Southem Califomia archaeology has recovered numerous amorphous lumps of metavolcanic stone
that possess steep, unifacial edges for years. These objects have long been recognized by
archaeologists as artifacts. However, these steep-edged unifacial tools, or SEUTs, have been
subjected too numerous morphological and functional categories (i.e., horse hoof scraper, scraper
plane, flake scraper, biscuit scraper, various core types, etc.). Schroth's (1997) analysis of flaked
stone tools from CA-SDI-11424, is by far the best effort to sort these artifacts into techno-functional
categories. The category of adze, or woodworking tool, defines these tools.
Four SEUTs and ten flakes from SEUTs (adzes) were recovered from CA-SDI-8694. SEUTs are
plano-convex in cross-section, have steep sides, are almost circular in plan view, are heavy, and
most importantly, have sfrong acute cutting edges. These tools are ideal woodworking tools because
they are often sharp, weighted, and durable.
Brian Hayden's (1979) ethnographic study in Austtalia, Paleolithic Reflections, describes the
manufacture and use of SEUTs by Austtalia's indigenous people in great detail. Given that the
environments of Austtalia and southem Califomia are very similar, and that tools for woodworking
were essential aspects ofthe prehistoric tool kit, southem Califomia SEUTs were most likely used in
a similar manner. This functional interpretation is supported by the fact that these two tool
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August 2005
categories are the same in terms of manufacture, material quality, size, shape, wear pattems, and
overall variation. Additionally, experimentation described by Schroth (1997) supports the use of
SEUTs as adzes.
Morphological variation within the SEUT category is, perhaps, the main reason for the numerous
scraper, plane, etc., categories. However, this variation in size and weight was a technological
consideration for the various tasks required of these tools. With basically the same atiributes, except
size and weight, these tools functioned as adzes, with different sizes and weights being essential for
the different tasks at hand. The most critical atiribute, in addition to size and weight, was the acute,
sharp cutting edge. When this edge became dulled during woodworking, the tool was resharpened
or rejuvenated by removing flakes from tiie steep face while employing the piano-surface as a
platform. These flakes are diagnostic, and were identified at CA-SDI-8694.
The four SEUTs and ten flakes from SEUTs identified in the present collection are very similar to
other known SEUT/adze specimens recovered from sites such as CA-SDI-12814 (Gallegos et al.
2001), and CA-SDI-5581 (Gallegos and Sfropes 1999). However, the specimens from GA-SDI-
8694 are considerably smaller than the average SEUT/adze specimen. The present size of the
specimens may be a reflection of use-life termination, and not the ideal tool size and form. The
specimens exhibit primarily unifacial use-wear, with a minimal amount of grinding visible on the
ventral surface. The small size of these tools may indicate more confroUed tool functions such as
specified scraping tasks ranging from fiber processing to the shaping of bone or wood artifacts.
4.5.5 Hammerstone
A single hammerstone was recovered from excavations at CA-SDI-8694. The hammerstone
displays several faceted areas, mdicating use as a core reduction hammerstone, or knapping hammer.
Evidence of direct blows into the face of a hammer is common in other activities such as hulling
nuts, crashing bone, or maintaining milling tools.
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August 2005
4.5.6 Battered Implements
Twenty-two battered implements and nineteen battered implement flakes were examined during this
analysis. These artifacts support a ground stone technology in association with the flaked stone
technology at CA-SDI-8694. Prehistoric flaked stone assemblages from southem Califomia, Utah,
Nevada, and the American Southwest contain a common artifact identified by archaeologists by a
variety of names including chopper, hammerstone, pounder, muller, milling stone, flaked
hammerstone, handstone, battered hammerstone, masher, basher, utilized core, scraper planes,
pecking stone, fist ax, and hand ax (Dodd 1979; Wallace 1978). Many of these artifacts are
employed as archaeological identifiers of specific prehistoric cultures (Wallace 1954; Kowta 1969).
Others are simply weighed, measured, and described generally as plant and animal resource
processing tools.
Dodd (1979) and others (Ambler 1985; Geib 1986), however, have devoted considerable time and
energy to the identification and function of a rather unsophisticated but highly specialized and
important prehistoric tool class, battered hammerstones. Battered hammerstones are separated from
other artifact classes on the basis of pock marks located on one or more intentionally prepared areas
on a single tool that are a resuh of repeated pounding against another hard object. These implements
are most frequently produced from conchoidal fractiiring, subrounded to subangular, spherical to
discoidal, cobble-sized, quartzite, chert, metavolcanic, and volcanic nodular alluvial materials.
The manufacturing process includes the selection of a check-free rock (or, most likely at CA-SDI-
8694, an exhausted nodule core) ofthe appropriate material and size. After material selection, a
unifacial or bifacial sinuous edge (or platform edge on a flake core) was produced by direct free
hand percussion. The sinuous edge may have been situated on the side of the nodule, end ofthe
nodule, or completely sunounding the nodule. The debitage produced as a result of edge
manufacture is characteristic of initial nodule reduction, but is not well-pattemed because ofthe
variation in size, shape, and quality of the selected cobble. Because a sinuous edge was the
"intended end product," general debitage characteristics may include cortex (in varying amounts) on
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August 2005
the dorsal surfaces and platforms, few dorsal surface arrises, hinge terminations, thick flake cross-
sections, angular flake plan views, single-faceted platforms, and more rarely, multi-faceted
platforms.
Once the sinuous edges were produced to satisfaction, the linear-edged hammerstone was ready for
use. The use of these hammerstones produced battered edges: the longer the use, the'more intense
the battering. At some time during the use process, the battered hammerstone required resharpening.
Resharpening included the removal of flakes by direct free hand percussion along the sinuous
margin until the battered edge surfaces were partially or totally eliminated. A portion of the
debitage produced during the resharpening process is very distinctive in that the battered edge that
was once on the hammerstone is present on the proximal end of the dorsal surface of the
resharpening flake (battered implement flakes, 1005.AZ Flake). Additionally, some battered
implement flakes (1005.AZ Flake) are produced during use (from block [battered implement] on
block [metate]). However, flakes that do not exhibit battering on their dorsal surface were also
produced, and are impossible to assign to the resharpening process. Once again, the hammerstone
was ready for use. After numerous use/resharpening events, battered tools were discarded into the
archaeological context. These discarded battered implements occur as exhausted, well-wom,
intensely battered tools, or as resharpened, sharp-edged, small hammerstones with isolated areas of
intense battering on one or more previously used margins. The latter were discarded because they
were too small and lack the specific gravity to function efficiently.
Experimental (Flenniken et al. 1993) and ethnographic data (Bartlett 1933; Hayden and Nelson
1981; HiU 1982; Hough 1897; Lange 1959; Michelsen 1967; Simpson 1952) document ground stone
tools, mainly manos and metates, were manufactured, sharpened, and resharpened with battered
implements (Flenniken et al. 1993). The sample of twenty-two battered implements and nineteen
battered implement flakes demonsttates that manos and/or metates were resharpened at CA-SDI-
8694.
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August 2005
4.6 GROUND LiTHic ARTIFACTS
4.6.1 Introduction
All ground stone materials recovered from CA-SDI-8694 were selected for analysis and
interpretation. Ground stone implements may include a wide range of objects used to or created by
tiie processes of abrasion, impaction, or polishing (Adams 2002). Often, ground stone tools are
associated with the processing/milling of seeds, nuts (i.e., acoms, walnuts, holly leaf cherry), and tiie
processing of small mammals. In addition, ethnographic evidence indicates that bone, clay, and
pigments may have also been processed with the same tools (Gayton 1929; Kroeber 1925; Spier
1978). Implements of this type may be identified by the pattem of wear developed through milling
stone against stone. This process often resuhs in a smooth and/or polished surface, depending on the
substance ground and the lithic material type. Often these surfaces are pecked or resharpened when
ground too smooth. These implements are sometimes shaped into a desired form through pecking,
grinding, or flaking. Thus, tool identification is based on the presence of ground or smooth surfaces,
pecked or resharpened surfaces, and evidence of shaping of the tool form. The tools were separated
into three groups: manos/metates, unidentifiable ground stone fragments, and battered implements.
Unidentifiable ground stone is defined herein as a fragment of lithic material with a minimum of a
single ground surface, but with no technologically identifiable characteristics to indicate tool form.
4.6.2 Manos
A total of sixty-one manos were recovered during the present excavations at CA-SDI-8694. Ofthe
total, twelve were complete, or nearly complete, and forty-nine were fragmentary. The majority of
manos recovered are granitic cobbles (n=40), followed by cobble volcanics (n=20), and quartzite
(n=l), with bifacial use-wear (n=51) predominating the collection. Three manos recovered at CA-
SDI-8694 show evidence of shaping, such as pecking, flaking, and end-battering suggesting
extended use. This extended usage and mano curation may imply long-term occupation ofthe site.
There is end-battering present on two ofthe specimens. The end-battering visible on the specimens
may indicate that the manos were also used as hammers to sharpen metate grinding surfaces when
they became to slick to grind. The overall curvature of each mano face is slight (n=105), indicating
that the opposing milling surface that the manos were ground against (i.e., metate, milling slick) was
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August 2005
II
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shallow in form. In addition, the grinding pattems evident on the faces of each mano indicate that
the majority of manos (n=43) are basin manos used primarily in a reciprocal stroke manner in
concert with shallow basin metates (Adams 2002)(Figure 4-5). All of the manos collected were
thermally damaged to varied degrees. It is possible however, that some of the manos present were
not used for grinding purposes at this site, but gleaned from other sites by the inhabitants of CA-
SDI-8694 for use in rock hearth/earth ovens or that the manos were recycled at the site. However,
this theory is less likely as there is a large quantity of battered implements at the site suggesting the
use and maintenance of groimd stone tools at CA-SDI-8694. It is more likely that once manos
became dull, or more friable after a period of use, they were cycled into use as rocks for fire hearths
and/or earth ovens.
In general, the ratio of manos to metates at a site where milling technology is present is much
greater. It has been suggested that the reason for this is that manos wear out much faster than
metates (Wright 1993), and thus more manos are produced as needed. The larger milling
assemblage recovered from CA-SDI-8694 suggests that the site inhabitants depended on food
packages that required milling for processing (i.e., grass seeds). It is evident that a large portion of
the diet of the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694 was derived from plant foods that required milling
technology for consumption.
4.6.3 Metates
Metates were identified based on the presence of at least one concave ground surface. Only block
style basin-metates were identified within the present collection. In total, six metates/metate
fragments were recovered from CA-SDI-8694, and include three granitic, two sandstone, and one
volcanic. Slab metates in comparison to block metates may be considered portable. Block metates
are too heavy to transport and are defined by Binford (1980) as "site fumiture." The presence of
these large block metates may be evident of a longer period of site occupation. The six block
metates recovered include one bifacial, three unifacial, and two unknown. The majority of
specimens retain shallow td flat grinding surfaces. The flat basins retain a more planer grinding
surface, and may have been used to process less oily products such as fibers (Kowta 1969), whereas
the shallow basins may have been used for the processing of products such as hard seeds. Basin
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Reciprocal Stroke in d Basin Metate
direcfion stroke use surface up
is> = area of
pressure
Circular Stroke In a Basin Metate
direction stroke
up
use surface up
= area of
pressure
across
distal
proximal down
Adapted from Adams 2002
Gallegos & Associates
Diagram Showing Ground Stone Sttoke Variations FIGURE
4-5
morphologies identified for the metates recovered suggest primarily a reciprocal sfroke pattem.
Four ofthe six specimens show evidence of pecking to rejuvenate the grinding surfaces. Some
specimens in the collection were too fragmentary to identify. Three of the six metates display
evidence of shaping in the form of pecking, flaking, and/or grinding generally around the outer
circumference. Flaking and pecking would have acted to remove unnecessary mass, and aid in
producing the desired shape. Final grinding may have helped to even the overall surface, but was
not always necessary. All ofthe metate fragments recovered were thermally damaged. It is possible
however, tiiat some oftiie metate fragments were recycled for use in rock hearths and/or earth ovens.
4.6.4 Ground Stone Fragment
Eighteen ground stone fragments were identified in the present collection. A ground stone fragment
is a piece of ground stone implement that has some grinding, but lacks any defining attributes that
would facilitate tool identification. The majority of fragments recovered from CA-SDI-8694 are
granitic (n=16), in addition to one volcanic, and one schist ground stone specimen. As with the
manos recovered from the site, all of the ground stone fragments are thermally damaged.
4.6.5 Shaped Stone
Specimen CA-SDI-8694-145 is semi-cylindrical in form, and exhibits polish around the
circumference. The granitic specimen fragment measures 51.7x48.9x30.7 mm, with a weight of 132
g. The use ofthe artifact is undetermined.
4.7 CERAMIC ANALYSIS (by Monica Guenero)
4.7.1 Introduction
As a result ofthe cunent stiidy, a total of 260 sherds were recovered from site CA-SDI-8694. All
sherds were not included in the ceramic analysis, as some were too small to obtain a thin-section
sample. A total of 252 sherds from CA-SDI-8694 were included for sample selection. Ceramic
sherds were first placed into different sample groups based upon mica (biotite and muscovite)
concenfration, sherd thickness, rim shape variability, surface color, and core color. Sherds with
recent broken edges were checked to see if they mended with other sherds witiiin the sample group.
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Both procedures reduced the possibility of analyzing sherds from the same parent vessel. At site
CA-SDI-8694,15 different sample groups were identified. After all the sherds had been placed into
different sample groups, each group was placed into plastic bags and a random sherd was selected as
the representative sample for each group.
Sixteen ceramic sherds from CA-SDI-8694 were submitted to the San Diego Pefrographics
Laboratory, in Escondido, Califomia, for the creation of thin-section samples. Each sherd was
enveloped in epoxy resin, then polished and cemented to a glass slide. The sample was tiien cut and
pohshed to a thickness of 30 microns (pm), and sealed with a glass-cover slip.
Once the thin-section samples, along with what remained of the ceramic sherds, were retumed to
Gallegos & Associates laboratory, they were analyzed for mineral composition. Each thin-section
sample was examined under a polarizing (pefrographic) microscope by ttansmitted light (plane-polar
and cross-polar) from 28X to 1500X magnifications. Important mineral characteristics that were
considered when examining the thin sections include distinctive cleavage, twinning, alteration,
zoning, exsolution, or the presence of inclusions. For a discussion of ceramic wares in the San
Diego region see Section 2.5.2.1.
4.7.2 Results
A total of 260 ceramic sherds were recovered during the data recovery of site CA-SDI-8694,
however, only 252 sherds were included in the study sample since 8 of the sherds are highly
fragmented, and range from less than 1 cm in length. A representative sample of ceramic sherds
from site CA-SDI-8694 were thin-sectioned, and analyzed under a polarizing (pefrographic)
microscope to identify specific mineral inclusions and their conesponding geologic locales.
Pefrographic thin-section analysis was conducted on 16 ceramic sherds. Results of this analysis
indicate that 70%) (n = 177) of tiiese sherds are Tizon Brown Ware, 25% (n = 63) are Salton Brown
Ware, and 5% (n = 12) are Lower Colorado Buff Ware (Table 4-4). The presence of the Lower
Colorado Buff Ware ceramics indicates that frade and/or fravel occuned to the former lake bottoms
and alluvial deposits in the Lower Colorado Desert and Imperial County (near ancient Lake
Cahuilla). The presence of Salton Brown Ware suggests that frade and/or fravel occurred to the east
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Table 4-4
Thin Section Results for CA-SDI-8694*
Plagioclase Biotite Muscovite
Cat. No. Quartz Feldspar Mica Mica Amphibole Matrix Ceramic Ware
8694-407 56% 9% 2% 2% 6% 25% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-450 52% 13% 2% 7% 11% 15% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-500 47% 19% 7% 1% 9% 17% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-549 55% 5% 11% 0% 15% 14% Tizon Brown Ware
8964-561A 39% 15% 1% 5% 25% 15% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-561C 50% 17% 5% 2% 7% 19% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-594 50% 19% 5% 1% 7% 18% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-598A 58% 8% 2% 1% 13% 18% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-598B 68% 5% 3% 1% 8% 15% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-603A 37% 6% 6% 3% 10% 38% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-603B 48% 11% 4% 0% 14% 23% Tizon Brown Ware
8694-174 71% 0% 0% 0% 0% 29% Colorado Buff Ware
8694-464 78% 0% 0% 0% 0% 22% Colorado Buff Ware
8694-56IB 43% 0% 0% 1% 0% 56% Colorado Buff Ware
8694-470 60% 15% 8% 0% 1% 16% Salton Brown Ware
8694-563 66% 1% 9% 4% 0% 20% Salton Brown Ware
•Based on a 100 Point Count
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side ofthe Peninsular Range (westem Salton Trough). As site CA-SDI-8694 is located in a coastal
area, trade and/or ttavel inland, and/or to mountain regions occuned for procurement of mountain
clays.
A total of six rim sherds were identified, examined, and profiled. Table 4-5 provides the diameter of
the vessel opening for six rim sherds and Figures 4-6 and 4-7 illusfrate the orientation ofthe vessel
mouth for the six profiled rim sherds. Vessel openings for the six rim sherds range from 8 cm to 14
cm in diameter with a medium diameter of 11 cm. Rim thickness ranges from 4 mm to 7 mm with
medium thickness of 5.5 nun. Four ofthe rim sherds are recurved, while two rims are tapered.
Three ofthe rim sherds have rounded lips, two rims have flat lips, and one rim has a beveled lip.
The rim sherds are too small to determine the shape of the body vessel, and therefore the overall
shape ofthe parent vessel was not established.
Previous work by Hagstiiim and Hildebrand (1990) and Gallucci (2001) suggests that average rim
diameters that fell within a range of 20 cm to 25 cm were regarded as cooking bowls. The rim
diameters ofthe six rim samples from site CA-SDI-8694 fall well below this range (8 cm to 14 cm),
indicating that the parent vessels had much smaller vessel openings. Smaller vessel openings may
suggest that the parent vessels were small to medium in size, and/or the vessel openings were
resfricted. Restricted vessel openings are possible indicators of fransport activities rather than
cooking activities, given that smaller vessel openings prevent contents from spilling out. Rice
(1987) observed two conditions that are necessary for the fransport of pottery over long distances.
First, a pot should have a restiicted opening to prevent the contents from spilling out, and second,
the pot should not be too heavy to hold and carry over long distances. Rice's (1987) two criteria
appear to pertain to the ceramics at site CA-SDI-8694, as the rim sherds from this site may represent
small vessel openings, and/or small vessels indicating possible transport activities.
Sherds that exhibit a heavy soot deposit or heavy blackening/crystallization crast on the exterior (fire
exposure) or interior (bumed contents) are clues that the parent vessels from which these sherds
came from were likely used for cooking activities, as they contain bumed residue and evidence of
repeated fire exposure (Rice 1987). Moderate soot deposits on either the interior or exterior ofthe
PJ. 4-04 4-37
August 2005
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Table 4-5
CA-SDI-8694: Characteristics for Profiled Rim Sherds
Cat. No. Diameter of Vessel
Opening Rim Form Lip Form Rim Thickness
8694-470 9 cm Recurved Rounded 4 mm
8694-478 11 cm Recurved Rounded 5 mm
8694-549 11 cm Tapered Flat 5 mm
8694-561 13 cm Recurved Rounded 7 mm
8694-561C 8 cm Tapered Beveled 5 mm
8694-568 14 cm Recurved Flat 7 mm
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CA-SDI-8694-549
5.5 cm Radius
5mm Thickness
Flat Lip
Tapered Rim
4.5 cm Radius
CA-SDI-8694-470
4mm Thickness
Recurved Rim
Rounded Lip
CA-SDI-8694-561C
4 cm Radius
5mm Thickness
Tapered Rim
Beveled Lip
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Gallegos & Associates
4
_l
CM
Examples of Rim Measurements from CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-6
CA-SDL8694-478
5.5 cm Radius
5mm Thickness
Recurved Rim
Rounded Lip
7 cm Radius
CA-SDI-8694-568
7nim Thickness
Recurved Rim
Flat Lip
CA-SDI-8694-561
6.5 cm Radius
7mm Thickness
Recurved Rim
Rounded Lip
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Gallegos & Associates CM
Examples of Rim Measurements from CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-7
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sherds are present on approximately one-third of the ceramics recovered from site CA-SDI-8694.
Approximately eight sherds have a heavy black crast on their interior. In addition to transport
activities, pottery was most likely used for cooking activities at site CA-SDI-8694.
4.8 SHELL ARTIFACT ANALYSIS (BY TRACY STROPES)
4.8.1 Introduction
For San Diego County, a processual understanding of manufacture, distribution, and use of shell
artifacts has not been achieved. In addition, the range of morphological types of beads used in the
San Diego region is not well understood. In contiast to other regions of Califomia, there is little
information conceming the process by which shell artifacts were manufactured and used, or the
evolutionary changes these artifacts may have gone through over time. The analysis of shell
artifacts from other regions of Califomia (most notably the Chumash culture area) has demonsfrated
considerable anthropological value in the understanding of prehistoric economies, trade systems and
networks, and the organization of wealth and status in prehistoric societies (Fenenga 1988). For
these regions, particular styles of shell artifacts have been established as chronologically diagnostic
in a number of archaeological sites. The shell artifact assemblage from CA-SDI-8694 consists of a
single Olivella sp. shell bead.
4.8.2 0/ive//fl sp. Shell Bead
A single Gifford Type F5 spire-lopped Olivella sp. shell bead was identified in the present
collection. The bead was recovered from the 20-30-cm level of Unit 38. It should also be noted that
the present specimen was not identified in context with any identifiable cultural features and appears
to be randomly distributed within the site. The specimen is a whole shell that has the spire end
modified by breaking or grinding to produce a hole for sfringing or attaching. This type of bead is
the simplest and most easily produced form of shell bead. In general, whole Olivella sp. beads are
not considered to be reliable time markers throughout Califomia. However, spire-lopped/ground
Olivella sp. beads are likely the oldest form of shell bead known from Califomia (Fenenga 1988).
Evidence from CA-SDI-11079 in Otay Mesa, Califomia suggests the employment of Olivella sp.
shell for beads as early as 9,000 years ago (Kyle et al. 1998), and ethnographic evidence
PJ. 4-04 4-41
August 2005
demonstrates that their use continued throughout historic times (Howard 1974; Dietz and Jackson
1981; Roop and Flynn 1978).
4.9 INVERTEBRATE FAUNAL ANALYSIS
4.9.1 Introduction
Invertebrate remains recovered from the 44 1x1-m excavation units at CA-SDI-8694 totaled
76,492.08 g. All shell recovered was identified to species, order, and class. A total of 25 species, 4
orders, and 3 classes of invertebrate remains were identified within the 44 analyzed units. These
shellfish species were representative of three marine environments: bay/lagoon/estuary; rocky
shore/outer coast; and sandy beach.
4.9.2 Methods
Each shell was weighed and examined to identify genus and species. All shell was speciated in
order to determine habitat exploitation pattems and to obtain paleo-environmental data.
4.9.3 Results
The majority of the 76,492.08 g of invertebrate remains was recovered from the 0-40-cm levels,
decreasing in quantity from 40-50 cm, and becoming negligible from 50-60 cm (Table 4-6). The
primary concentration of shell was located in the northwest portion ofthe site.
Ofthe 76,492.08 g of sheU recovered, 70,685.56 g were identifiable to species. The remaining
5,806.52 g were determined to be too fragmentary or weathered for proper identification. Table 4-6
illustrates, that the majority of the identifiable shellfish species recovered from the 44 units were
Chione sp. (71.3%)), Argopecten sp. (19.4%), Ostrea lurida (7.2%), znd Polinices sp. (0.9%)(Figure
4-8). The remaining species from the site contributed to less than two percent ofthe total specimens.
This indicates a primary exploitation focus on bay/lagoon/estuary habitats by the inhabitants of CA-
SDI-8694. Table 4-7 lists the species identified and their habitats. The majority of invertebrate
remains were gathered from bay/lagoon/estuary environments (98.9%)), followed by rocky
PJ. 4-04 4-42
August 2005
Table 4-6
CA-SDI-8694: Total Invertebrate Faunal Remains by Depth
Depth (cm)
Species 0-10 10-20 . 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total
Argopecten 2386.95 2592.41 3907.8 3559.9 1268 0 13715.06
Astraea undosa 48.1 28.1 73.4 10.8 6.4 0 166.8
Balanus 2.7 1.3 4 2 0 0 10
Cerithidea 2.7 2.8 2.4 1.2 0 0 9.1
Chione 13868.7 12765.5 11614.1 8807.5 3375.1 0 50430.9
Chiton 12.3 9.5 10.4 4.8 1.2 0 38.2
Collisella scabra 0 0 1.3 0 0 0 1.3
Crepidula 7.1 7.3 4.7 1.8 3.1 0 24
Crepipatella lingulata 0.5 0 0.2 0 0 0 0.7
Donax gouldii 63.3 57.1 50.5 29 6.9 0 206.8
Haliotis 67.2 7.1 0 0 0 , 0 74.3
Lottia gigantea 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 1.4
Malatoma 0 0 0.6 0 0 0 0.6
Modiolus 1.2 0.9 8 0 0 0 10.1
Mytilus 10.3 36 17.3 15.7 9.9 0 89.2
Olivella biplicata 2.6 0.6 2.7 1.6 0 0 7.5
Osttea lurida 1375.2 1450.2 1131.9 884.7 231.3 0 5073.3
Petaloconchus montereyensis 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.1
Polinices 136.4 157.8 276.5 65.2 29.8 0 665.7
Pseudochama exogyra 24.9 d 21 0 0 0 45.9
Pteropurpura festiva 0 3 0 2.7 0 0 5.7
. Serpulorbis squamigems 2.3 0 1.7 5 0 0 9
Tagelus 3.6 8.2 6 3.4 0 0 21.2
Tegula eiseni 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0.7
Tivela stulturom 34.2 15.9 21.1 6.8 0 0 78'
Unidentifiable 1958.4 1909.7 1277.43 534.21 126.08 0.7 5806.52
Total 20010.15 19053.41 18433.03 13937.01 5057.78 0.7 76492.08
Figure 4-8
CA-SDI-8694 Companson of Habitats by Depth
20000
18000
16000
14000
12000
S
•a 10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
» \
^ji.^'bi^^t2*J02^2i!s
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-•sS$2^2i2t0r22^2:
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—mk 1
10 20 30 40 50
Depth (cm)
Table 4-7
CA-SDI-8694: Species by Habitat Summary
Bay/Lagoon/Estuary
Argopecten 13715.06 19.4%
Cerithidea cahfomica 9.1 0.0%
Chione 50430.9 71.3%
Modiolus 10.1 0.0%
Ostrea lurida 5073.3 7.2%
Polinices 665.7 0.9%
Pteropmpura festiva 5.7 0.0%
Tagelus 21.2 0.0%
Total for Habitat 69931.06 98.9%
Rocky Shore/Outer Coast
Astraea imdosa 166.8 0.2%
Balanus 10 0.0%
Chiton 38.2 0.1%
Collisella scabra 1.3 0.0%
Crepidula 24 0.0%
Crepipatella lingulata 0.7 0.0%
Haliotis 74.3 0.1%
Lottia gigantea 1.4 0.0%
Malatoma 0.6 0.0%
Mj^lus 89.2 0.1%
Petaloconchus montereyensis 0.1 0.0%
Pseudochama exogyra 45.9 0.1%
Serpulorbis squamigems 9 0.0%
Tegula eiseni 0.7 0.0%
Total for Habitat U62.2 0.7%
Sandy Beach
Donax gouldii 206.8 0.3%
Olivella biplicata 7.5 • 0.0%
Tivela stulturom 78 0.1%
Total for Habitat 292.3 0.4%
70685.56 100.0%
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shore/outer coast environments (0.7%), and minimally from sandy beach environments
(0.4%)(Figure 4-9).
In summary, the invertebrate shell data suggests that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694 primarily
exploited bay/lagoon/esttiary habitats for shellfish. However, tiiere is some evidence of exploitation
of rocky shore/outer coast and sandy beach habitats as well. It is likely that this exploitation pattem
represents a focus on primarily a single environment, with opportunistic gathering near rocky
shore/outer coast and sandy beach locations. The radiocarbon dates support this exploitation
pattem. Given the resuhs of shellfish analysis for CA-SDI-8694, the inhabitants likely exploited the
nearest lagoon habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon), and occasionally visited other nearby shoreline
areas.
4.10 VERTEBRATE FAUNAL ANALYSIS (by Patricia Mitchell)
4.10.1 Introduction
The bird, mammal, reptile, and fish bone coUection from site CA-SDI-8694 consists of 1,036
fragments with a combined weight of 167.9 g. Ofthe 1,036 fragments, 33 (4.5 g) were detennined
to be intiiisive to the prehistoric site. These 33 bone fragments exhibit signs of intiiisiveness such as
oily texttire, or fragile, whole elements. The oily textiire suggests the presence of collagen in the
bone, and therefore, the bones are most likely the result of a recent, natiiral death, and were not
included in the following data tabulations. The remaining 1,003 (163.4 g) bone fragments were
recovered from the 0-60-cm levels of 39 excavation units. All bone fragments were identified to
class, order, family, or when possible to genus and species. Seventeen animal species were
identified and included Canis latrans (coyote), Clemmys marmorata (southwestem pond turtle),
Galeorhinus zyopterus (soupfin shark), Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker), Lepus califomicus
(black-tailed jackrabbit), Myliobatis californica (bat ray), Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer),
Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia halibut), Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose guitarfish),
Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker), Sarda chiliensis (Pacific bonito), Semicossyphus pulcher
(Califomia sheephead), Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squirrel), Sylvilagus audubonii
(desert cottontail), Sylvilagus bachmani (brash rabbit), Thomomys bottae (Botta's gopher), and
PJ.4-04 4-46
August 2005
16000
2000
Figure 4-9
CA-SDI-8694 Companson of Major Species by Depth
30
Depth (cm)
40 50
- Argopecten
- Chione
-Donax gouldu
• Ostrea lunda
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Thunnus alalunga (albacore). The remaining bone fragments lacked the morphological features that
would have allowed them to be identified to a taxonomic category greater than their class. Other
categories used to identify these fragments include medium bird, elasmobranch, teleostei, snake,
small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal. Evidence of buming and butchering was
present on a portion ofthe collection and has allowed for some interpretation ofthe preparation of
the meat portion of the inhabitants' diet at site CA-SDI-8694. Five bone artifacts were also
recovered from the site and are discussed in Section 4.10.6.
