HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 02-14-02; BRESSI RANCH PA7 UNIT 2; WATER QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT; 2004-03-01WATER OUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT
BRESSI RANCH RESIDENTIAL PLANNING AREA 7
CITY OF CARLSBAD, CA
MARCH 2004
PROJECTNUMBER: CT 02-14(2)
DRAWING NUMBER: 411-4A
Prepared For:
GREYSTONE HOMES
1525 Faraday, Suite 300
Carlsbad, CA 92008
PROJECTDESIGN CONSULTANTS
PLANNING • ENVIKONMENTAI • ENGINEERING • SUKVEV/GPS
701 B Street, Suite 800, San Diego, CA 92101
619-23.S-6471 FAX 619-234-0349
Job No. 2407.40
James ivl Kilgore,(Pp RCE 46692
nstrmon Expires 06/30/07
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2
3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN 3
Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area 3
Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters 3
Beneficial Uses 3
Impaired Water Bodies 5
Watershed Pollutants of Concem 5
Conditions of Concem 5
4. STORIVI WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 7
Site Design BMPs 7
Source Control BMPs 7
Project-Specific BMPs 9
Structural Treatment BMPs 9
Detention Basins j \
Filtration Systems 11
Hydrodynamic Separator Systems 14
BMP Selection 15
BMP Plan Assumptions 16
5. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 18
Construction BMPs 1 g
Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan 18
Operation and Maintenance Plans 19
6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES 20
TABLES
Table 1. Anticipated Conditions - Anticipated Pollutants and Sources 3
Table 2. Beneficial Uses for Inland Surface Waters 4
Table 3. Beneficial Uses for Groundwater 4
Table 4. Structural BMP Selecfion Matrix 10
Table 5. BMP Design Criteria 17
Table 6. Post-Construction BMP Summary 19
Table?. BMP Costs 20
APPENDICES
1. Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist
2. Project Maps
3. Drainage Calculations
4. Supplemental BMP Information
5. References
1. INTRODUCTION
This Water Quality Technical Report (WQTR) was prepared to define recommended project
Best Management Pracfice (BMP) options that safisfy the requirements identified in the
following documents:
• City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan, Storm Water Standards,
• County of San Diego Watershed Protection, Storm Water Management and Discharge
Control Ordinance (County Ordinance),
• Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction,
• NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction
Activity, and
• San Diego Municipal NPDES Storm Water Permit (Order Number 2001-01).
Specifically, this report includes the following:
• Project description and location with respect to the Water Quality Control Plan for the
San Diego Basin (Basin Plan);
• BMP design criteria and water quality treatment flow and volume calculafions;
• Recommended BMP options for the project;
• BMP device information for the recommended BMP options; and
• Operation, maintenance, and funding for the recommended BMPs.
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This WQTR is provided for Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 7. The project is located in
the City of Carlsbad and is part of the Bressi Ranch development- The project site is separated
by Town Garden Road and Village Green Drive; the portions are on opposing corners- The
northwestern portion (PA7a) is bounded by Gateway Road to the north. Planning Area 6 to the
west. Village Green Drive to the east, and Town Garden Road to the south. The southeastern
portion (PA7b) is bounded by Planning Area 15 to the north. Village Green Drive to the west,
and Gardenlane Way to the east and south. The vicinity and site maps are available in Appendix
2. The total project site consists of 18.2 acres (7.3 acres in PA7a and 10.9 acres in PA7b).
The project consists of the construction of 95 single family homes (35 in PA7a and 60 in PA7b)
and associated roadways, ufilifies, and landscaping. The project area currently consists of mass
graded pads per the Bressi Ranch Mass Grading project.
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3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN
Anticipated and Potential Poiiutants from the Project Area
Based on land use, potential pollutants from the site under exisfing condifions include sediment,
nutrients, trash and debris, and pesticides. Anticipated pollutants from the site under proposed
conditions include bacteria, sediment, nutrients, trash and debris, oil and grease, oxygen
demanding substances, and heavy metals.
TABLE 1. ANTICIPATED CONDITIONS - ANTICIPATED POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES
Area Anticipated Pollutants
Landscaped areas Sediment, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, pesticides
Rooftops Sediment, nutrients, trash and debris
Parking/driveways Sediment, heavy metals, trash and debris, oil and grease
General use Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses
Trash storage areas Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses
Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters
The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 7 Project is located in the Carlsbad Watershed
(Hydrologic Unit 904.51) and is tributary to San Marcos Creek.' The sections below provide
the beneficial uses and identification of impaired water bodies within the project's hydrologic
area.
Beneficial Uses
The beneficial uses of the inland surface waters and the groundwater basins must not be
threatened by the project. Tables 2 and 3 list the beneficial uses for the surface waters and
groundwater within the project's hydrologic area.
' Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board
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TABLE 2. BENEFICIAL USES FOR INLAND SURFACE WATERS
Surface
Water MUN AGR IND RECl REC2 WARM WILD
San Marcos
Creek -1-• • • • •
TABLE 3. BENEFICIAL USES FOR GROUNDWATER
Hydrologic Unit, Hydrologic Area MUN AGR IND
904.51 • • •
Source: Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, September 1994
Notes for Tables 2 and 3:
• = Existing Beneficial Use
o = Potential Beneficial Use
+ = Excepted from Municipal
MUN - Municipal and Domestic Supply: Includes use of water for community, military, or individual water
supply systems including, but not limited to, drinking water supply.
AGR - Agricultural Supply; Includes use of water for farming, horticulture, or ranching including, but not limited
to, irrigation, stock watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing.
IND - Industrial Services Supply: Includes use of water for industrial activities that do not depend primarily on
water quality including, but not limited to, mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire
protection, or oil well re-pressurization.
RECl - Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water
where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, swimming, wading,
water-skiing, skin and SCUBA diving, surfing, white water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs.
REC2 - Non-Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreation involving proximity to water, but not
normally involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include,
but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, camping, boating, tide pool and marine life study, hunting,
sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities.
WARM - Warm Freshwater Habitat: Includes uses of water that support warm water ecosystems including, but
not limited to, preservation or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish or wildlife, including invertebrates.
WILD-Wildlife Habitat: Includes uses of water that support terrestrial ecosystems including but not limited to,
preservation and enhancement of terrestrial habitats, vegetation, wildlife, (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, invertebrates), or wildlife and food sources.
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Impaired Water Bodies
Secfion 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA, 33 USC 1250, et seq., at 1313(d)),
requires States to identify and list waters that do not meet water quality standards after applying
certain required technology-based effluent limits (impaired water bodies). The list is known as
the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters.
The proposed project is not directly tributary to a 303(d) listed water body. The closest impaired
water body is the Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San Marcos HA. The Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San
Marcos HA is 303(d) listed for bacteria.
In addifion to the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters, the State of Califomia also idenfifies
waters of concern that may be included on the 303(d) list in the very near future. These waters
have some indications that they are impaired, but there is currently insufficient data to meet the
requirements for inclusion on the 303(d) list of impaired waters. This list is known as the
Monitoring List (2002).
The proposed project is not directly tributary to a Monitoring List (2002) water body. The
closest Monitoring List (2002) water body is the Aqua Hedionda Lagoon. The Aqua Hedionda
Lagoon is listed for dissolved copper and selenium.
Watershed Pollutants of Concem
The proposed project is located within the Carlsbad Watershed. According to the Carlsbad
Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program, the pollutants of concem for the Carlsbad
Watershed are bacteria, diazinon, sediment, total dissolved solids, and nutrients.
Conditions of Concern
A drainage study was conducted by a Califomia Registered Civil Engineer (RCE) to identify the
condifions of concern for this project. The drainage calculations are available in Appendix 3.
Following is the summary of findings from the study:
• Drainage Pattems:
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Under existing conditions, runoff from the project area sheet flows to the southwest and
into desilting basins before entering the backbone storm drain system for the Bressi
Ranch development. The backbone storm drain system discharges into a detention basin
before entering an unnamed creek which eventually reaches San Marcos Creek.
Under proposed conditions, the storm water sheet flows to the south and west and into the
onsite storm drain system. The onsite storm drain system for Planning Area 7a connects
to the Planning Area 6 storm drain system, while Planning Area 7b connects to the
Planning Area 8 storm drain system before connecting to the backbone storm drain for
the Bressi Ranch development.
Soil Condifions and Imperviousness: The project area consists of soil group D. Under
existing conditions, the project area is under 5% impervious and the runoff coefficient is
0.45. Under the proposed conditions, the project area will be 65% impervious and the
overal] runoff coefficient is expected to be 0.55.
Rainfall Runoff Characterisfics: Under existing conditions. Project Area 7a generates
approximately 4.6 CFS (2-year storm) and 6.2 CFS (10-year storm) of storm water
runoff, while Project Area 7b generates approximately 9.6 CFS (2-year storm) and 12.8
CFS (10-year storm) of storm water mnoff. Under the proposed conditions, site 7a will
generate approximately 7.2 CFS (2-year storm) and 9.6 CFS (10-year storm) of storm
water mnoff, while site 7b will generate approximately 10.5 CFS (2-year storm) and 14.0
CFS (10-year storm) of storm water mnoff.
Downstream Conditions: There is no expected adverse impact on downstream conditions
as existing drainage pattems will be maintained. The detention basins at the southern
ends of the Alicante Street and El Fuerte Street storm drains will reduce the impact of the
increase in storm water flows due to the development. The water quality will be
improved by the development through the implementation of site design, source control,
and treatment BMPs. The outfall from the existing pipes is designed to protect against
high velocity erosion in the proposed condition.
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4. STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
The City Storm Water Standards Manual (Section III.2) requires the implementation of
applicable site design, source control, project-specific, and stmctural treatment control BMPs.
Site Design BMPs
The following BMPs were considered in the project design process:
• Reduce impervious surfaces,
• Conserve natural areas,
• Minimize directly connected areas, and
• Protect slopes and channels.
Some of the specific site design BMPs incorporated into this project include:
• Protect slopes and channels
o All slopes will be stabilized with hydroseed or equivalent erosion control
measures.
o The outfalls are equipped with a D-41 energy dissipater and/or a riprap pad to
prevent high velocity erosion.
• Water quality feature
o The water quality feature will direct a portion of the storm water from Village
Green Drive into a grass swale. The storm water will be directed to the Town
Garden Road storm drain system at the end of the swale, but it is not adequate to
provide treatment to the level required by the City Storm Water Standards.
Source Control BMPs
The following BMPs were considered in the project design process:
• Inlet stenciling and signage,
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• Materials storage,
• Trash storage,
• Efficient irrigation, and
• Integrated pest management principles.
Some of the specific source control BMPs incorporated into this project include:
• Inlet stenciling and signage
o All inlets \ ^< tj/^^ stenciled or stamped with "No
Jt' of'
Dumping- ^ff^ ^ ^ •fYr* oroved by the City Engineer.
• Covered trash storag ^V"^^
o All trash storage is covered due to the design of the standard-issue residential City
of San Diego automated refuse containers.
• Efficient irrigation ^ ^ s
o All Home Owners' Association (HOA) maintained landscaped areas will include
rain shutoff devices to prevent irrigation during and after precipitation, and the
irrigation will be designed for the area specific water requirements. Flow reducers
and shutoff valves triggered by pressure drop will be used to control water loss
from broken sprinkler heads or lines.
• Storm water education
o Educational materials on storm water issues and simple ways to prevent storm
water pollution will be made available to residents.
• Integrated pest management principles
o Residents and groundskeepers will be educated on pest management principles.
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o In HOA areas, only professional pest controllers will be used for the application
of pesticides. Materials on how to control pests using non-toxic methods will be
made available to maintenance personnel.