4.10.2 Methods
Each bone was examined to determine:
• element
• right or left side
• highest taxonomic category
• evidence of buming, and if so, what degree of oxidation
• evidence of butchering, and if so, what method of butchering
Comparative skeletal collections used in the identification process included those from Scripps
Institute of Oceanography, as well as from private collections and a photographic database. Bone
atlases (Can 1952; Lawrence 1951; Nickel et al. 1986; Olsen 1985; Sandefiir 1977; Schmid 1972)
supplemented the analysis.
Categories used in this analysis include:
Bumed: Bone elements or fragments that show color change from exposure to heat or fire
(oxidation). Colors may include:
• brown = exposure to heat, but little or no exposure to open flames.
• black = direct exposure to open flames (i.e., roasting or discard in a fire).
PJ. 4-04 4-48
August 2005
• blue/white (calcined) = direct exposure to a fire hotter than 800° Celsius
(Ubelaker 1978). This may represent bone that was severely bumed during preparation,
in which case, if flesh was present on the bone during exposure to the fire the bone
would exhibit signs of warping and shrinking (Ubelaker 1978). Calcined bone may also
be the result of having been discarded in a fire hearth (Wing and Brown 1979).
Unbumed: No evidence of buming or oxidation.
Butchered: Bone with evidence of processing by slicing or chopping actions.
Bfrd: Bones that have thin walls in cross-section, are hollow, and light in weight. These are often
distinguishable from mammal bone because tiiey contain large cavities that would have been filled
with air in life.
Small Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are between a mouse and a
jackrabbit.
Medium Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are larger than a jackrabbit,
but smaller than a deer.
Large Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are deer-size and larger.
Elasmobranch: Dram-shaped vertebra that are from cartilaginous fish (rays/skates, shark).
Teleostei: Funnel-shaped vertebrae with/without the spinous process attached, and other skeletal
elements considered as bony fish.
The quantification of faunal material can be sttidied using several methods. The methods used in
individual sttidies are usually detennined by sample size and type of site being investigated. Two
methods were used in this study: the number of identified specimens per taxon (NISP), which
represents the total number of specimens within a category; and the minimumnumber of individuals
(MNI), which represents the minimum number of individuals within a genus and species category.
4.10.3 Results
The animal remains recovered from all units contaming bone (39 excavation units) consisted of
1,003 (163.4 g) bone elements from tiie 0-60-cm levels ofthe site (Tables 4-8 and 4-9). Seventeen
animal species were identified from 71 (5.3%) pieces of bone and include Canis latrans (coyote),
Clemmys marmorata (soutiiwestem pond turtle), Galeorhinus zyoptems (soupfin shark).
PJ. 4-04 4-49
August 2005
Table 4-8
CA-SDI-86M: hOSP Dislrflwtion of Vertebwle Retmina by Unil
Specimen 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 It 12 13 14 15 16 18 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 30 31 32 33 34 35 37 33 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 Total Percent
CanU latraia 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Otmmv mantiorata 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0.6%
Galeorhiniu zvoptena 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 i 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0,4%
Genyonemus Uneaius 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.4%
Lepiu califomicus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 0 I 1 1 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0.4%
MyliobalU californica 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3 0.3%
OdocoHeui hemionus 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 J 0.3%
Paraiichtkya eaiifcmicia 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 . 0.1%
Rhinobatos productus 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3-0.3%
Roncador steamsii . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0.3%
Sarda chiliensis 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Semicossypht4S pulcher 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 1 0 0 0 0.9%
Spermophilus beaeheyi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0.1%
Svlvilafrus audubonii 1 0 0 '0 0 0 I • 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 '• 3 0 0 0 1 0 2 I 1 0 2 0 I 0 14 1,4%
Sylvilafpu bachmani 0 0 0 0 0 ' 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0,9%
Thomomys bottae 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0-4%
Thunnus alatunga 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0.1%
Large Maiixns] 9 3 2 0 11 1 0 11 4 3 4 17 1 1 1 2 7 20 5 10 0 9 4 4 13 8 2 9 0 2 3 8 9 I 7 3 1 1 0 196 19,5%
Medium Matmml 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 .2 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 5 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 2.9%
Small Mammal 26 IS 1 ! 28 0 6 30 13 7 48 78 3 4 0 0 22 27 2) 11 3 1 1 0 46 60 31 73 0 5 6 31 20 3 11 30 5 2 2 671 66.9%
Elasmobranch 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0.1%
Teleostei 'A-0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 9 0 0 I 2 1 1 0 2 5 1 1 30 3.0%
Medium Bird 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Snake 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4%
Total 40 18 5 I 40 1 8 48 19 13 36 103 4 3 1 2 30 50 29 25 3 10 6 4 63 SO 40 103 , 11 11 48 36 7 20 42 12 3 3 1003 100.0%
Percent 4.0% 1.8% 0.5% 0.1% 4.0% 0.1% 0.8% 4.8% 1.9% 1.3% 5.6% 10.3% 0.4% 0.5% 0.1% 0.2% 3.0% 5.0% X9% 2.5% 0.3% 1.0% 0.6% 0.4% 6.3% 8.0% 4.0% 10.3% 0.1% 1.1% 1.1% 4.8% 3.6% 0.7% 20% 4.2% •1.2% 0.5% 0.3% 100.0%
Table 4-9
CA-SDI-8694: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Depth (cm)
Specimen 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total Percent
Canis latrans 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Clemmys marmorata 3 2 0 1 0 0 6 0.6%
Galeorhinus zyopterus 0 2 1 1 0 0 4 0.4%
Genyonemus lineatus 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 0.4%
Lepus califomicus 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 04%
Myliobatis californica 0 2 1 0 0 0 3 0.3%
Odocoileus hemionus 2 1 0 0 0 0 3 0.3%
Paralichthys califomicus 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Rhinobatos productus 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0.3%
Roncador stearnsii 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0.3%
Sarda chiliensis 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0.1%
Semicossyphus pulcher 1 5 2 1 0 0 9 0.9%
Spermophilus beecheyi 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Sylvilagus audubonii 3 2 6 3 0 0 14 1.4%
Sylvilagus bachmani 2 3 2 1 1 0 9 0.9%
Thomomys bottae 0 1 2 1 0 0 4 0.4%
Thunnus alalunga 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Large Mammal 41 65 54 28 8 0 196 19.5%
Medium Mammal 9 9 8 3 0 0 29 2.9%
Small Mammal 140 214 215 92 7 3 671 66.9%
Elasmobranch 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Teleostei 4 15 7 4 0 0 30 3.0%
Medium Bird 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0.1%
Snake 0 3 0 1 0 0 4 04%
Total 212 330 302 140 16 3 1003 100.0%
Percent 21.1% 32.9% 30.1% 14.0% 1.6% 0.3% '100.0%
Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker), Lepus califomicus (black-tailed jackrabbit), Myliobatis
californica (bat ray), Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer), Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia
halibut), Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose guitarfish), Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker), Sarda
chiliensis (Pacific bonito), Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead), Spermophilus beecheyi
(Califomia ground squinel), Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail), Sylvilagus bachmani (brash
rabbit), Thomomys bottae (Botta's gopher), and Thunnus alalunga (albacore). The remaining 932
bone fragments lacked the morphological features tiiat would have allowed them to be identified to
the genus and species level, and were therefore identified as medium bird, elasmobranch, teleostei,
snake, small mammal, medium mammal, or large mammal.
Horizontal distribution of NISP counts presented in Table 4-8 shows that the majority of bone
elements were recovered from Units 15 and 35 (10.3% each), followed by Units 33 (8.0%), 32
(6.3%)), 14 (5.6%), and 24 (5.0%). The remaining 33 units contiibuted less than 5% each.
Table 4-9 presents the resuhs ofthe vertical distiibution of NISP counts of the 39 units. There is a
steady increase of vertebrate remains recovered from the surface to the 20-cm levels (NISP=212 to
NISP=-330). The NISP counts then begin to decline from the 20-cm level to the 60-cm level
(NISP=330 to NISP=3). The majority of bone fragments (98.1%) combined) were recovered from
the 0-40-cm levels, with the greatest concenfration in the 10-30-cm levels (63.0%)).
Table 4-10 presents the total NISP and MNI (when possible) for each genus and species identified.
A minimum total of 25 animals were represented in the collection. The fish species represented 11
ofthe 25 animals \dQnt\f\Qd (Roncador steamsii, MNI=3; and Galeorhinus zyopterus, Genyonemus
lineatus, Myliobatis californica, Paralichthys califomicus, Rhinobatos productus, Sarda chiliensis,
Semicossyphus pulcher, and Thunnus alalunga, MNI=1 each). The tenestiial small mammal species
(Sylvilagus audubonii, MNI=3; Lepus califomicus, MNI=2; Sylvilagus Bachman, MNI=2;
Thomomys bottae, MNI=2; and Spermophilus beecheyii, MNI=1) were the next most abundant and
represented 10 of the 25 animals. Clemmys marmorata had a MNI=2, and terresfrial medium
mammal (Canis latrans) and large mammal (Odocoileus hemionus) each had a MNI=1.
PJ. 4-04 4-52
August 2005
Table 4-10
CA-SDI-8694: NISP and MNI Summary
Specimen NISP MNI Element Used
Canis latrans 1 1 4th phalanx
Clemmys marmorata 6 2 Right proximal humeras
Galeorhinus zyopterus 4 1 Vertebra
Genyonemus lineatus 4 1 Left otolith
Lepus califomicus 4 Right distal humeras
Myliobatis californica 3 . 1 Vertebra
Odocoileus hemionus 3 1 LeftPM^
Paralichthys califomicus 1 1 1 vertebra
Rhinobatos productus 3 1 Vertebra
Roncador stearnsii 3 Left otolith
Sarda chiliensis 1 1 1 vertebra
Semicossyphus pulcher 9 1 2 vertebrae
Spermophilus beecheyi 1 1 Right calcaneum
Sylvilagus audubonii 14 3 Right distal tibia
Sylvilagus bachmani 9 2 Left proximal radius
Thomomys bottae 4 2 Left distal humeras
Thunnus alalunga 1 1 1 vertebra
Large Mammal 196 -
Medium Mammal 29 -
Small Mammal 671 -
Elasmobranch 1 -
Teleostei 30 -
Medium Bird 1 -
Snake 4 -
Total ^1003 25
I
1
Even though more fish species were identified, the greatest resource throughout the site was small-
sized mammals and included Lepus califomicus, Spermophilus beecheyii, Sylvilagus audubonii,
Sylvilagus bachmani, Thomomys bottae, and small mammal (10.0% ofthe combined faunal
assemblage).. The remaining animal resources contributed much less to the meat portion of the
inhabitants' diet: large mammal resources were 19.9%; fish resources were 6.0% each; medium
mammal resources were 3.0%; reptile resources were 1.0%); and avian resources were less than
0.1%.
As seen in Table 4-11, evidence of buming was present on the majority ofthe bone collection
(63.9%)). Ofthe 641 bumed bones, 92.7% (n=594) were bumed brown in color, indicating exposure
to heat, but not to a direct flame. This suggests that these animals were likely cooked in some type
of container (i.e., pottery, stone, basketiy). Dracker (1937) noted that the bones of small mammals
and the meat were pulverized, and that heated stones were used in baskets for cooking (stone
boiling) by the Luisefio Native Americans, Animal species or categories bumed brown in color
include Canis latrans, Clemmys marmorata, Galeorhinus zyopterus, Genyonemus lineatus, Lepus
califomicus, Myliobatis californica, Odocoileus hemionus, Paralichthys califomicus, Rhinobatos
productus, Sarda chiliensis, Semicossyphus pulcher, Spermophilus beecheyi, Sylvilagus audubonii,
Sylvilagus bachmani, Thomomys bottae, Thunnus alalunga, medium bird, elasmobranch, teleostei,
snake, small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal.
The bones that were bumed black in color represent 3.1% (n=20) ofthe bumed specimens. The
coloring suggests that these bones were bumed during roasting, or they were discarded in a fire
hearth. Wing and Brown (1979) suggest that this type of charring is usually confined to the exposed
ends of bone. This type of charring was not identified on any of the bones bumed black in color. It
is likely that the specimens chaned black were the resuh of being discarded in a fire hearth. Animal
sjpecies or categories charred black in color include small mammal and large mammal.
The specimens that were calcined (n=27; 4.2% ofthe bumed elements) were exposed to a direct
flame at exttemely high temperatures (greater than 800° Celsius). Only one ofthe calcined bones
exhibited signs of shrinking or warping. These are attiibutes that indicate the presence of soft tissue
PJ. 4-04 4-54
August 2005
Table 4-11
CA-SDI-8694: Summary of Bumed Bone
Specimen Brown Black Calcined Total Percent Overall Total
Bumed
Canis latrans 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Clemmys marmorata 3 0 0 3 50.0% 6
Galeorhinus zyopterus 4 0 0 4 100.0% 4
Genyonemus lineatus 2 0 0 2 50.0% 4
Lepus califomicus 2 0 0 2 50.0% 4
Myliobatis californica 2 0 0 2 66.7% 3
Odocoileus hemionus 1 0 1 2 66.7% 3
Paralichthys califomicus 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Rhinobatos productus 3 0 0 3 100.0% 3
Roncador stearnsii 0 0 0 0 0.0% 3
Sarda chiliensis 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Semicossyphus pulcher 6 0 0 6 66.7% 9
Spermophilus beecheyi 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Sylvilagus audubonii 8 0 0 8 57.1% 14
Sylvilagus bachmani 6 0 0 6 66.7% 9
Thomomys bottae 4 0 0 4 100.0% 4
Thunnus alalunga 1 0 0 l' 100.0% 1
Large Mammal -130 6 16 152 77.6% 196
Medium Mammal 22 0 1 23 79.3% 29
SmaU Mammal 388 14 9 411 61.3% 671
Elasmobranch 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Teleostei 5 0 0 5 16.7% 30
Medium Bfrd 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Snake 1 0 0 1 25.0% 4
Total 594 20 27 641 63.9% 1003
Percent 92.7% 3.1% 4.2% 100.0%
fl
I
on the bone at the time of exposure to an open flame. This bone was a mule deer carpal, and it was
likely exposed to fire during roasting. The remaining calcined specimens were likely the result of
being discarded in a fire hearth. Animal species or categories calcined include Odocoileus
hemionus, small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal.
4.10.4 Butchered Bone
Four bones had cut marks suggesting butchering. All of the bones were large mammal specimens,
tiiree of which were bumed (brown in color). All four specimens were chopped, possibly to exfract
manow. These cut marks were wide, deep marks with evidence of chipping ofthe cortical bone that
surrounds the impact point.
4.10.5 Natural History
Tenestrial
There are three species of Leporidae represented in the vertebrate collection: Lepus califomicus
(black-tailed jackrabbit), Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail rabbit), and Sylvilagus bachmani
(brash rabbit). Jackrabbit is found only in open or partially open areas (Bond 1977), and is most
active in the moming and early evening. They feed on green vegetation, shrabs, and cacti (Russo
and Oldhausen 1987). According to Christenson (1986), jackrabbit is best hunted with nets.
Dracker (1937) also noted that rabbits were hunted in communal drives and driven into nets. Desert
cottontail can be found in open plains, foothills, low valleys, and coastal areas, and are easily caught
with a rabbit stick or bow and anow (Christenson 1986). They are most active in early moming, late
aftemoon, and at night. Their diet consists of green vegetation and fhiit (Russo and Oldhausen
1987). Brash rabbit can be found in areas of thick brash. It is primarily noctumal, and does not dig
bunows. When pursued, the brash rabbit will more often go into low brash for protection rather
than retreat into another animal's bunow (Whitaker 1980). All three Leporidae were probably
hunted for food as well as for their pehs (Schroth and Gallegos 1991).
Two rodent species were identified in this collection, and both species are native to San Diego
Coimty. Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squinel) and Thomomys bottae (Botta's pocket
gopher) can be found in areas ranging from the mountains to the coast. The ground squinel, like the
PJ. 4-04 4-56
August 2005
n
fl
fl
fl
tt
gopher, is a bunowing animal. It is active from dawn until dusk, and while it may climb into brash
or trees it usually remains on the ground. The gopher is the most common and widespread rodent,
occurring wherever there is vegetation and loose dirt to bunow through (Bond 1977).
Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) is native to the westem half of the United States, most of Canada,
and northem Mexico. It feeds on shrabs, twigs, grasses, and herbs in several types of habitats, such
as coniferous forests, desert shmbs, chapanal, and grasslands with shrabs. Mule deer is most active
in the moming and the evening, and occur singly or in small groups (Burt and Gossenheider 1976).
Ethnographic data states that hunters would disguise themselves with the head and fnr of a deer
when stalking other deer (Ashby and Winterboume 1966; Christenson 1981), and the usual weapon
used to kill deer was the bow and arrow, but the use of snares has also been documented (Sparkman
1908). The killed deer was useful for items such as the meat, hide, and hoof (for ratties).
Canis latrans (coyote) is native to most of the United States (Booth 1950), and is found in San
Diego County in the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones (Bond 1977). Coyotes are primarily
noctumal, but can be active at any hour. Their dens are usually located along river banks, canyons,
and gulches. They are omnivorous, but their diet consists mostiy of small mammals (Russo and
Oldhausen 1987). Dracker noted that the Luisefio avoided eating coyote (1937), and the coyote
bone recovered from the site is a claw so it is not certain that they actually consumed coyote at this
site.
Reptile
Clemmys marmorata (southwestem pond turtle) once ranged from Monterey Bay to northem Baja
Califomia, from coastal drainages to foothills, and even to the desert slope of the Mojave River (by
the San Bemardino Mountains)(Bond 1977). The southwestem pond tiirtle hibemates through
winter and emerges in March (Carr 1978). The diet of the southwestem pond turtle consists of
aquatic plants, insects, and carrion (Schneider and Everson 1989). "Turtle" uses include meat
consumption, ceremonial use (rattles), medicinal use, technological uses including ladles, scoops,
bowls, and containers, and symbolic uses in Native American artwork and oral ttaditions.
PJ. 4-04 4-57
August 2005
I
Marine Fish
Galeorhinus zypoterus (soupfin shark) is a common epipelagic shark along the Califomia coast. It
ranges from San Juanico Bay in Baja Califomia to northem British Colombia. It can grow to 6.5 ft.
in length (MiUer and Lea 1972).
Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It
ranges from Magdalena Bay in Baja Califomia to Vancouver Island, B.C. (Miller and Lea 1972). It
occupies all ofthe soft subsfrate habitats, but less so in the kelp beds and the deep rock reefs (Allen
1985).
Myliobatis californica (bat ray) is a common fish that can be found in bays and sandy shallow areas
to a depth of 150 ft. anywhere from the Gulf of Califomia to Oregon (Miller and Lea 1972). It can
weigh up to 210 lbs. and have a width of 4 ft. (Miller and Lea 1972).
Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia halibut) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast
and can be found from the surface to 300 ft. in depth. It ranges from Magdalena Bay in Baja
Califomia to the Quillayute River in British Columbia (Miller and Lea 1972). It can be found in
harbor/nearshore soft bottom habitats, and to a lesser degree bay/estiiary environs (Allen 1985).
Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose guitarfish) is a common fish along the Califomia coast that
ranges from the Gulf of Califomia to as far north as San Francisco, and can be found from the
surface to a depth of 50 ft. (Miller and Lea 1972). It can be found in harbor/nearshore soft bottom
habitats, and to a lesser degree bay/estuary environs (Allen 1985).
Roncador steamsii (spotfin croaker) is a common fish along the soutiiem Califomia coast. It ranges
from Mazatlan, Mexico to Point Conception, and includes tiie Gulf of Califomia (Miller and Lea
1972). It occupies open coast sandy beach habitats with seasonal occurrences in the bay/esttiary
environment during the spring and summer (Allen 1985).
PJ. 4-04 4-58
August 2005
Sarda chiliensis (Pacific bonito) is a common fish along tiie Califomia coast. It ranges from Chile to
the Gulf of Alaska (Miller and Lea 1972). It is a nearshore pelagic species that occupies midwater
habitats including deeper rock reefs and kelp beds (Allen 1985).
Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It ranges
from Guaymas, Mexico to Kamchatka (Miller and Lea 1972). It is a nearshore pelagic species tiiat
occupies midwater habitats (Allen 1985).
Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead) can be found from Cape San Lucas in Baja Califomia
to Monterey, Califomia. They can be 3 ft. long and weigh up to 36 lbs.. They occur from the
surface to 180 ft. (Miller and Lea 1972), and can be found in shallow and deeper rock reef and kelp
bed environments (Allen 1985).
Thunnus alalunga (albacore) is a common epipelagic fish along the Califomia coast. It ranges from
Guadalupe Island to southeast Alaska. It can weigh as much as 93 lbs., but in Califomia only as
much as 76 lbs. (Miller and Lea 1972).
4.10.6 Bone Artifacts
Five bone artifacts were recovered from the site. Gifford's 1940 publication was used to assign a
typological category when possible. Two bone awl fragments, one possible awl/composite
.fishhook/fishing toggle fragment, a drilled fish vertebra, and a possible otolith pendant or charm
were identified in the collection. The artifact assumed to be more likely a barb fragment for a
composite fishhook or a fishing toggle rather than an awl fragment was identified based on its
morphology and lack of use-wear near the tip. The presence offish remains in this faunal collection
makes this a more plausible classification. Table 4-12 lists each artifact, its provenience, and type.
Awls
Artifact CA-SDI-8694-301 was a tip fragment of an awl recovered from the 10-20-cm level of Unit
25 was assigned with Gifford's Type Ale (1940). The tip fragment was manufactured from a
PJ. 4-04 4-59
August 2005
Table 4-12
CA-SDI-8694: Bone Artifact Summary
Artifact Unit Level Artifact Type Gifford Typology
301 25 10-20 cm Awl tip fragment Ale
514 45 10-20 cm Awl fragment - tip missing Albll
83 11 20-30 cm Awl/Toggle/Composite Fishhook Ale/U/00
348 41 0-10 cm Drilled Vertebra CC5
628 33 20-30 cm Otolitii Pendant/Charm ?
splinter of a large mammal bone. It had been bumed (brown in color), shaped, and highly polished
(Figure 4-10). There were no use-wear striations or designs on the artifact, but there was a "tell-
tale" chip on the tip ofthe fragment. This chip has been observed over the years by the author on
other awl tips, and is assumed to be the result of pressure applied to the tip. The second fragment
(specimen CA-SDI-8694-514) recovered from the 10-20-cm level of Unit 45 was assigned with
Gifford's Type Albll (1940). This mostly complete awl fragment (tip missing) was manufactured
from a mule deer carmon bone with the proximal end used as the handle: It had been slightly bumed
(brown in color), shaped, with little polished near the tip (see Figure 4-10). There was evidence of
diagonal use-wear striations, but they were mostly obscured by the presence of rodent gnaw marks.
Artifact specimen CA-SDI-8694-83 was either a fragment of an awl, a fishing toggle, or a composite
fishhook. It was recovered from the 20-30-cm level of Unit 11, and was assigned with Gifford's
Type Ale, U, or 00 (1940). The fragment was manufactured from a splinter of a large mammal
bone. It had been bumed (brown in color), shaped, and polished (Figure 4-11). No use-wear
sfriations were observed on the artifact.
Artifact specimen CA-SDI-8694-348 was a biconically-drilled soupfin shark (Galeorhinus
zyopterus) dorsal vertebra. It was recovered from the 0-10-cm level of Unit 41, and was assigned
with Gifford's Type CC5 (1940). The fragment was manufactured from shark vertebra, and had no
other modifications other than being drilled (see Figure 4-11). One other unmodified soupfin shark
vertebra was recovered from a lower level in the same excavation unit.
Artifact specimen CA-SDI-8694-628 was a white sea bass (Atractoscion nobilis) otolith that appears
to have been Strang, possibly as a pendant or charm. It was recovered from the 20-30-cm level of
Unit 33, and was not able to be assigned with a Gifford typological category. The otolith was larger
and more decomposed than other otoliths recovered from tiie site, has use-wear lines around the lobe
ofthe outer surface ofthe otolith, and both edges next to the lobe were notched fi-om wear (Figure 4-
12). No oth.Gr Atractoscion nobilis remains were present in this vertebrate collection.
PJ. 4-04 4-61
August 2005
—I
1.6 cm
CA-SDI-8694-301
Awl Fragment
Gifford Type "Ale"
—1
9.5 cm
CA-SDI-8694-514
Awl Fragment
Giford Type "Albll"
Gallegos & Associates
Bone Artifacts from CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-10
.7 cm
CA-SDI-8694-83
Awl/Toggle/Composite Fishhook
Gifford Type "Ale/U/OO"
1.7 cm
CA-SDI-8694-348
Galeorhinus zyopterus
Soupfin shark drilled vertebra
Gifford Type "CCS"
Gallegos & Associates
Bone Artifacts from CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-11
—I
2.5 cm
CA-SDI-8694-625
Atractoscion nobilis
White Sea Bass Otolith Pendant (?)
Gallegos & Associates
Otolith Pendant (?) from CA-SDI-8694 FIGURE
4-12
4.11 OTOLITH ANALYSIS (by Patiicia Mitchell)
4.11.1 Introduction
Four otoliths from CA-SDI-8694 were analyzed for seasonality for the Carlsbad Municipal Golf
Course project. Identification of the fish species was completed with the use ofthe fish collection at
Scripps Institute of Oceanography in La Jolla, Califomia, which consists of 450 Pacific coast and
deepwater specimens. The otoliths were first weighed (in grams) and measured (in millimeters).
The process for analysis includes encasing the otolith in a clear resin matrix, then cutting it in half
with a lapidary saw and buming the cut surface to better define the incremental lines. The cut
surface was then examined under a stereoscopic microscope at lOX and/or 20X. The seasons are
defined as: spring = mid-March through mid-May; summer = mid-May through early-October; and
winter = mid-October through mid-March.
4.11.2 Results
The four otolith specimens were identified as Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) and Roncador
stearnsii (spotfin croaker), and represented fish captured during the summer. The otoliths were
recovered from the 0-20-cm levels of three units (Table 4-13). All four otoliths are from the left
side, and therefore, represent four separate fish.
4.11.3 Natural History
Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It
ranges from Magdalena Bay in Baja Califomia to Vancouver Island, B.C. (Miller and Lea 1972). It
occupies all of the soft subsfrate habitats, but less so in the kelp beds and the deep rock reefs (Allen
1985).
Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker) is a common fish along the southem Califomia coast. It ranges
from Mazatlan, Mexico to Pouit Conception, and includes the Gulf of Califomia (Miller and Lea
1972). It occupies open coast sandy beach habitats with seasonal occunences in the bay/estuary
environment during the spring and summer (Allen 1985).
PJ. 4-04 4-65
August 2005
Table 4-13
CA-SDI-8694: Otolith Summary
Catalogue Unit Level Species Season of Capture
003
411
600a
600b
13 0-10 cm Roncador stearnsii Summer
35 10-20 cm Genyonemus lineatus Summer
40 10-:20cm Roncador steamsii Summer
40 10-20 cm Roncador stearnsii Summer
4.12 RADIOCARBON DATING ANALYSIS
4.12.1 Sample Results
Four shell samples were submitted to Beta Analytic, Inc., for accelerated mass specfrometry (AMS)
analysis (Table 4-14). Specimen CA-SDI-8694-76 was collected from the 10-20-cm level of Unit
11, and is a Polinices sp. shell. Polinices sp. shell is often associated with Early Period sites,
therefore this was selected to determine period of occupation, as this site is considered an Early
Period site. In addition, Polonicies sp. specimens were sampled from CA-SDI-8797 (also thought to
be an Early Period site) and CA-SDI-8303 (considered primarily a Late Period site) for comparison.
The sample from CA-SDI-8694 provided a date (at two-sigma range) of BC 5550 to BC 5280 (Cal
BP 7500 to 70). This date identifies occupation for CA-SDI-8694 within the Eariy Period.
Specimen CA-SDI-8694-305 was coUected from the 40-50-cm level of Unit 25 and is a Chione sp.
specimen. Chione sp. shell is associated with both Early and Late Period occupation, and this
sample was selected to date the basal level ofthe deposit. The sample provided a date (at two-sigma
range) of BC 4690 to BC 4450 (Cal BP 6640 to 6400). This date also identifies occupation of CA-
SDI-8694 within the Early Period.
Specimen CA-SDI-8694-606A was collected from the 30-40-cm level of Unit 40 and is a large
Chione sp. specimen. Large Chione sp. shell is often associated with Early Period sites, therefore
this specimen was selected to determine the age of the deposit. The sample provided a date (at two-
sigma range) of AD 1000 to AD 1300 (Cal BP 950 to 650). This date identifies a Late Period
occupation for.CA-SDI-8694.
Specimen CA-SDI-8694-606B was collected from the 30-40-cm level of Unit 40 and is aDonax sp.
specimen. Donax sp. shell is usually associated with Late Period sites, therefore this specimen was
selected to directly compare to specimen CA-SDI-8694-606A. The sample provided a date (at two-
sigma range) of AD 1690 to AD 1910 (Cal BP 260 to 40). This date also supports occupation for
CA-SDI-8694 within tiie Late Period.
PJ. 4-04 4-67
August 2005
Table 4-14
CA-SDI-8694: Radiocarbon Dates
Site
Number
CA-SDI-
Temp.
Lab.
Number
Beta
Lab.
Number
Provenience
(Unit/Level)
Material C-14
Measured
C-14
Convential
2-Sigma
Result BP
8694
8694
8694
8694
76
305
606A
606B
197593
197594
197595
197596
11:10-20 cm
25:40-50 cm
40:30-40 cm
40:30-40 cm
Shell (Polinices)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Donax)
6630+/-60
5900-t-/-70
1050+/-60
270-(-/-40
7070+/-10
6320+/-40
1480-I-/-70
710+/-40
7500 to 7230
6640 to 6400
950 to 650
260 to 40
Both samples producing Late Period dates were taken from Unit 40, a unit that contained both
ceramics and Donax sp. shell. Given the radiocarbon dates, site CA-SDI-8694 was occupied during
both the Eariy and Late Periods.
4.13 RESIDUE ANALYSIS
Residue analysis was conducted by Robert Pan (CSUB) for two projectile point specimens
recovered from CA-SDI-8694 (specimen CA-SDI-8694-189, and -303). A single positive reaction
was registered for specimen CA-SDI-8694-303 (Table 4-15). The specimen reacted positively to
deer antiseram indicating the presence of protein from any species of deer or elk. The positive
reaction to deer antiseram may represent a few scenarios including the hunting of deer, or the use of
parts ofthe deer to either create mastic to attach the point to a projectile shaft, and/or the use of
sinew from the deer for the same purpose. The absence of identifiable proteins on the remaining
specimen may be because of poor preservation of protein, insufficient protein, or that they were not
used on any ofthe organisms included in the available antisera.
4.14 SITE SUMMARY
The purpose ofthe data recovery program for CA-SDI-8694 was to adequately address mitigation of
impacts through the completion of the collection of surface artifacts, field excavation of forty-four
1x1 -m units, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. This work produced 4 bifaces, 5
cores, 1 piece of tested raw material, 8 nodule tools, 4 utilized flake tools, 4 steep-edged unifacial
tools (SEUTs), 10 flakes from SEUTs, 2,367 debitage, 1 hammerstone, 22 battered implements, 19
flakes from battered implements, 61 manos/mano fragments, 6 metates/metate fragments, 18 ground
stone fragments, 1 shaped stone, 260 ceramic fragments, 1 Olivella sp. shell bead, 2 bone awls, 1
bone fishing toggle, 1 bone bead, and 1 possible otolith pendant (see Table 4-1). Faunal material
includes 76,492.08 g of shell, 4 otoliths, and 167.9 g of bone (see Table 4-1). Radiocarbon dating
for CA-SDI-8694 places occupation of the site primarily during the Early Period (Middle
Holocence) circa 5550 BC to 4450 BC. In addition. Late Period occupation is supported by two
dates ranging from 90 to 950 years ago (1000 AD to 1910 AD), as well as by the presence of pottery
PJ.4-04 4-69
August 2005
Table 4-15
Results for Protein Residue Analysis for CA-SDI-8694
Specimen No. Cultural Material Results
8694-189 Biface Negative
8694-303 Biface Deer
and small projectile points. As demonsttated by the dates recovered from the site and the artifact
assemblage, CA-SDI-8694 is a multi-component site with evidence of both Early and Late Period
occupations.
Disturbance from constraction, agricultiiral activities, and bioturbation was noted in all units. The
range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8694 indicates a habitation/village site occupied at a minimum from
May to October (based on availability of animals and otolith analysis). Flake production from local
cobbles identifies flake tool use. Most likely, these tools were manufactured and used at the site.
Lithic technology was primarily based on the nodule core reduction ttajectory witii evidence of adze
(SEUT) production and maintenance, as well as the maintenance of milling tools. The presence of
biface production and/or maintenance was niinimal. Hunting activities may have occuned near this
site, as indicated by the presence of two projectile points. In addition, the large number of fish
remains suggests a range of maritime activities performed by the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694. The
presence of 85 ground stone tools, and 21 battered implements represents processing of floral and
faunal material through pounding and/or grinding. The presence of shellfish remains from primarily
a lagoon habitat, and the diversity of the vertebrate faunal assemblage (mammal, fish, avian, and
reptile) demonsfrate the range of foods collected, hunted, and processed at CA-SDI-8694.
PJ. 4-04 4-71
August 2005
SECTIONS
INVESTIGATIONS AT CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
5.1 PREVIOUS WORK
Site CA-SDI-8797 (SDM-W-16) was originally recorded by Rogers circa 1920 as an occupation site
(300x100 ft.) with cobble hearths. Rogers noted large quantities of Donax sp. shell in a portion of
the site midden. Subsequent surveyors (Gardner 1981; Gross et al. 1987) re-recorded this site. A
portion of CA-SDI-8797, located outside of the cunent study, area to the west, was tested by
Gallegos and Huey (1992). This test identified a cultural deposit to 80 cm, and included recovery of
debitage, i^ores, ground stone, a scraper, ceramics, a biface fragment, a shell bead, an otolith,
modified bone, and shell (see Figure 1-6 and Table 1-4). An additional portion ofthe site located
outside the cunent study area to the south and east was tested by Gallegos and Harris (1995). This
test included excavation of 21 shovel test pits (STPs) and two Ixl-munits (see Figure 1-6 and Table
1-4). Both studies identified portions of the site as significant. A testing program conducted by
Gallegos & Associates (Gallegos et al. 1999) included the excavation of nine STPs and one 1x1-m
unit. Cultural material recovered includes 211 debitage, 19 manos, 5 ground stone fragments, 4
flake tools, 3 metate fragments, 3 pesties, 1 core, 1 ochre grinder, 2,470.8 g of shell, and 10.2 g of
bone (see Figure 1-6 and Table 1-4). A fragment of human bone was recovered from the Ixl-m
unit, and was reburied by Luiseno Native Americans (Gallegos et al.l999). Asphaltum and an
asphaltum-covered stone were also recovered. The artifacts were of primarily local lithic material,
however, debitage of non-local lithic material consisting of 2 pieces of white chert, 2 pieces of
Monterey chert, and 1 piece of Piedra de Lumbre "chert" from the Camp Pendleton area were also
recovered. The artifacts and faunal remains recovered from previous work (Table 5-1) identify CA-
SDI-8797 as a habitation site, and demonsfrate a range of activities including shellfish processing,
animal and plant processing, tool production, and tool kit maintenance. Based on radiocarbon dates,
the occupation of the site was identified to circa 5,000 years ago.
PJ. 4-04 5-1
August 2005
Table 5-1
CA-SDI-8797: Cultural Material Recovered from Previous Work
SUidy
Cultural Material Gallegos and Harris 1995 Gallegos and Kyle 1992 Gallegos et al. 1999 Total
5 Units and STPS 2 Units and STPs Unit 1 and STPs
Debitage 1910 149 211 2270
Shell Bead 4 1 0 4
Biface Fragment 5 1 0 6
Bowl/Mortar Fragment 3 0 0 3
Core 13 6 2 21
Core/Cobble Tool 1 0 0 1
Core Scraper 5 0 0 6
Edge Modified Flake 1 0 0 1
Flake Knife 2 0 0 2
Flake Scraper 16 0 0 16
Teshoe Flake Scraper 3 0 0 . 3
Flake Tool 0 0 4 4
Scraper (unspecified) 1 1 0 2
Ground Stone 11 1 5 16
Hammerstone 16 0 0 16
Mano 11 1 19 31
Metate Fragment 9 0 3 12
Ceramic 20 6 0 21
Pestle 1 0 3 4
Scraper Plane 4 0 0 3
Shell Dish 1 0 0 1
Tarring Pebble 1 0 . 0 1
Modified Bone 4 6 0 2 •
Bone* 138.5* 24* 2205.9* 2369.4*
Shell* 12047.1* 5479.5* 9.7* 17536.3*
Total 2042 172 247 2446
Weight in grams
5.2 CURRENT STUDY
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8797 Locus C included the excavation of six 1x1-
m units (Figure 5-1), collection of surface artifacts, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special
studies. The purpose of the Indexing and Preservation Study was to provide an index sample
representing the deposit being capped, protected, and avoided of impacts. The cunent fieldwork
resulted in the collection of337 debitage, 2 cores, 1 flake tool, 1 steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUT),
17 flakes from SEUTs, 2 battered implements, 4 manos, 1 ground stone fragment, and 1 polished
stone. Faunal material includes 8.4 g of bone and 2,353.4 g of shell (Table 5-2).
5.2.1 Surface Collection
A surface collection was completed to ensure that exposed surface artifacts were collected before
capping activities are conducted. One battered implement was collected during the surface
collection (see Table 5-2).
5.2.2 Unit Excavation
A total of six 1x1-m units were excavated at CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. Unit selection was based on
random sampling within the primary site area. Soil sfratigraphy for the units excavated for this study
conformed to primarily a single depositional pattern across the site (Figure 5-2). This pattem
exhibited a topsoil of loose, highly organic, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1)
mixed with modem trash. This loam ranged from between 0-10 cm and contained a small amount of
cultural materials. The topsoil was generally followed by a moderately compacted, brown sandy
loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2) containing a considerable amount of fragmented sandstone clasts
beginning at depths ranging from 5-10 cm, and terminating between 15-40 cm in depth. This layer
suggests that some amount of re-deposition has occuned at CA-SDI-8797. This soil stratum was
followed by a moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with
occasional sandstone clasts beginning at depths ranging from 20-40 cm, and terminating between
40-70 cm in depth. This level contained the bulk of cultural materials recovered from CA-SDI-8797
Locus C. Finally, all units terminated between 40-90 cm within a light tan, highly compacted
PJ.4-04 5-3
August 2005
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C: DetaU Map of Indexed Area
Showing 1x1 Meter Units
FIGURE
5-1
Table 5-2
Culhu-al Material Recovered fi:om CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
Unit
Cultural Material Siurface 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Battered Implement 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 2
Battered Implement Flake 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 2
Debitage 0 37 88 54 76 68 14 337
Bipolar Core 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 2
Flake Tool 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Ground Stone 0 , 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Mano 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 4
Pohshed Stone 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
SEUT 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Flake from SEUT 0 0 1 8 5 2 1 17
Chestnut Cowry Shell 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
Bone* 0 0.8 2.45 0.1 1.75 3.25 0.05 8.4
Shell* 0 84 414.9 233.9 129.3 1437.9 53.4 2353.4
Total** 1 40 91 63 85 74 15 369
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
Unit 2
South Wall Profile
(80 cm depth)
m
10 cm
20 cm
30 cm
40 cm
50 cm
60 cm
70 cm
80 cm L
KEY
1;. I = loose sandy loam with high organic content and modern trash
= sandy fill with small chunks of sandstone throughout
= lightly compacted sandy loam
l^fel = sandstone chunks
= highly compacted sand
10 cm
SCALE
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C: Unit 2 Profile FIGURE
5-2
sandstone layer (Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2) primarily devoid of cultiiral material. The developed, cultural
material-bearing soil observed in the tertiary layer remained consistent throughout the site
(moderately compacted brown to gray-brown sandy loam, Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1), the underiying
subsoils varied in accordance with site topography. Unit excavation descriptions are provided below
by unit number. Units 1 through 6 were excavated for the site Indexing and Preservation Study.
Sttatigraphic profiles and unit tables are provided in Appendix D. See Table 5-2 for unit artifact and
ecofact recovery counts and weights.
Unit 1 was placed in the southem portion of the site area and was excavated to 40 cm. Unit
sttatigraphy included a topsoil of loose, highly organic, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5
YR 3/1) mixed with modem frash to approximately 5 cm, followed by a moderately compacted,
brown to gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with occasional sandstone clasts to
approximately 30 cm, and a light tan (Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2), highly compacted sandstone layer to unit
basal depth. Artifacts recovered from the unit include 37 debitage, 1 battered implement flake, 1
mano, and 1 ground stone fragment for a total of 40 artifacts (Table 5-3). Faunal material includes
84 g of shell and 0.8 g of bone. The majority of artifacts were recovered from the upper 20 cm of
Unit 1, conesponding to the sfratum of moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam.
Minor disturbance was noted throughout the unit.
Unit 2 was placed in the central portion of the site area and was excavated to 80 cm. Unit
sfratigraphy included a topsoil of loose, highly organic, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5
YR 3/1) mixed with modem trash to approximately 10 cm, followed by a moderately compacted,
brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2) containing a considerable amount of fragmented sandstone
clasts to approximately 20 cm, by a moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam
(Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with occasional sandstone clasts to approximately 70 cm, and by a light tan
(Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2), highly compacted sandstone layer to unit basal depth. Artifacts recovered
from the unit include 1 bipolar core, 88 debitage, 1 flake from a SEUT, and 1 battered implement for
a total of 91 artifacts (Table 5-4). Faunal material includes 414.9 g of shell and 2.45 g of bone. The
majority of artifacts were recovered from the upper 70 cm of Unit 2, corresponding to the sfratum of
PJ.4-04 5-7
August 2005
Table 5-3
CA-SDI-8797: Unit 1 Cultural Material by Depth
Cultural Material 0-10
Depth (cm)
10-20 20-30 30-40 Total
Debitage 19
Battered Implement Flake 0
Mano 1
Groimd Stone 1
12
1
0
0
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
37
1
1
1
Bone*
Shell*
0
50.6
0.8
30.3
0
2.3
0
0.8
0.8
84
Total** 21 13 40
•Weight in grams
••Total does not include bone or shell
Table 5-4
CA-SDI-8797: Unit 2 Cultaral Material by Depth
Cultiural Material 0-10 10-20 20-30
Depth (cm)
30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Total
Battered Implement 1
Bipolar Core 0
Flake from SEUT 0
Debitage 10
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
18
0
0
1
14
0
1
0
17
Bone*
Shell*
0.5
74.3
0
134.4
0.8
150.S
0.55
31
0.2
14.9
0.3
6.8
0.1
2.6
0
0.1
2.45
414.9
Total** 11 10 10 18 15 18 91
*Weight in grams
••Total does not include bone or shell
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moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam. Minor dishirbance was noted throughout
the unit.
Unit 3 was placed in the northwestem portion ofthe site area and was excavated to 90 cm. Unit
stratigraphy included a topsoil of loose, highly organic, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5
YR 3/1) mixed with modem frash to approximately 10 cm, followed by a moderately compacted,
brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2) containing a considerable amount of fragmented sandstone
clasts to approximately 20 cm, by a moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam
(Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with occasional sandstone clasts to approximately 80 cm, and by a light tan
(Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2), highly compacted sandstone layer to unit basal depth. Artifacts recovered
from the unit include 54 debitage, 8 flakes from SEUTs, and 1 mano for a total of 63 artifacts (Table
5-5). Faunal material includes 233.9 g of sheU and 0.1 g of bone. The majority of artifacts were
recovered between the 40-90-cm levels of Unit 3, conesponding to the sfratum of moderately
compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam. Minor distiirbance was noted throughout the unit.
Unit 4 was placed in the southeastem portion ofthe site area and was excavated to 90 cm with an
STP placed in the bottom ofthe unit. Unit sttatigraphy included a topsoil of loose, highly organic,
dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/1) mixed with modem ttash to approximately 10
cm, followed by a moderately compacted, brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2) containing a
considerable amount of fragmented sandstone clasts to approximately 50 cm, by a moderately
compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with occasional sandstone clasts
to approximately 90 cm, and by a light tan (Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2), highly compacted sandstone layer
to unit basal depth. Artifacts recovered from the unit include 1 bipolar core, 76 debitage, 5 flakes
from SEUTs, 1 mano, 1 polished stone, and 1 Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestnut Cowry) shell
for a total of 85 artifacts. (Table 5-6). Faunal material includes 129.3 g of shell and 1.75 g of bone.
The majority of artifacts were recovered between the 40-90-cm levels of Unit 4, corresponding to
the stratum of moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam. A large amount of
disturbance in the form of previous surface depositions was noted throughout the first 40 cm ofthe
unit.
PJ. 4-04 5-10
August 2005
Table 5-5
CA-SDI-8797: Unit 3 CulUual Material by Depth
Depth (cm)
Cultural Material 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 Total
Debitage 1 1 2 11 20 10 4 3 2 54
Flake fromSEUT 000 2 2 00408
Mano 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bone* 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .0.1 0 0.1
Shell* 60 81 77.4 5.6 2.3 6.7 0.5 0.4 0 233.9
Total** 1 2 2 13 22 10 4 7 2 63
*Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone or shell
Table 5-6
CA-SDI-8797: Unit 4 CulUual Material by Depth
Cultural Material 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40
Depth (cm)
40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100 Total
Debitage 3 3
Bipolar Core 0 0
Flake from SEUT 0 0
Mano 0 0
Polished Stone 1 0
Chestnut Cowry
Shell 0 0
3
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
22
0
0
0
0
0
11
0
1
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
17
1
3
1
0
1
4
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
76
1
5
1
1
1
Bone*
Shell*
0.6
17.6
0
4.9
0
9.3
0
55.5
0.4
25.6
0.4
8.2
0
4.3
0.3
3.9
0.05
0
0
0
1.75
129.3
Total** 22 12 23 85
•Weight in grains
••Total does not include bone or shell
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Unit 5 was placed in the cenfral portion of the site area and was excavated to 90 cm. Unit
stratigraphy included a topsoil of loose, highly organic, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5
YR 3/1) mixed with modem trash to approximately 5 cm, followed by a moderately compacted,
brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 3/2) containing a considerable amount of fragmented sandstone
clasts to approximately 50 cm, by a moderately compacted, brown to gray-brown sandy loam
(Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with occasional sandstone clasts to approximately 90 cm, and by a light tan
(Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2), highly compacted sandstone layer to unit basal depth. Artifacts recovered
from the unit include 1 bipolar core, 68 debitage, 1 steep-edged unifacial tool (SEUT), 2 flakes from
SEUTs, 1 flake tool, and 1 mano for a total of 74 artifacts (Table 5-7). Faunal material includes
1,437.9 g of shell and3.25 g of bone. The majority of artifacts were recovered between the 0-60-cm
levels of Unit 5. Minor disturbance was noted throughout the unit. .
Unit 6 was placed in the northeastem portion of the site area and was excavated to 60 cm. Unit
stratigraphy included a topsoil of loose, highly organic, dark gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5
YR 3/1) mixed with modem frash to approximately 10 cm, followed by a moderately compacted,
brown to gray-brown sandy loam (Munsell 7.5 YR 4/1) with occasional sandstone clasts to
approximately 55 cm, and by a light tan (Munsell 7.5 YR 6/2), highly compacted sandstone layer to
unit basal depth. Artifacts recovered from the unit include 4 debitage, and 1 flake from a SEUT
(Table 5-8). Faunal material includes 53.4 g of shell and 0.05 g of bone, The artifacts were
disfributed relatively evenly throughout the unit. A large amount of rodent disturbance was noted
throughout the unit.
5.3 ARTIFACT ANALYSIS
The artifact assemblage forthe present study of CA-SDI-8797 Locus C consists of a nanow range of
artifact types including 337 debitage, 2 cores, 1 flake tool, 1 steep-edged unifacial tool (SEUT), 17
flakes from SEUTs, 2 battered implements, 4 manos, 1 ground stone fragment, 1 polished stone, 8.4
g of bone and 2,353.4 g of shell (see Table 5-2). The following sections describe the analysis for all
materials recovered from the present project.
PJ. 4-04 5-13
August 2005
Table 5-7
CA-SDI-8797: Unit 5 CulUnal Material by Depth
Depth (cm)
Cultural Material 0-10 10-20. 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 Total
Debitage 10 5 17 4 12 11 4 5 0 68
Flake Tool 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
SEUT 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1
Flake from SEUT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
Battered Implement Flake 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Mano 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
Bone* 0 0.6 0 0.1 1 1.55 0 0 0 3.25
Shell* 236.7 208.4 363.7 206.7 283.8 129.3 7.3 0.3 1.7 1437.9
Total** 10 7 19 6 12 11 4 5 0 74
•Weight in grams
••Total does not include bone or shell
Table 5-8
CA-SDI-8797: Unit 6 Cultural Material by Depth
Depth (( zm)
Cultural Material 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total
Debitage 3 2 4 1 1 3 • 14
Flake from SEUT 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Bone* 0 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.05
Shell* 24.1 21.2 3.9 0.6 1.8 1.8 53.4
Total** 3 2 4 1 2 3 15
•Weight in grams
••Total does not include bone or shell
5.4 DEBITAGE ANALYSIS (by Jeff Flenniken)
5.4.1 Methods
Technological lithic analysis based upon replicative data was conducted for all flaked stone artifacts
identified from this sample recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C. Technological identifications
were determined for all analyzed flaked stone artifacts. Lithic artifacts were categorized according
to toolstone material type (metavolcanic, quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal, and chert),
technological category (tecat), and reduction stage (Appendix B). Reduction stage flake categories
were defined by comparing technological attributes of replicated (experimental) artifacts from
known and cataloged flaked stone tool reduction technologies to the prehistoric confrols. In tum, by
comparing the technological atfributes of prehistoric artifacts (confrols) to the technological
attributes of known artifacts in terms of manufacture, reduction stages were assigned to
technologically diagnostic debitage. Some debitage, however, was considered technologically
nondiagnostic due to the lack of technological attributes (i.e., platforms) on fragmentary pieces.
Attributes evidenced on the prehistoric debitage, in conjunction with experimental analogs, were
used to identify technologically diagnostic debitage that enabled flakes to be assigned to specific
experimentally derived reduction stages (Flenniken 1978,1981). The remaining debitage was not
ascribed to any reduction stage because of the fragmentary nature of the artifacts. Therefore,
fragmentary debitage was characterized as technologically nondiagnostic, although attiibutes such as
material type, and presence/absence and type of cortex were noted.
5.4.2 Analyzed Sample
The artifacts included in this analysis were recovered from six excavation units. The number of unit
levels analyzed are as foUows: Unit 1, four 1x1x0.1-m levels; Unit 2, eight levels; Unit 3, nine
levels; Unit 4, ten levels; Unit 5, eight levels; and,.Unit 6, six levels: providing a total of 45 (1x1x0.1
m) levels producing a flaked stone assemblage sample of 337 artifacts. Each flaked stone artifact
from this excavated sample was analyzed and recorded as a separate entity in an attempt to identify
and isolate technological variation. Evidence to support mtentionally different technological
freatment of different lithic materials within the analyzed sample was not identified. In other words.
PJ. 4-04 5-16
August 2005
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the different lithic materials (metavolcanic, quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal, and chert)
identified from this intta-site sample were reduced following a similar reduction sequence to
manufacture similar end products. Therefore, because of the lack of infra-site technological
variation, differential lithic reduction tteatment, and small sample (n=124) of technologically
diagnostic debitage, all flaked stone artifacts and materials were combined for site interpretation.
Furthermore, the analyzed artifacts recovered from these six excavation units were similar in
technological character, and even by combining materials, the technologically diagnostic debitage
(n=124, 36.8% of the total 337 flakes and flake fragments) still provided a small sample for
interpretation. Therefore, all technologically diagnostic flaked stone artifacts from this analyzed
sample were combined for the purpose of specific site interpretation conceming flintknapping
activities. Again, only the technologically diagnostic debitage was employed for interpretation of
CA-SDI-8797 flintknapping activities.
Sample size requires discussion. As mentioned above, the recovered flaked stone sample from this
excavated site was small (n=337); only 36.8% of the recovered debitage from this sample was
technologically diagnostic. A small technologically diagnostic flaked stone sample in association
with a homogeneous flaked stone sample that lacked technological variation even between different
toolstone materials were additional reasons to combine technological data for interpretation of
specific site flintknapping activity.
5.4.3 Technological Artifact Categories (tecats)
Technological analysis of the artifacts from this CA-SDI-8797 Locus C sample identified a very
interesting, and extremely limited technologically, flaked stone tool assemblage. The technological
end of one reduction continuum, or the last stage of reduction, was well represented at this site.
Debitage classification atfributes were divided into technological categories (tecats) that reflect
technological differences in the reduction continuum and reduction stages that occuned at this site
(Appendix B). Continuum is defined as a process that includes the entire life cycle of a specific
flaked stone tool (including all debitage) from the selection of the raw lithic material, initial
decortication, heat freatment (if applicable), reduction into the original tool, use and reuse of that
tool (which may be multi-functional), rejuvenation of that tool, the deposition of that tool into
PJ. 4-04 5-17
August 2005
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archaeological context,-and possible reuse of that tool later in prehistoric time. Reduction stage, as
employed for this analysis, is a concept designed to separate a flintknapping continuum for
analytical purposes only. The reduction-oriented technological stages (processes) employed in this
analysis, the flake categories, based upon replicated artifacts that conespond to those processes, and
the flake attiibutes used to define those categories are all within the nodule core reduction
technology that was well established in prehistoric southem Califomia.
Nodule core reduction is known in the southem Califomia archaeological literature as "Cobble Core
Reduction" (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). The term nodule was substituted for cobble
because the term cobble is geologically defined as a size clast (64-256 mm) and many prehistoric
core and core-based artifacts (such as some battered implements) were manufactured from boulders
(>256 mm), and, to a much less extent, pebbles (4-64 mm). The term nodule was selected because a
nodule can be any size and tend to be somewhat rounded to subrounded in shape.
Nodule core debitage was recognized and grouped into technological categories based on the amount
and location of dorsal cortex, platform attributes, dorsal arris count and direction, and flake
cross/long-section shape. Debitage was classified according to two platform types identified among
the flakes from nodule core reduction: natural/cortical platforms (NP) and single-faceted platforms
(SFP). Multi-faceted platform (MFP) nodule core reduction debitage was not identified from this
site. Flakes were further subdivided according to the location of dorsal cortex (tecats include NP-1
through NP-11 and SFP-1 through SFP-1 l)(Appendix B).
The reduction-oriented technological categories of diagnostic flakes were also segregated on the
basis of geological material (metavolcanic, quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal, and chert). Flake
fragments that lacked the necessary attributes to be placed in one of these reduction-oriented tecats
were classified as technologically nondiagnostic debitage with and without cortex. Only raw
material type and presence or absence of cortex were recorded for these artifacts. Interpretation of
the reduction sequence from this site was determined using only the technologically diagnostic
debitage, wheireas discussions conceming lithic raw material types include all debitage and formed
artifacts.
PJ.4-04 5-18
August 2005
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Metavolcanic nodules (cobbles and boulders) were selected for size, shape, material quality, and
platform location. Nodules with natiiral platforms were reduced directly by percussion in a circular
manner around the natural platform. The location of dorsal cortex indicates the sequence of flake
removals (Appendix B). Cores with faceted platforms were nodules that required platform
preparation prior to reduction. This occuned usually when a nodule of high quality material was
selected, but the nodule did not possess a naturally appropriate platform. It was therefore necessary
to create a platform by percussion flaking. The desired products of nodule core reduction were flake
blanks that were thick in cross-section, long and nanow in planview, and ranged in length depending
upon intended use, but were most likely 5 to 12 cm in length.
5.4.4 Toolstone Materials
The lithic materials employed by the prehistoric knappers at this site included a variety of
metavolcanic rock, quartzite, vein quartz, quartz crystal (monocrystalline quartz), and chert, mostiy
all collected from alluvial deposits. All of the identified cortex (n=38 flakes and flake fragments),
with the exception of two chert flake fragments and one vein quartz flake fragment, was incipient
cone cortex resulting from water fransportation ofthe lithic nodule. The exceptions were identified
as primary geological cortex created naturally at the original source location.
Metavolcanic materials are found as pebbles, cobbles, and boulders derived from Eocene volcanic
rhyolites, andesites, and diabase of basaltic composition (Clevenger 1982). These materials have
been extensively metamorphosed causing stmctural recrystallization and a rather porphyritic nature
(Clevenger 1982). Metavolcanic rocks range in color from green to brown to black and require great
dynamic loading forces to fracture conchoidally. Santiago Peak Metavolcanic, locally found as
bedrock and redeposited float in San Diego County, known locally as "felsite," was the dominant
material represented in this assemblage.
Quartz is one ofthe most common lithic materials, and occurs in a wide variety of hexagonal prisms
that are terminated by pyramidal shapes. It also occurs in massive, granular, concretionary,
stalactitic, and cryptocrystalline habits (i.e., vein quartz). When combined with other materials,
quartz or metaquartzite is refened to as quartzite, whereas a single crystal is called monocrystalline
PJ. 4-04 5-19
August 2005
tt
quartz. Colors range from white, red, grey, purple, yellow, brown, pink, black, green, and can be
colorless as well. Quartz is ttansparent to ttanslucent with some forms occurring as opaque (i.e.,
quartzite). Quartz has a hardness of 7, a specific gravity of 2.65, and fractures conchoidally
(Chesteraian 1995; Klein and Hurlburt 1985; Luedtke 1992; Pellant 1995).
Chert is an opaque form of microcrystalline quartz composed of numerous grains that form a
granular crystaUine stincture. Chert and jasper are chemically precipitated sedimentary rocks that
are classed as microcrystalline but may contain sheaf-like aggregates that may include impurities
such as clays, silts, carbonates, pyrites, iron, or other organic materials. Chert and jasper also may
contain several forms of silica such as opal, chalcedony, or cryptocrystalline quartz. Cherts range in
color from white to light gray to black. Jasper, because of the iron, is red, yellow, or brown. Green
jasper is called prase or chyrsoprase. Jasper is distinguished from chert on the basis of color
(Chesteraian 1995; Klein and Hurlburt 1985; Luedtke 1985; Pellant 1995).