Project-Specific BMPs
The City Storm Water Standards Manual requires specific BMPs if the project includes private
roads, residenfial driveways and guest parking, dock areas, maintenance bays, vehicle and
equipment wash areas, outdoor processing areas, surface parking areas, non-retail fueling areas,
or steep hillside landscaping. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 7 Project has
residential driveways and private roads. The City Storm Water Standards Manual lists five
options for residential driveways and three options for private roads. The Bressi Ranch
Residential Planning Area 7 Project does not include any of these options. However, the intent
of the Storm Water Standards is to reduce the discharge of pollutants from storm water
conveyance systems to the Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP statutory standard) throughout
the use of a developed site. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 7 Project meets this
objective by including treatment BMPs before discharging to the unnamed creek.
Structural Treatment BMPs
The target pollutants, removal efficiencies, expected flows, and space availability determine the
selection of stmctural treatment BMP options. Table 4 is a selection matrix for stmctural
treatment BMPs based on target pollutants and removal efficiencies.
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TABLE 4. STRUCTURAL BMP SELECTION MATRIX
Pollutant
Categories
Treatment Control BMP Categories
Pollutant
Categories Biofilters Detenfion
Basins
Infiltration
Basins^'^
Wet
Ponds or
Wetlands
Drainage
Inserts Filtration
Hydrodynamic
Separator
Systems*^^
Sediment M H H H L H H
Nutrients L M M M L M L
Heavy
Metals M M M H L H L
Organic
Compounds U U U U L M L
Trash &
Debris L H U U M H H
Oxygen
Demanding
Substances
L M M M L M L
Bacteria U U H U L M L
Oil &
Grease M M U U L H L
1 Pesficides U U u u L U L
Notes for Table 4:
(!) Including trenches and porous pavement
(2) Also known as hydrodynamic devices and baffle boxes
L: Low removal efficiency
M: Medium removal efficiency
H: High removal efficiency
U: Unknown removal efficiency
The target pollutants for this project in order of general priority are sediment (with attached
materials such as bacteria and vimses, nutrients, pesficides, and metals), oxygen demanding
substances, trash and debris, and oil and grease. Based on the target pollutants and typical
removal efficiencies, the treatment BMP options to consider include detention basins, infiltration
basins, wet ponds, filtration and hydrodynamic separator systems.
The soil characteristics and the onsite drainage pattems for Planning Area 7 make infiltration
basins and wet ponds infeasible for this project.
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Detention Basins
Detention basins (a.k.a. dry extended detention ponds, dry ponds, extended detention basins,
detenfion ponds, extended detention ponds) are basins with controlled ouflets designed to detain
storm water mnoff, allowing particles and associated pollutants to settle. Detention basins may
be designed to include vegetation, allowing for further pollutant removal through infiltration and
natural pollutant uptake by vegetation.
Detention basins are among the most widely applicable storm water management practices. They
should be used for drainage areas of at least 10 acres, and they can be used with almost all types
of soils and geology. Detention basins for improving water quality can also be designed and used
as flood control devices.
Based on the size of the Bressi Ranch development and proposed site plan, detention basins are a
feasible option for treating the storm water mnoff from this project. However, the detention
basin for Bressi Ranch will not be used for water quality purposes since the basin was designed
for flood detention purposes only.
Filtration Systems
Filtration systems include bioretention, sand and organic filters, and proprietary devices.
Bioretention
Bioretention areas are landscape features designed to provide treatment of storm water mnoff.
These areas are typically shallow, landscaped depressions, located within small pockets of
residential land uses. During storms, the mnoff ponds above the mulch and soil of the
bioretention system. The mnoff filters through the mulch and soil mix, typically being collected
in a perforated underdrain and retumed to the MS4.
' National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II, US EPA.
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Sand and Organic Filters
For sand and organic filtrafion systems, there are five basic storm water filter designs:
• Surface sand filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and sediment
chamber placed aboveground- The surface sand filter is designed as an offline system that
receives only the smaller water quality events.
• Underground filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and sediment
chamber placed underground. It is an offline system that receives only the smaller water
quality events.
• Perimeter filter: This is the only filtering option that is an online system with an overflow
chamber to accommodate large storm events.
• Organic media filter: This is a slight modificafion to the surface sand filter, with the sand
medium replaced with or supplemented by an organic medium to enhance pollutant
removal of many compounds.
• Multi-Chamber Treatment Train: This is an underground system with three filtration
chambers designed to achieve very high pollutant removal rates.
Proprietary Devices
Proprietary filtration devices include offline filtration systems, online filter units, and filtration
based inlet inserts. Proprietary catch basin insert devices contain a filtering medium placed
inside the stormwater system's catch basins. The insert can contain one or more treatment
mechanisms, which include filtration, sedimentation, or gravitational absorption of oils. The
water flows into the inlet, through the filter, where pollutants and contaminants are removed, and
then into the drainage system.
There are two primary designs for inlet inserts. One design uses fabric filter bags that are
suspended in place by the grate or by retainer rods placed across the catch basin. The fabric filter
design includes a skirt that directs the storm water flow to a pouch that may be equipped with
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oil-absorbing pillows. These inlet inserts are typically equipped with "Bypass Ports" to prevent
flooding during large storm events. Maintenance on the fabric filter inserts includes periodic
inspection and replacement of the entire insert when it becomes clogged with captured
pollutants. The other design for inlet inserts uses stainless steel, High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), or other durable materials to form a basket or cage-like insert placed inside the catch
basin. This basket contains the filter medium and absorbent materials that treat the storm water
as it passes through. These inlet inserts are also equipped with bypass pathways to allow normal
operation of the storm drain system during large storm events. Maintenance on the. basket-type
inlet inserts includes periodic inspection and removal and replacement of the filter medium and
absorbent materials (not the entire inlet insert).
There are several types of proprietary inlet inserts for both design types:
• Fabric Filter Bag Design
o Stream Guard: Stream Guard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and
debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media.
o Ultra-Drainguard: Ultra-Drainguard works by inifially capturing sediment and trash
and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter
media. The Ultra-Drainguard has an oil absorbent pillow that can be replaced separate
from the filter during times of large free-oil mnoff-
• Basket-type Inlet Inserts
o AbTech Ultra-Urban Filter: The Ultra-Urban Filter is a cost-effective BMP designed
for use in storm drains that experience oil and grease pollution accompanied by
sediment and trash and debris. The oil is permanently bonded to a SmartSponge,
while sediment and trash and debris are captured in an intemal basket.
URL: http://www.epa.gov/regionl/assistance/ceitts/stormwater/techs/
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o AquaGuard: AquaGuard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris,
and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media.
AquaGuard compares to others by being easy to handle, i.e. no special lifting
equipment for filter removal.^
o FloGard: FloGard uses catch basin filtration, placing catch basin insert devices with a
filter medium just under the grates of the stormwater system's catch basins. FloGard
handles non-soluble solids such as sediment, gravel, and hydrocarbons, which are all
potential pollutants originating from the roof and parking lot. FloGard is available for
standard catch basins and for roof downspouts.
Recommended Filtration System Option
Sand, media, and bioretention filters require large amounts of land and have extremely high
maintenance costs compared to proprietary filtration designs. Of the two types of filtration based
inlet insert designs, experience within Southern California has shown the basket-type inlet inserts
to be more reliable and less cumbersome for maintenance and proper operation.^ Therefore, the
best type of filtration system for this project is one of the basket-type proprietary filtration based
inlet inserts.
Hydrodynamic Separator Systems
Hydrodynamic separator systems (HDS) are flow-through stmctures with a settling or separation
unit to remove sediments and other pollutants that are widely used in storm water treatment. No
outside power source is required, because the energy of the flowing water allows the sediments
to efficiently separate. Depending on the type of unit, this separafion may be by means of swirl
action or indirect filtration.
2003 KriStar Enterprises, Inc.
^ Correspondence with the City of Dana Point, the City of Encinitas, and the City of Santa Monica
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Hydrodynamic separator systems are most effective where the materials to be removed from
mnoff are heavy particulates that can be settled or floatables that can be captured, rather than
solids with poor settleability or dissolved pollutants.
For hydrodynamic separator systems, there are four major proprietary types:
• Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS): CDS provides the lowest cost overall when
compared to other HDS units. A sorbent material can be added to remove unattached oil
and grease.^
• Downstream Defender™: Downstream Defender traps sediment while intercepting oil
and grease with a small head loss.^
• Stormceptor®: Stormceptor traps sediment while intercepting oil and grease.^
• Vortechs™: Vortechs combines baffle walls, circular grit chambers, flow control
chambers, and an oil chamber to remove settleable solids and floatables from the storm
water runoff.^
Recommended Hydrodynamic Separator System Option
All of the abovementioned devices sufficiently remove the pollutants of concem from this site.
The best hydrodynamic separator for this project is the CDS unit; it has a relatively low cost and
has been widely used in San Diego County.
BMP Selection
Basket-type proprietary filtration-based inlet inserts and CDS units are feasible opfions for this
project. The recommended treatment BMP is a CDS Unit. The CDS Unit will be able to treat
multiple planning areas in the Bressi Ranch Development, including Planning Area 7. The CDS
* CDS Technologies Inc 2002
' 2003 Hydro International
' Stormceptor 2003
' http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/hydro.pdf
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Unit will have lower maintenance frequency and costs than the inlet inserts due to the large
number of inlets in the planning areas.
BMP Plan Assumptions
The following assumptions were made in calculating the required BMP sizes:
• Flows generated onsite (PA7a) will be treated, as well as storm water flows from Bressi
Ranch Planning Areas 3b, 4, 6, 10 and 15a. A mnoff coefficient, 'C value, of 0.80 was
used in the mnoff calculations for the tributary treatment area. The treatment area
includes industrial and residential areas; therefore the 'C value reflects the proportions of
each for the BMP design.
• Flows generated onsite (PA7b) will be treated, as well as storm water flows from Bressi
Ranch Planning Areas 5, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14 and 15b. A mnoff coefficient, 'C value, of 0.65
was used in the ranoff calculations for this tributary treatment area, which reflects the
proportions of industrial and residential areas for the BMP design.
Table 5 summarizes the criteria that should be implemented in the design of the recommended
project BMP.
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Table 5. BMP Design Criteria
BMP Hydrology Treatment
AreaA'^olume Design Constraints
• Locate outside public right-of-way
C = 0.80 • Facilitate access for maintenance
Flow-based: Q=CIA
C= mnoff coefficient
A = 155.3 acres
Qtreatment= 24.8 CFS
• Avoid ufility conflicts
• Treatment Area/Volume from Areas
3b, 4, 6, 7a, 10, & 15a
A = acreage • Locate outside public right-of-way
I = 0.2 in/hour C = 0.65 • Facilitate access for maintenance
A = 144.8 acres • Avoid ufility conflicts
Qtreatmenl— 18.8 CFS • Treatment AreaZ/Volume from
Areas 5, 7b, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, & 15b
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5. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
This section identifies the recommended BMP options that meet the applicable storm water and
water quality ordinance requirements. This includes incorporafing BMPs to minimize and
mitigate for mnoff contamination and volume from the site. The plan was developed per the
proposed roadway and lot layout/density associated with the site.
Construction BMPs
During constmction, BMPs such as desilfing basins, silt fences, sand bags, gravel bags, fiber
rolls, and other erosion control measures may be employed consistent with the NPDES Storm
Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The objectives of the SWPPP are to:
• Identify all pollutant sources, including sources of sediment that may affect the water
quality of storm water discharges associated with constmction activity from the
constmction site;
• Identify non-storm water discharges;
• Identify, constmct, implement in accordance with a fime schedule, and maintain BMPs to
reduce or eliminate pollutants in storm water discharges and authorized non-storm water
discharges from the constmction site during constmction; and
• Develop a maintenance schedule for BMPs installed during constmction designed to
reduce or eliminate pollutants after constmcfion is completed (post-constmction BMPs).
Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan
PDC has identified a recommended water quality BMP plan for the Bressi Ranch Residential
Planning Area 7 Project. The following BMP plan is preliminary and is subject to change
pending City review and implementation of future policy requirements, and final engineering
design.
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The recommended post-construction BMP plan includes site design, source control and
treatment BMPs. The site design and source control BMPs include protection of slopes and
channels, inlet stenciling and signage, covered trash storage, efficient irrigation, storm water
education, and integrated pest management principles. The treatment BMP selected for this
project is a CDS Unit.
TABLE 6. POST-CONSTRUCTION BMP SUMMARY
Pollutant Pollutant Sources Mitigation Measures
Sediment and attached
pollutants (nutrients, pesticides, heavy
metals)
Landscaping, driveways,
rooftops
Inlet stenciling and signage,
education of residents, CDS Unit
Trash and debris
Littering, trash storage
areas, swimming pool
deck, rooftop
Inlet stenciling and signage,
covered trash storage, education of
residents, CDS Unit
Bacteria and vimses Trash storage areas, pets Covered trash storage, education
of residents
Oxygen demanding substances Landscaping, driveways
and roadways
Inlet stenciling and signage,
regular Cit^^ of San Diego yard
waste pickup, edilbation of
residents, detenfion basin, CDS
Unit
Oil and grease Driveways, roadways Inlet stenciling and signage,
education of residents, CDS Unit
Operation and Maintenance Plans
The City Storm Water Standards require a description of the long-term maintenance
requirements of proposed BMPs and a descripfion of the mechanism that will ensure ongoing
long-term maintenance. Operation and maintenance plans for the recommended post-
constmction BMP for this project are located in Appendix 4. The Project BMP costs and the
maintenance funding sources are provided in the following section.
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6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES
Table 7 below provides the anticipated capital and annual maintenance costs for the CDS Unit.
TABLE?. BMP COSTS
BMP OPTION Equipment Cost Installation Cost Annual Maintenance
Cost
1. Single CDS Unit
Model PMSU 70_70
$64,900* $55,900 $1,000
*CDS Units are a proprietary BMP and may vary in cost at the manufacturer's discretion.
The developer will incur the capital cost for the BMP installation. The responsible party for
long-term maintenance and funding is the Home Owners' Association (HOA) for Bressi Ranch.
wqir-pa7.doc
-20-
APPENDIX 1
Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist
storm Water Standards
4/03/03
VI. RESOURCES & REFERENCES
'APPENDIX A
STORM WATER REQUIREIVIENTS APPLICABILITY CHECKLIST
Complete Sections 1 and 2 of the following checklist to determine your project's
permanent and construction storm water best management practices requirements.
This form must be completed and submitted with your permit application.
Section 1. Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements:
If any answers to Part A are answered "Yes," your project is subject to the "Priority
Project Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements," and "Standard Permanent Storm
Water BMP Requirements" in Section III, "Permanent Storm Water BMP Selection
Procedure" in the Sform Water Standards manual.
If all answers to Part A are "No," and any answers to Part B are "Yes," your project is
only subject to the "Standard Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements". If every
question in Part A and B is answered "No," your project is exempt from permanent
storm water requirements.
Part A: Determine Priority Project Permanent Storm Water BMP Requlrerrients
Does the project meet the definition of one or more of the priority project
categories?*
Yes No
1. Detached residential development of 10 or more units
2. Attached residential development of 10 or more units
3. Commercial development greater than 100,000 square feet
4. Automotive repair shop 17 5. Restaurant nfc;t)iciui dl n .
Steep hillside development greater than 5,000 square feet
Project discharging to receiving waters withiri Environmentally Sensitive Areas
-I ir,tc nroaior than nr oni ral tn F> 000 ft"^ nr with at least 15 Darkino soaces
7.
Parking lots grealer than or equal to 5,000 ff" or with at least 15 parking spaces, and
potentially exposed to urban ainoff
Streets, roads, highways, and freeways which would create a new paved surface that is
5,000 square feet or greater
* Refer to the definitions section in the Storm Water Standards for expanded definitions of the priority
project categories. ^1 \.Jj\j y-i*. IV-"-'. ^ ..
Limited Exclusion: Trenching and resurfacing work associated with utility projects are not considered
priority projects. Parking lots, buildings and other structures associated with utility projects are
priority projects if one or more of the criteria in Part A is met. If all answers to Part A are "No",
continue to Part B.
30
storm Water Standards
4/03/03
Part B: Determine Standard Permanent Storm Water Requirements.
Does the project propose: Yes No
1. New impervious areas, such as rooftops, roads, parking lots, driveways, paths and
sidewalks?
2. New pervious landscape areas and irrigation systems?
3. Permanent structures within 100 feet of any natural water body?
4. Trash storage areas? V
5. Liquid or solid material loadinq and unloading areas?
6. Vehicie or equipment fueling, washing, or maintenance areas?
7. Require a General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with
Industrial Activities (Except construction)?*
8. Commercial or industrial waste handling or storage, excluding typical office or
household waste?
9. Any grading or qround disturbance during construction?
10. Anv new storm drains, or alteration to existing storm drains?
*To find out if your project is required to obtain an individual General NPDES Permit for Storm Water
Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities, visit the State Water Resources Control Board web site
at, www.swrcb.ca.qov/stormwtr/industrial.html
Section 2. Construction Storm Water BMP Requirements:
If the answer to question 1 of Part C is answered "Yes," your project is subject to
Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP Performance Standards," and must prepare
a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). If the answer to question 1 is "No,"
but the answer to any of the remaining questions is "Yes," your project is subject to
Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP Performance Standards," and must prepare
a Water Pollution Control Plan (WPCP). If every question in Part C is answered "No,"
fcyour project is exempt from any construction storm water BMP requirements. If any of
the answers to the questions in Part C are "Yes," complete the construction site
prioritization in Part D, below.
Part C: Determine Construction Phase Storm Water Requirements
Would the project meet any of these criteria during construction? Yes No
1. Is the project subject to California's statewide General NPDES Permit for Storm Water
Discharges Associated With Construction Activities? \/
2. Does the project propose grading or soil disturbance? y
3. Would storm water or urban runoff have the potential to contact any portion of the
construction area, including washinq and staging areas?
4. Would the project use any construction materials that could negatively affect water
quality if discharged from the site (such as, paints, solvents, concrete, and
stucco)?
31
storm Water Standards
4/03/03
Part D: Determine Construction Site Priority
In accordance with the Municipal Permit, each construction site with construction storm
.water BMP requirements must be designated with a priority: high, medium or low.
iThis prioritization must be completed with this form, noted on the plans, and included in
the SWPPP or WPCP. Indicate the project's priority in one of the check boxes using the
criteria below, and existing and surrounding conditions of the project, the type of
activities necessary to complete the construction and any other extenuating
circumstances that may pose a threat to water quality. The City reserves the right to
adjust the priority of the projects both before and during construction. [Note:
The construction priority does NOT change construction BMP requirements that apply
to projects; all construction BMP requirements must be identified on a case-by-case
basis. The construction priority does affect the frequency of inspections that will be
conducted by City staff. See Section IV.1 for more details on construction BMP
requirements.]
A) High Priority
1) Projects where the site is 50 acres or more and grading will occur during the
rainy season
2) Projects 5 acres or more. 3) Projects 5 acres or more within or directly
adjacent to or discharging directly to a coastal lagoon or other receiving water
within an environmentally sensitive area
Projects, active or inactive, adjacent or tributary to sensitive water bodies
Q B) Medium Priority
1) Capital Improvement Projects where grading occurs, however a Storm Water
Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is not required under the State General
Construction Permit (i.e., water and sewer replacement projects, intersection
and street re-alignments, widening, comfort stations, etc.)
2) Permit projects in the public right-of-way where grading occurs, such as
installation of sidewalk, substantial retaining walls, curb and gutter for an
entire street frontage, etc. , however SWPPPs are not required.
3) Permit projects on private property where grading permits are required,
however, Notice Of Intents (NOIs) and SWPPPs are not required.
• C; Low Priority
1) Capital Projects where minimal to no grading occurs, such as signal light and
loop installations, street light installations, etc.
2) Permit projects in the public right-of-way where minimal to no grading occurs,
such as pedestrian ramps, driveway additions, small retaining walls, etc.
3) Permit projects on private properly where grading permits are not required,
such as small retaining walls, single-family homes, small tenant
improvements, etc.
32
APPENDIX 2
Project Maps
T'WQtrr ResourcesWattfr OuQlHy\_ProJfc*s\2407.4-Brrssl Reskien«ot\vlcHHy r»op.dw9 D3/18/P004 03-5&14 PM PST
N
i
Lu o o
u;
CL
MELROSE
DRIVE
POINSETTIA
LANE
San Marcos Creek
VICINITY MAP
wor TO SCALE
APPENDIX 3
Drainage Calculations
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* MASS GPIADING HYDROLOGY *
* SYSTEM 206 *
* 2 YEAR STORM EVENT *
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS2 06.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:50 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximuin Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 204.00 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATI0NAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<«
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 890.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 388.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 60.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 28.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 23.822
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTI0N: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.299
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.86
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.60 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.86
*******************************************************jtjti-jt****^-*.,t**********
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 51
»>»COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
>»»TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 360.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 935.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0428
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 5.00 "Z" FACTOR = 2.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.025 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4.00
CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 3.86
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.82 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.19
TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.08 Tc(MIN.) = 27.90
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.00 = 1825.00 FEET.
************************************************i,t + jt*-t^t.ti^t^tjtjt^jtj^,(.^j,jj,t^^.j,^,j^j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 81
>>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<«<
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.174
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 18.40 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 11.88
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 15.74
TC(MIN) = 27.90
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TC(MIN.) = 27.90
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 15.74
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* MASS GRADING HYDROLOGY *
* SYSTEM 206 *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS2 06.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:46 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 204.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATI0NAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 890.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 88.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 360.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 28.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 23.822
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTI0N: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.733
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.15
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.60 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.15
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 51
>»>>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FL0W<<<<<
»>»TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 360.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 935.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0428
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 5.00 "Z" FACTOR = 2.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.025 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4.00
CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 5.15
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.21 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.70 Tc(MIN.) = 27.52
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.00 = 1825.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 81
>>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<<<<
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.579
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 18.40 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 15.98
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 21.12
TC(MIN) = 27.52
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TC(MIN.) = 27.52
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 21.12
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
***************************************************«*-Jt-t*,t****,t,t,ti.jt,t.tJJJtJt.,t,t^J^,^
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED DESILT BASIN DESIGN *
* SYSTEM 5025 DESILT BASIN *
* 2 year storm event *
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\SYSS025.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 11:52 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 S.AN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5001.00 TO NODE 5025.00 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 800.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 410.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 76.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 34.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 17.288
*CAUTI0N: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.598
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 16.96
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 19.30 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 16.96
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 19.30 TC(MIN.) = 17.29
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 16.96
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED DESILT BASIN DESIGN *
* SYSTEM 5025 DESILT BASIN *
* 10 year storm event *
**************************************************************************
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS5025.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 11:46 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
********************************* ***********************ji*,ti*ijt,tjtii.*,tjt.t,t,tjt,tjt
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5001.00 TO NODE 5025.00 IS CODE = 21
>>»>PATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 800.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 410.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 376.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 34.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 17.288
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.131
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 22.62
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 19.30 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 22.62
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 19.30 TC(MIN.) = 17.29
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 22.62
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
*********************,tjm.jt
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* RESIDENTIAL LOTS HYDROLOGY - ULTIMATE CONDITIONS
* PLANNING AREA 7 - BRESSI RANCH
* STREET DD
***************************************^^^^^j,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\204_1-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:55 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF-CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER -GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK-HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20. 0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0. 67 2 . 00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
2 10. 0 5.0 0.020/0.020/ 0.50 1.50 0-0313 0.125 0.0175
3 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/ 0.50 1 .50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
**********************************j^^^^^j^^_j^^^jj_,^^^^^^^^^^^^ ******************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.11 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 385.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 384.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE =1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.11 TO NODE 204.22 IS CODE = 62
>>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
»>»( STREET TABLE SECTION # 3 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 86.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 368.34
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 583.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.10
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.4 4
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.65
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.62
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.67 Tc(MIN.) = 13.57
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.868
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.88 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.93
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.98 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.06
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.53
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.00 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0-83
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.22 = 683.00 FEET.
**********************************************************************^*j^^^jj.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.22 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 362.65 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 361.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 9.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.45
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.06
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 13.58
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.30 = 692.00 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.30 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.58
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.87
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.98
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.06
******************************.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.80 TO NODE 203.90 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 110.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.3 0
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 18.327
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.53 9
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.15 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
********************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.90 TO NODE 204.12 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 3 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 377.70 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 368"34~~
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 335.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) =60
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15 00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0 52
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.19
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.27
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.30
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.44
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.43 Tc(MIN.) = 20.76
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.420
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.00 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.78
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.15 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.91
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.08
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.42 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.55
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 203.80 TO NODE 204.12 = 445.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.12 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PI PE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 361.62 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 361.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 25.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.84
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.91
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.09 Tc(MIN.) = 20.84
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 203.80 TO NODE 204.30 = 470.00 FEET.
'•********************************************************************,j.j,^^j^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.30 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 1
>>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<<<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 20.84
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1-42
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1-15
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.91
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.06 13.58 1.867 1.98
2 0.91 20.84 1.416 1.15
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 2.75 13.58 1.867
2 2.47 20.84 1.416
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.75 Tc(MIN.) = 13.58
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.13
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.30 = 692.00 FEET.
**********************************,,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.30 TO NODE 204.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 360.67 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 358 S3
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 91.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.55
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.75
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.23 Tc(MIN.) = 13.81
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.00 = 783.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.13 TC(MIN.) = 13.81
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.75
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* RESIDENTIAL LOTS HYDROLOGY - ULTIMATE CONDITIONS *
* PLANNNING AREA 7 - BRESSI RANCH *
* ALLEY Y - 2 YEAR STORM EVENT *
**************************************************************************
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\204_2-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:53 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30 0 20 0 0 018/0 018/0.020 0 67 2 00 0 0313 0 167 0 0150
2 10 0 5 0 0 020/0 020/ 0 50 1 SO 0 0313 0 125 0 0175
3 20 0 15 0 0 020/0 020/ 0 SO 1 50 0 0313 0 125 0 0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 204.21 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 386.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.10
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 3.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 6.718
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.940
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.16
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.16
*******************************^^,,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.21 TO NODE 203.30 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION (FEET) = 383.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION^FEETr=~~37rir"
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 2 80.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) =60
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) =10.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 5 00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) =0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0 30
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW-
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.05
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0 48
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.53 Tc(MIN.) = 8 25
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.575
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = 5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.20 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0 28
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.30 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = " 0.44
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.17 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 2 13
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.72 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC ) = 0 46
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.30 = 380.00 FEET.
*******************************,,,,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.30 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
__ll^^^_^^l^'^_^^^^^^^^-'^STIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 368.91 D0WNSTREAM^FEETr = ~~"3 6r7r"""
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 15.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.63
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.44
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.10 Tc(MIN.) = 8.35
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.20 = 395.00 FEET.
****************************************************************.^^.^j^j^j^^^^^^j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.20 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 1
>>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 8.35
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.56
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.30
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.44
***********************************************************jjjj.^^^,^^jj..^^jj.j^^j^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.40 TO NODE 203.50 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 86.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.10
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 3.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 6.718
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.94 0
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.16
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.16
*******************************************************^^^j^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.50 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)<<<«
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 373.16
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 2 80.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 10.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 5.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.31
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) =3.05
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.48
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME{MIN.) = 1.53 Tc(MIN.) = 8.25
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.575
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S- CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.21 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.30
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.4 6
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.17 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 2.33
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.66 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.46
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 203.40 TO NODE 203.20 = 380.00 FEET.
************************************************^^,^^jj^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.20 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 1
>>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
>»»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 8.25
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.57
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.31
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.4 6
* * CONFLUENCE DATA * *
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 0.44 8.35 2.556 0.30
2 0.46 8.25 2.575 0.31
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 0.90 8.25 2.575
2 0.90 8.35 2.556
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.90 Tc(MIN.) = 8.25
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.61
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.20 = 395.00 FEET.
**********************************************^,^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.20 TO NODE 203.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 368.46 DOWNSTREAM(FEET)
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 97.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.35
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.90
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.48
367.61
NUMBER OF PIPES
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE
Tc(MIN.) =
204.20 TO NODE
8.73
203.00 = 492.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES)
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS)
0. 61
0.90
TC(MIN.) = .73
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
**********************************************************************J^*J^^^JJ
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* 2407.3 - BRESSI RANCH - IN-TRACT HYDROLOGY *
* SYSTEM 5000-PA7-2 YEAR STORM EVENT *
* ASCOTT AVENUE CHANGES FOR NEW CATCH BASIN *
***********************************************************************^^.j,,
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\5000A-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:53 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
19 85 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************^,^j^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5001.00 TO NODE 5001.10 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
RURAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 400.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION =395.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 9.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 17.858
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.565
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.41
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.00 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.41
******************************************************************^jj^j^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5001.10 TO NODE 5002.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 17.86
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.56
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.00
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.41
********************************************************j^*^j^^^^^^^^^^^ji.^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5002.10 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<«
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 20.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 0.890
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.15
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.05 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.15
***************************************************^^^^^^^^^j^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.10 TO NODE 5002.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<«<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 404.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 393.96
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 650.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.74
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.32
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.85
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.43
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 5.85 Tc(MIN.) = 11.85
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.039
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.60 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.16
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.65 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.31
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.14
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.09 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.56
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5002.20 = 670.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.20 TO NODE 5002.20 IS CODE = 1
>>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
>>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.85
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.04
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.65
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.31
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.41 17.86 1.565 2.00
2 1.31 11.85 2.039 0.65
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 2.39 11.85 2.039
2 2.42 17.86 1.565
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.42 Tc(MIN.) = 17.86
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.65
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5002.20 = 670.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.20 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 31
>>»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 387.66 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 386~01
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 7.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 13.91
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.42
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 17.87
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5004.00 = 677.50 FEET.
*********************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5004.00 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 17.87
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.S6
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.65
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.42
********************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5003.00 TO NODE 5003.10 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 4 08.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 407.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.316
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.381
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.26
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.20 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.26
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5003.10 TO NODE 5003.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION (FEET) = 407.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATIONiFEETr = "~39r9r"
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 484.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) =60
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15 00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.94
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.26
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.38
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.55
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.39 Tc(MIN.) = 12.70
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.949
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.26 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.35
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.46 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.61
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.02
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.64 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC. ) = 0.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5003.00 TO NODE 5003.20 = 584.00 FEET.
************************************************,j^j^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5003.20 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 388.23 DOWNSTREAM (FEET) = 386.01
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 21.70 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.43
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.61
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 12.74
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5003.00 TO NODE 5004.00 = 605.70 FEET.
*********************************************^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5004.00 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<««
>»»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.74
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.95
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.4 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.61
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.42 17.87 1.564 2.65
2 1.61 12.74 1.946 1.46
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 3.56 12.74 1.946
2 3.71 17.87 1.564
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.71 Tc(MIN.) = 17.87
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5004.00 = 677.50 FEET.
*******************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5004.00 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 385.81 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 381^56
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 110.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.52
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.71
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.22 Tc(MIN.) = 18.08
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5005.50 = 787.50 FEET.
_*****************************^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.50 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 18.08
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = I.SS
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 4.11
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.71
*********************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.10 TO NODE 5005.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 20.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 0.890
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED.AS 6-MINUTES
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 0
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 0
^************************************************,j.^^j^^_^^.^^.j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.20 TO NODE 5005.30 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 404.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 387.53
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 700.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 2
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW{CFS) = 1.97
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.56
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.31
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.55
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 5.05 Tc(MIN.) = 11.05
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.133
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .8500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.80 SUBAREA RUNOFF{CFS) = 3.26
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.90 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.56
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.55
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.59 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.72
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5005.10 TO NODE 5005.30 = 720.00 FEET.
r****************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.30 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 382.07 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 381.56
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 9.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.66
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.56
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 11.06
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5005.10 TO NODE 5005.50 = 729.00 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.50 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 1
>>»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =11.06
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.13
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.90
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.56
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.71 18.08 1.S52 4.11
2 3.56 11.06 2.131 1.90
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 6.27 11.06 2.131
2 6.31 18.08 1.552
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 6.31 Tc(MIN.) = 18 08
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5005.50 = 787.50 FEET.
**************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.50 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
— COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 381.06 DOWNSTREAM(FEETr=~~"367~63
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 337.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18 000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.99
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 6.31
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.56 Tc(MIN.) = 18 64
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 1124.50 FEET.
****************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5008.00 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 10
»»>MAIN-STREAM MEMORY COPIED ONTO MEMORY BANK # 1 «<«
******************************************.***,*,^,,,,,^,^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.10 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .8500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 390.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 389.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URB/^ SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 4.500
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.81
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.30 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.81
*************************************************************************^j^.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.10 TO NODE 5006.20 IS CODE = 61
>>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>>>>(STANDARD CURB SECTION USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 388.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 375.53
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 256.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0200
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.59
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.61
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.72
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.04
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.15 Tc(MIN.) = 7.15
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.825
*USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA):
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .7000
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.80 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.56
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.10 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.3 7
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.32 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.66
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.15 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.33
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.20 = 356.00 FEET.
****************************************************************^**^^j^j^^^j,^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.20 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 369.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 368.76
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 20.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.21
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.37
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 7.18
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.90 = 376.50 FEET.
*****************************************************^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.90 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 7.18
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.82
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.10
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.37
****************************************************^^^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^_^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.30 TO NODE 5006.40 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 136.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 381.90
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 379.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 2.90
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 8.970
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.440
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 0
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.15 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.20
**************************************************j^^^.j^^j^^j^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^_i^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.40 TO NODE 5006.50 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 379.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 375.53
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 1.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.69
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 30-11
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 4.70
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.00 Tc(MIN.) = 8.97
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.44 0
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.73 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.98
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.88 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.18
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.16 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 30.11 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 4.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.30 TO NODE 5006.50 = 137.00 FEET.
*****************************************************t****************^i,i,^,i,i^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.50 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 68.98 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 368.76
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 7.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.58
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.18
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 8.99
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.30 TO NODE 5006.90 = 144.30 FEET.
**************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.90 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 8.99
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.44
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.88
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.18
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 4.37 7.18 2.817 2.10
2 1.18 8.99 2.436 0.88
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 5.39 7.18 2.817
2 4.96 8.99 2.436
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.39 Tc(MIN.) = 7 18
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.98
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.90 = 376.50 FEET.