5.4.5 Analytical Results: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage
• Introduction
The analyzed assemblage consists of 354 pieces of debitage manufactured from five different raw
lithic materials. A total of 124 (36.8%o) artifacts were technologically diagnostic (Table 5-9), while
213 (63.2%) flake fragments were technologically nondiagnostic (Table 5-10). Of the 124
technologically diagnostic artifacts in the CA-SDI-8797 Locus C assemblage, 113 artifacts
represented nodule core reduction technology, while 11 artifacts represented closely related, but
potentially different flintknapping activities.
• Nodule Core Reduction: NP and SFP
Two nodule core platform types (NP and SFP) were represented at this site (see Table 5-9 and
Appendix B)(Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). Natiu-al platform (NP) debitage was
represented by 75 flakes and single-faceted platform (SFP) debitage was represented by 38 flakes
(see Table 5-9). The most frequent (n=65) natural platform debitage category was NP-11, or flakes
devoid of dorsal surface cortex (see Table 5-9). This tecat is produced well after cortex removal and
PJ. 4-04 5-20
August 2005
Table 5-9
CA-SDI-8797: Technologically Diagnostic Debitage
Material
TECAT MV Q VQ QC CH Total
NP-1 1 1 0 0 0 2
NP-5 2 0 0 0 0 2
NP-6 1 0 0 0 0 1
NP-7 ' 2 0 0 0 0 2
NP-10 3 0 0 0 0 3
NP-11 63 2 0 0 • 0 65
SFP-1 4 0 0 0 0 4
SFP-5 1 0 0 0 0 1
SFP-6 2 0 0 0 0 2
SFP-7 1 0 0 0 0 1
SFP-10 5 0 0 0 0 5
SFP-11 25 0 0 0 0 25
Interior Flake 0 0 0 0 7 7
Biface Flake ' 2 0 0 0 1 3
Pressure Flake 0 0 0 0 1 1
Total 112 3 0 0 9 124
Percent 90.3% 2.4% 0.0% 0.0% 7.3% 100.0%
MV = Metavolcanic Materials
Q = Quartzite
VQ = Vein Quartz
QC = Quartz Crystal (Monocrystalline Quartz)
CH = Chert
Table 5-10
CA-SDI-8797: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage
Material
TECAT MV Q VQ QC CH Total
With Cortex 35 0 2 0 4 41
Without Cortex 146 1 6 1 18 172
Total 181 1 8 1 22 213
Percent 85.0% 0.5% 3.8% 0.5% 10.3% 100.0%
MV = Metavolcanic Materials
Q = Quartzite
VQ = Vem Quartz
QC = Quartz Crystal (Monocrystalline Quartz)
CH = Chert .
flake blank production is in full force. Given the small overall size of the NP-11 flakes identified
during this analysis, these flakes were most likely produced at the very end of flake core reduction
just prior to the core becoming exhausted and discarded, and/or laterally cycled into another
fiinctional tool such as a battered implement. The remaining 10 other natural platform flakes were
produced throughout the reduction cycle, and with the exception of the two NP-1 flakes, all
exhibited minimal dorsal cortex (see Table 5-9).
The same technological reduction pattem was repeated, almost identically, with the single-faceted
platform debitage-(see Table 5-9 to compare NP tecats to SFP tecats)(see Appendix B). The most
commonly occurring (n=25) single-faceted platform debitage category was SFP-11 (see Table 5-9).
As mentioned above, multi-faceted platform nodule core debitage was not identified in this
assemblage. Most ofthe recovered debitage was too small for flake blanks, or was broken, or too
thick, and was therefore discarded.
For the most part, the CA-SDI-8797 Locus C nodule core debitage is small in overall size (< 3 cm
long) and slightly curved in long-section, both attiibutes would indicate production from small cores
or cores with short working faces. This debitage produced from flake cores was placed into two
general technique categories: rejected flake blanks or working face preparation flakes. Rejected
flake blanks may be the appropriate length (> 5 cm), but were rejected because they were too thick,
too nanow, covered with too much cortex, too many stacked step fractures on the dorsal surface,
broken by sheared cones (common at this site), etc. Working face preparation flakes are generally
too small (< 3 cm), ttiangular in cross-section, and thick for use as they were most frequently
produced as platform over-hang removal flakes, and/or to sfraighten the arrises on the face ofthe
core. Useable flake blanks may have been ttansported from the site for use elsewhere.
• Interior Flake
Seven early interior flakes with single-faceted platforms, all manufactured from chert, were
identified among the analyzed artifacts from this site (see Table 5-9). The pattem of single-faceted
platform preparation common in the other lithic materials continues in tiiis material, suggesting that
PJ. 4-04 5-23
August 2005
even though this is a small sample, chert was tteated technologically the same as the other lithic
materials from this assemblage.
These flakes were small (rarely over one cm in length), thick relative to overall size, irregulariy
shaped, exhibited sheared cones, and dorsal and venfral flake scars were covered with pronounced
compression rings. These flakes were not adequate for production of small tools, such as projectile
points or small flake tools. These chert eariy interior flakes with single-faceted platforms were most
likely produced during the later stages of chert nodule core reduction, not the early stages of nascent
biface manufacture.
• Biface Flake
Three early stage bifacial thinning flakes (two of a fined-grained, green metavolcanic material and
one of a chert) were identified, with reservations, during this analysis (see Table 5-9). These flakes,
while possessing most of the technological atiributes afforded to bifacial thinning flakes, had single-
faceted platforms and cortex on the dorsal surface at the distal end of the flake. In large samples of
bifacial thinning flakes, several flakes may have single-faceted, abraded platforms and cortex, but a
small sample of three, all with single-faceted platforms and cortex, suggests these flakes were most
likely "adze flakes." '
• Pressure Flake
One very small chert flake was identified as a pressure bifacial thinning flake (see Table 5-9). This
sample of one flake most likely is not a pressure flake, but rather a small flake with very similar
pressure flake technological attributes that were created fortuitously.
• Adze Flake
Seventeen flakes from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C were identified as adze (SEUT) resharpening flakes,
which possess many technological attributes in common with bifacial thiiming flakes (see Table 5-
9). Adzes, effective woodworking tools (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003), are typically
"...circular or semi-circular in outiine form and have a low profile for the frontal view with the
PJ. 4-04 5-24
August 2005 •
contiguous planer use-wear located near the working element" (Schroth and Fleimiken 1997).
Functioning adzes most likely were ttansported from site to site for use as woodworking tools.
A total of 17 adze resharpening flakes were identified during this analysis. This tecat typically has a
single-faceted platform (some have cortical, as well as multi-faceted platforms), multiple series
groups of stacked step fractures on the proximal end ofthe dorsal surface, multiple linear flake scars
and anises on the dorsal surface, more or less parallel side margins, slightly curved in long-section,
feather termination at the distal end, and most importantiy, have excessive polish/abrasion (from
contact with wood surfaces) with linear striations that are pattemed perpendicular (or oblique) to the
flake platform as well as the margin ofthe adze from which it was produced. Therefore, adze flake
debitage indicates adze resharpening, not manufacture.
5.4.6 Analytical Results: Technologically Nondiagnostic Debitage
• With Cortex
Forty-one (35 metavolcanic, 2 vein quartz, and 4 chert) technologically nondiagnostic flake
fragments that exhibited incipient cone cortex were examined for this analysis (see Table 5-10).
Most of these flake fragments were small, angular, and appeared to be byproducts of nodule core
reduction.
• Without Cortex
One hundred seventy-two (146 metavolcanic, 1 quartzite, 6 vein quartz, 1 quartz crystal, and 18
chert) technologically nondiagnostic, cortex-free flake fragments were also examined for this
analysis (see Table 5-10). As with the cortical flake fragments, most of these pieces of debitage
were small, angular, and also appeared to be by-products of nodule core reduction. However,
several fine-grained, green metavolcanic flake fragments most likely were broken adze resharpening
flakes.
PJ. 4-04 5-25
August 2005
5.4.7 Technological and Functional Summary
• Nodule Core Reduction
Nodule core reduction technology is the most common core technology identified in this CA-SDI-
8797 Locus C assemblage (Gallegos et al. 2002; Gallegos et al. 2003). Products of nodule core
reduction are also the most abundant as measured by percent (77.9%) of technologically diagnostic
flakes. This simple and expedient technology may have been so commonly used because it provided
a simple and relatively effortless way to produce useful flakes, and flake blanks intended for
immediate use or further reduction. Because of the local (San Diego County) abundance of
metavolcanic materials, there was often little need for more material-efficient, and consequenfly
more time-consuming technologies.
Debitage produced from nodule core reduction was classified according to the pattem of dorsal
cortex present (if any), dorsal arris pattems, and platform attributes. Dorsal cortex attributes provide
clues conceming two processes: stage of reduction and patteming of flake removals. The amount of
cortex will decrease through the reduction sequence. Flakes with 100%o dorsal cortex
(NP/SFP/MFP-1 s), therefore, usually result from earlier portions of the sequence while flakes with
no dorsal cortex (NP/SFP/MFP- lis) result from the latter portions of the sequence. The abundance
of flakes that lack dorsal cortex exist because, once cortex is removed from a nodule early in the
reduction sequence, all subsequent flakes will lack dorsal cortex.
The positioning of dorsal cortex results from the patteming of flake removals (clockwise, counter-
clockwise, or unpattemed in relation to the platform). The analysis of this assemblage did not reveal
meaningful pattems regarding the sequence of flake removals mostly because ofthe small sample
size. Most likely at this site, cores were not consistently reduced in, for example, a clockwise
sequence, but rather reduced in the maimer in which the maximum amount of flakes blanks could be
produced considering the shape of a selected nodule.
Another aspect of variability seen in the nodule core reduction debitage assemblages relates to
platform characteristics. This variability also appears to result purely from technological
PJ. 4-04 5-26
August 2005
considerations rather than, for instance, a "mental template" to which might be attached some
chronological or ethnic significance. Three examples of platforms are frequentiy found
(unprepared/natiiral/cortical jjNP], single-faceted [SFP], and multi-faceted [MFP]), and they vary, in
part, according to the amount of shaping required to obtain a suitable platform configuration for
successful flake removals (a uniform platform surface and adequate platform-to-core face angle).
Some nodules did not require shaping (natural platforms) to obtain a proper platform configuration;
others required more (multi-faceted platforms) or less (single-faceted platforms) shaping. It is
expected that these different platform types could be produced within a single reduction sequence as
a result of adjustments made in response to the changing shape of the core as it was reduced.
One source of inter-site variation may relate to the portion of the nodule core reduction sequence
conducted at a site. It appears that cores were not always entirely reduced at a single location, but
rather initial shaping may have been performed at one site and subsequent core reduction was
performed at another. This is indicated at some sites wherein few early stage flakes were found, but
later stage flakes were common, such as CA-SDI-8797. Altematively, this pattem could be
explained as a result of sampling bias resulting from incomplete or non-representative artifact
collections.
5.4.8 Conclusions
With the above discussion serving as an overview of nodule core reduction, the analyzed assemblage
from CA-SDI-8797 provided an example of a site wherein only the last stages of nodule core
reduction occuned. Ofthe 113 nodule core reduction flakes identified in this collection, 98 (86.7%)
were NP-10, NP-11, SFP-10, and SFP-11 (see Table 5-9). Therefore, the primary flintknapping
activity that occuned at this site was associated with nodule core reduction, and the predominant
aspect of nodule core reduction was the production of a few very late stage flake blanks, most likely
for unmodified flake tools. In other words, selection of nodule core toolstone, nodule core platform
preparation, nodule core decortication and manufacture, and extensive nodule core reduction did not
occur at this site. Only late stage flake blanks were produced at this location. The few chert interior
flakes also support this technological observatioii. Based upon the analyzed assemblage from CA-
SDI-8797, flintimapping activities were limited to minimal nodule core flake blank production.
PJ.4-04 5-27
August 2005
minor adze resharpening, and minor mano/metate resharpening. Therefore, site activities involving
limited use of unmodified flake tools, woodworking adzes, and grinding of plant/animal resources
on metates were identified.
It should be noted that an additional interpretation of the CA-SDI-8797 flaked stone assemblage is
that all of the debitage, with the exception of 2 battered implement flakes and 2 bipolar cores, were
related solely to adze maintenance. Potentially, of the 337 flakes and flake fragments, all but the 17
adze production flakes were adze preparation, reshaping, and resharpening debitage removed after or
before the adze was used, and acquired the distinctive edge polish associated with adze flakes. In
other words, the NP flakes, SFP flakes, interior flakes, biface flakes, and pressure flake, were
produced during knapping of adzes. Nodule cores and adzes are the same morphological artifact
class, and were produced by the same reduction sequence, but served very different functions.
Furthermore, nodule cores and adzes may have been within the same reduction frajectory in that
once the nodule core became "exhausted" for flake blank production, they may have been laterally
cycled, with minimal alteration, into adzes.
5.5 FORMED ARTIFACT ANALYSIS (by Tracy Stropes and Jeff FlennUcen)
5.5.1 Cores
Two small, exhausted chert bipolar cores were identified in this assemblage. Both artifacts were
probably discarded because of their small size and crashed nature rendering them useless for fiirther
flake production or use as some other fimctional tool. The presence of a bipolar technology suggests
quality stone may have been at a premium at this location.
5.5.2 Utilized Flake Tool
Utilized flakes are flakes with a minimal amount or no shaping, with modification (if any) generally
restricted to the working edge often resulting from naturally occurring use-wear. These tools are
frequently used for a short period oftime, and then discarded. A single laterally utilized flake was
identified in the present collection. Laterally utilized flake tools exhibit use or modification along a
single lateral margin of the flake from which the tools were produced. The present specimen
PJ. 4-04 5-28
August 2005
tt
tt
I
I
I
maintains a relatively sfraight edge. The angle of the working faces of the specimen is relatively low
(less than 45 degrees). The specimen also exhibits slight modification to the working edge and is
unifacial in form. The edges appear to have been retouched in order to facilitate a relatively sfraight
cutting edge. It is likely that this flake tool was used in a scraping motion for various purposes,
including the working of opposing curved surfaces (such as vegetable products), animal materials
(such as animal hides), and/or other softer stone. The specimen is small (<4cm) in length, indicatmg
more controlled/precise working activities.
5,5.3 Steep-Edged Unifacial Tools (SEUTs)
Southem Califomia archaeology has recovered numerous amorphous lumps of metavolcanic stone
that possess steep, unifacial edges for years. These objects have long been recognized by
archaeologists as artifacts. However, these steep-edged unifacial tools, or SEUTs, have been
subjected to numerous morphological and functional categories (i.e., horse hoof scraper, scraper
plane, flake scraper, biscuit scraper, various core types, etc.). Schroth's (1997) analysis of flaked
stone tools from CA-SDI-11424 is by far the best effort to sort these artifacts into techno-fimctional
categories. The category of adze, or woodworking tool, defines these tools.
A single SEUT, and 17 flakes from SEUTs (adzes) were recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C.
SEUTs are plano-convex in cross-section, have steep sides, are almost circular in planview, are
heavy, and most importantly, have strong acute cutting edges. These tools are ideal woodworking
tools because they are often sharp, weighted, and durable.
Brian Hayden's (1979) ethnographic study in Austtalia, Palaeolithic Reflections, describes the
manufacture and use of SEUTs by Australia's indigenous people in great detail. Given that the
environments of Austtalia and southern Califomia are very similar, and that tools for woodworking
were essential aspects ofthe prehistoric tool kit, southem Califomia SEUTs were most likely used in
a similar manner. This fimctional interpretation is supported by the fact tiiat these two tool
categories are the same in terms of manufacture, material quality, size, shape, wear-pattems, and
overall variation. Additionally, experimentation described by Schroth (1997:8-62) supports the use
of SEUTs as adzes.
PJ. 4-04 5-29
August 2005
I
fl Morphological variation within the SEUT category is, perhaps, the main reason for the numerous
« scraper, plane, etc., categories. However, this variation in size and weight was a technological
™ consideration for the various tasks required of these tools. With basically the same atiributes, except
size and weight, these tools fimctioned as adzes, with different sizes and weights being essential for
different tasks at hand. The most critical attribute, in addition to size and weight, was the acute
sharp cutting edge. When this edge became dulled during woodworking, the tool was resharpened
or rejuvenated by removing flakes from the steep face while employing the piano-surface as a
platform. These flakes are diagnostic, and were identified at CA-SDI-8797.
fl
fl
tt
I
fl
I
fl
I
tt
tt
1
I
tt
I
I
fl
The single SEUT specimen, and 17 flakes from SEUTs identified in this analysis are very similar to
other SEUT/adze specimens from sites such as CA-SDI-12814 (Gallegos et al. 2001), and CA-SDI-
5581 (Gallegos and Sfropes 1999). However, the specimens from CA-SDI-8797 are considerably
smaller than the average SEUT/adze specimen. The present size of the specimens may be a
reflection of use-life termination, and not the ideal tool size and form. The specimen exhibits
primarily unifacial use-wear, with a minimal amount of grinding visible on the venfral surface. The
small size of these tools may indicate more confroUed tool functions such as specified scraping tasks
ranging from fiber processing to the shaping of bone or wood artifacts.
5.5.4 Battered Implements
Two battered implements and two metavolcanic battered implement flakes were examined during
this analysis. These artifacts support a ground stone technology in association with the flaked stone
technology at CA-SDI-8797. Prehistoric flaked stone assemblages from southem Califomia, Utah,
Nevada, and the American Southwest contain a common artifact identified by archaeologists by a
variety of names including chopper, hammerstone, pounder, muller, milling stone, flaked
hammerstone, handstone, battered hammerstone, masher, basher, utilized core, scraper planes,
pecking stone, fist ax, and hand ax (Dodd 1979; Wallace 1978). Many of these artifacts are
employed as archaeological identifiers of specific prehistoric cultures (Wallace 1954; Kowta 1969).
Others are simply weighed, measured, and described generally as plant and animal resource
processing tools.
PJ. 4-04 5-30
August 2005
I
fl
fl
fl
I
fl
I
fl
fl
I
I
I
fl
fl
fl
II
11
II
Dodd (1979) and others (Ambler 1985; Geib 1986), however, have devoted considerable time and
energy to the identification and function of a rather unsophisticated but highly specialized and
important prehistoric tool class, battered hammerstones. Battered hammerstones are separated from
the otiier artifact classes on the basis of pock marks located on one or more intentionally prepared
areas on a single tool that are a result of repeated pounding against another hard object. These
implements are most frequently produced from conchoidal fractining, subrounded to subangular,
spherical to discoidal, cobble-sized, quartzite, chert, metavolcanic, and volcanic nodular alluvial
materials.
The manufacturing process includes the selection of a check-free rock (or most likely at CA-SDI-
8797, an exhausted NP flake core, SFP flake core, or adze) of the appropriate, material and size.
After material selection, a unifacial or bifacial sinuous edge (or platform edge on a flake core) was
produced by direct free hand percussion. The sinuous edge may have been situated on the side of
the nodule, end ofthe nodule, or completely sunounding tiie nodule. The debitage produced as a
result of edge manufactiire is characteristic of initial nodule reduction, but is not well-pattemed
because ofthe variation in size, shape, and quality of the selected cobble. Because a sinuous edge
was the "intended end product," general debitage characteristics may include cortex (in varying
amounts) on the dorsal surfaces and platforms, few dorsal surface arrises, hinge terminations, thick
flake cross-sections, angular flake planviews, single-faceted platforms, and more rarely, multi-
faceted platforms (interior flakes).
Once the sinuous edges were produced to satisfaction, the linear-edged hammerstone was ready for
use. The use of these hammerstones produced battered edges: the longer the use, the more intense
the battering. At some time during tiie use process, the battered hammerstone required resharpening.
Resharpening included the removal of flakes by direct free hand percussion along the sinuous
margin until the battered edge surfaces were partially or totally eliminated. A portion of the
debitage produced during the resharpening process is very distinctive in that the battered edge that
was once on the hammerstone is present on the proximal end of the dorsal surface of the
resharpening flake (battered implement flakes). However, flakes that do not exhibit battering on
their dorsal surface were also produced, and are impossible to assign to the resharpening process.
PJ.4-04 5-31
August 2005
II
II
II
Once again, the hammerstone was ready for use. After numerous use/resharpening events, battered
tools were discarded into archaeological context. These discarded battered implements occur as
exhausted, well-wom, intensely battered tools, or as resharpened, sharp-edge, small hammerstones
with isolated areas of intense battering on one or more previously used margins. The latter were
discarded because they were too small and lack the specific gravity to function efficientiy.
Experimental (Flenniken et al. 1993) and ethnographic data (Bartlett 1933; Hayden and Nelson
1981; HUl 1982; Hough 1897; Lange 1959; Michelsen 1967; Simpson 1952) document ground stone
tools, mainly manos and metates, were manufactured, sharpened, and resharpened with battered
implements (Flenniken et al. 1993). The sample of two battered implement flakes suggest manos
and/or metates may have been resharpened at CA-SDI-8797.
5.6 GROUND LITHIC ARTIFACTS
5.6.1 Introduction
All ground stone materials recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C were selected for analysis and
interpretation. Ground stone implements may include a wide range of objects used to, or created by
the processes of abrasion, impaction, or polishing (Adams 2002). Often, ground stone tools are
associated with the processing/milling of seeds, nuts (i.e., acoms, walnuts, holly leaf cherry), and tiie
processing of small mammals. In addition, ethnographic evidence indicates that bone, clay, and
pigments may have also been processed using the same tools (Gayton 1929; Kroeber 1925; Spier
1978). Implements of this type may be identified by the pattem of wear developed through milling
stone against stone. This process often results in a smooth and/or polished surface, depending on the
substance ground and the lithic material type. Often these surfaces are pecked or resharpened when
ground too smooth. These implements are sometimes shaped into a desired form through pecking,
grinding, or flaking. Thus, tool identification is based on the presence of ground or smooth surfaces,
pecked or resharpened surfaces, and evidence of shaping ofthe tool form. The tools were separated
into three groups: manos/metates, unidentifiable ground stone fragments, and battered implements.
Unidentifiable ground stone is defined herein as a fragment of lithic material with a minimum of a
single ground surface, but with no technologically identifiable characteristics to indicate tool form.
•PJ. 4-04 5-32
August 2005
5.6.2 Manos
Four manos (1 complete, 3 fragmentary) were recovered during excavations at CA-SDI-8797 Locus
C. Three ofthe manos recovered are fragments of volcanic nodules, and one is a granitic specimen.
Bifacial use-wear predominated the coUection. Only one of the manos recovered shows evidence of
shaping, reflecting a dominant trend toward the expedient use of cobbles. All of the manos are
natural cobbles from locally available resources. There is end-battering present on one of the
specimens and two exhibit pecked grinding surfaces. The end-battering visible on the specimens
may indicate that the manos were also used as hammers to sharpen metate grinding surfaces when
they became too slick to grind. The overall curvature of each mano face is slight indicating that the
opposing milling surface that the manos were ground against (i.e., metate, milling slick) was shallow
in form. In addition, the grinding patterns evident on the faces of each mano indicate that the
majority of manos are basin manos used primarily in a reciprocal sfroke manner in concert with
shallow basin metates (Adams 2002). All ofthe manos collected were thermally damaged to varied
degrees. It is possible however, that some ofthe manos were recycled for use in rock hearths or
earth ovens.
In general, the ratio of manos to metates at a site where milling technology is present is much
greater. It has been suggested that the reason for this is that manos wear out much faster than
metates (Wright 1993), and thus more manos are produced as needed. The relatively small milling
assemblage recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C suggests that the inhabitants ofthe site had only
a minimal dependence on food packages that required milling for processing (i.e., grass seeds). It is
evident that the diet ofthe inhabitants of CA-SDI-8797 was primarily derived from plant foods tiiat
did not require milling technology for processing or consumption, or that plant foods were only a
small part ofthe diet.
5.6.3 Ground Stone Fragment
One ground stone fragment was identified in the present collection. In general, a ground stone
fragment is defined as a piece of ground stone implement that has some grinding, but lacks any
defining atiributes that would facilitate tool identification. The smaU fragment recovered from CA-
SDI-8797 Locus C is granitic and thermally damaged.
PJ.4-04 5-33
August 2005
5.7 INVERTEBRATE FAUNAL ANALYSIS (by Tracy Sfropes)
5.7.1 Introduction
Invertebrate remains recovered from the excavation of six units at CA-SDI-8797 Locus C totaled
2,353.4 g. All shell recovered from the site was identified to species, order, and class. A total of 12
species, 4 orders, and 3 classes of invertebrate remains were identified within the six analyzed units.
These shellfish species were representative of three marine environments: bay/lagoon/estuary;
rocky shore/outer coast; and sandy beach.
5.7.2 Methods
Each shell was weighed and examined to identify genus and species. All shell was speciated in
order to determine habitat exploitation pattems and to obtain paleo-environmental data.
5.7.3 Results
The 2,353.4 g of invertebrate remains recovered by unit (from highest to lowest weight) are as
follows: Unit 5 (1,437.9 g). Unit 2 (414.9 g), Unit 3 (233.9 g). Unit 4 (129.3 g), Unit 1 (84.0 g) and
Unit 6 (53.4 g). Table 5-11 illustrates that the majority of shell across the site was recovered from
the 0-60-cm level.
Ofthe 2,353.4 g of shell recovered, 1,655.9 g were identifiable to species. The remaining 697.5 g
were determined to be too fragmentary or weathered for proper identification. Table 5-12 lists the
species identified and their habitats. The majority of invertebrate remains were gathered from
bay/lagoon/estuary environments (95.2%), followed by rocky shore/outer coast environments
(4.6%)), and minimally from sandy beach environments (0.2%o)(Figure 5-3). This data identifies an
exploitation focus by the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8797 on bay/lagoon/estuary environments.
Table 5-12 illusttates that the majority of the identifiable shellfish species recovered from the six
units were Chione sp. (56.5%), Argopecten sp. (29.6%), Ostrea lurida (4.5%), Polinices sp. (4.5%),
PJ. 4-04 5-34
August 2005
Table 5-11
CA-SDI-8797: Total Invertebrate Faunal Remams by Depth
Species 0-10 cm .10-20 cm 20-30 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Total
Argopecten 80.7 118 114 62.9 80.7 31.6 2.1 0.1 0.8 490.9
Astrea undosa 0 0.7 61.3 5.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 67.3
Cerithidea califomica 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0 0 0 0.3
Chione 196.2 217.7 196.3 116.2 149.4 54 5 0 0.2 935
Crepidula 0.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3
Donax gouldii 0.9 0.5 0.9 0 0.6 0.2 0 0 0 3.1
Mytilus 2 2.8 2.6 1.3 0.1 0 0 0 0 8.8
Ostrea lurida 50.2 5.9 6.4 5 3.7 3.6 0 0 0.2 75
Polinices 0 1.3 41.5 29.8 1.1 1-2 0 0 0 74.9
Pseudomelatoma penicillata 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0.1
Serpuloboris 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2
Unidentifiable 133.2 133.1 184.2 79.9 92.5 . 61.9 7.6 4.6 0.5 697.5
Total 463.3 480.2 607.4 300.2 328.4 152.8 14.7 4.7 1.7 2353.4
Table 5-12
CA-SDI-8797: Species by Habitat Summary
Bay/Lagoon/Estuary
Argopecten 490.9 29.6%
Cerithidea califomica 0.3 0.0%
Chione 935 56.5%
Ostrea lurida 75 4.5%
Polinices 74.9 4.5%
Total for Habitat 1576.1 95.2%
Rocky Shore/Outer Coast
Astrea undosa 67.3 4.1%o
Crepidula 0.3 0.0%
Mytilus - 8.8 0.5%
Pseudomelatoma penicillata 0.1 0.0%
Serpuloboris squamigems 0.2 0.0%
Total for Habitat 76.7 4.6%
Sandy Beach
Donax gouldii 3.1 0.2%
Total for Habitat 3.1 0.2%
Total 1655.9 100.0%
400
Figure 5-3
CA-SDI-8797 Shell Habttat by Depth
30 40 50
Depth (cm)
60 70 80 90
and Astrea undosa (4. l%)(Figure 5-4). The remaining.species from the site contributed to less than
one percent of the total specimens.
In summary, the invertebrate shell data identifies that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8797 primarily
exploited bay/lagoon/estuary habitats for shellfish. However, there is some evidence of exploitation
of rocky shore/outer coast habitats as well. It is likely that this exploitation pattem represents a
focus on primarily a single environment with opportunistic gathering near rocky shore/outer coast
locations. The radiocarbon dates support this exploitation pattem. Given the results of shellfish
analysis for CA-SDI-8797, the inhabitants likely exploited the nearest lagoon habitat (Agua
Hedionda Lagoon), and occasionally visited other nearby shoreline areas.
5.8 VERTEBRATE FAUNAL ANALYSIS (by Patricia Mitchell)
5.8.1 Introduction
The bird, mammal, and fish bone collection from site CA-SDI-8797 Locus C consists of 73
fragments with a combined weight of 8.4 g. Two of the fragments (1.3 g) were determined to be
intrasive to the prehistoric site. Both of these bone fragments exhibit signs of intrasiveness such as
oily texture, or fragile, whole elements. The oily texture suggests the presence of collagen in the
bone, and therefore, the bones are most likely the result of a recent, natural death and were not
included in the following data tabulations. The remaining 71 (7.1 g) bone fragments were recovered
from the 0-90-cm levels of six excavation units. All bone fragments were identified to class, order,
family, or when possible to genus and species. One animal species, Sylvilagus audubonii (desert
cottontail rabbit), was identified. The remaining bone fragments lacked the morphological features
that would have allowed them to be identified to a taxonomic category greater than their class.
Other categories used to identify these fragments include small bird, teleostei, marine mammal,
small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal. Evidence of buming was present on a portion
of the collection and has allowed for some interpretation of the preparation of the meat portion ofthe
inhabitants' diet at site CA-SDI-8797.