************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.90 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PI PE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
— COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 368.26 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 367~63
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 128.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 11.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.37
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 5.39
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.49 Tc(MIN.) = 7.67
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 504.50 FEET.
*************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5008.00 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 11
»»>CONFLUENCE MEMORY BANK # 1 WITH THE MAIN-STREAM MEMORY««<
** MAIN STREAM CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 5.39 7.67 2.700 2.98
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 504.50 FEET.
** MEMORY BANK # 1 CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 6.31 18.64 1.522 6.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 1124.50 FEET.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 8.94 7.67 2.700
2 9.35 18.64 1.522
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.35 Tc(MIN.) = 18 64
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 8.99
************************************************^.,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5008.00 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 367.30 DOWNSTREAM{FEET) = 36650
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 107.00 MANNING'S N = 0 013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 13.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.88
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 9.35
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.30 Tc(MIN.) = 18.95
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.14 = 1231.50 FEET.
***************************************^.,.,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.14 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 18.95
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.51
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 8.99
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 9.3 5
***********************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.11 TO NODE 5007.12 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 80.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 82.4 0
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.80
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 8.855
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.460
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.14
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.14
*************************************************,,^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.12 TO NODE 5007.13 IS CODE = 51
»»>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
»»>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 382.40 DOWNSTREAM (FEETr= 373~20~~
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 25 0.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0 0368
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 0.00 "Z" FACTOR = 5.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.03 5 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 0.50
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.136
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0 52
TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA BASED ON VELOCITY(FEET/SEC ) = 1 92
AVERAGE FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23 TRAVEL TIME(MIN ) = 2 17
Tc(MIN.) =11.02
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.66 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0 78
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 6 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = " 0.91
END OF SUBAREA CHANNEL FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC ) = 2 21
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.11 TO NODE 5007 13 = 330 00 FEET
**************, _
'*********************
:***************************^jj.^j^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.13 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
— COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 367.14 DOWNSTREAMiFEETr = '^~"36r7r"''"
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 38.00 MANNING'S N = 0 013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18 000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.54
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.91
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.18 Tc(MIN.) = 11.20
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.11 TO NODE 5007.14 = 368.00 FEET.
************************************************^,,,,^,^,^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.14 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
^>>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 =======
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE-
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.20
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.11
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.91
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 9.35 18.95 1.506 8 99
2 0.91 11.20 2.114 0.76
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 7.57 11.20 2.114
2 9.99 18.95 1.506
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.99 Tc(MIN.) = 18 95
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) =9.75
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.14 = 1231.50 FEET.
*************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.14 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PI PE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
^Jl^ll^^^^^^ COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 366.50 DOWNSTREAM (FEETr = ~~~36ri9
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 44.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 14.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.82
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 9.99
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.13 Tc(MIN.) = 19.07
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.90 = 1275.50 FEET.
****************************************,,,^,^^,^,^,,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUlfeER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =19.07
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.50
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 9.75
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 9.99
'***************************************,,,,,,,^,,,,^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.30 TO NODE 5007.40 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = 5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 321.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 380.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 74.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 5.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 14.823
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.765
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.64
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.6 6 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.64
*************************************************,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.40 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<««
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 368.02 DOWNSTREAM (FEET) ~ = ~~""366~69
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 5.55 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 1.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.60
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.64
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 14.83
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.30 TO NODE 5007.90 = 326.55 FEET.
********************************************************^,^.*^,^,^,^,.^^,.^^^.^^.^.l^^^^_l^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.83
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.76
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.66
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.64
*************************************************^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.00 TO NODE 5007.10 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 392.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 91.4 0
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) =2.2 89
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.25
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.20 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.25
**********************************************^jj.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.10 TO NODE 5007.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
>>>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 39 0.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 374.75
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 34 0.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.97
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) =4.54
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.01
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.65
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.88 Tc(MIN.) = 11.78
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.046
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.28 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1 44
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.48 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.69
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.26
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.32 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.83
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.00 TO NODE 5007.20 = 440.00 FEET.
************************* ****************************^^,^^,^^,^^^.^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.20 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 366.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 366 69
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 19.60 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.38
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.69
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.07 Tc(MIN.) = 11.86
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.00 TO NODE 5007.90 = 459.60 FEET.
************************************************^^^:.t,^^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5 007.90 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.86
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.04
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.4 8
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.69
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 9.99 19.07 1.500 9.75
2 0.64 14.83 1.764 0.66
3 1.69 11.86 2.038 1.48
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 9.60 11.86 2.038
2 10.60 14.83 1.764
3 11.78 19.07 1.500
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 11.78 Tc(MIN.) = 19.07
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 11.89
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.90 = 1275.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 374.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 369.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 318.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 13.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.04
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 11.78
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.66 Tc(MIN.) = 19.73
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5015.00 = 1594.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5015.00 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 19.73
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.47
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 11.89
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 11.78
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5012.10 TO NODE 5012.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 381.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 380.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5012.20 TO NODE 5012.30 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 380.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET)~=~~370~00~
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 4 00.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) =60
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15 00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0 0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0 77
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.75
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.24
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.50
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.97 Tc(MIN.) = 12.87
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.933
SINGLE FA1-1ILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = 5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S- CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.21 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1 29
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.31 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = ' 1.41
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 6 HALFSTREET FLOQD WIDTH(FEET) = 6 67
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.51 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC ) = 0 65
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5012.10 TO NODE 5012.30 = 500.00 FEET.
*********************************************,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5012.3 0 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
— COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAM (FEETr = ~~~3 69^00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 20.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.98
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.41
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.05 Tc(MIN.) = 12 92
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5012.10 TO NODE 5015.00 = 520.50 FEET.
************************************************,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5015.00 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.92
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.93
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.31
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.41
*************************************** ***********************************^.j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5013.10 TO NODE 5013.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 378.4 0
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 377.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 5
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.25
******************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5013.20 TO NODE 5013.30 IS CODE = 62
»>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)«<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 377.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 370 00
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 377.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) =6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.62
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.54
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.91
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.41
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.28 Tc(MIN.) = 13.18
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.903
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 0 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0 73
TOTAL. AREA(ACRES) = 0.90 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0 98
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.97
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.08 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.51
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5013.10 TO NODE 5013.30 = 477.00 FEET.
**********************************************^*^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5013.30 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 31
>>»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 369.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 9.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.0 00
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.37
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.98
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 13.20
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5013.10 TO NODE 5015.00 = 486.00 FEET.
**********************************************,,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5015.00 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
>>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.20
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.90
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.90
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.98
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 11.78 19.73 1.467 11.89
2 1.41 12.92 1.928 1.31
3 0.98 13.20 1.901 0.90
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 11.35 12.92 1.928
2 11.47 13.20 1.901
3 13.62 19.73 1.467
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 13.62 Tc(MIN.) = 19.73
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 14.10
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE, 5002.00 TO NODE 5015.00 = 1594.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 14.10 TC(MIN.) = 19.73
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 13.62
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* 2407.3 - BRESSI RANCH - IN-TRACT HYDROLOGY *
* SYSTEM 5000 - PA 7 - 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
* ASCOTT AVENUE CHANGES FOR NEW CATCH BASIN *
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\5000A-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:40 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STOf^l EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTRE7W TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5001.00 TO NODE 5001.10 IS CODE = 21
»>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
RURAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 400.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 395.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 9.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 17.858
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.086
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.88
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.00 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.88
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5001.10 TO NODE 5002.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 17.86
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.09
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.00
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.88
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5002.10 IS CODE = 21
>»>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«<
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 20.00
UPSTREA11 ELEVATION = 405.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 0.890
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.216
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.20
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.05 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.20
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.10 TO NODE 5002.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 404.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 393.96
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 6 50.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
•^TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW (CFS) = 1.01
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.26
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.98
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.50
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 5.48 Tc(MIN.) = 11.48
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.774
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.6 0 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1 58
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.65 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.78
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.25
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.23 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0 65
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5002.20 = 670.00 FEET.
************************************************.,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002.20 TO NODE 5002.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.48
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.77
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.65
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.78
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.88 17.86 2.086 2.00
2 1.78 11.48 2.774 0.65
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 3.19 11-48 2.774
2 3.22 17.86 2.086
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.22 Tc(MIN.) = 17 86
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.65
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5002.20 = 670.00 FEET.
***************************************************^^^^.^^^.,^^^^_,^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5002-20 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PI PE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 387.66 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 386.01
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 7.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 15.16
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.22
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 17.87
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5004.00 = 677.50 FEET.
******************************************************^^^^^jj.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5004.00 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 17.87
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.09
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.65
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.22
***************************************************j^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5003.00 TO NODE 5003.10 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 408.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 407.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.316
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.175
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.35
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.20 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.35
****************************************************^^^j^j^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5003.10 TO NODE 5003.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 407.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 393.96
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 484.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.26
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 5
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.20
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.51
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC-) = 0.63
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.21 Tc(MIN.) = 12.53
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.623
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.26 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.82
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.46 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.17
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.08
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.81 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.81
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5003.00 TO NODE 5003.20 = 584.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5003.20 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<<<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 88.23 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 386.01
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 21.7 0 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAl-IETER (INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.30
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.17
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 12.56
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5003.00 TO NODE 5004.00 = 605.70 FEET.
**************************************************************************^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5004.00 TO NODE 5004.00 IS CODE = 1
>»>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.56
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.62
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.46
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.17
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.22 17.87 2.086 2.65
2 2.17 12.56 2.618 1.46
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 4.73 12.56 2.618
2 4.94 17.87 2.086
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTimTES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.94 Tc(MIN.) = 17.87
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5004.00 = 677.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5004.00 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<««
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 385.81 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 381.56
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 110.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.24
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.94
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.20 Tc(MIN.) = 18.06
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5005.50 = 787.50 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.50 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 18.06
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.07
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 4.11
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.94
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.10 TO NODE 5005.20 IS CODE = 21
>>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«<
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH =20.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 0.890
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.216
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.40
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.40
^****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.20 TO NODE 5005.3 0 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 404.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 387.53
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 7 00.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 2
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.67
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 6
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.55
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.43
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.63
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.7 9 Tc(MIN.) = 10.79
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.887
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .8500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.80 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 4.42
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.90 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.82
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.30 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.66
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.77 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.83
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5005.10 TO NODE 5005.30 = 720.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.30 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>>»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 382.07 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 381.56
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 9.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.52
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.82
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 10.81
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5005.10 TO NODE 5005.50 = 729.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.50 TO NODE 5005.50 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»>»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 10.81
PW^INFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.88
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.90
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.82
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 4.94 18.06 2.071 4.11
2 4.82 10.81 2.885 1.90
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 8.37 10.81 2.885
2 8.40 18.06 2.071
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 8.40 Tc(MIN.) = 18.06
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5005.50 = 787.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5005.50 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 381.06 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 367.63
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 337.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.78
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 8.40
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.52 Tc{MIN.) = 18.59
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 1124.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5008.00 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 10
>>»>MAIN-STREAM MEMORY COPIED ONTO MEMORY BANK # 1 «<<<
***************************************************************************,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.10 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .8500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 390.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 89.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 4.500
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.216
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.08
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.30 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1-08
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.10 TO NODE 5006.20 IS CODE = 61
>>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»>» (STANDARD CURB SECTION USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 388.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 375.53
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 256.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0200
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 3.47
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.30
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.72
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.95
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.19
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.08 Tc(MIN.) = 7.08
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.790
*USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA):
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .7000
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.80 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 4.77
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.10 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.85
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.35 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.95
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.44 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.53
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.20 = 356.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.20 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 369.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 368.76
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 20.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.08
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 5.85
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 7.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.90 = 376.50 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.90 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 7.11
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.78
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.10
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 5.85
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.30 TO NODE 5006.40 IS CODE = 21
>>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 136.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 381.90
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 379.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 2.90
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 8.970
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.253
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.27
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.15 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.27
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.40 TO NODE 5006.50 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
>»>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<«<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 379.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 375.53
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 1.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.92
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 30.11
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 4.70
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.00 Tc(MIN.) = 8.97
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.253
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.73 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1-31
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.88 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.57
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 30.11 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 4.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.30 TO NODE 5006.50 = 137.00 FEET.