PJ. 4-04 5-38
August 2005
Figure 5-4
CA-SDI-8797 Comparison of Major Species by Deptii
250
• Argopecten
• Chione
• Donax gouldu
• Ostrea lunda
fl
5.8.2 Methods
Each bone was examined to determine:
• element
• right or left side
• highest taxonomic category
• evidence of buming, and if so, what degree of oxidation
• evidence of butchering, and if so, what method of butchering
Comparative skeletal collections used in the identification process included those from Scripps
Institute of Oceanography, as well as from private collections and a photographic database. Bone
atiases (Lawrence 1951; Nickel et al. 1986; Olsen 1985; Sandefiir 1977; Schmid 1972)
supplemented the analysis.
Categories used in this analysis include:
Bumed: Bone elements or fragments that show color change from exposure to heat or fire
(oxidation). Colors may include:
• brown = exposure to heat,, but little or no exposure to open flames.
• black = direct exposure to open flames (i.e., roasting or discard in a fire).
• blue/white (calcined) = direct exposure to a fire hotter than 800° Celsius
(Ubelaker 1978). This may represent bone that was severely bumed during preparation,
in which case, if flesh was present on the bone during exposure to the fire the bone
would exhibit signs of warping and shrinking (Ubelaker 1978). Calcined bone may also
be the resuh of having been discarded in a fire hearth (Wing and Brown 1979).
Unbumed: No evidence of buming or oxidation.
Butchered: Bone with evidence of processing by slicing or chopping actions.
Bird: Bones that have thin walls in cross-section, are hollow, and light in weight. These are often
distinguishable from mammal bone because they contain large cavities tiiat would have been filled
with air in life.
Small Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are between a mouse and a
jackrabbit.
PJ.4-04 5-40
August 2005
Medium Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are larger than a jackrabbit,
but smaller than a deer.
Large Mammal: All nondiagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are deer-size and larger.
Marine Mammal: Sea mammals' bones are often distinguished from other medium or large-sized
terrestrial mammals by the spongy texture.
Teleostei: Funnel-shaped vertebrae with/without the spinous process attached, and other skeletal
elements considered as bony fish.
The quantification of faunal material can be studied using several methods. The methods used in
individual studies are usually determined by sample size and type of site being investigated. Two
methods were used in this study: the number of identified specimens per taxon (NISP), which
represents the total number of specimens within a category; and the minimum number of individuals
(MNI), which represents the minimum number of individuals within a genus and species category.
5.8.3 Results
The animal remains recovered from the six excavation units consisted of 71 (7.1 g) bone elements
from the 0-90-cm levels of CA-SDI-8797 Locus C (Tables 5-13 and 5-14). One Sylvilagus
audubonii (desert cottontail rabbit) bone was identified from the collection of 71 bone elements.
The remaining 70 pieces of bone lacked the morphological features that would have allowed them to
be identified to the genus and species level, and were therefore identified as small bird, teleostei,
marine mammal, small mammal, medium mammal, or large mammal.
Horizontal distribution of NISP counts presented in Table 5-13 shows that the majority of bone
elements were recovered from Unit 5 (35.2%), followed by Unit 4 (32.4%), and Unit 2 (23.9%).
The remaining three units contributed less than 5 percent each.
Table 5-14 presents the resuhs ofthe vertical distribution of NISP counts for the six units. There is a
steady increase of vertebrate remains recovered from the surface to the 20-cm levels (NISP=2 to
NISP==8). No culturally-deposited vertebrate remains were recovered from the 20-30-cm level. The
NISP counts begin to decline from the 30-40-cm level (NISP=6) before increasing again in the next
PJ. 4-04 5-41
August 2005
Table 5-13
CA-SDI-8797: NISP Distiibution of Vertebrate Remains by Unit
Unit
Specimen 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total Percent
Sylvilagus audubonii 0 1 0 0 0 . 0 1 1.4%
Large Mammal 0 1 0 0 2 0 3 4.2%
Marine Mammal 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1.4%
Medium Mammal 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1.4%
Small Mammal 3 14 2 22' 19 1 61 85.9%
Small Bird 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 2.8%
Teleostei 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 2.8%
Total 3 17 2 23 25 1 71 100.0%
Percent 4.2% 23.9% 2.8% 32.4% 35.2% 1.4% 100.0%
Table 5-14
CA-SDI-8797: NISP Distribution of Vertebrate Remains by Depth
Specimen 0-10 cm 10-20 cm 30-40 cm 40-50 cm 50-60 cm 60-70 cm 70-80 cm 80-90 cm Total Percent
Sylvilagus audubonii 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.4%
Large Mammal 0 0 0 0 3 . 0 0 0 3 4.2%
Marine Mammal 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1.4%
Medium Mammal 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1.4%
Small Mammal 1 7 5 10 23 4 10 1 61 85.9%
Small Bfrd 0 0 , 0 1 1 0 0 0 2 2.8%
Teleostei 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 2.8%
Total 2 8 6 11 29 4 10 1 71 100.0%
Percent 2.8% 11.3% 8.5% 15.5% 40.8% 5.6% 14.1% -1.4% 100.0%
two 10-cm levels (NISP=11 to NISP=29). The bone counts in the 60-70-cm level drops off
dramatically (NISP=4), and increases once more in the 70-80-cm level (NISP=10) before
terminating at the 80-90-cm level with a NISP of one. The majority of bone elements (56.3%
combined) were recovered from the 40-60-cm levels.
Throughout the site, the highest bone element count was identified as small-sized mammals, and
included Sylvilagus audubonii (MNI=1), and small mammal (87.3% combined). The remaining
animal resources contributed little to the meat portion of the inhabitants' diet: large mammal
resources were 4.2%; avian and fish resources were 2.8%) each; and medium mammal and marine
mammal resources were less than 1.5%) each.
As seen in Table 5-15, evidence of buming was present on the majority.of the coUection (63.4%)).
Ofthe 45 bones bumed, 95.6% (n=43) were bumed brown in color, indicating exposure to heat, but
not to a direct flame. This suggests that these animals were likely cooked in some type of container
(i.e., pottery, stone, basketiy). Dracker (1937) noted that the bones of small mammals, and the meat
were pulverized, and that heated stones were used in baskets for cooking (stone boiling) by the
Luiseiio Native Americans. Animal species or categories bumed brown in color included:
Sylvilagus audubonii, small bird, teleostei, small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal.
None ofthe bones were bumed black in color.
The specimens that were calcined (4.4%, n=2 ofthe bumed elements) were exposed to a direct flame
at extremely high temperatures (greater than 800° Celsius). None ofthe calcined bones exhibited
signs of shrinking or warping. These are atttibutes that indicate the presence of soft tissue on the
bone at the time of exposure to an open flame. It is likely that the calcined specimens were the resuh
of being discarded in a fire hearth. Animal species or categories calcined include small mammal.
5.8.4 Butchered Bone
No evidence of butchering was observed on the vertebrate remains recovered from CA-SDI-8797
Locus C.
PJ. 4-04 5-44
August 2005
Table 5-15
GA-SDI-8797: Summary of Bumed Bone
Specimen Brown Black Calcined Total Percent Overall Total
Bumed
Sylvilagus audubonii 1 0 0 1 100.0% 1
Large Mammal 1 0 0 1 33.3% 3
Marine Mammal 0 0 0 0 0.0% 1
Medium Mammal 1 0 , 0 1 100.0% 1
Small Mammal 37 0 2 39 63.9% 61
Small Bird 1 0 0 1 50.0% 2
Teleostei 2 0 0 2 100.0% 2
Total 43 0 2 45 63.4% 71
Percent 95.6% 0.0% 4.4% 100.0%
5.8.5 Natural History
Terrestrial
There is one species of Leporidae represented in the vertebrate collection: Sylvilagus audubonii
(desert cottontail rabbit). Desert cottontail rabbits can be found in open plains, foothills, low
valleys, and coastal areas, and are easily caught with a rabbit stick or bow and anow (Christenson
1986). Dracker (1937) also noted that rabbits were hunted in communal drives and driven into nets.
They are most active in early moming, late aftemoon, and at night. Their diet consists of green
vegetation and fmit (Russo and Oldhausen 1987). The desert cottontail was probably hunted for
food, as well as for its peh (Schroth and Gallegos 1991).
5.9 RADIOCARBON DATING ANALYSIS
5.9.1 Sample Results
Four shell samples were submitted to Beta Analytic, Inc., for accelerated mass specttometry (AMS)
analysis (Table 5-16 and Appendix E). Specimen CA-SDI-8979-86 was collected from the 70-80-
cm level of Unit 4 and is a Cypraea spadicea Swainson (Chestaut Cowry) shell fragment. Cowries
are considered to be more often associated with Early Period sites, therefore, this shell was selected
to determine the age of the basal level ofthe deposit. The sample provided a date (at two-sigma
range) of AD 1650 to AD 1870 (Cal BP 300 to 80). This date identifies occupation within the Late
Period.
Specimen CA-SDI-8797-99 was coUected from the 20-30-cm level of Unit 5 and is a Polinices sp.
specimen. Polinices sp. shell is often associated with Early Period sites, therefore, this specimen
was selected to determine the age of the upper portions of the deposit. In addition, a Polinices sp.
specimen was sampled from CA-SDI-8303 (considered primarily a Late Period site), and from CA-
SDI-8694 for comparison. The sample provided a date (at two-sigma range) of BC 3320 to BC 2910
(Cal BP 5270 to 4860). This date identifies occupation for the upper portions of the deposit of CA-
SDI-8797 witiiin the Early Period.
PJ. 4-04 5-46
August 2005
Table 5-16
CA-SDI-8797: Radiocarbon Dates
Site Temp. Beta
Number Lab. Lab. Provenience Material C-14 C-14 2-Sigma
CA-SDI-Number Number (UnitLevel) Measured Convential Result BP
8797 86 197210 4:70-80 cm Shell (Cowry) 370+/-40 800+/-40 300 to 80
8797 99 197211 5:20-30 cm Shell (Polinices) 4610+/-50 , 5010+/-50 5270 to 4860
8797 110 197212 5:50-60 cm Shell (Donax) 3080+/-40 3480+/-40 3220 to 2940
8797 106 197586 5:40-50 cm Shell (Donax) 3170+/-40 3600+/-40 3360 to 3110
specimen CA-SDI-8797-110 was collected from the 50-60-cm level of Unit 5 and is a Donax sp.
specimen. Donax sp. shell is often associated with Late Period sites, therefore, this specimen was
selected to determine if there is Early/Late Period component mixing within the deposit. The sample
provided a date (at two-sigma range) of BC 1270 to BC 990 (Cal BP 3220 to 2940). This date
identifies occupation for CA-SDI-8797 witiiin the later part of the Eariy Period.
The last sample (specimen CA-SDI-8797-106) was selected to, confirm or reject the early date
received on the Donax sp. sample specimen CA-SDI-8797-110. Donax sp. shell, as mentioned
previously, usually dates to the Late Period (circa 1,500 years ago to present). The sample
(specimen CA-SDI-8797-106) was also selected from the 40-50-cm level of Unit 5. This sample
produced a date (at two-sigma range) of BC 1400 to 1160 (Cal BP 3360 to 3110) and confirmed the
use of Donax sp. shell as a food resource circa 3,000 years ago within the later part ofthe Eariy
Period. It should be noted that the majority of shell (95.2%)) recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
was from bay/lagoon/estuary environments, 4.6% from rocky shore/outer coast environments, and
0.2% (Donax gouldii) from sandy beach environments.
5.10 SITE SUMMARY
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8797 Locus C included field excavation of six
1x1 -m units, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special sttidies. The purpose ofthe Indexing and
Preservation Study was to provide an index sample representing the deposit being capped and
preserved. The fieldwork resulted in the collection of 337 debitage, 2 cores, 1 flake tool, 1 steep-
edged unifacial tool (SEUT), 17 flakes from SEUTs, 2 battered implements, 4 manos, 1 ground
stone fragment, and 1 polished stone. Faunal material includes 8.4 g of bone and 2,353.4 g of shell.
Disturbance from constraction, agricultural activities, and bioturbation was noted in all units. The
range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8797 indicates a habitation site occupied at a minimum during the
Middle to Late Holocene. Flake production from local cobbles, suggests flake tool use. Therefore,
the primary flintknapping activity that occiuxed at this site was associated with nodule core
reduction, and the predominant aspect of nodule core reduction was the production of a few very late
PJ. 4-04 5-48 .
August 2005
stage flake blanks, most likely for unmodified flake tools. In other words, selection of nodule core
toolstone, nodule core platform preparation, nodule core decortication and manufacture, and
extensive nodule core reduction did not occur at this site. Only late stage flake blanks were
produced at this location. The few chert interior flakes recovered support this technological
observation. Hunting activities may have occuned near this site as indicated by the faunal
assemblage. The presence of five ground stone tools and two battered implements represents
preparation of plant foods through pounding and/or grinding. The presence of shellfish remains and
the range of small to large mammal bone demonsttates the range of foods collected, hunted, and
processed. A nanow range of hunting and collecting activities characterizes the site. Analysis of
the 2,353.4 g of shell recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C identifies that the majority of the
identifiable shellfish species were likely collected from Agua Hedionda Lagoon, and that the site's
inhabitants occasionally visited other shoreline areas. The radiocarbon dates identify occupation of
the site primarily during the Early Period (Middle Holocence) circa 3320 BC to 990 BC (see Section
5.9 discussion). However, a Late Period occupation component was identified by the radiocarbon
date range from 1650 AD to 1870 AD (Cal BP 300 to 80). As demonsttated by the radiocarbon
dates, site CA-SDI-8797 is a multi-component site with a dominant Early Period component and
minimal evidence of a Late Period component.
PJ. 4-04 5-49
August 2005
SECTION 6
SITE DISCUSSIONS
By Tracy Stropes, Monica Guenero, and Dennis Gallegos
6.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
Research questions were addressed to provide a theoretical framework for the data
recovery program. The following section addresses the research questions conceming
chronology, lithic technology, subsistence sfrategy, site type and settlement pattem, and
trade and travel discussed previously in Section 2. Each site will be discussed separately
under the research topic posed.
6.2 CHRONOLOGY
• What was the period of use and/or occupation?
6.2.1 CA-SDI-8303
Radiocarbon analysis as a result of this study, places primary site occupation during the
Late Period, circa 100 to 980 years ago (see Section 3.13). In addition, minor evidence
of an Early Period occupation component is supported by a radiocarbon date of 6,500 to
6,730 years ago (Beta 197208). The radiocarbon dates are supported by the presence of a
high amount of Donax sp. shell (71.6%)), a sandy beach shellfish species exploited
primarily during the Late Period, and a low amount, of bay/lagoon/estuary shellfish
species (28.3%)) that were heavily exploited during the Early Period. Previous work and
the present study produced 11 radiocarbon dates from CA-SDI-8303 identifying primary
site occupation during the Late Period (Table 6-1 and Figure 6-1). Late Period
occupation is additionally supported by the presence of small anow points, ceramics.
Obsidian Butte obsidian, and glass frade beads. The Early Period occupation is
additionally supported by the presence of one piece of obsidian sourced to the Coso
Volcanic Fields located in Kem County, Califomia.
PJ. 4-04 6-1
August'2005
Table 6-1
Radiocarbon Dates for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797
Site
Number
CA-SDI-
Beta
Lab.
Number
Provenience Material C-14 C-14 2-Sigma
(Unit: Level) Measured Conventional Results BP
Source
8303 Beta-132825
Beta-197207
Beta-132826
Beta-132823
Beta-129351
Beta-132824
Beta-129248
Beta-125350
Beta-197209
Beta-197206
Beta-197208
16:20-30 cm
11:60-70 cm
27:40-50 cm
4:20-30 cm
4:20-30 cm
4:50-60 cm
1:40-50 cm
3:30-40 cm
7:80-90 cm
11:60-70 cm
7:80-90 cm
Shell (Chione)
Shell (DOnax)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Donax)
Shell (Polinices)
Shell (Argopecten)
470+/-50 880+/-50 150 to 435 Cheever and Berryman 1999
300+/-40 730+/-40 260 to 40 This Report
540+/-40 950+/-50 485 to 270 Cheever and Ben^man 1999
530+/-70 940+/-70 500 to 240 Cheever and Berryman 1999
320+/-60 760+/-60 500 to 280 Gallegos et al. 1999
590+/-50 1000+/-50 510 to 290 Cheever and Benyman 1999
650+/-60 1080+/-60 560 to 330 Gallegos et al. 1999
420+/-80 850+/-80 605 to 310 Gallegos et al. 1999
710+/-40 1140+/-40 610 to 460 . This Report
1140+/-40 1570+/-40 980 to 780 This Report
5980+/-40 6410+/-40 6730 to 6500 This Report
8694 Beta-197596 40:30-40 cm Shell (Donax) 270+/-40 710+/-40 260 to 40 This Report
Beta-197595 40:30-40 cm Shell (Chione) 1050+/-60 1480+/-70 950 to 650 This Report
Beta-125792 1:30-40 cm Shell (Chione) 4740+/-80 5160+/-80 5160 to 5310 Gallegos etal. 1999
Beta-197594 25:40-50 cm Shell (Chione) 5900+/-70 6320+/-40 6640 to 6400 This Report
Beta-197593 11:10-20 cm Shell (Polinices) 6630+/-60 7070+/-70 7500 to 7230 This Report
8797 Beta-197210
Beta-197212
Beta-199586
Beta-84551
Beta-197211
Beta-84552
Beta-55428
4:70-80 cm
5:50-60 cm
5:40-50 cm
STP 16/50 cm
5:20-30 cm
2:60-70 cm
1:40-50 cm
Shell (Cowry)
Shell (Donax)
Shell (Donax)
Shell
Shell (Polinices)
Shell (Chione)
Shell (Chione)
370+/-40
3080+/-40
3170+/-40
4450+/-70
4610+/-50
4700+/-90
5190+/-80
800+/-40
3480+/-40
3600+/-40
4870 +/- 70
5010+/-50
5110+/-90
300 to 80
3220 to 2940
3360 to 3110
5045 to 4655
5270 to 4860
5450 to 4865
This Report
This Report
This Report
Gallegos and Harris 1995
This Report
Gallegos and Harris 1995
Gallegos and Kyle 1992
Years B.P. (Dates shown are measured and not conventional^
K) .(^ Ul Ov ON <l 00 00 VD vo o o (Jl o Ul o Ul o Ul o Ul o Ul o Ul o Ul
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
5 If •
t
'I
10 1^
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13 f
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23 1^
lit
26 f
27 fc.
28
29 '
• 30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
5- •
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62 ^
63 ».
64
65 •
66 t-
•
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• 1
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Key for Figure 6-1
Radiocarbon Dates for the Agua Hedionda Lagoon Region by Date
(Adapted from GaUegos, Harris and Schroth 1999)
Site
Number Lab Provenience Material C14 C14 Source/Comments Chart Record
CA-SDI Number (Unit/Level) Measured Conventional Number
5440 Beta-041955 19:20-30 cm (Fea) 220+/-50 1
8694 Beta-197596 40:30-40 cm Shell (Donax) 270-I-/-40 710+MO This Report 2
8303 Beta-197207 11:60-70 Shell (Donax) 300+/-40 730+MO This Report 3
8303 Beta-129351 4:20-30 cm Shell (Chione) 320+/-60 760+/-60 GaUegos etal, 1999 4
8797 Beta-197210 4:70-80 cm Shell (Cowty) 370+/-40 800+/-40 This Report 5
8303 Bela-125350 3:30-40 cm Shell (Chione) 420+/-80 850+/-80 Gallegos etal. 1999 6
8303 Beta-132825 16:20-30 cm Shell (Chione) 470+/-50 880+/-5O Cheever and Berryman 1999 7
8303 Beta-132823 4:20-30 cm Shell (Chione) 530+/-70 940+/-70 Cheever and Berryman 1999 8
8303 Beta-132826 27:40-50 cm Shell (Chione) 540+/-40 950+/-50 Cheever and Berryman 1999 9
8303 Beta-132824 4:50-60 cm Shell (Chione) 590+/-50 1000+/-50 Cheever and Benyman 1999 10
14335 Beta-99800 2:10-20 cm SheU 610+/-60 1040+/-60 Schroth and GaUegos 1996 II
5353 Beta-013474 43N/2W:30.40 cm Shell 630+/-70 1070+/-70 Koerper 1986 12
8303 Beta-129248 1:40-50 cm SheU (Chione) 650+/-60 I080+/-60 Gallegos et al. 1999 13
8303 Beta-197209 7:80-90 SheU (Donax) 710+/-40 1140+/-40 This Report 14
5353 Beta-013475 43N/2W:60-70 cm SheU 1000+/-70 1450+/-70 Koerper 1986 15
8694 Beta-197595 40:30-40 cm SheU (Chione) 1050+/-60 1480+/-70 This Report 16
5353 Beta-013152 SNOT: 180 cm Charcoal 1130+/-60 -Koerper 1986 17
8303 Beta-197206 11:60-70 cm SheU (Polinices) 1140+/-40 1570+/-40 This Report 18
13076 Beta-62351 1:20-30 cm SheU 1180+/-70 -Eighmey 1993 19
5353 Beta-013473 43N/2W: 10-20 cm SheU 1290+/-60 1730+/-60 Koerper 1986 20
10024 UGa-3202 3:50-55 cm -1310+/-55 -Carrico and Phiffips 1981 21
10024 UGa-3203 3:0-5 cm -1625+/-65 -Carrico and Philhps 1981 22
12814 Beta-107752 32-36:30^0 cm Charcoal 20604-MO 2090+MO GaUegos et al. 1998 23
8797 Beta-197212 5:50-60 cm SheU (Donax) 3080+/-40 3480+/-40 This Report 24
12814 Beta-106084 Trench:40-70 Charcoal 3100+/-70 3070+/-70 Gallegos etal. 1998 25
8797 Beta-199586 5:40-50 cm Shell (Donax) 3170+/-40 3600+/-40 This Report 26
12814 Beta-099801 41:80 cm Charcoal 3790+/-120 3790+/-120 Gallegos et al. 1998 27
14565 Beta-125793 1:50-60 cm SheU 4030+/-80 4440+/-80 GaUegos etal. 1999 28
12814 Beta-106085 Trench:40-70 Charcoal 4060+/-70 4050+/-70 Gallegos etal. 1998 29
12814 Beta-94125 9:30^0 cm charcoal 4180+/-80 4190+/-80 Gallegos etal. 1998 30
10024 Beta-016440 1:20-30 cmCW-132) -4380+/-80 -Hector and Wade 1986 31
12814 Beta-106083 Trench:40-70 charcoal 4420+/-70 4440+/-70 Gallegos etal. 1998 32
8797 Beta-84551 STP 16/50 cm SheU 4450+/-70 4870 +/- 70 Gallegos and Harris 1995 33
12814 Beta-94124 6:30-40 cm Charcoal 4460+/-50 4510+/-50 Gallegos etal. 1998 34
8797 Beta-197211 5:20-30 cm SheU (PoUnices) 4610+/-50 5010+/-50 This Report 35
8797 Beta-84552 2:60-70 cm SheU (Chione) 4700+/-90 5110+/-90 Gallegos and Harris 1995 36
8694 Beta-125792 1:30-40 cm SheU (Chione) 4740+/-80 5160+/-80 Gallegos etal. 1999 37
10024 UGa-3204 3:30-35 cm -4815+/-90 -Cairico and PhiUips 1981 38
8797 Beta-55428 1:40-50 cm SheU (Chione) 5190+/-80 -GaUegos and Kyle 1992 39
10478 Beta-046095 1:20-30 cm 5520+/-100 -Gallegos 1986 40
6133 Beta-11794 3:30.40 cm
-•
5630+/-80 • 6070+/-80 Sclu-oth et al. 1998 41
8694 Bela-197594 25:40-50 cm SheU (Chione) 5900+/-70 6320+/^0 This Report 42
8303 Beta-197208 7:80-90 SheU (Argopeclfin) 5980+/.40 6410+/-40 This Report 43
10024 Beta-016441 2:20-30 cm (W-132) -6020+/-80 -Hector and Wade 1986 44
9115 Beta-121535 1:10-20 om SheU 6080+/-50 6520+/-50 Gallegos et al. 1998 45
8694 Beta-197593 11:10-20 cm SheU (Polinices) 6630+/-60 7070+/-70 This Report 46
9700 --SheU 6630+/-90 -Hector 1984 47
6132 Beta-89369 NA SheU 6700+/-100 7110+/-I00 Dolanetal. 1996 48
10671 Beta-89371 Unit 12 Shell 6740+/-90 7150+/-100 Dolanetal. 1996 49
10671 Beta-89372 Unit 12 SheU 6800+/-90 7210+/-90 Dolanetal. 1996 50
9649 Beta-13437 N:0-10 cm SheU 6850+/-120 7280+/-120 Koerper 1986 51
10671 Beta-89373 Unit 12 SheU 6880+/-60 7290+/-70 Dolanetal. 1996 52
9649 Beta-13441 N:40-50 cm SheU 6970+AIOO 7410+/-100 Koerper 1986 53
10965 Beta-9130 35:60-70 cm SheU 7040+/-80 -Gallegos and Carrico 1984 54
9649 Beta-13440 Q:30^0cm SheU 7090+/-90 7520+/-90 Koerper 1986 55
6132 Beta-89370 NA SheU 7180+/-70 7590+/-70 Dolanetal. 1996 56
9649 Beta-13438 Q:10-20 cm SheU 7200+/-I00 7640+/-IOO Koerper 1986 57
9649 Beta-13442 Q:50 cm-sterile SheU 7260+/-90 7710+/-90 Koerper 1986 58
9649 Beta-13439 N:20-30 cm SheU 7270+/-90 77I0+/-90 Koerper 1986 59
UCU-M-15 LJ-0961 1:130-140 cm SheU 7420+/-350 -Hubbs etal. 1965 60
UCU-M-15 U-0966 1:130-140 cm SheU 7450+/-370 -Hubbs et al. 1965 61
9649 Beta-6954 -SheU 7520+/-90 7940+/-90 Koerper 1986 62
10965 Beta-9128 14:30-40 cm SheU 8060+/-90 -Gallegos and Carrico 1984 63
10965 Beta-9129 18:30-40 om SheU 8280+/-100 -Gallegos and Carrico 1984 64
10965 Beta-9127 6:10-20 cm SheU 8390+/-110 -GaUegos and Carrico 1984 65
UCU-M-15 U-0967 1:160-170 cm SheU 9020+/-500 -Hubbs etal. 1965 66
Otolith analysis for specimens identified as Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker) and
Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker) identified season of capture as summer (May to
October). According to the otolith analysis, site CA-SDI-8303 was occupied at a
minimum during summer seasons, however, as the entire artifact assemblage portrays, the
site was likely occupied year-round. Ceramic artifacts are a temporal indicator of Late
Period occupation at site CA-SDI-8303. A total of 449 ceramic sherds was recovered as
a result of the present Indexing and Preservation Study at CA-SDI-8303. The large
quantity of ceramics, and the presence of two different types of ceramic wares (Tizon
Brown Ware and Lower Colorado Buff Ware) suggest intensive use of ceramics during
the Late Period occupation of this site.
Ceramics are believed to have been infroduced into the San Diego region post AD 900
(Waters 1982). At or around AD 900, during the Patayan II Period, the use of ceramics
spread to a wider area and into new regions. These new regions included northem
tenitories, such as along the Colorado River to southem Nevada, east to Agua Caliente
along the Gila River, and west towards the Peninsular Range. Before this diffusion,
ceramics were not present in the San Diego region (Waters 1982). Archaeological data
suggests that the inception of ceramics in northem San Diego County occurred
subsequent to the inception of ceramic manufacture in southem San Diego County
(Meighan 1954; Rogers 1936; Tme and Waugh 1983).
t
Meighan (1954) originally defined Late Period sites within northem San Diego County as
part of the San Luis Rey cultural complex. Meighan (1954) divided this complex into
two phases (San Luis Rey I and San Luis Rey II) characterized by the presence or
absence of ceramic artifacts within the cultural material deposits. Meighan (1954) stated
that Late Period sites lacking ceramic artifacts dated to AD 1400 to AD 1750, while Late
Period sites that included ceramic artifacts dated to AD 1750 to AD 1850. Tme and
Waugh (1983) substantiated Meighan's statement with their work along Frey Creek,
stating that considerable ceramic use did not occur in the northem portion of San Diego
County untU post AD 1750.
PJ. 4-04 6-5
August 2005
However, additional archaeological work conducted within the northem portion of San
Diego County does not support Meighan (1954) and Tme and Waugh's (1983) time
periods. Archaeological excavations conducted by Harvey (2001), Robbins-Wade
(1988), Tme et al. (1974), and York and Kirkish (2000) in northem San Diego County
suggest that ceramic manufacture and use in northem San Diego County occurred as
early as AD 1200 to AD 1300, and was most likely a common cultural practice by AD
1500 to AD 1600.
6.2.2 CA-SDI-8694
Radiocarbon analysis as a result of this study produced four dates placing site occupation
for CA-SDI-8694 during both the Early Period (Middle Holocence), circa 5550 BC to
4450 BC (see Section 4.12), and the Late Period, circa AD 1000 to AD 1910 (see Table
6-1). One additional radiocarbon date (Beta 125792) obtained in 1999 identifies Early
Period occupation from circa 5,160 to 5,310 years ago (GaUegos et al. 1999). The Early
Period component- is additionally supported by the presence of a quartz atlatl dart point,
and the invertebrate faunal assemblage demonstrating use of the site during the period
wherein Agua Hedionda Lagoon was deep, flushing, and open to the ocean. Late Period
occupation, is additionally supported by the presence of small anow points, ceramics,
Donax sp. shell, and Obsidian Butte obsidian.