******************************************************************i,^,^,^,^,^,^,^,.l,.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.50 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) «<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 368.98 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 368.76
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 7.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.08
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.57
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 8.99
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.30 TO NODE 5006.90 = 144.30 FEET.
****************************************************************^jj.^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.90 TO NODE 5006.90 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN-) = 8.99
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.25
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.88
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.57
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 5.85 7.11 3.779 2.10
2 1.57 8.99 3.248 0.88
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 7.20 7.11 3.779
2 6.60 8.99 3.248
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 7.20 Tc(MIN.) = 7.11
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.98
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5006.90 = 376.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5006.90 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 31
>»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 68.26 DOWNSTREAM (FEET) = 367.63
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 128.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 12.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.72
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 7.20
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.45 Tc(MIN.) = 7.56
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 504.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5008.00 TO NODE 5008.00 IS CODE = 11
>>»>CONFLUENCE MEMORY BANK # 1 WITH THE MAIN-STREAM MEMORY«<«
** MAIN STREAM CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 7.20 7.56 3.632 2.98
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5006.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 504.50 FEET.
** MEMORY BANK # 1 CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 8.40 18.59 2.033 6.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5008.00 = 1124.50 FEET.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 11.91 7.56 3.632
2 12.44 18.59 2.033
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 12.44 Tc(MIN.) = 18.59
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 8.99
************************************************************** * * ************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5008.00 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 31
>»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 67.30 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 3 66.50
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 107.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 16.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.15
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 12.44
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.29 Tc(MIN.) = 18.88
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.14 = 1231.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.14 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 18.88
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.01
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 8.9 9
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 12.44
**************************************i**********************************^^j;
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.11 TO NODE 5007.12 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 80.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 382.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.80
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 8.855
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.280
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.18
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.18
*************************************************************************jj.jjj^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.12 TO NODE 5007.13 IS CODE = 51
»»>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
>»»TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 82.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 373.20
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 2 50.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0368
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 0.00 "Z" FACTOR = 5.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.035 flAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 0.50
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.870
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.70
TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA BASED ON VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2 05
AVERAGE FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26 TRAVEL TIME(MIN ) = 2'04
Tc(MIN.) = 10.89
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.66 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1 04
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.76 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.22
END OF SUBAREA CHANNEL FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.32 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.34
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.11 TO NODE 5007.13 = 330.00 FEET.
**************************************************^^^.,.,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.13 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 367.14 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) =~"~366~75
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 38.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.86
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) =1.22
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.16 Tc(MIN.) = 11 05
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.11 TO NODE 5007.14 = 368.00 FEET.
*************************************************,*,^,^,^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.14 TO NODE 5007.14 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»>»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE-
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.05
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.84
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.22
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 12.44 18.88 2.013 8.99
2 1.22 11.05 2.843 0.76
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE F0R>IULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 10.03 11.05 2.843
2 13.30 18.88 2.013
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 13.30 Tc(MIN.) = 18.88
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 9.75
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.14 = 1231.50 FEET.
********************************************************i,i,it^,i,^,.^.^.^^.^.^.^.^^.^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.14 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 366.50 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 366.19
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 44.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 24.0 INCH PIPE IS 15.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.27
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 24.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 13.30
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.12 Tc(MIN.) = 18.99
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.90 = 1275.50 FEET.
***************************************************^i,^,^,i,i,i,i,.^^,.^^:^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 1
>»>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTFLATION(MIN. ) = 18.99
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.01
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 9.75
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 13.30
'***************************************************^,^,^,^,.^.|,^,^i,^,.^.^^.^.^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.30 TO NODE 5007.40 IS CODE = 21
>»>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 321.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 80.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 374.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 5.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 14.823
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY{INCH/HOUR) = 2.353
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.85
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.6 6 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.85
********************** *****************************************^j^^^^^^^^^j^.^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.40 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 31
>»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 68.02 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 366 69
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 5.55 MANNING'S N =. 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 1.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.47
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.85
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 14.83
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.30 TO NODE 5007.90 = 326.55 FEET.
*******************************************************************^^^jj^j^j^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.83
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.3 5
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.6 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.85
**************************************************************,^jj^^^.jjj^^^.^^_^,jj.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.00 TO NODE 5007.10 IS CODE = 21
>>»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 92.4 0
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 391.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.34
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.34
*******************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.10 TO NODE 5007.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 390.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 374.75
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 340.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.30 .
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.38
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.19
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.75
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.77 Tc(MIN.) = 11.67
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.745
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.2 8 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.93
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.48 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.27
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.26
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.52 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.95
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.00 TO NODE 5007.20 = 440.00 FEET.
*******************************************************************^^^jj.^.j^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.20 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 6 6.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 366.69
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 19.60 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.75
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.27
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.07 Tc(MIN.) = 11.74
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5007.00 TO NODE 5007.90 = 459.60 FEET.
***************************************************************^_^^^^_jj^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5007.90 IS CODE = 1
»>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAJ-1 FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
»>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.74
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.73
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.4 8
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.27
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 13.30 18.99 2.005 9.75
2 0.85 14.83 2.352 0.66
3 2.27 11.74 2.734 1.48
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 12.76 11.74 2.734
2 14.15 14.83 2.352
3 15.69 18.99 2.005
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 15.69 Tc(MIN.) = 18.99
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 11.89
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5007.90 = 1275.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5007.90 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 374.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 369.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 318.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 14.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.76
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 15.69
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.61 Tc(MIN.) = 19.60
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5015.00 = 1594.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5015.00 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 1
»>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 19.60
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.97
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 11.89
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 15.69
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5012.10 TO NODE 5012.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 381.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 380.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5012.20 TO NODE 5012.30 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 380.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 370 00
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 400.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.04
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.67
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.35
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.5 6
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.83 Tc(MIN.) = 12.73
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.595
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.21 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.73
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.31 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.89
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 8 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.67
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.68 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.75
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5012.10 TO NODE 5012.30 = 500.00 FEET.
***************************************^^^^,,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5012.30 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 31
>»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAM{FEET) = 359 00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 20.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.62
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.89
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 12.78
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5012.10 TO NODE 5015.00 = 520.50 FEET.
*****************************************************^,^,^^,^^,^^^.^.^.^.,.^.^.^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5015.00 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.59
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.31
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.89
****************************************************^i,i,^,^,i,^,^^.^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5013.10 TO NODE 5013.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 37 8.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 377.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.34
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.20 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 4
***************************************************i,i,.i,^.,^^,^^^^^^^.,^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5013.20 TO NODE 5013.30 IS CODE = 62
»>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<<«
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 77.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 370 00
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 3 77.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0 0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.83
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.4 4
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.00
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.47
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.14 Tc(MIN.) = 13.04
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.556
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 0 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0 98
TOTAL AREA (.ACRES) = 0.90 PEAK FLOW RATE (CFS) = 1 32
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.96
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.19 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.58
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5013.10 TO NODE 5013.30 = 477.00 FEET.
*********************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5013.30 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 70.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 369.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 9.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.13
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.32
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 13.05
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5013.10 TO NODE 5015.00 = 486.00 FEET.
******************************************^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5015.00 TO NODE 5015.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.05
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.55
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.90
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.3 2
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 15.69 19.60 1.965 11.89
2 1.89 12.78 2.589 1.31
3 1.32 13.05 2.554 0.90
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 15.11 12.78 2.589
2 15.26 13.05 2.554
3 18.15 19.60 1.965
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 18.15 Tc(MIN.) = 19.60
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 14.10
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5002.00 TO NODE 5015.00 = 1594.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 14.10 TC(MIN.) = 19 60
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 18.15
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* RESIDENTIAL LOTS HYDROLOGY - ULTIMATE CONDITIONS *
* PLANNING AREA 7 - BRESSI RANCH *
* STREET DD *
**************************************************************************
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\2 04_1-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:42 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANfUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
= == = — ~ = = === zz = = — = ====== ========== = = = = = = = = = = = = == = = = = = = = = = = = ===
1 30 . 0 20 . 0 0 . 018/0 .018/0.020 0 . 67 2 .00 0 .0313 0 .167 0 .0150
2 10 . 0 5 . 0 0 .020/0 .020/ 0 .50 1 .50 0 .0313 0 .125 0 . 0175
3 20 . 0 15 . 0 0 . 020/0 .020/ ---0 .50 1 .50 0 . 0313 0 .125 0 . 0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
:************************************************************************^*j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.11 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<««
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 385.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 384.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
******************************************************^*^j^^^^^^^j^j^^jj.j^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.11 TO NODE 204.22 IS CODE = 62
>»>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 3 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 386.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 368.34
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 583.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.48
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.3 8
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.81
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.71
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.4 6 Tc(MIN.) = 13.36
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.516
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.88 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.60
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.98 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2-77
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 0 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.69
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.17 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.95
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.22 = 683.00 FEET.
**************************************************^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.22 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 31
>»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 62.65 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 361.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 9.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTII^TED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 13.60
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) =2.77
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 13.37
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.30 = 692.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.30 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.37
RAINFALL I NTENS I'r5f-( INCH/HR) = 2.52
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.98
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.77
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.80 TO NODE 203.90 IS CODE = 21
»>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 110.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.30
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.2 0
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 18.3 27
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.052
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.15 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.90 TO NODE 204.12 IS CODE = 62
>>>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 3 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 377.70 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 368.34
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 335.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.69
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.21
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.34
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.49
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.39 Tc(MIN.) = 20.71
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.896
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.00 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1 04
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.15 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.21
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.02
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.52 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC ) = 0 62
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 203.80 TO NODE 204.12 = 445.00 FEET.
**************************************************,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.12 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
^»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 361.62 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 361^00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 25.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.25
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.21
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.08 Tc(MIN.) = 20.79
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 203.80 TO NODE 204.30 = 470.00 FEET.
*************************************************^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.30 TO NODE 204.30 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE-
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =20.79
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.89
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.15
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.21
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.77 13.37 2.515 1 98
2 1.21 20.79 1.891 1.15
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 3.68 13.37 2.515
2 3.30 20.79 1.891
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.68 Tc(MIN.) = 13.37
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.13
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.30 = 692.00 FEET.
*************************************************^,n^,^,^,^^^^,.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.30 TO NODE 204.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 360.67 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 358 53
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 91.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.11
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.68
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.21 Tc(MIN.) = 13.58
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.10 TO NODE 204.00 = 783.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.13 TC(MIN.) = 13.58
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.68
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
•
******************************* **************************************^^^^J^^^
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* RESIDENTIAL LOTS HYDROLOGY - ULTIMATE CONDITIONS
* PLANNNING AREA 7 - BRESSI" RANCH
* alley y lOyr
*****************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\204_2-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:43 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
19 85 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
NO
HALF-CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER -GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK-HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
). (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30. 0 20 . 0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2 .00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
2 10.0 5.0 0.020/0.020/ 0.50 1 .50 0.0313 0.125 0 . 0175
3 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/ 0.50 1 .50 0.0313 0.125 0 . 0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
************************************^^jj.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ ******** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 204.21 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 86.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.10
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 3.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 6.718
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.920
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22
************** ****************************************^,^^ifi,^i^.^,^,^,.^^.l,.^^.^J^.^.^.^^.l^.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.21 TO NODE 203.30 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
>»» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 83.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 373.16
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 280.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 10.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 5.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.40
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.05
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.48
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.53 Tc(MIN.) = 8.25
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.433
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 0 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 8
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 0 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.59
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.19 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.33
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.59 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.50
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.30 = 380.00 FEET.