The four otolith specimens were identified as Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker), and
Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker), and represent fish captured during the summer
(May to October). Therefore, at a minimum, the site was occupied during summer
seasons. Given the radiocarbon dates, there were two periods of occupation. The first
occupation dates from circa 5,160 to 7,500 years ago. The later reoccupation of CA-SDI-
8694 dates from circa 100 to 950 years ago.
6.2.3 CA-SDI-8797
Radiocarbon analysis as a result of this study produced three dates for CA-SDI-8797
Locus C (see Table 6-1). These dates place occupation primarily during the Early Period
(Middle Holocene), circa 3,220 to 5,270 years ago (see Section 5.9). In addition, a Late
PJ. 4-04 6-6
August 2005
Period occupation is supported by a radiocarbon date identifying a reoccupation of the
site from circa 80 to 300 years ago. Previous work and this study produced a total of six
radiocarbon dates (see Table 6-1). These dates, combined with artifacts and ecofacts
recovered suggest three site occupations. The first occupation, and likely the dominant
occupation, occurred from circa 4,655 to 5,450 years ago, and is supported by primarily
lagoonal shellfish across the site. The second occupation, and possibly a shorter period
of occupation, occuned from circa 2,940 to 3,360 years ago, and is supported by a low
amount of Donax sp. shell recovered. The last occupation dates from circa 80 to 300
years ago, and is supported by the presence of ceramics and a low amount of lagoonal
shell.
As demonsttated by the radiocarbon dates recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C, the
site is multi-component containing evidence of both Early and Late Period occupations.
The Early Period (Middle Holocene) component is the dominant component, and is
identified by radiocarbon dates, previously recovered evidence of a human burial by
interment (Gallegos et al. 1999), and the presence of lagoonal shellfish species. Minor
evidence of a Late Period occupation is identified by one radiocarbon date, and a low
amount of ceramics recovered during previous excavations (Gallegos and Huey 1992).
6.2.4 Regional Chronology Discussion
Regionally, the Agua Hedionda Lagoon area has been occupied from over 9,000 years
ago to historic contact (Table 6-2). In all, 19 precontact sites near Agua Hedionda
Lagoon have been radiocarbon dated. The oldest known site, UCLJ-M-15, dates to 9,020
years ago. Radiocarbon dates are fairly consistent from over 8,000 to circa 3,000 years
ago, and from circa 1,700 years ago to historic contact. Only one date (circa 2,100 years
ago), obtained from a transient hearth feature at site CA-SDI-12814, identifies occupation
from circa 3,000 to 1,700 years ago. The near absence of radiocarbon dates for the
period between 3,000 to 1,700 years ago may reflect the silting in of Agua Hedionda
Lagoon circa 3,500 years ago, an event that occuned at Batiquitos Lagoon during that
period (Miller 1966; Wanen et al. 1961; Wamen and Pavesic 1963; Gallegos 1985,
1987; and Masters 1988).
PJ. 4-04 6-7
August 2005
Table 6-2
Radiocarbon Dates for the Agua Hedionda Lagoon Region by Site Nuinber
(Adapted from Gallegos, Harris and Schroth 1999)
site .
Number Lab. Provenience Material C-14 C-14 Source/Comments Chart Record
CA-SDI Number (Unit-Level) Measured Conventional Number
UCU-M-15 U-0961 1:130-140 cm SheU 7420+/-350 Hubbs etal. 1965 60
U-0966 1:130-140 cm SheU 7450+/-370 -Hubbs etal. 1965 61
U-0967 1:160-170 cm SheU 902O+/-500 -Hubbs etal. 1965 66
5353 Beta-013474 43N/2W:30-40 cm Shell 630+/-70 107O+/-70 Koerper 1986 12
Beta-013475 43N/2W:60-70 cm SheU 1000+/-70 1450+/-70 Koerper 1986 15
Beta-013152 5N/2W: 180 cm Charcoal n30+/-60 -Koerper 1986 17
Beta-013473 43N/2W: 10-20 cm SheU 1290+/-60 1730+/-60 Koerper 1986 20
5440 Beta-041955 19:20-30 cm (Fea) -220+/-50 -1
6132 Beta-89369 NA SheU 6700+/-100 7110+/-100 Dolanetal. 1996 48
Beta-89370 " NA Shdl 7180+/-70 7590+/-70 Dolanetal. 1996 56
6133 Beta-11794 3:30-40 cm -5630 +/-80 6070 +/- 80 Schroth etal. 1998 41
8303 Beta-129248 1:40-50 cm SheU (Chione) 650+/-60 1080+/-60 GaUegos etal 1999 13
Beta-125350 3:30-40 cm SheU (Chione) 42O1-/-80 850+/-80 GaUegos etal. 1999 6
Beta-1293Sl 4:20-30 cm SheU (Chione) 320+/-60 760+/-60 Gallegos etal. 1999 4
Beta-132823 4:20-30 cm Shell (Chione) 530+/-70 940+/-70 Cheever and Berryman 1999 8
Beta-132824 4:50-60 cm SheU (Chione) 590+/-50 1000+/-50 Cheever and Berryman 1999 10
Beta-132825 16:20-30 cm Shell (Chione) 470+/-50 880+/-50 Cheever and Berryman 1999 7
Beta-132826 27:40-50 cm Shell (Chione) 540+/-40 950+/-50 Cheever and Berryman 1999 9
Beta-197206 11:60-70 cm SheU (Polinices) 1J40+/-40 1570+/-40 This Report 18
Beta-197207 11:60-70 cm SheU (Donax) 300+/-40 73O+/-40 This Report 3
Beta-197208 7:80-90 cm SheU (Argopecten) 5980+/-40 6410+/-40 This Report 43
Beta-197209 7:80-90 cm SheU (Donax) 710+/-40 I140+/-40 This Report 14
8694 Beta-125792 1:30-40 cm SheH (Chione) 4740+/-80 5160+/-80 Gallegos etal. 1999 37
Beta-197593 11:10-20 cm SheU (Pohnices) 6630+/-60 7070+/-70 This Report 46
Beta-197594 25:40-50 cm SheU (Chione) 590O+/-70 6320+/-40 This Report 42
Beta-197595 40:30-40 cm SheU (Chione) 1050+/-60 1480+/-70 This Report 16
Be(a-J97596 40:30-40 cm SheU (Donax) 270+/-40 710+/-40 This Report 2
8797 Beta-84551 STP 16/50 cm SheU 4450+/-70 4870 +/- 70 Gallegos and Harris 1995 33
Beta-55428 1:40-50 cm SheU (Chione) 5190+/-80 -GaUegos and Kyle 1992 . 39
Beta-84552 2:60-70 cm SheU (Chione) 4700+/-90 5110+/-90 Gallegos and Harris 1995 36
Beta-197210 4:70-80 cm SheU (Cowry) 37O+/-40 800+/-40 This Report 5
Beta-197211 5:20-30 cm SheU (Polinices) 4610+/-50 501O+/-50 This Report 35
Beta-197212 5:50-60 cm SheU (Donax) 308O+/-40 3480+/-40 This Report 24
Beta-199586 5:40-50 cm SheU (Donax) 317(H-/-40 3600+/-40 This Report 26
9115 Beta-12i535 1:10-20 cm SheU 6080+/-50 6520+/-50 GaUegos etal. 1998 45
9649 Beta-13437 N:0-10cm SheU 6850+/-120 7280+/-120 Koerper 1986 51
Beta-13441 N:40-50 cm SheH 6970+/-100 7410+/-100 Koerper 1986 53
Beta-13440 Q:30-40cm SheU 7090+/-90 7520+/-90 Koerper 1986 55
Beta-13438 Q:10-20 cm SheU 7200+/-100 7640+/-100 Koerper 1986 57
Beta-13442 Q:50 cm-sterile •SheU 7260+/-90 7710+/-90 Koerper 1986 58
Beta-13439 N:20-30 cm SheU 7270+/-90 771(H-/-90 Koerper 1986 59
Beta-6954 -SheU 7520+/-90 794O+/-90 Koerper 1986 62
. 9700
- •
SheU 6630+/-90 -Hector 1984 47
10024 Beta-016440 1:20-30 cm (W-132) -4380+/-80 -Hector and Wade 1986 31
Beta-016441 2:20-30 cm CW-132) -602O+/-80 -Hector and Wade 1986 44
UGa-3202 3:50-55 cm -1310+/-55 -Carrico and PhiUips 1981 21
UGa-3203 3:0-5 cm -1625+/-65 -Carrico and Phillips 1981 22
UGa-3204 3:30-35 cm -4815+/-90 -Carrico and PhiUips 1981 38
10478 Beta-046095 1:20-30 cm -552O+/-100 -Gallegos 1986 40
10671 Beta-89371 Unit 12 SheU 6740+/-90 715O+/-100 Dolan et al. 1996 49
Beta-89372 Unit 12 SheU 6800+/-90 7210+/-90 Dolanetal 1996 50
Beta-89373 Unit 12 SheU 688O+/-60 729CH/-70 Dolan et al. 1996 52
10965 Beta-9130 35:60-70 cm SheU 7040+/-80 -GaUegos and Carrico 1984 54
Beta-9128 14:30-40 cm SheU 806O+/-90 -GaUegos and Carrico 1984 63
Beta-9129 18:30-40 cm SheU 8280+/-IOO -Gallegos and Carrico 1984 64
Beta-9127 6:10-20 cm - SheU 839O+/-110 GaUegos and Cairico 1984 65
12814 Beta-107752 32-36:30-40 cm Charcoal 2060+/-40 209O+/-40 GaUegos etal 1998 23
Beta-94124 6:30-40 cm Charcoal 4460+/-50 4510+/-50 GaUegos etal 1998 34
Beta-94125 9:30-40 cm Charcoal 4180+/-80 419O+/-80 Gallegos et al 1998 30
Beta-099801 41:80 cm Charcoal 3790+/-120 379&+/-120 GaUegos etal. 1998 27
Beta-106083 Trench:40-70 cm Charcoal 4420+/-70 4440+/-70 GaUegos etal 1998 32
Beta-106084 Trench:40-70 cm Charcoal 3100+/-70 3070+/-70 Gallegos etal 1998 25
Beta-106085 Trench:40-70 cm Charcoal 4060+/-70 4050+/-70 Gallegos et al 1998 29
13076 Beta-62351 1:20-30 cm SheU 1180+/-70 -Eighmey 1993 19
14335 Beta-99800 2:10-20 cm SheU 610+/-60 104O+/-60 Schroth and Gallegos 1996 11
14565 Beta-125793 1:50-60 cm SheU 4030+/-80 4440+/-80 GaUegos et al 1999 28
6.3 LITHIC TECHNOLOGY
• What technological reduction strategies are represented, based on the debitage
recovered from the sites? Which reduction sfrategies were used to produce which
tools? Are these sfrategies the same or different? What ground stone implements
were recovered, and are they formed or expedient tools? If ground stone tools are
present in the artifact assemblages for the sites, are the nodule materials local or
non-local? Is there evidence that ground stone tools were produced at the sites, or
were they produced elsewhere prior to being carried to the sites?
6.3.1 CA-SDI-8303
The analyzed debitage assemblage for CA-SDI-8303 provides an example of a site
wherein the last stages of metavolcanic nodule core reduction (and possibly Topaz
Mountain core reduction) occuned. The primary flintknapping activify was associated
with metavolcanic nodule core reduction, and the predominant aspect of nodule core
reduction was the production of a few late stage flake blanks, most likely for unmodified
flake tools and potentially bifaces. Selection of metavolcanic nodule core toolstone,
nodule core platform preparation, nodule core decortication and manufacture, and
extensive nodule core reduction did not occur at this site. Only late stage flake blanks
were produced at this location.
Quartz, chert, and obsidian flakes also support this technological observation conceming
metavolcanic nodule core reduction. Based upon the analyzed debitage sample from CA-
SDI-8303, flintknapping activities were limited to: nodule core flake blank production;
minimal thinning and shaping of small bifaces by percussion and pressure; resharpening
of adzes (SEUTs) that may have been laterally cycled from exhausted flake cores; and,
resharpening of manos and metates with battered implements that may have also been
laterally cycled from exhausted nodule and Topaz Mountain flake cores.
Based on the lithic assemblage at CA-SDI-8303, this site likely served as a habitation site
(Table 6-3). Flake production, using local metavolcanic nodule sources, occurred at the
PJ. 4-04 6-9
August 2005
Table 6-3
Cultural Material Recovered from CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
(This SUidy)
Cultural Material CA-SDI-8303 CA-SDI-8694 CA-SDI-8797
Locus C
Total
Biface 6 0 0 6
Biface AP 9 4 0 13
Biface Preform 1 0 0 1
Flake Blank 1 0 0 1
Flake Tool 6 7 1 14
Flake Knife 1 0 0 1
Nodule Tool 1 8 0 9
Steep-Edged Unifacial Tool 3 4 1 8
Flake from Steep-Edged Unifacial Tool 2 10 17 29
Core/Bipolar Core 3 5 2 10
Tested Raw Material 0 1 0 1
Debitage 3887 2367 337 6591
Hammerstone 0 1 0 1
Battered Implement 10 21 2 33
Battered Implement Flake 18 19 2 39
Mano 19 61 4 84
Metate 5 6 0 11
Ground Stone 6 18 1 25
Polished Stone 1 0 1 2
Shaped Stone 0 1 0 1
Quartz Crystal 1 0 0 1
Pitch 1 0 0 1
Ceramic 449 260 0 709
Olivella sp. Bead 12 1 0 13
Shell Disc Bead 7 0 0 7
Chestnut Cowry SheH 1 0 1 2
Glass Trade Bead 2 0 0 2
Bone Awl 1 2 0 3
Bone Tool • 1 0 0 1
Bone Fishing Toggle 0 1 0 1
Bone Bead 1 1 0 2
Otolith Pendant 0 1 0 1
Bullet Casing 0 6 0 6
Historic Ceramic 0 . 5 0 5
Glass 0 1 0 1
Otolith 2 4 0 6
Bone* 465.4 167.9 8.4 641.7
Abalone Shell* 0 67.4 0 67.4
Shell* 32838.1 76492.08 2353.4 111683.58
Total** 4455 2811 369 7635
•Weight in grams
**Total does not include bone, shell, or otoliths.
site, suggesting flake tool use, even though very few of these tools were found as part of
the lithic assemblage. Woodworking also played a role in site activities as supported by
the recovery of three SEUTs, and two unifacial resharpening flakes.
Biface reduction was not well represented in the overall artifact assemblage at CA-SDI-
8303. Twenty-eight Stage 3 flakes recovered represent biface manufactiire at tiiis site. In
general, these flakes were small and poorly formed indicating that bifaces were small,
thick, most likely asymmetrical, and well within the arrow point size range. Pressure
flaking was represented at this site by 36 (5.5% of the technologically diagnostic
debitage) Stage 4, early pressure bifacial thinning flakes (400.E-). These flakes were
quite small and may represent biface edge rejuvenation and/or resharpening. Hunting
activities are represented by the presence of nine anow points and four anow point
fragments (see Section 3.5.1).
The processing of plant material and other similar activities are represented by 30 milling
tools (19 manos/mano fragments, 5 metates/metate fragments, and 6 ground stone
fragments). Ground stone tools are associated with the processing/milling of seeds, nuts
(acoms, walnuts, holly leaf cherry), and small mammals. Ground stone implements may
include a wide range of objects used or created by the processes of abrasion, impaction,
or polishing (Adams 2002). In addition, ethnographic evidence indicates that bone, clay,
and pigments may have also been processed with tiie same tools (Gayton 1929; Kroeber
1925; and Spier 1978). Implements of this type may be identified by the wear pattem
developed through milling stone against stone. This process often resuhs in a smooth to
polished surface depending on the substance ground, and the type of lithic material used.
Often, these surfaces are pecked or resharpened when ground too smooth. This activify is
also supported by the presence of 10 battered implements and 18 attiition flakes from the
use of those implements. Milling tools are sometimes shaped into a desired form by
pecking, grinding, or flaking.
The ground stone artifacts present at CA-SDI-8303 reflect a doniinant frend toward the
prolonged use of local groimd stone materials, as little evidence of shaping was noted.
PJ. 4-04 6-11
August 2005
The presence of four large block metate fragments provides additional evidence of a
longer period of site occupation. Some of the ground stone specimens display evidence
of thermal damage, and may have been recycled for use in fire hearths and/or earth
ovens. Although milling tools reflecting plant collecting and processing are present, they
only reflect a portion of the subsistence activities that took place at CA-SDI-8303.
Additional activities included hunting, fishing, and collecting of shellfish.
6.3.2 CA-SDI-8694
Based on the lithic assemblage from CA-SDI-8694, flintknapping activities were limited
to: nodule core flake blank production; minimal thinning of well-made bifaces by
percussion and pressure; resharpening of adzes (SEUTs) that may have been laterally
cycled from exhausted flake cores; and, resharpening of manos and metates with battered
implements that may have also been laterally cycled from exhausted flake cores.
The analyzed debitage assemblage from CA-SDI-8694 (similar to CA-SDI-8303)
provided an example of a site wherein the last stages of nodule core reduction (and
possibly Topaz Mountain core reduction) declined. As with GA-SDI-8303, the primary
flintknapping activify that occuned at CA-SDI-8694 was associated with nodule core
reduction, and the predominant aspect of nodule core reduction was the production of late
stage flake blanks, most likely for unmodified flake tools and potentially bifaces.
The 4 SEUTs and 10 adze flakes recovered from CA-SDI-8694 support on-site
woodworking activities. Adzes, effective woodworking tools (Gallegos et al. 2002;
Gallegos et al. 2003), are typically "...circular or semi-circular in outline form and have a
low profile for the frontal view with the contiguous planer use-wear located near the
working elemenf' (Schroth and Flenniken 1997). Based upon the resharpening debitage
(1005.AZ-Flake), fimctioning adzes, manufactured directly from a metavolcanic nodule
that produced nodule core reduction debitage, and/or were laterally cycled exhausted
cores, were erriployed at this site as woodworking tools. In addition, the recovery of
seven flake tools supports minimal woodworking activities.
PJ. 4-04 6-12
August 2005
Hunting activities are represented by the presence of one anow point and one dart point
in the artifact assemblage. The processing of plant material and other similar activities
are represented by 85 milling tools (61 manos/mano fragments, 6 metates/metate
fragments, and 18 ground stone fragments), 22 battered implements, and 19 battered
implement flakes (see Table 6-3). The battered implements and battered implement
flakes represent maintenance of milling tools (i.e., metates and manos).
The ground stone artifacts present at CA-SDI-8694 reflect a dominant ttend toward the
expedient use of local ground stone materials, as little evidence of shaping was noted.
The presence of six large block metate fragments provides additional evidence of a
longer period of site occupation. Some of the ground stone specimens display evidence
of thermal damage, and may have been recycled for use in fire hearths and/or earth
ovens. The larger milling assemblage recovered from CA-SDI-8694 suggests that the
inhabitants of the site had some dependence on food packages that required milling for
processing (i.e., grass seeds). It is evident that a large portion of the diet of the
inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694 was derived from plant foods that required milling
technology for consumption.
6.3.3 CA-SDI-8797
Based on the lithic assemblage from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C, flintknapping activities were
limited to minimal nodule core flake blank production, minor adze resharpening, and
minor mano/metate resharpening (similar to CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694).
Therefore, site activities involved limited use of unmodified flake tools, woodworking
adzes, and milling of plant/animal resources on metates.
It should be noted that an additional interpretation of the CA-SDI-8797 Locus C flaked
stone assemblage is that all of the debitage, with the exception of two battered implement
flakes and two bipolar cores, was related solely to adze maintenance. Potentially, of the
337 flakes and flake fragments, all but 17 adze production flakes, were adze preparation,
reshaping, and resharpening debitage removed after or before the adze was used, and
acquired the distinctive edge polish associated with adze flakes. Nodule cores and adzes
PJ. 4-04 6-13
August 2005
are the same morphological artifact class, produced by the same reduction sequence, but
served very different fiinctions. Furthermore, nodule cores and adzes may have been
within the same reduction frajectory in that once the nodule core became "exhausted" for
flake blank production, they may have been laterally cycled, with minimal alteration, into
adzes.
Milling implements recovered from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C include four manos/mano
fragments and one ground stone fragment (see Table 6-3). In addition, milling activities
are represented by two battered implements and two attrition flakes from battered
implements. Battered implements have been technologically identified through
replication studies (Flenniken et al. 1993) as percussion tools used to resharpen milling
surfaces that have been ground too smooth. The ground stone artifacts present at CA-
SDI-8797 reflect a dominant trend toward the expedient use of local ground stone
materials, as little evidence of shaping was noted. Some of the ground stone specimens
display evidence of thermal damage, and may have been recycled for use in fire hearths
and/or earth ovens. The relatively small milling assemblage from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
suggests that the site inhabitants had a minimal dependence on food packages that
required milling for processing (i.e., grass seeds), or that sample bias is causing an
inaccurate reflection ofthe site. Additionally, it is evident that a large portion ofthe diet
of the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8797 was derived from other resources that did not require
milling technology for food processing.
6.3.4 Regional Lithic Technology Discussion
The analyzed debitage assemblage from all three sites (CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694,
CA-SDI-8797 Locus C) suggests nearly identical lithic technology ttajectories across
,time. Each site provides an example of a site wherein the last stages of nodule core
reduction occurred. The focus of nodule core reduction was the manufacture of late stage
flake blanks, most likely for unmodified flake tools, and potentially for bifaces as well.
The reason for the similarify in technology across time is not clear. However, it is likely
that tiie prehistoric inhabitants of the Agua Hedionda Lagoon region were working within
the consfr'aints of the local raw lithic material. Technologically, tiiere are a limited
PJ. 4-04 6-14
August 2005
number of ways to approach any given raw material form that produces viable end
products. As stated earlier, this simple and expedient technology may have also been so
commonly used because it provided a simple and relatively effortless way to produce
useful flakes and flake blanks intended for immediate use or for fiirther reduction. In
light of the abundance of nodule materials, it is probable that there was often little need
for more material-efficient, and consequently more time-consuming reduction
ttajectories. Given the abundance of nodule material in drainages and along the local
coastline throughout time, and the efficiency of the technology, it is probable that there
was little or no pressure to force a change in the technological approach to the locally
available nodules. Although the initial reduction processes identified at all three sites are
for the most part identical, it is in the formed tools that we see a divergence in
technological patteming. For instance, at CA-SDI-8303 there appears to be a greater
emphasis on the production of anow points, and a diminished focus on the use of adzes
(SEUTs) as compared to CA-SDI-8694 and CA-SDI-8797. The lithic assemblage for
CA-SDI-8303 also demonsfrates less dependence on plant material processing as
compared to site CA-SDI-8694, which contains an extensive milling assemblage. This
large assemblage suggests a more intense focus on plant material exploitation at CA-SDI-
8694. The shift in focus away from plant material is additionally supported by a higher
volume of vertebrate faunal remains at CA-SDI-8303, perhaps explaining the greater
frequency of anow points at the site. Although all of the formed tools from all three of
the sites may have emanated from nodule core reduction technologies, it is the end
products (tools), and ratios thereof, that reveal differences in the importance of various
technologies through time and across sites. As the artifact assemblages from sites CA-
SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C porttay, the method used to reduce
raw lithic material appears to have remained fairly consistent over time, whereas the tools
produced shifted and evolved.
6.4 DEET/SUBSISTENCE STRATEGY
• What subsistence sttategies are represented?
PJ. 4-04 6-15
August 2005
6.4.1 CA-SDI-8303
Given the presence of anow points, shellfish remains, vertebrate faunal remains, and
milling equipment, it is clear that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303 were dependant on a
wide range of resources for subsistence. Hunting activities are supported by the recovery
of both projectile points and faunal remains (Table 6-4). The dominant faunal remains
recovered are small mammal (80%) including Lepus califomicus (black-tailed
]ackra\)hit), Spermophilus beecheyii (Califomia ground squinel), Sylvilagus audubonii
(desert cottontail rabbit), and Sylvilagus bachmani (bmsh rabbit). Additional resources
recovered include fish (17%)), Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer), Callipepla californica
(Califomia quail), medium mammal, marine mammal, snake, and turtle. All of these
species were likely hunted for subsistence purposes. They may have been hunted using a
variefy of techniques including the use of nets, traps, and projectiles. The mule deer were
likely hunted near the adjacent canyon areas of CA-SDI-8303, while rabbits may have
been hunted in a multitude of locations. In addition, the large amount of shellfish
identified in the site artifact assemblage, and the dominance of sandy beach (i.e., Donax
sp.) habitat exploitation (71%), followed by bay/lagoon/estuary (i.e., Argopecten sp.,
Chione sp., and Ostrea lurida) habitat exploitation (28%)), suggest frequent visits to the
open coast and to Agua Hedionda Lagoon to acquire shellfish (Table 6-5 and Figure 6-2).
In addition to tenestrial species, a wide range of marine species are represented at CA-
SDI-8303 including Galeorhinus zypoterus (soupfin shark), Genyonemus lineatus (white
croaker), Myliobatis californica (hat ray), Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia halibut),
Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose guitarfish), Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker),
Sardinops sagax (Pacific sardine), Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead), and
Thunnus alalunga (albacore). The various fish species may have been obtained in a
variefy of ways that rarely provide lasting evidence in the archaeological record. Fishing
techniques may have included the use of fishing nets, hooks, or perhaps fishing weirs. In
addition, ethnographic data states that, "On San Diego Bay tule balsas were used," and
"...perhaps canoes also" (Kroeber 1925). Luomala (1978) also states that the Diegueno
had tule balsas and fished with "bows, nets, hooks, and other devises." This theory is
supported by the presence of some outercoastal species such as Thunnus alalunga
PJ. 4-04 6-16
August 2005
Table 6-4
Summary of Vertebrate Remains for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
(This Study)
Specimen Common Name CA-SDI-8303 CA-SDI-8694 CA-SDI-8797 Specimen
Locus C
Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent
Callipepla californica Califomia Quail 1 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Canis latrans Coyote 1 0.0% 1 0.1% 0 0.0%
Clemmys marmorata Southwestem Pond Turtle 4 0.1% 6 0.6% 0 0.0%
Embiotoca sp. Surf Perch 27 0.4% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Galeorhinus zyopterus Soupfin Shark 2 0.0% 4 0.4% 0 0.0%
Genyonemus lineatus White Croaker 225 3.4% 4 0.4% 0 0.0%
Lepus califomicus Black Tailed Jack Rabbit 35 0.5% 4 0.4% 0 0.0%
Myliobatis califomica Bat Ray 20 0.3% 3 0.3% . 0 0.0%
Odocoileus hemionus Mule Deer 5 0.1% • 3 ,0.3% 0 0.0%
Paralichthys califomicus Califomia Halibut 10 0.2% 1 0.1% 0 0.0%
Rhinobatos productus Shovelnose Guitarfish 8 0.1% 3 0.3% 0 0.0%
Roncador stearnsii Spotfin Croaker 9 0.1% 3 0.3% 0 0.0%
Sarda chiliensis Pacific Bonita 0 0.0% I 0.1% 0 0.0%
Sardinops sagax Pacific Sardine 286 4.4% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Scomber japonicus jPacific Mackerel 6 0.1% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Sebastes sp. Rockfish 2 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Semicossyphus pulcher California Sheephead 12 0.2% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Spermophilus beecheyi Califomia Ground Squirrel 3 0.0% 1 0.1% 0 0.0%
Sylvilagus audubonii Desert Cottontail 107 1.6% 14 1.4% 1 1.4%
Sylvilagus bachmani Brush Rabbit 35 0.5% 9 0.9% 0 0.0%
Thomomys bottae Botta's Gopher 25 0.4% 4 0.4% 0 0.0%
Thunnus alalunga Albacore 33 0.5% I 0.1% 0 0.0%
Large Mammal 179 2.7% 196 19.5% 3 4.2%
Medium Mammal 14 0.2% 29 2.9% 1 1.4%
Small Mammal 5044 76.8% 671 66.9% 61 85.9%
Marine Mammal 6 0.1% 0 0.0% I 1.4%
Elasmobranch 35, 0.5% 1 0.1% 0 0.0%
Ray 1 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Ray/Skate 1 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Teleostei ' 422 6.4% 30 3.0% 2 2.8%
Bird 4 0.1% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Medium Bird 0 0.0% 1 0.1% 0 0.0%
Small Bird 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 2 2.8%
Lizard 1 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Snake 4 0.1% 4 0.4% 0 0.0%
Total 6567 100.0% 1003 100.0% 71 100%
Table 6-5
Species by Habitat for CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C
(This Study)
CA-SDl-8303 CA-SDI-8694 CA-SDI-8797
Locus C
Bay/Lagoon/Estuary
Argopecten 879.6 2.7% 13715.06 19.4% 490.9 29.6%
Cerithidea califomica 22.4 0.1% 9.1 0.0% 0.3 0.0%
Chione 7970.1 24.8% 50430.9 71.3% 935 56.5%
Macoma 5.2 0.0% 0 0.0% 0 0.0%
Modiolus 0.7 0.0% 10.1 0.0% 0 0.0%
Ostrea lurida 154.7 0.5% 5073.3 7.2% 75 4.5%
Polinices 42.9 0.1% 665.7 0.9% 74.9 4.5%
Pteropurpura festiva 0 0.0% 5.7 0.0% . . 0 0.0%
Tagelus 0 0.0% 21.2 0.0% 0 0.0%
Total for Habitat 9075.6 28.3% 69931.06 98.9% 1576.1 95.2%
Rocky Shore/Outer Coast
Astraea undosa 0 0.0% 166.8 0.2% 67.3 4.1%
Balanus 0 0.0% 10 0.0% 0 0.0%
Chiton 28.9 0.1% 38.2 0.1% 0 0.0%
Collisella scabra 0 0.0% 1.3 0.0% 0 0.0%
Crepidula 0 0.0% 24 0.0% 0.3 0.0%
Crepipatella lingulata 0 0.0% 0.7 0.0% 0 0.0%
Haliotis 0 0.0% 74.3 0.1% 0 0.0%
Lottia gigantea 0 0.0% 1.4 0.0% 0 0.0%
Malatoma 0.1 0.0% 0.6 0.0% 0 0.0%
Mytilus 0 0.0% 89.2 0.1% 8.8 0.5%
Petaloconchus montereyensis 0 0.0% 0.1 0.0% 0 0.0%
Pseudomelatoma penicillata 0 0.0% 0 0.0% 0.1 0.0%
Pseudochama exogyra 3 0.0% 45.9 0.1% 0 0.0%
Serpulorbis squamigems 0 0.0% 9 0.0% 0.2 0.0%
Tegula eiseni 0 0.0% 0.7 0.0% 0 0.0%
Total for Habitat 32 0.1% 462.2 0.7% 76.7 4.6%
Sandy Beach
Donax gouldii 22957.3 71.6% 206.8 . 0.3% ^ 3.1 0.2%
Olivella biplicata 13.3 0.0% 7.5 0.0% 0 0.0%
Tivela stulturom 0 0.0% 78 0.1% 0 0.0%
Total for Habitat 22970.6 71.6% 292.3 0.4% 0 0.0%
Total 32078.2 100.0% 70685.56 100.0% 1655.9 100.0%
Figure 6-2
Habitat Comparison Between Sites
o
00
o
c
o
fu
100 0%
90 0%
80 0%
70 0%
60 0%
50 0%
40 0%
30 0%
20 0%
10 0%
0 0%
1
1 1
V T? .... J:
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 1
1 1 1
1 '-•v 'J-^r, -.-1
1
1
~ 1 f 1 1
^ 1 ^ 1 ^ 1
• BLE
• RSOC
a SB
CA-SDI-8303 CA-SDI-8694 CA-SDI-8797
(albacore), as well as by the presence of an Haliotis sp. (abalone) fishhook recovered
from a previous excavation at CA-SDI-8303 (Gallegos et al. 1999). Other subsistence
activities present at CA-SDI-8303 include milling of seeds and game for protein. This is
evidenced by the presence of milling tools and battered implements. The variefy and
quantify of species, and the environments they represent suggest that the inhabitants of
CA-SDI-8303 relied on a wide range of plants and animals for their daily sustenance.
6.4.2 CA-SDI-8694
Given the presence of anow points, shellfish remains, vertebrate faunal remains, and
milling equipment, it is clear that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694 were dependant on a
range of resources for subsistence. Hunting activities are supported by the presence of
projectile points, residue analysis, and the recovery of faunal remains including Canis
latrans (coyote), Lepus califomicus (black-tailed jackrabbit), Odocoileus hemionus (mule
deer), Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squinel), Sylvilagus audubonii (desert
cottontail), Sylvilagus bachmani (bmsh rabbit), and Thomomys bottae (Botta's gopher)
(see Table 6-4). Small-sized mammals including Lepus califomicus, Spermophilus
beecheyi, Sylvilagus audubonii, Sylvilagus bachmani, and Thomomys bottae were the
primary dietary animal foods, followed by large mammal (20%), fish (6%), medium
mammal (3%), reptUe (l%o), and avian (less than 1%). AU of these species may have
been hunted using a variefy of techniques including the use of nets, ttaps, and projectiles.
The mule deer were likely hunted near the adjacent canyon areas of CA-SDI-8694 with
projectiles (as evidenced by the residue sample from specimen CA-SDI-8694-303), while
rabbits may have been hunted in a multitude of locations. Based on the few projectile
points recovered, the majorify of tenestrial-based hunting was likely performed using
nets, rabbit sticks, or fraps.
In addition to terrestrial species, fish were also obtained for subsistence at CA-SDI-8694.
A wide range of species are represented at the site including Galeorhinus zyopterus
(soupfin shark), Genyonemus lineatus (white croaker), Myliobatis californica (bat ray),
Paralichthys califomicus (Califomia halibut), Rhinobatos productus (shovelnose
guitarfish), Roncador stearnsii (spotfin croaker), Sarda chiliensis (Pacific bonito).
PJ. 4-04 6-20
August 2005
Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead), and Thunnus alalunga (albacore). The
various fish species may have been obtained in a variefy of ways including fishing nets,
hooks, weirs, and through the use of tule balsas as discussed previously for site CA-SDI-
8303. The use of the tiile balsas is supported by the presence of some outercoastal
species such as Thunnus alalunga (albacore), and by the presence of a composite
fishhook or a fishing toggle within the artifact assemblage from CA-SDI-8694.
In addition to the vertebrate assemblage, the large amount of shellfish identified in the
site assemblage, and the dominance (99%) of lagoon species (i.e., Argopecten sp., Chione
sp., and Ostrea lurida), suggest frequent visits to the nearest lagoon habitat (Agua
Hedionda Lagoon) for shellfish with a minor emphasis of exploitation along the open
coast (see Table 6-5 and Figure 6-2). Given the amount of shellfish recovered, shellfish
was an important confributor to the diet of the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694.
Lastly, the large milling assemblage, including milling tools and battered implements,
identifies the milling of plant seeds and game for protein. The milling assemblage
recovered from CA-SDI-8694 suggests that the site inhabitants had a sfrong dependence
on plant foods that required milling for processing (i.e., grass seeds). It is evident that a
large portion of the inhabitants' diet was derived from plant foods that required milling
technology for consumption. The variefy and quantify of species present, and the
environments they represent suggest that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694 relied on
multiple subsistence practices for their daily sustenance. However, based on the present
assemblage it is likely that the collection of shellfish from nearby habitats, the milling of
plants, and the hunting of small mammals made up the majorify of subsistence activities
at CA-SDI-8694.
6.4.3 CA-SDI-8797
Given the presence of shellfish remains, vertebrate faunal remains, and milling
equipment, it is clear that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8797 were dependant on a range of
resources for subsistence. It should be noted that the excavation sample is small and was
focused on the east portion of the site. However, hunting activities are supported by the
PJ. 4-04 6-21
August 2005
recovery of faunal remains including primarily small-sized mammals (87.3%o)(see Table
6-4), followed by large mammal resources (4.2%o), avian and fish resources (2.8%)), and
medium mammal and marine mammal resources (less than 1.5%) each). All of these
species may have been hunted using a variefy of techniques including the use of nets,
fraps, and projectiles
In addition to the vertebrate assemblage, the large amount of shellfish identified in the
site assemblage, and the dominance (95.2%) of lagoon species (i.e., Chione sp.,
Argopecten sp., Ostrea lurida, Polinices sp., and Astrea undosa), suggest frequent visits
to the nearest lagoon habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon)(see Table 6-5 and Figure 6-2).
Rocky shore/outer coast and sandy beach species also contributed to the inhabitants' diet
by 4.6% and 0.2% respectively.
Lastly, the milling assemblage identifies the processing of plant seeds and small game for
protein. The variefy and quantify of species, and the environments they represent suggest
that the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8797 relied on multiple subsistence practices for their
daily sustenance. These subsistence practices included the collection of shellfish, the
milling of plant foods, and the hunting of small animals.
6.5 SITE TYPE AND SETTLEMENT PATTERN
• Temporally, how do these sites fit into the overall pattem for San Diego
Counfy? That is, what group or culture are we examining in the context of the
known culture history, and can we differentiate between periods of
occupation(s)? If these sites are representative of specialized camps and/or
gathering groups, what was each site's function, and how do these sites relate
to other sites: as base camps, special-use sites, or as extractive sites? How
did occupation and use of these sites contribute to seasonal or year-round
occupation of the region in general?
PJ. 4-04 6-22
August 2005
6.5.1 Site Type and Settlement Pattern for CA-SDI-8303, -8694, and -8797
It has been suggested that the pattem during the Late Period included two or more
permanent base camps with a number of associated special-purpose sites, such as quarry
sites, hunting blinds, and milling sites (Tme et al. 1974; Tme and Waugh 1982). The
winter base camp, occupied four to six months of a year, was the location wherein most
ceremonies took place. The summer-fall camp, was the acom collecting and hunting
camp, and was usually located near an oak grove.
During the spring, the village group was divided into smaller family groups, with each
group occupying a small area wherein fresh vegetal resources could be obtained or
coastal shellfish collected. The small group size compensated for the lack of resources
after the depletion of the winter caches, and prior to the next year's harvest. The
summer-fall camps reflected a coalescence of the kin-group with the large winter camp
composed ofthe total population (Bean and Shipek 1978; Tme et al. 1974; Tme and
Waugh 1981).
All three sites (CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, CA-SDI-8797) are identified as habitation
sites. Sites CA-SDI-8694 and CA-SDI-8797 are primarily Early Period habitation sites
occupied circa 5,000 years ago during the time when sea level was rising and Agua
Hedionda Lagoon was open with ocean tidal flow. Both of these sites also have Late
period occupation components demonsfrated by radiocarbon dates placing reoccupation
within the last 1,000 years, and artifact assemblages that include ceramics, anow points
(at CA-SDI-8694), and Donax sp. shell (a sandy beach shellfish species; suggesting
closure of the lagoon and exploitation of open coast shellfish habitats).
Site CA-SDI-8303 stands in conttast to CA-SDI-8694 and CA-SDI-8797, as CA-SDI-
8303 is a Late Period habitation site dated to cfrca 980 years ago to historic contact. The
artifact assemblage includes ceramics, anow points, a dominance of Donax sp. shell, and
obsidian from Obsidian Butte. This site also has minimal evidence of Early Period
occupation supported by the presence of a low amount of lagoonal shell present in the
PJ. 4-04 6-23
August 2005
basal unit levels that dated to circa 6,600 years ago, and a piece of obsidian from the
Coso Volcanic Field sources.
A number of Early Period sites have been recorded on ridges and tenaces adjacent to
Agua Hedionda Lagoon, demonstrating that exploitation of the lagoon habitat was
present in the early to middle Holocene. Late Period sites are more focused on
dependable water sources, as shown by CA-SDI-8303, situated in the valley, adjacent to a
spring at the head of a canyon. ^
General site patteming for the Agua Hedionda Lagoon study area can be demonsfrated
using record search information (Table 6-6) and site typing. The Agua Hedionda Lagoon
region was divided into two study areas to assess site-type patteming within a one-mile
radius ofthe lagoon (Area 1), and a roughly four-square mile area east of Area 1 (Area
2). Areas 1 and 2 are roughly equal in size (Figure 6-3). Area 1 contains 41 sites, of
which 25 (61%) are habitation, followed by 9 (22%)) artifact scatter/temporary camps, 6
(15%)) shell scatters, and 1 (2%)) ceramic scatter (Table 6-7). As can be seen in Table 6-7,
Area 2 has fewer habitation sites and more special-purpose sites than Area 1. For the
Agua Hedionda Lagoon study area, site patteming is shown by: 1) the high number of
Eariy Period habitation sites, including CA-SDI-8694 and CA-SDI-8797 that surround
Agua Hedionda Lagoon; 2) the setting of CA-SDI-8303 away from the lagoon, but near a
permanent water source; and 3) the increase in special-use sites to the east, away from the
lagoon.
The otolith analysis identified the occupation for both CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694,
at a minimum, during the summer (May to October). During this time, most hard seeds,
acoms, and other nuts are ripe for harvest. The presence of deer would also be greater at
this time of year, just prior to winter rains. Mule deer migrate in response to water in the
semi-arid southem areas of the westem United States (Wallmo 1978). However, given
the range of subsistence materials identified at all three sites (CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-
8694, CA-SDI-8797), the sites may have been occupied either seasonally or year-round.
As the specific boundary of the Kumeyaay and Luiseno Native Americans is unknown.
PJ. 4-04 6-24
August 2005
Table 6-6
Recorded Sites Surrounding Agua Hedionda Lagoon Study Area
(Taken from Gallegos, Harris, and Schroth 1999)
Site No. SDI-OtherAV-Site Type Recorded By Date Update/Comment l=within; 2=
UCLM5 Habitation J. Moriarty HI C-14 = 9000+/- RYBP 1
133 Habitation Hedges 1978 2
310 Habitation Rogers n.d. 2
558 Habitation Moriarty 1974 2
4047 Shell Scatter Pigniolo , 1989 2
209 3329 Artifact Scatter Treganza n.d. Van Horn and Murray 1982 1
210 127 Habitation Rogers n.d. 1
2714 Milling Station Carrico 1973 2
2715 Lithic Scatter Ainsworth 1968 2
2716 Habitation Ainsworth 1968 2
2717 Habitation Mooney 1973 2
2722 Artifact Scatter Carrico 1973 2
4684 1083 Artifact Scatter Hanna 1976 2
5092 Shell Scatter May 1977 2
5117 1202 Milling Station Hightower 1976 2
5118 1203 Milling Station Hightower 1976 2
5224 1459 Habitation Bull 1977 2
5229 1324 Lithic Scatter Canico 1973 BuU 1977 2
5230 1325 Artifact Scatter Carrico 1973 BuU 1977 2
5231 1326 Artifact Scatter BuU 1977 2
5353 1430 Habitation May 1977 Van Horn and Murray 1982 1
5416 1292 Habitation Hatiey et al. 1977 Hanna 1991 (added nulling) 2
5434 Shell Scatter Hatiey 1977 2
5435 Isolate Hatiey 1977 2
5436 Artifact Scatter Hatiey 1977 2
5775 1725 Habitation Hatiey and Walker 1978 , 2
5776 1726 MUling Station Hatiey and Kardash . ' 1978 2
5777 1727 MiUing Station Hatiey and Weidauer 1978 2
5782 1788 Historic Hatiey 1978 2
5793 1724 Historic Hatiey 1978 2
6132 119 Habitation Rogers n.d. Thesken 1968; Wade 1986; Gallegos 199; . 1
6133 120 Habitation Rogers 1929 Eckhardt 1978 1
6134 121 Artifact Scatter Rogers n.d. Thesken 1968 1
6135 1777 Artifact Scatter Rhodes 1978 McCoy 1980; Van Horn 1982 1
6140 1782 Artifact Scatter Eckhardt 1978 McCoy 1980; Van Horn 1982 2
6751 5508 Shell Scatter Pigniolo and Mealey 1993 2
6830 1890 Artifact Scatter Franklin 1978 Wade 1986; Harris and Tift 1995 2
6831 1891 Habitation Franklin 1978 1
6833 1893 Artifact Scatter Franklin 1978 SRSI 1982 2
6834 1894' Shell Scatter Hatiey 1975 Franklin 1978; HaUey 1979; SRSI 1982 1
6835 1895 Artifact Scatter Franklin 1978 SRSI 1982 2
7167 2191 SheU Scatter Conners 1979 2
7168 2192 Shell Scatter Conners and Talley 1979 2
7170 2194 Artifact Scatter Conners 1979 2
7171 2195 SheU Scatter Norwood and Conners 1979 2
7172 2196 Milling Station Norwood and Conners 1979 2
7229 SheU Scatter Douglas 1979 2
7230 Lithic Scatter Douglas 1979 2
7272 Artifact Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7273 Shell Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7274 Shell Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7276 MiUing Station Kennard et al. 1979 2
7277 Shell Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7279 Shell Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7280 Artifact Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7281 MiUing Station Kennard et al. 1979 2
7283 Artifact Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7285 Lithic Scatter Kennard et al. 1979 2
7286 Isolate Kennard et al. 1979 2
8303 123 Habitation Rogers n.d. Hatiey 1975,1979; Hanna 1980; Tift 1997 1
8407 2848 Shell Scatter Hector 1980 2
8408 2849 Shell Scatter Hector 1980 2
8465 2876A MiUing Station Hector 1980 2
8687 2401 SheU Scatter Hatiey 1979 1
8688 2400 Shell Scatter Hatiey 1979 1
1 Mile Radius
outside of
I
Table 6-6
Recorded Sites Surrounding Agua Hedionda Lagoon Shidy Area
(Taken from Gallegos, Harris, and Schroth 1999)
Site No. SDI-OtherAV-Site Type Recorded By Date Update/Comment
8689 600 Artifact Scatter Fink 1974
8690 2407 Artifact Scatter Hatiey 1979 SRSI 1982
8691 2406 Isolate Hatiey 1979 SRSI 1982
8692 2405 Shell Scatter Hatiey 1979 SRSI 1982
8693 2408 Artifact Scatter Hatiey and Norwood 1980 SRSI 1982
8694 128 Habitation Rogers n.d. Moriarty 1974; SRSI 1982
8793 Ceramic.Scatter Gardner 1981
8794 2979 Habitation Gardner 1981
8795 2980 Historic Gardner 1981
8796 126 Habitation Gardner 1981
8797 116 Habitation Gardner 1981 Gross etal. 1987; Huey 1992
9092 2805 Habitation "Hanna 1981
9093 2806 SheU Scatter Hanna 1981
9094 2807 Artifact Scatter Hanna 1981
9095 2808 SheU Scatter Hanna 1981
9097 Artifact Scatter Gardner 1981
9114 Lithic Scatter Hannahs 1981
9115 Shell Scatter Hannahs 1981
9116 122 Shell Scatter Hannahs 1981
9270 2834 MiUing Station Polan 1981
9271 2835 Milling Station Polan 1981
9615 Shell Scatter Hector 1982
9649 3325 Habitation Van Horn and Murray 1982
9650 3326 Artifact Scatter Van Horn and Murray 1982
9651 3327 Artifact Scatter Van Horn and Murray 1982
9652 124 Artifact Scatter Van Horn and Murray 1982
9653 3328 Artifact Scatter Van Horn and Murray 1982
9654 134 , Habitation Rogers n.d. Van Horn and Miirray 1982
9655 . 3330 Habitation Van Horn and Murray 1982
9698 Shell Scatter Hector 1983
9699 SheU Scatter Hector 1983
9700 Shell Scatter Hector 1983 Robbin-Wade 1997
9701 601 Habitation Fink 1974 Hector 1983; Robbin-Wade 1997
10024 132 Habitation Rogers n.d.
10444 Artifact Scatter Bissell 1985
10478 Habitation Pigniolo and Gallegos 1986
10610 Artifact Scatter Wade 1985
10611 Habitation Wade 1985
10612 Habitation Wade 1985
10670 117 Habitation Rogers n.d. Gross et al. 1987; Huey et al. 1992
10671 118 Habitation Rogers n.d. Gross etal. 1987
10672 125 Habitation Rogers n.d. Gross et al. 1987, Huey et al. 1992
10673 129 Habitation Rogers n.d. Gross etal 1987
10965 131 Habitation Rogers n.d. Gallegos 1988
11756 Artifact Scatter Wade and Ritz 1990
11757 MiUing Station Wade and Ritz 1990
12470 Artifact Scatter Hanna 1991
12814 Habitation Huey et al. 1992
13008 119/129 Habitation Huey et al. 1992 CA-SDI-6132/10673
13076 Artifact Scatter Eighmey and Boughton 1993
13089 SheU Scatter Strudwick 1993
13701 130 Habitation Rogers n.d. Strudwick and Gallegos 1994; Harris 199(
14063 3255 Habitation Noah 1995 Heuett 1982
14140 Habitation Maxon and Smith 1995
14151 Artifact Scatter Maxon and Smith 1996
14335 Habitation Schroth and Harris 1996
14337 Artifact Scatter Schultz et al. 1996
. 14339 Historic Schultz et al. 1996
14563 Habitation Tift 1997
14564 Milling Station Tift 1997
14565 Habitation Tift 1997
14566 Artifact Scatter Tift 1997
1 Mile Radius
I==within; 2=outsideof
• i a,e,iui CaiaveKi
" Area 1 u-^ -^2 ' • •
H
Area 2 t
</ D _^ I [0 I ! D ^ A
Gallegos & Associates
Agua Hedionda Site Type Study Areas 1 and 2 FIGURE
6-3
Table 6-7
Agua Hedionda Lagoon
Site Type by Region
Site Type Area 1 Area 2
Habitation 25 (61%) 15 (20%)
Artifact Scatter 9 (22%) 23 (30%)
Shell Scatter 6 (15%) 21 (27%)
Ceramic Scatter 1 (2%)
Lithic Scatter 5 (6%)
Millmg Stations 13 (17%)
Total 41 (100%) 77 (100%)
Note: Excludes isolates and historic sites.
and has shifted over time, site CA-SDI-8303, occupied within the Late Period, has been
placed by Kroeber within the Luiseiio tenitory (1925).
6.5.2 Ceramics and Cultural Affiliation (by Monica Guenero)
D. L. Tme based part of the Cuyamaca Complex on the idea that ceramic items are one of
the major indicators of culture in differentiating between Kumeyaay and Luiseno sites
(Tme 1966, 1970). According to Tme (1970), unlike the San Luis Rey Complex
(culturally affiliated with the Luiseno), the Cuyamaca Complex (culturally affiliated with
the Kumeyaay) has an emphasis on the use of ceramics, wherein a wide range of ceramic
forms and different wares are present at associated sites (Tme 1970). Tme (1974) based
the Cuyamaca Complex on only a handftil of sites, and stated that a detailed analysis of
ceramics from different areas of the counfy was necessary to fiiUy address ceramics as a
defining component within the Cuyamaca Complex (Tme 1970).
Tme (1970) based this complex on data from the Cuyamaca Mountain region, and artifact
analysis. However, his sample size was not representative of Late Period sites outside of
the Cuyamaca Mountain region. Moreover, Tme's (1970) sample did not include the
results of three major investigations (Tom-Kav, Frey Creek, and Molpa) at northem San
Diego Counfy Late Period sites (Tme et al. 1974, 1981, 1991). Tme's 1970 statement
has lasted through the years, and has made an impression on the research outlook of
northem San Diego Counfy sites. Previous research has assumed that ceramics are only
found in small quantities and without variabilify in wares and types in north San Diego
County. On the confrary, the cunent research suggests that there are similarities in the
types and wares between north and south San Diego Counfy sites.
Three additional northem San Diego Counfy coastal sites (CA-SDI-9097, CA-SDI-
12262, CA-SDI-14784) were examined as part ofthe stiidy. Site CA-SDI-9097 is located
approximately one-half mile north of sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694. Sites CA-
SDI-12262 and CA-SDI-14784 are located approximately 5 miles north of sites CA-SDI-
8303 and CA-SDI-8694, near the Buena Vista Lagoon. Pefrographic analysis was
conducted on ceramic sherds recovered from previous test programs at sites CA-SDI-
PJ. 4-04 6-29
August 2005
I
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9097, CA-SDI-12262, and CA-SDI-14784 (Gallegos et al. 2000, 2001)(Table 6-8). The
thin section samples and results for sites CA-SDI-12262 and CA-SDI-14784 were
combined to represent one site location, as they are located adjacent to each other.
Eighfy-five percent (n=44) of the ceramics recovered from site CA-SDI-9097 were
identified as Tizon Brown Ware, and 15% (n=8) were identified as Lower Colorado Buff
Ware. At sites CA-SDI-12262 and CA-SDI-14784, 84% (n-54) ofthe ceramics were
identified as Tizon Brown Ware, while 16%) (n=10) were identified as Salton Brown
Ware. In addition to the Carlsbad Municipal Golf Course project sites CA-SDI-8303 and
CA-SDI-8694, these three additional sites (CA-SDI-9097, CA-SDI-12262, CA-SDI-
14784) demonsfrate ceramic ware variabilify that was formerly thought to occur only in
the southem portion of San Diego Counfy. The presence of Tizon Brown Warci, Salton
Brown Ware, and Colorado Buff Ware at all five sites negates the long-standing idea that
sites within northern San Diego Counfy have minimal amounts of ceramic quantities and
type variabilify.
Additional ceramic analysis data from northem San Diego Counfy sites is required to
understand the role of the desert region in regards to the foothill/mountain-coastal
migration pattem. The ethnographic literature states that the Luisefio ttaveled on a
seasonal basis, migrating to and from the foothill and mountains to the coast, however,
little is known about travel east of the foothills and mountains. Contact through ttade
and/or travel was occurring with desert groups, as is evident by the presence of desert
wares at the five sites, yet there is paucify in the ethnographic literature on such frade
and/or travel ties. Moreover, supplementary data is necessary on artifact assemblages
from northem San Diego Counfy mountain sites. Mountain sites are considered to be the
cultural ttansition area between the coast/inland and desert regions. Such mountain sites
tend to have increased artifact type variabilify that is rarely seen at sites located fiirther
west. For example. Mount Laguna and the Cuyamaca Mountains have extensive village
sites with artifact assemblages consisting of anow points, bifaces, drills, pesties, manos,
portable metates, anow shaft sfraighteners, bone tools, stone, bone, shell, and glass
beads, pendants, carved effigies, ceramic pipes, pottery, and non-local lithic material (i.e.,
obsidian, jasper). Research on mountain sites (i.e., Palomar Mountain) east of the current
PJ. 4-04 6-30
August 2005
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Table 6-8
Comparison of Ceramic Ware Distribution
Location Site Number Tizon Brown
Ware n= Salton Brown
Ware n= Lower Colorado
Buff Ware n=
Agua Hedionda Lagoon
Vicinity CA-SDI-8303 98% 284 0% 0 2% 5
Agua Hedionda Lagoon
Vicinity CA-SDI-8694 70% 177 25% 63 5% 12
Agua Hedionda Lagoon
Vicinity CA-SDI-9097 85% 44 0% 0 15% 8
Buena Vista Lagoon
Vicinity CA-SDI-12262/14784 84% 54 16% 10 0% 0
I
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project area has not been as extensive, and thus leaves a major gap in the archaeological
record. Furthermore, without research on trade and/or ttavel ties with eastem sites,
archaeologists lack an accurate understanding of settlement type, ttade and/or travel
pattems, and the chronology of the Late Period in northem San Diego Counfy.
6.5.3 Tool Forms and Culture Groups (by Tracy Sttopes)
At present, archaeologists lack clear insight into the pattems of the morphology of
artifacts that may have occuned within and/or across social and temporal boundaries.
The archaeological literature on projectile point types suggests that point morphologies
(in the present case, Cottonwood Triangular and Desert Side-notched) are clear indicators
of specific culture groups and time periods. This assumption can be found throughout the
archaeological literature of southem Califomia, and is simply a hypothesis that needs
testing to substantiate. Point types (or ratios thereof) have often been used (and still are
used) to assign specific cultural affiliation and temporal placement to a specific site. If
point morphology could identify cultural affiliation, then Kumeyaay would be placed in
Alabama, New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and Illinois (to name a few) at various times in
the Late Period; and, the Luiseno would be placed across the United States.
The taxonomies that sprang from the proliferation of archaeology in the Great Basin in
the 1950s manifested as two umbrella morphological types, known as Desert Side-
notched and Cottonwood Triangular points (Baumhoff 1957; Bettinger and Taylor 1974;
Heizer and Hester 1978; Larming 1963). The literature and taxonomies of the Great
Basin quickly surfaced in San Diego archaeology with the two major types prevailing
(Cottonwood Triangular and Desert Side-notched series). Any variants of these forms
have been defined primarily by basal morphology (Baumhoff and Byme 1959; Tme
1970; Waugh 1988). In San Diego Counfy, the study of point types as cultural and
temporal markers has been based primarily on work by Tme (1970). Tme (1970)
proposed that archaeological sites with a greater frequency of Cottonwood Triangular
points represent Luiseno occupation (San Luis Rey sites), whereas a greater frequency of
Desert Side-notched anow points would represent Kumeyaay occupation (Diegueno
sites).
PJ. 4-04 6-32
August 2005
I
I
ii
Tme suggests that Kumeyaay (Cuyamaca Complex) sites display "a cultural preference
for side-notched projectile points" (1970). Table 6-9 compares the frequency of
Cottonwood Triangular and Desert side-notched points from 10 Luiseno and Kumeyaay
sites. As shown in Table 6-9, none of the sites, including Tme's Cuyamaca type-sites,
exhibit a preference for side-notched points. This comparison demonsfrates that both the
Luiseiio and the Kumeyaay have a preference for Cottonwood Triangular type points.
Two ofthe ten sites, one Luiseiio (CA-SDI-5641) and one Kumeyaay (CA-SDI-12809),
have a somewhat even number of Cottonwood Triangular and Desert Side-notched anow
points. The results of this comparative analysis suggest that point variance is more likely
a function of technological needs and consttaints rather than aesthetic design. It can
easily be shown that with any morphologically variable entify, as the quantify increases
so does the degree of variation among "types." A more viable path to interpreting the
archaeological record is the understanding that projectile points are part, of a complex'^
system that involves procurement (selection of rock for a specific purpose), production,
reduction, recycling, and disposal, as reflected in the archaeological record. In addition,
recent point breakage studies have proven that point typing on the basis of point bases is
even more problematic.