**************************** **********************************************j,.j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.30 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 6 8.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 368.79
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = . 15.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.86
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.59
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.09 Tc(MIN.) = 8.34
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.20 = 395.00 FEET.
****************************************************^,^:^,^,^,^^,^,^,^,.^^.^^^.^^.l^^_l^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.20 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 8.34
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.41
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.30
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.59
*******************************************************^,^,^,^.„^,^,.l,^,.^^,.^,^^.^.^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.40 TO NODE 203.50 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 86.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.10
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 3.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 6.718
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.920
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22
*************************** *****************************************j^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.50 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 373 16
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 280.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 10.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO-CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 5.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.41
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.05
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.48
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.53 Tc(MIN.) = 8.25
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.4 33
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.21 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.4 0
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.61
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.20 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.46
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.57 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.50
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 203.40 TO NODE 203.20 = 380.00 FEET.
**************************************************^m^,^,^,^,^,^,^.l,^,.^^^.l^.^.l^.^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.20 TO NODE 203.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»>»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 8.25
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.43
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.31
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.61
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 0.59 8.34 3.410 0.30
2 0.61 8.25 3.433 0.31
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORIWLA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 1.20 8.25 3.433
2 1.20 8.34 3.410
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATEtCFS) = 1.20 Tc(MIN.) = 8.25
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.61
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.20 = 395.00 FEET.
********************************************^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 203.20 TO NODE 203.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 368.46 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 367 61
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 97.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.62
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.20
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.45 Tc(MIN.) = 8.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 204.20 TO NODE 203.00 = 492.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.61 TC(MIN.) = 8.70
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.20
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
r
APPENDIX 4
Supplemental BMP Information
CDS Unit
The CDS Units used by the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 7 will be located outside the
public right-of-way within the Bressi Ranch Residential Area; they will be privately constructed,
maintained, and funded.
The Operational and Maintenance Plan of a the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 7 CDS
Units include:
• Inspection of structural integrity and screen for damage.
• Animal and vector control.
• Periodic sediment removal to optimize performance.
• Scheduled trash, debris and sediment removal to prevent obstruction.
• Removal of graffiti.
• Preventive maintenance of BMP equipment and structures.
• Erosion and structural maintenance to maintain the performance of the CDS.
Inspection Frequency
The facilities will be inspected and inspection visits will be completely documented:
• Once a month at a minimum.
• After every large storm (after every storm monitored or those storms with more than 0.50
inch of precipitation.)
• On a weekly basis during extended periods of wet weather.
Aesthetic and Functional Maintenance
Aesthetic maintenance is important for public acceptance of storm water facilities.
Functional maintenance is important for performance and safety reasons.
Both forms of maintenance are combined into an overall Storm Water Management System
Maintenance Program.
The following activities are included in the aesthetic maintenance program:
• Graffiti Removal: Graffiti will be removed in a timely manner to upkeep the appearance
of the CDS Units and discourage additional graffiti or other acts of vandalism.
Funcfional maintenance has two components: preventive maintenance and corrective
maintenance.
Preventive maintenance activities to be instituted at the CDS Units are:
• Trash and debris removal. Trash and debris accumulafion, as part of the operation and
maintenance program at the CDS Units, will be monitored once a month during dry and
wet season and after every large storm event. Trash and debris will be removed from the
CDS units annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump
capacity, or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first.
• Sediment removal. Sediment accumulation, as part of the operafion.
• Maintenance program at a CDS, will be monitored once a month during the dry season,
after every large storm (0.50 inch). Sediment will be removed from the CDS annually (at
end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the
floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Characterization and disposal of
sediment will comply with applicable local, county, state or federal requirements.
• Mechanical and electronic components. Regularly scheduled maintenance will be
performed on fences, gates, locks, and sampling and monitoring equipment in accordance
with the manufacturers' recommendations. Electronic and mechanical components will
be operated during each maintenance inspection to assure continued performance.
Eliminafion of mosquito breeding habitats. The most effective mosquito control program
is one that eliminates potential breeding habitats.
Corrective maintenance is required on an emergency or non-routine basis to correct problems
and to restore the intended operation and safe function of a CDS. Correcfive maintenance
activities include:
• Removal of debris and sediment. Sediment, debris, and trash, which impede the hydraulic
functioning of a CDS will be removed and properly disposed. Temporary arrangements
will be made for handling the sediments until a permanent arrangement is made.
• Structural repairs. Once deemed necessary, repairs to structural components of a CDS
and its inlet and outlet structures will be done within 30 working days. Qualified
individuals (i.e., the manufacturer's representatives) will conduct repairs where structural
damage has occurred.
• Erosion repair. Where factors have created erosive conditions (i.e., pedestrian traffic,
concentrated flow, etc.), corrective steps will be taken to prevent loss of soil and any
subsequent danger to the performance of a CDS. There are a number of corrective actions
than can be taken. These include erosion control blankets, riprap, or reduced flow through
the area. Designers or contractors will be consulted to address erosion problems if the
solution is not evident.
• Fence repair. Repair of fences will be done within 30 days to maintain the security of the
site.
• Elimination of animal burrows. Animal burrows will be filled and steps taken to remove
the animals if burrowing problems confinue to occur (filling and compacfing). If the
problem persists, vector control specialists will be consulted regarding removal steps.
This consulting is necessary as the threat of rabies in some areas may necessitate the
animals being destroyed rather than relocated. If the BMP performance is affected,
abatement will begin. Otherwise, abatement will be performed annually in September.
• General facility maintenance. In addition to the above elements of correcfive
maintenance, general corrective maintenance will address the overall facility and its
associated components. If correcfive maintenance is being done to one component, other
components will be inspected to see if maintenance is needed.
Maintenance Frequencv
The maintenance indicator document, included herein, lists the schedule of maintenance
activities to be implemented at a CDS.
Debris and Sediment Disposal
Waste generated at a CDS is ultimately the responsibility of Bressi Ranch HOA. Disposal of
sediment, debris, and trash will comply with applicable local, county, state, and federal waste
control programs.
Hazardous Waste
Suspected hazardous wastes will be analyzed to determine disposal options. Hazardous wastes
generated onsite will be handled and disposed of according to applicable local, state, and federal
regulations. A solid or liquid waste is considered a hazardous waste if it exceeds the criteria list
in the CCR, Title 22, Article 11.
30" DIAMETER CAST IRON
MANHOLE FRAME AND
COVER SUPPLIED BY
CDS OR CONTRACTOR
^B^FORCED CONCRETE
TRAFFIC BEARING SLAB
SUPPLIED BY CDS
OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 RISER SECTIONS,
(AS REQUIRED)
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 INLET/OUTLET-
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER TOP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SUMP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
ACCESS COVER
AND FRAME
REDUCER SECTION
AS REQUIRED
RISER BARREL
LENGTH VARIES
PSW70 WEIR
BOX COVER LID
CDS UNIT TO WEIR BOX CONNECTION
|COLLAR NOT SHOWN '
PSW70 WEIR BOX
(CUSTOMIZED TO
EACH LOCATION)
INLET PIPE BLOCKOUT
CONNECTION COLLAR
NOT SHOWN
BLOCKOUT FOR CONNECTION
TO OUTLET PIPE COLLAR
(COLLAR CONNECTION NOT SHOWN)
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
SUPPLIED BY CDS OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 ASSEMBLY,
SEE SHEET 2
PSW70 ASSEMBLY
DATE SCALE
1 /I 9/99 N.T.S.
DRAWN SHEET
ARDY i
APPROV. 1 R. HOWARD PATENTED
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY AND
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
CDS Access Cover
Not Shown
PSW70
WT-2,330#/FT
PSW70 Intake,
WT=9,500#
PSW70 Chamber Top
Assembled
wt=43,460#
PSW70 Screen
Not Shown
CDS Furnished
and installed
PSW70 Separation Chamber
P70 Sump,
WT=8,150#
DETAIL ASSEMBLY
DATE
1/19/99
SCALE
N.T.S.
DRAWN
y.H.s.
SHEET
2 APPROV.
R. HDVARD
SHEET
2 .n TECHNOLOGIEIS
RENTED
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY
TYPICAL / GENERIC
INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
XX'0 INLET PIPE
VARIES
-5' TO 7'-
24*0 MH COVER AND
FRAME (TYPICAL), DTHER .
ACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
DIVERSION
CHAMBER
POUR CONCRETE CONNECTION
COLLARS TD SEAL INLET AND
DUTLET PIPES.
XX'19 DUTLET PIPE •
IV-B'
CONNECTION COLLAR,
POURED IN EIELD
14' TO 16"
CrrPICAL) "
J7- TO 19'
(TYPICAL) "
SHT 4 FLOV SHT 4
J
PLAN VIEW
CDS MODEL PSI70_70
26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
NOTES!
1, CREATE SMOOTH SWALE
TRANSITION THROUGH
DIVERSION BOX WITH
SECONDARY CONCRETE
POUR IN FIELD
TECHNOLOGIES
fcTENTED
DATE , , SCALE
PROJECT NAME 4/3/01 r=5' PROJECT NAME DRAVN SHEET
CITY, STATE W. STEIN 3 APPRDV. 3
TYPICAL / GENERIC INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
E4'0 MH COVER AND
FRAME CTYPICAL), DTHER
ACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
30" ACCESS COVER
(TYPICAL), DTHER ACCESS
COVERS AVAILABLE
4
17" TO 19'
(TYPICAL)
ELEVATION VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70, 26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
TECHNOLOGIES
FENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
DATE 3/11/00
DRAWN W. STEIN
APPRDV.
SCALE
1"=5"
SHEET
4
Performance Specifications
Continuous Deflective Separation
Storm Water Treatment Unit
The Contractor shall install a precast storm water treatnnent unit (STWU) In accordance with
the notes and details shown on the Drawings and in conformance with these Specifications.
The precast storm water treatment units shall be continuous deflective separators (CDS®)
unit.
The CDS® unit shall be non-mechanical and gravity driven, requiring no external power
requirements. The CDS® unit shall come equipped with a stainless steel expanded metal
screen having a screen opening of 4700 microns (4.7 mm or 0.185 inches). The separation
screen shall be self-cleaning and non-blocking for all flows diverted to it, even when flows
within the pipe exceed the CDS® unit's design treatment flow capacity. For this condition,
some storm flow bypasses the unit over the diversion weir.
Solids Removal Performance Requirements
The CDS unit shall be capable of removing suspended and fine solids and shall capture
100% of the floatables and 100% of ali particles equal to or greater than 4.7 millimeter (mm)
for all flow conditions up to unit's design treatment flow capacity, regardless of the particle's
)specific gravity. The CDS® unit shall capture 100% of all neutrally buoyant material greater
than 4.7 mm for all flow conditions up to its design treatment flow capacity. There shall be no
flow conditions up to the design treatment flow capacity ofthe CDS® unit in which a flow path
through the CDS® unit can be identified that allows the passage of a 4.7-mm or larger
neutrally buoyant object. The CDS® unit shall permanently retain all captured material for all
flow conditions of the storm drains to include flood conditions. The CDS® unit shall not allow
materials that have been captured within the unit to be flushed through or out of the unit
during any flow condition to include flood and/or tidal influences.