Point breakage studies by Woods (1988) and by Flenniken and Raymond (1986) provide
evidence confrary to Tme's work. Woods (1988) and Flenniken and Raymond (1986)
suggest that no temporal assignment (with the exception of arrow point relative to dart
point) can be readily placed on objects with overlapping, chaotic, rapidly changing
morphological types. Woods points out that during replicative experiments some 46% of
anow point specimens propelled from a bow survived impact with enough mass to be
rejuvenated and reused. Woods' (1988) study also illustrated that the "use induced
macrodamage is primarily expressed at the proximal end" (the base) of the projectile
point. Woods concluded, "...if reuse were desired, considerable rejuvenation to the
typologically diagnostic portion of the projectile point might be required." These
conclusions lead to the possibilify of fremendous variation in basal form throughout the
life and reuse of the biface. This appears to hold tme for dart points and hafted lancelot
forms as well. The probability ofthe practice of rejuvenation (Schroth 1992) and reuse in
PJ. 4-04 6-33
August 2005
Table 6-9
Projectile Point Frequencies from Various Late Period Occupation Sites in San Diego County
Site Information
County Location
Site Name
Site Number
Suggested Cultural
Affiliation
Reference*
Point Type
Cottonwood Triangular
Desert Side-Notched
Other
North North
PacBell O'Neil
CA-SDI-5633 CA-SDI-5641
Luiseno Luiseno
ri]
33
1
1
[21
North
Twin Oaks Valley
CA-SDI-11068A
Luiseno
131
14
16
2
North North Central
Agua Hedionda Village of Tenaja Ystagua
CA-SDI-5353 CA-RrV-271 CA-SDl-4609
Luiseno Luiseno Kumeyaay
[41 [51 [61
Central
La Rinconadada Jamo
CA-SDl-5017
Kumeyaay
[71
South
Village of Otai
CA-SDI-12809
Kumeyaay
[8]
Surface Surface South South
Arrowmakers Ridge Dripping Springs
CA-SDI-913 ' CA-SDl-860 Multiple Sites Multiple Sites
Kumeyaay Kumeyaay Luiseno Kumeyaay
[91 [91 [101 [iOl
37
2
3
27
0
2
26
0
3
125
7
6
29
1
0
196
127
4
772
533
24
126
106
4
181
3
4
90
56
7
•Reference Key
1. This Study
2. O'Neil 1982
3. Schroth and Gallegos (1991)
4. Koerper 1986
5. Hall and Slater 1992
6. Carrico and Taylor 1983; Gallegos et al. 1989; Harris et al. 1999
7. Winterrowd and Cardenas 1987
8. Serr 1996
9. True 1970
10. True 1966
prehistory raises doubts about typologies that rely heavily on the basal morphology of
projectile points to develop types considered to be relevant cultural and temporal
markers. Therefore, a determination as' to Luiseiio or Kumeyaay occupation cannot be
made based on point morphology. As stated by Flenniken (2001) regarding CA-SDI-
5633:
The flaked stone reduction technology identified at CA-SDI-5633 was
almost exclusively related to anow point production and rejuvenation.. .A
predominance of early pressure flakes indicates original tool manufacture
over bifacial tool rejuvenation. However, given that most of these
toolstone materials (metavolcanic and quartz materials) are not ideal
toolstones for the production of flaked stone tools, early pressure flakes
may not only represent original tool manufacture, but may include
rejuvenation processes...Experimental data conceming the fracture
pattems and rejuvenation of projectile points employed in simulated
hunting situations are well established in the archaeological literature
(Flenniken 1985; Flenniken and Raymond 1986; Titinus and Woods 1986;
Towner and Warburton 1990; Woods 1988). Excavation of CA-SDI-5633
produced 72 anow points, anow point fragments, and small pieces of
pressure flaked bifaces that may have been portions of anow points. The
spatial distribution of the anow points, point fragments, and debitage
indicates site mixing. However, reusable anow points were rejuvenated,
and badly broken anow points were discarded and replaced with newly
made anow points.
Simply stated, the presence and identification of point types does not provide sufficient
data to identify cultural affiliation. The anow points recovered from CA-SDI-8303 and
CA-SDI-8694 fall under the term Cottonwood Triangular for all typeable specimens.
Although Cottonwood Triangular points and Desert Side-notched points appear to display
some differential patteming across southem Califomia, these distributions are not well
understood. What causes the actual variation in these artifacts is uncertain. At.present, a
date of AD 1300 has been suggested for the development of small projectile points in
southem Califomia (Yohe 1992).
6.5.4 Understanding Settlement Patterns in North San Diego County
(by Tracy Sttopes)
A research goal of San Diego County archaeology over the past several decades has been
the typing of Late Period archaeological sites into either San Luis Rey (Luiseno) or
PJ. 4-04 6-35
August 2005
Cuyamaca (Kumeyaay) complexes. Archaeologists suggest that sites typifying the San
Luis Rey Complex were occupied by ancesfral Luiseno, and sites typifying the Cuyamaca
Complex were occupied by ancesfral Diegueno (Kumeyaay). These complexes were first
divided by Meighan (1954) into northem and southem manifestations, and fiirther
defined by Tme (1966). Tme's goals in his 1966 and 1970 work were to provide a basis
for professional-qualify cultural reconstmctions and detailed comparative studies. Tme's
1966 work focused on an attempt to isolate pattems that coincided with linguistic
boundaries in San Diego Counfy. At the time, little effort had been allotted to the
documentation of relationships between archaeological evidence, linguistic distribution,
and cultural pattems. The goal of Tme's thesis was to examine the possibUities for the
documentation of such relationships in San Diego Counfy. Tme held environmental and
time factors as constants, and proposed that variations in archaeological assemblages
recovered from Luiseiio and Diegueno (Kumeyaay) areas were cultural in nature.
Linguistic isolation and differences in worldview would therefore be reflected in the
archaeological record. Tme discovered that, archaeologically, the San Luis Rey and
Cuyamaca complexes were "two relatively homogeneous but culturally separable
entities" (1966). Based on the data collected for his 1966 study, Tme suggested that a
simplifled reconstmction of the culture histoty of San Diego Counfy could be made.
From this reconstmction, the late prehistoric-protohistoric and historic segments could be
segmented into two distinct pattems: the area occupied by the Luiseno in historic times;
and, the area occupied by the Dieguefio (Kumeyaay). Tme's later work (1970) was an
extension of his thesis, but with a greater focus dedicated to the interior upland region of
San Diego Counfy, and what he defined as the Cuyamaca region. The differences
between these complexes were based primarily on the archaeological record defined by
Tme in 1970, and attributed to degree rather than artifact fype. Tme's definition included
the hypothesis that San Luis Rey Complex sites as compared to Cuyamaca Complex sites
displayed a preference for Cottonwood Triangular points over Desert Side-notched
points, and that Cuyamaca Complex sites displayed a preference for Desert Side-notched
points. While both San Luis Rey and Cuyamaca complex sites may contain ceramics,
Cuyamaca Complex sites generally display more exotic ceramic forms, multiple vessel
types, bow pipes, effigies, and rattles. Milling implements and steatite are also believed
PJ. 4-04 6-36
August 2005
to be more frequently occurring in Cuyamaca Complex occupations. Tme (1970) states
that fire hearths in Cuyamaca Complex sites are clay lined, cemeteries are distinct from
living areas, and cremated human remains are placed in ceramic ums with offerings and
markers.
Tme's (1970) specific list for typical features of the Cuyamaca Complex (Kumeyaay) is
as follows:
1. Defined cemetety areas apart from living areas.
2. Use of grave markers.
3. Cremations placed in ums.
4. Use of specifically made mortuary offerings such as miniature vessels, shaft
sfraighteners, and elaborately made projectile points.
5. Cultural preference for side-notched projectile points, indicating a desert
connection.
6. Substantial numbers of scrapers, scraper planes, and flaked tools, in confrast
to small numbers at San Luis Rey sites at a contemporaneous time.
7. Emphasis placed on ceramics to include a wide range of forms and several
specialized items such as rattles, bow pipes, and effigies.
8. A well-developed local steatite industry.
9. A substantially higher frequency of milling stone elements when compared to
San Luis Rey.
10. Clay-lined hearths.
Attempting to use Tme's descriptors of frequencies to assign a specific culture group to
the archaeological assemblages of CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797
becomes problematic in light of recent research. In addition, the degree of overlap
between Luisefio and Kumeyaay territories as defined by Shipek (1988) and Kroeber
(1925) complicates the association of archaeological sites with either Luiseno or
Kumeyaay cultural affiliation in north San Diego Counfy. Shipek (1988) suggests that
the Luisefio population extended north, from the drainage divide south of the San Luis
PJ. 4-04 6-37
August 2005
Rey River, to the divide that separates Valley Center from Escondido. In confrast,
Kroeber (1925) defines the boundaty as being located just south of Agua Hedionda
Lagoon, and northeast to Mesa Grande. According to Kroeber's (1925) definition, the
three sites from this study are located within Luiseno tenitoty during the Late Period.
As stated previously, projectile point forms are inherently morphologically chaotic, and
can change dramatically within a short period of procurement, production, use, and
recycling. A comparison showing frequencies of point types for CA-SDI-8303 and
selected San Diego Counfy sites was previously discussed in Section 6.5.3. Although
few typeable projectile points (nine from the present study and three from the Gallegos et
al. 1999 stiidy) were recovered at CA-SDI-8303, ceramics are present. However, the
CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694 assemblages maintain some of the complexify that is
suggested by Tme for a Kumeyaay assemblage. Based on Tme's work, the cultural
placement of the present assemblages would be uncertain.
Tme (1970) based his thesis on data recovered from the Cuyamaca Mountain region, and
artifact analysis. However, his sample size was not representative of Late Period sites
outside of the Cuyamaca Mountain region. Moreover, Tme's (1970) sample did not
include the resuhs of three major investigations (Tom-Kav, Frey Creek, and Molpa) at
northem San Diego Counfy Late Period sites (Tme et al. 1974,1981, 1991).
A better example of the complexify of this problem is CA-SDI-11068 (Twin Oaks
Ranch), a Luisefio site, located northeast of the project area. CA-SDI-11068 (Schroth
and Gallegos 1991) contains a greater frequency of Cottonwood Triangular points than
Desert Side-notched points, thereby assigning this site to the San Luis Rey Complex. In
conttast, CA-SDI-11068 contains a high number of ceramics that include exotic forms,
multiple vessel types, bow pipes, and effigies, and a wide variety of milling implements,
thereby assigning this site to the Cuyamaca Complex.
Late Period site CA-SDI-5353 (Koerper 1986) cannot be typed using Tme's cultural
definitions either, as this site also has a higher frequency of Cottonwood Triangular
PJ. 4-04 6-38
August 2005
points (thereby assigning it to the San Luis Rey Complex); and ceramics representing
multiple vessel forms and bow pipes, and a high number of milling tools that would
identify assignment to the Cuyamaca Complex.
. In comparing the villages of La Rinconada de Jamo to CA-SDI-8303, the artifact
assemblage from La Rinconada de Jamo contains a higher frequency of Cottonwood
Triangular to Desert Side-notched (29:1) points, placing this site in the San Luis Rey
Complex (Luisefio). However, ethnographically the site is documented as Kumeyaay
(Kroeber 1925; Can-ico 1986).
Another example of trying to type cultures to sites by presence of selected artifacts is
demonsttated at the Village of Ystagua. On the basis of Tme's point types, this site
would be placed in the San Luis Rey Complex; however, this site contains ceramics,
steatite, and milling equipment, and is clearly within Kumeyaay territory, thereby placing
it within the Cuyamaca Complex.
As noted by the previous examples, the use of predetermined ttaits set forth by Tme
(1970) for San Luis Rey and Cuyamaca complexes is highly problematic. A more
appropriate means of understanding sites within San Diego Counfy may be gained using
a greater awareness of the resources exploited regionally rather than what was made from
them. The resources themselves are fixed in space and do not change or move until
someone chooses to select and fransport the items. The distance they may fravel, or the
degree to which they are exploited is often relative to the economic needs of the groups.
For instance, when viewing the assemblage of CA-SDI-8303, the dominant lithic
materials are local; however, obsidian from the Obsidian Butte source is present. Was
the obsidian a ttade item, or did the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303 fravel to acquire this
non-local lithic material? In addition, a great deal of insight can be gained by looking at
the mineralogical breakdown of ceramic artifacts to determine resource acquisition, and
to define cultural territories.
PJ. 4-04 6-39
August 2005
6.5.5 Summary
Based on the presented range of issues, can the sites from this study be placed within a
temporal settlement system for contrast with other earlier or later settlement systems?
The answer to this question is problematic. If the researcher relies on the cunent formula
for assigning cultural affiliation to archaeological sites, then placement can be given.
However, the cunent formula does not take into account the dynamic nature of artifact
assemblages or the inhabitants who produced the artifacts. A better understanding of
material sources and exploitation practices will reveal new models for settlement and
subsistence pattems of the inhabitants of the San Diego region over time.
Settlement and subsistence pattems proposed for the Luisefio include Oxendine (1983),
Waugh (1986), Quintero (1987), and Christenson (1989). In 1986, Waugh analyzed three
inland sites in an attempt to define subsistence and settlement activities for the Luisefio
culture area. Using both faunal and floral data, Waugh concluded that "...at a seemingly
late date, and as a result of proposed increased pressure on access to critical resources, a
shift in subsistence sfrategies was marked by an emphasis on the acom and a pattem of
more intensified land use" (Waugh 1986). The three sites were dated using varied
determinants, from Milling Phase to San Luis Rey I. Waugh states that a continuation,
modification, and elaboration of the conclusions are expected for the Late Period
Luiseno. Resource based seasonal camps were the focus of the subsistence sttategies.
Upland sites were seasonally occupied, with acoms the subsistence focus. Storage of
acoms allowed for intensified use of lowland sites, with available water the focus for site
placement. Only one site contained shell and none of the sites contained fish bone,
leaving open the question of how coastal Luiseno sites fit into this settlement model.
Quintero (1987) analyzed the inland Deer Springs site, which contained evidence of
numerous coastal resources. The focus of Quintero's analysis was faunal material.
Through seasonalify measurements of varied faunal resources, Quintero concluded that
the site occupants had "...seasonally scheduled coastal exploitation and seasonal inland
village site occupancy." The data was based on one site that was very rich in cultural
PJ. 4-04 6-40
August 2005
remains, and the results were not compared with the coastal phase of the seasonal pattem
to verify results and conclusions.
Waugh tested both of these models with CA-ORA-910A. While Waugh (1986)
acknowledged seasonal exploitation and proposed that resource use intensified as
population pressures increased, no seasonalify determinations were made. Additionally,
no discussion was presented regarding the presence of shell at one of the sites included in
the study. However, the shell was present in quantities sufficient enough to indicate
purposeful transportation from the coast to the inland site, rather than a few pieces of
shell (some possibly from omaments) present from exchange with coastal groups or
imported by the site inhabitants from a coastal location.
Quintero's (1987) model proposes movement from the inland Deer Springs site to the
coast for fishing and shellfish gathering. While Quintero's seasonalify analysis confirms
seasonal use of the Deer Springs site, a contemporaneously dated, seasonally occupied
coastal site would sfrengthen Quintero's model. CA-ORA-910A, a short-term habitation
coastal site contemporaneous with the Deer Springs site, contains a low amount of large
and small mammal bone, but demonstrates a seasonal maritime subsistence segment
based on specific marine mammals and fish. The settlement pattem as modeled by
Waugh (1986) is supported by evidence from three sites. Seasonally focused sites are
found on the coast (CA-ORA-910A); inland at sites like Deer Springs; and at acom
gathering sites in the uplands (Waugh 1986).
Binford (1980) produced a mobilify sfrategy continuum for hunter-gatherers that
identified foragers who employed residential moves among a sequence of resource
patches at one exfreme. At the other end of the continuum were collectors, who restricted
residential mobilify in favor of movement by task-specific groups. The importance of
Binford's continuum is that it sfressed variabiUfy. As proposed by Binford (1980), the
forager/collector continuum does not represent two exclusive categories, but rather
hunter/gatherer subsistence activities ranging between the two exfremes. Thomas (1983)
built upon this continuum by emphasizing variabilify in the settlement and subsistence
PJ. 4-04 6-41
August 2005
system in Monitor Valley, rather than uniformify. Thomas showed how the
archaeological evidence could have three separate interpretations, each of which is a part
of the forager/collector continuum.
CA-SDI-8303, CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797 could have been seasonally occupied
sites, wherein vegetal resources were collected, game was hunted and/or trapped, a range
of seafood was netted and/or fished, and shellfish was collected. Altematively, they
could have been permanent habitation sites from which special-purpose task groups were
organized to conduct these activities.
6.6 TRADE AND TRAVEL
• To what extent is frade and fravel evidenced at the three sites? Do the sites
contain imported or fraded lithic materials such as steatite, obsidian, chert,
chalcedony, and/or jasper? Can these materials be sourced to specific
locations?
6.6.1 Trade and Travel for CA-SDI-8303,-8694, and-8797
Several material types present in the collections suggest that trade and/or contact with
other groups was an important aspect of the lives of the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303,
CA-SDI-8694, and CA-SDI-8797. It has been proposed that the early frade networks for
the coastal southem Califomia region were primarily to the north, while latter period
trade networks were primarily to the east and desert regions (Hughes and Tme 1985;
Ericson et al. 1989). The obsidian samples from CA-SDI-8303 seem to support these
assumptions. Four of the obsidian specimens recovered provided trace element
concenttations geochemically placing volcanic glass origins to Obsidian Butte located in
Imperial Counfy, Califomia. An additional obsidian specimen provided ttace element
concentrations geochemically placing its volcanic glass origin to the Coso Volcanic
Fields located in Kem Counfy, Califomia. The remaining non-local materials from these
sites include chert (fraded from either the north or east), Monterey chert (traded from the
north), and Piedra de Lumbre chert (fraded from the Camp Pendleton area). Obsidian
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August 2005
was also present at CA-SDI-8694, but was too small to source. The present study
recovered no obsidian from CA-SDI-8797 Locus C.
6.7 CERAMIC DISCUSSION (by Monica Guenero)
The results of the ceramic analysis for sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694 provided
data on the geologic location of clay sources that were used to manufacture pottery.
Results of the petrographic analysis indicate that 98% (n=284) of the sherds recovered
from site CA-SDI-8303 are Tizon Brown Ware, and 2% (n=5) are Lower Colorado Buff
Ware. Results of the pefrographic analysis for site CA-SDI-8694 indicate that 70%o
(n=177) of the sherds recovered from the site are Tizon Brown Ware, 25% (n=63) are
Salton Brown Ware, and 5% (n = 12) are Lower Colorado Buff Ware. The presence of
Lower Colorado Buff Ware ceramics indicates that frade and/or travel occuned to the
former lake bottom and alluvial deposits in the Colorado Desert and Imperial Counfy,
near ancient Lake Cahuilla. The presence of Salton Brown Ware suggests frade and/or
fravel to the east side of the Peninsular Range (Westem Salton Trough). Although Tizon
Brown Ware ceramics are considered local wares throughout the San Diego region, the
clay sources were still approximately 6-10 miles east of sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-
8694, suggesting that a degree of fravel and/or trade was necessary to obtain and/or
manufacture these pots.
These results provide important clues regarding the inhabitants of sites CA-SDI-8303 and
CA-SDI-8694. Hildebrand et al.'s (2002) study on coastal and mountain sites indicates a
pattem of westward transport of Lower Colorado Buff Ware and Salton Brown Ware into
the Peninsular Range and coastal regions. There was little evidence for eastward
transport of ceramics from the coast to the Peninsular Range, or from the Peninsular
Range to the desert. Hildebrand et al.'s (2002) study did not include ceramics from the
northem portion of San Diego Counfy, and therefore, an inference is made that a
westward frade and/or travel route was present in the northem San Diego region as well.
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August 2005
Ethnographic information indicates that the Luiseno ttaveled on a seasonal basis,
migrating in the late summer and fall to foothill and mountain sites, and fraveling to sites
near the coast during winter and spring (Bean and Shipek 1978). Such movement would
provide the setting for procurement of non-local clay, and wares. Additionally, trade may
have fimctioned as a reaffirmation of social ties, especially regarding hunting and
gathering tenitories, migration, allies, quarrying, and religious-ceremonial fimctions.
As CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8694 are located near the coast, it is likely that the desert
wares (Salton Brown Ware and Lower Colorado Buff Ware) were ttaded into the area,
however, travel most likely occuned to some degree. Pottery vessels can be efficiently
carried long distances through the use of grass canying bags and nets as long as they are
not too heavy, and contain restricted vessel openings to keep the contents from spilling
out (Arnold 1985; Rice 1987). Traded pottery vessels would also have served the
purpose of transporting and/or trading grains, seeds, nuts and other dry goods (Rice
1987). The results of the rim sherd profiles suggest restricted vessel openings, and/or
small to medium vessels, both of which indicate ttansport activities rather than cooking
activities. '
6.8 SITE SUMMARIES
6.8.1 CA-SDI-8303 Site Summary
The Indexing and Preservation Stiidy for CA-SDI-8303 included field excavation of six
Ixl-m units, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. The puipose of the
Indexing and Preservation Study was to provide an index sample representing the deposit
to be capped and preserved.
In all, the Indexing and Preservation Study at CA-SDI-8303 produced 6 bifaces, 9 arrow
points, 1 biface preform, 1 flake blank, 10 battered implements, 18 flakes from battered
implements, 3 steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs), 2 rejuvenation flakes from SEUTs, 6
flake tools, 1 flake knife, 3 cores, 3,887 debitage, 1 nodule tool, 6 ground stone
fragments, 19 manos, 5 metate fragments, 1 polished stone fragment, 449 ceramic
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August 2005
fragments, 12 Olivella sp. shell beads, 7 shell disc beads, 1 Cypraea spadicea Swainson
(Chestnut Cowry) shell, 1 bone bead, 2 glass frade beads, 1 quartz crystal, 1 fragment of
pitch, 2 otoliths, 2 bone tools, 465.4 g of bone, and 32,838.1 g of sheU. Disturbance from
agricultural activities, bioturbation, and geologic activities was noted in all units. It is
probable that CA-SDI-8303 maintains good site integrify. The range of artifacts at CA-
SDI-8303 primarily indicates a Late Period habitation/village site occupied at a minimum
during the spring and summer seasons (based on availabilify of plants, animals, and
otolith analysis). Flake production from local cobbles, suggests flake tool use. Most
likely, these tools were manufactured and used at the site. Hunting activities may have
occurred near this site as indicated by the recovery of nine projectile points. The
presence of 30 ground stone tools, and 11 battered implements identifies preparation of
plant foods through pounding and/or grinding. The presence of shellfish and fish
remains, and small to large mammal bone demonsfrate the wide range of foods collected,
hunted, and processed. In addition, the diverse fish remains suggest a range of maritime
activities performed by the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8303.
Faunal analysis identified black-tailed jackrabbit, desert cottontail rabbit, bmsh rabbit,
mule deer, Califomia quail, soupfin shark, white croaker, bat ray, Califomia halibut,
shovelnose guitarfish, spotfin croaker. Pacific bonito. Pacific sardine, Califomia
sheephead, and albacore. This collection suggests that a range of hunting and fishing
activities occuned at the site. Analysis of the 33,220 g of shell identifies the majorify of
shellfish species as Donax gouldii (71.6%)), Chione sp. (24.8%)) and Argopecten sp.
(2.7%). This collection indicates a primary exploitation focus on sandy beach habitats by
the inhabitants of CA-SDI-8363, with minimal evidence of exploitation of
bay/lagoon/estuary habitats.
The question of ttade and ttavel was addressed through the sourcing of obsidian to
Obsidian Butte in the Imperial Valley, approximately 100 miles east/northeast of CA-
SDI-8303. An additional obsidian specimen provided ttace element concenttations
geochemically placing its volcanic glass origin to the Coso Volcanic Fields located in
Kem Counfy, Califomia. However, the majorify of lithics used for tools were
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manufactured from local materials. Ceramic analysis identified the pottery samples as
Tizon Brown Ware (mountain ware) and Lower Colorado Buff Ware (desert ware).
The question of chronology was addressed through the radiocarbon dating of four shell
samples. This analysis and the presence of glass trade beads place the occupation of site
CA-SDI-8303 primarily during the Late Period from circa AD 980 to historic contact,
with minor evidence of an earlier occupation circa 4,600 years ago.
6.8.2 CA-SDI-8694 Site Summary
The purpose of the mitigation program for CA-SDI-8694 was to adequately address
mitigation of impacts through the completion ofthe excavation of forty-four Ixl-m units,
artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. In all, tiiis work produced 4
bifaces, 5 cores, 1 piece of tested raw material, 8 nodule tools, 4 utilized flake tools, 4
steep-edged unifacial tools (SEUTs or adzes), 10 flakes from SEUTs, 2,367 debitage, 1
hammerstone, 22 battered implements, 19 flakes from battered implements, 61
manos/mano fragments, 6 metates/metate fragments, 18 ground stone fragments, 1
shaped stone, 260 ceramic fragments, 1 Olivella sp. bead, 2 bone awls, 1 bone fishing
toggle, 1 bone bead, and 1 possible otolith pendant. Faunal material includes 76,492.08 g
of shell, 4 otoliths, and 167.9 g of bone.
Disturbance from constmction, agricultural activities, and bioturbation was noted in all
units. The range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8694 indicates a habitation/village site occupied
at a minimum during the spring and summer seasons (based on otolith analysis). Flake
production from local cobbles, suggests flake tool use. Most likely, these tools were
manufactured and used at the site. Hunting activities may have occuned near this site as
indicated by the recovery of two projectile points. The presence of 85 ground stone tools,
and 21 battered implements represents preparation of plant foods through pounding
and/or grinding. The presence of shellfish remains, and small to large mammal bone
demonsfrates the range of foods collected, hunted, and processed. In addition, the large
number of fish remains suggests a range of maritime activities performed by the
inhabitants of CA-SDI-8694.
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Faunal analysis identified coyote, black-tailed jackrabbit, mule deer, Califomia ground
squinel, desert cottontail, bmsh rabbit, Botta's gopher, soupfin shark, white croaker, bat
ray, Califomia halibut, shovelnose guitarfish, spotfin croaker. Pacific bonito, Califomia
sheephead and albacore. This suggests that a range of hunting, fishing, and collecting
activities occuned at the site. Analysis of the 76,492.08 g of shell identifies the majorify
of shellfish species as Chione sp. (7L3%o), Argopecten sp. (19.4%), Ostrea lurida (7.2%),
and Polinices (0.9%). This collection indicates that the site's inhabitants likely exploited
the nearest lagoon habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon), and occasionally visited other open
coast shoreline areas.
The question of trade and ttavel was addressed through the analysis of lithic materials
from CA-SDI-8694, and petrographic analysis of available ceramics. The presence of
Obsidian Butte obsidian and various cherts suggest possible movement or contact with
nearby desert locations, and contact with the inhabitants of the southem Orange Counfy
region. However, the majorify of lithics used for tool manufacture was locally procured.
Ceramic analysis identified the pottety samples as Tizon Brown Ware (mountain ware),
Salton Brown Ware (desert ware), and Lower Colorado Buff Ware.
The question of chronology was addressed through the radiocarbon dating of four shell
samples. The dates place site occupation primarily during the Early Period (Middle
Holocene) circa 5,160 to 7,500 years ago. In addition. Late Period reoccupation is
supported by two radiocarbon dates identifying occupation from AD 1000 to AD 1910.
These dates are additionally supported by the presence of one Cottonwood Triangular
arrow point and ceramics. As demonsttated by the dates recovered from the site and the
shell and artifact assemblage, CA-SDI-8694 is a multi-component site with both Early
and Late Period occupations.
6.8.3 CA-SDI-8797 Site Summary
The Indexing and Preservation Study for CA-SDI-8797 Locus C included excavation of
six Ixl-m units, artifact cataloguing, data analysis, and special studies. The purpose of
the Indexing and Preservation Study was to provide an index sample representing the
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deposit to be capped and preserved. The fieldwork resulted in the collection of 337
debitage, 2 cores, 1 flake tool, 1 steep-edged unifacial tool (SEUT), 17 flakes from
SEUTs, 2 battered implements, 4 manos, 1 ground stone fragment, and 1 polished stone.
Faunal materials include 8.4 g of bone and 2,353.4 g of shell.
Disturbance from constmction, agricultural activities, and bioturbation was noted in all
units. The range of artifacts at CA-SDI-8797 Locus C indicates a habitation site
primarily occupied during the Early Period (Middle to Late Holocene). The primary
flintknapping activify was nodule core reduction; and, the predominant aspect of nodule
core reduction was the production of a few very late stage flake blanks, most likely for
unmodified flake tools. The presence of five ground stone tools, and two battered
implements implies preparation of plant foods through pounding and/or grinding. The
presence of shellfish remains, and small to large mammal bone demonsttates the range of
foods collected, hunted, and processed. Faunal analysis identified primarily small-sized
mammals, and included Sylvilagus audubonii, and other small mammals. Analysis of the
2,353.4 g of shell recovered identifies the majorify of shellfish species as Chione sp.,
Argopecten sp., Ostrea lurida, Polinices, and Astrea undosa, indicating that the
inhabitants primarily exploited the nearest lagoon habitat (Agua Hedionda Lagoon), and
occasionally visited the open coast shoreline area.
The question of ttade and travel was addressed through the analysis of the lithic
materials. For the most part, tools were manufactured from local lithic materials,
however, non-local lithic materials were minimally used. These materials include chert
(traded from either the north or east), Monterey chert (ttaded from the north), and Piedra
de Lumbre chert (traded from the Camp Pendleton area).
The question of chronology was addressed through the radiocarbon dating of four shell
samples. The radiocarbon dates suggest that the site may have been occupied at least
three times within the past 6,000 years, with the primary site occupation occurring circa
5,000 years ago, and the most recent occupation occurring within the past 1,000 years.
PJ. 4-04 6-48
August 2005
6.9 SUMMARY
The Indexing and Preservation Study for archaeological sites CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-
8797 Locus C was completed through sample excavation, artifact analysis and this report
of findings. Both CA-SDI-8303 and CA-SDI-8797 Locus C will be protected within
Open Space Easements and capped. Capping using a minimum of one-inch of sand and
six to twelve inches of fill, and planting of shallow-rooted plants is recommended.
Utilities (ie., water, gas, sewer) are to be placed within the fill/capping or outside ofthe
Open Space Easements. For CA-SDI-8694, a data recovery program was completed for
the purpose of addressing mitigation of impacts. To ensure that unanticipated finds (ie.,
burials, cremations, buried cultural deposits) are handled in a timely and sensitive
manner, monitoring by an archaeologist and a Native American shall be conducted.
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SECTION 7
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10148. In Lithic Analysts Research Report, No. 33. Pullman, Washington.
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