The CDS® unit shall capture 95% of 2350-micron size sand particles (one half the screen
opening size), 90% of 1551-micron size sand particles (one third the size of the screen
opening) and 50% of 940-micron size sand particles (one fifth the size of the screen
opening). There shall be no attenuation of these removal efficiencies or blocking of the
screen face as the flow rate increases up to treatment flow capacity of the CDS® unit. The
following table lists these required removal efficiencies for a CDS® unit equipped with 4700-
micron size screen:
D - 1 -^^B^*--
"^iS* TKMMCXOGrKi
Performance Specifications
Table 1
MEDIUM/FINE SAND SEDIMENT REMOVAL
(Indirect Screening - 4700-Micron Screen)
Particle Removal Efficiency*
Particle Size as
percentage of
screen opening
(%)
Screening
Removal
Efficiency
Standard Screen Openings Particle Size as
percentage of
screen opening
(%)
Screening
Removal
Efficiency
4700 Micron (0.185-inches)
Particle Size as
percentage of
screen opening
(%)
Screening
Removal
Efficiency Microns Inches
100 100% 4700 0.185
50 95% 2350 0.093
33 90% 1551 0.061
20 50% 940 0.037
Particle Specific Gravity = 2.65
Solids Removal Performance Requirements:
(0.095 inches) screen]
[For CDS® units equipped with a 2400-micron
The CDS unit shall be capable of removing suspended and fine solids and shall capture
100% of the floatables and 100% of all particles greater than 2.4 millimeter for all flow
onditions up to its design treatment flow capacity, regardless ofthe particle's specific gravity.
The CDS unit shall capture 100% of all neutrally buoyant material greater than 2.4 millimeters
(mm) for all flow conditions up its design treatment flow capacity. There shall be no flow
conditions up to the minimum treatment flow capacity in which a flow path through the CDS
unit can be identified that allows the passage of a 2.4-millimeter or larger neutrally buoyant
object. The CDS unit shall permanently retain all captured material for all flow conditions of
the storm drain to include flood conditions. The CDS unit shall not allow materials that have
been captured within the unit to be flushed through and/or out of the unit during any flow
condition.
The CDS unit shall capture 98% of 600-micron size sand particles (one fourth the screen
opening size), 80% of 425-micron size sand particles (one twelfth the size of the screen
opening) and 42% of 300-micron size sand particles (one twelfth the size of the screen
opening). There shall be no blocking of the screen face as the flow rate increases up to the
treatment flow capacity. The following table lists these required removal efficiencies for a
CDS unit equipped with a 2400-micron size screen:
D-2 CDS
ECMMCXOCJtS
Kenormance specitications
Table 2
MEDIUM/FINE SEDIMENT REMOVAL
(Indirect Screening - 2400-Micron Screen)
Particle Removal Efficiency*
Particle Size
(pm)
Particle Removal
Efficiency (%)
CDS flow rate
Particle Size
(pm)
28% Capacity
(8 l/s)
60.7% Capacity
(17 l/s)
>2400 100 100
2400 - 850 100 100
850 - 600 100 100
600 - 425 100 98
425 - 300 96 80
300- 150 76 42
150-75 42 12
*Particle SG = 2.65
Manufacturers Performance Certifleate
The manufacturer of the CDS® unit shall submit details and shop drawings of sufflcient detail
for the Engineer to conflrm that no available flow paths exist that would allow the passage of
an object greater than 4.7 mm /2.4 mm if a 2400 micron screen is specified]. Additionally, the
manufacturer shall submit a "Manufacturers Performance Certifleate" certifying that the CDS®
unit shall achieve the specified removal efficiencies listed in these speciflcations. This
Manufacturer's Performance Certification of removal efficiencies shall clearly and
unequivocally state that the listed removal efficiency shall be achieved throughout the entire
treatment flow processed by the CDS® unit with no attenuation of removai efficiency as the
flow increase up to the minimum treatment flow capacity specifled above.
Oil and Grease Removal Performance
The CDS® unit is equipped with a conventional oil baffle to capture and retain oil and grease
and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) pollutants as they are transported through the
storm drain system during dry weather (gross spills) and wet weather flows. The
conventional oil baffle within a unit assures satisfactory oil and grease removal from typical
urban storm water runoff.
D - 3 CDS
rfcjiiuiiiianue opeciiicaiiuns
The CDS® unit shall also be capable of receiving and retaining the addition of Oil Sorbents
within their separation chambers. The addition ofthe oil sorbents can ensure the permanent
.removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff. The addition
of sorbents enables increased oil and grease capture efficiencies beyond that obtainable by a
conventional oil baffle systems. Sorbent material shall be added in accordance with the "OIL
SORBENTS SPECIFICATION", Appendix D, CDS® Technical Manual.
Warrantv
The manufacturer of the CDS® unit shall guarantee the filtration unit free from defects in
materials and workmanship for a period one year following installafion. Equipment supplied
by the manufacturer shall be installed and used only in the particular application for which it
was specifically designed.
D-4 ^ CDS
T ec H NCH. OO l« 5
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES
For the
CONTINUOUS DEFLECTIVE SEPARATION UNIT
"INTRODUCTION
The CDS unit is an important and effective component of your storm water management
program and proper operation and maintenance of the unit are essential to demonstrate
your compliance with local, state and federal water pollution control requirements.
The CDS technology features a patented non-blocking, indirect screening technique
developed in Australia to treat water runoff. The unit is highly effective in the capture of
suspended solids, flne sands and larger particles. Because of its non-blocking
screening capacity, the CDS unit is un-matched in its ability to capture and retain gross
pollutants such as trash and debris. In short, CDS units capture a very wide range of
organic and in-organic solids and pollutants that typically result in tons of captured
solids each year: total suspended solids (TSS), sediments, oil and greases and
captured trash and debris (including floatables, neutrally buoyant, and negatively
buoyant debris) under very high fiow rate conditions.
CDS units are equipped with conventional oil baffles to capture and retain oil and
grease. Laboratory evaluations show that the CDS units are capable of capturing up to
70% of the free oil and grease from storm water. CDS units can also accommodate the
addition of oil sorbents within their separation chambers. The addition of the oil
sorbents can ensure the permanent removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease
from the storm water runoff.
J3PERATI0NS
he CDS unit is a non-mechanical self-operating system and will funcfion any time there
is flow in the storm drainage system. The unit will confinue to effectively capture
pollutants in flows up to the design capacity even during extreme rainfall events when
the design capacity may be exceeded. Pollutants captured in the CDS unit's separafion
chamber and sump will be retained even when the unit's design capacity is exceeded.
CDS CLEANOUT
The frequency of cleaning the CDS unit will depend upon the generation of trash and
debris and sediments in your application. Cleanout and prevenfive maintenance
schedules will be determined based on operating experience unless precise pollutant
loadings have been determined. The unit should be periodically inspected to determine
the amount of accumulated pollutants and to ensure that the cleanout frequency is
adequate to handle the predicted pollutant load being processed by the CDS unit. The
recommended cleanout of solids within the CDS unit's sump should occur at 75% of the
sump capacity. However, the sump may be completely full with no impact to the CDS
unit's performance.
Access to the CDS unit is typically achieved through two manhole access covers - one
allows inspection and cleanout of the separation chamber (screen/cylinder) & sump and
another allows inspecfion and cleanout of sediment captured and retained behind the
screen. The PSW & PSWC off-line models have an additional access cover over the
/eir of the diversion vault. For units possessing a sizable depth below grade (depth to
leCHMOlOOICS
pipe), a single manhole access point would allow both sump cleanout and access
behind the screen.
^CDS Technologies Recommends The Following:
NEW INSTALLATIONS - Check the condifion of the unit after every runoff event
for the first 30 days. The visual inspecfion should ascertain that the unit is
funcfioning properly (no blockages or obstructions to inlet and/or separation
screen), measuring the amount of solid materials that have accumulated in the
sump, the amount of fine sediment accumulated behind the screen, and
determining the amount floafing trash and debris in the separafion chamber.
This can be done with a calibrated "dip stick" so that the depth of deposifion can
be tracked. Schedules for inspections and cleanout should be based on storm
events and pollutant accumulation.
ONGOING OPERATION - During the rainfall season, the unit should be
inspected at least once every 30 days. The floatables should be removed and
the sump cleaned when the sump is 75-85% full. If floatables accumulate more
rapidly than the settleable solids, the floatables should be removed using a
vactor truck or dip net before the layer thickness exceeds one to two feet.
Cleanout of the CDS unit at the end of a rainfall season is recommended
because of the nature of pollutants collected and the potenfial for odor generation
from the decomposition of material collected and retained. This end of season
cleanout will assist in prevenfing the discharge of pore water from the CDS® unit
during summer months.
USE OF SORBENTS - 11 needs to be emphasized that the addition of sorbents
is not a requirement for CDS units to effectively control oil and grease from storm
water. The convenfional oil baffle within a unit assures safisfactory oil and
grease removal. However, the addition of sorbents is a unique enhancement
capability special to CDS units, enabling increased oil and grease capture
efficiencies beyond that obtainable by convenfional oil baffie systems.
Under normal operations, CDS units will provide effluent concentrafions of oil and
grease that are less lhan 15 parts per million (ppm) for all dry weather spills
where the volume is less than or equal to the spill capture volume of the CDS
unit. During wet weather flows, the oil baffie system can be expected to remove
between 40 and 70% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff.
CDS Technologies only recommends the addifion of sorbents to the separation
chamber if there are specific land use activities in the catchment watershed that
could produce exceptionally large concentrations of oil and grease in the runoff,
concentrafion levels well above typical amounts. If site evaluations merit an
increased control of free oil and grease then oil sorbents can be added to the
CDS unit to thoroughly address these parficular pollutants of concern.
Recommended Oil Sorbents
Rubberizer® Particulate 8-4 mesh or OARS™ Particulate for Filtrafion, HPT4100
or equal. Rubberizer® is supplied by Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc.
T60HN0L0GI€S
4626 Santa Fe Street, San Diego, CA 92109 (800) 542-3036. OARS™ is
supplied by AbTech Industries, 4110 N. Scottsdale Road, Suite 235, Scottsdale,
AZ 85251 (800) 545-8999.
The amount of sorbent to be added to the CDS separation chamber can be
determined if sufficient information is known about the concentrafion of oil and
grease in the runoff. Frequently the actual concentrations of oil and grease are
too variable and the amount to be added and frequency of cleaning will be
determined by periodic observafion of the sorbent. As an inifial application, CDS
recommends that approximately 4 to 8 pounds of sorbent material be added to
the separation chamber of the CDS units per acre of parking lot or road surface
per year. Typically this amount of sorbent results in a Vz inch to one (1") inch
depth of sorbent material on the liquid surface of the separafion chamber. The
oil and grease loading of the sorbent material should be observed after major
storm events. Oil Sorbent material may also be furnished in pillow or boom
configurafions.
The sorbent material should be replaced when it is fully discolored by skimming
the sorbent from the surface. The sorbent may require disposal as a special or
hazardous waste, but will depend on local and state regulatory requirements.
CLEANOUT AND DISPOSAL - A vactor truck is recommended for cleanout of
the CDS unit and can be easily accomplished in less than 30-40 minutes for most
installations. Standa'rd vactor operafions should be employed in the cleanout of
the CDS unit. Disposal of material from the CDS unit should be in accordance
with the local municipality's requirements. Disposal of the decant material to a
POTW is recommended. Field decanting to the storm drainage system is not
recommended. Solids can be disposed of in a similar fashion as those materials
collected from street sweeping operations and catch-basin cleanouts.
MAINTENANCE
The CDS unit should be pumped down at least once a year and a thorough inspecfion
of the separation chamber (inlet/cylinder and separafion screen) and oil baffie
performed. The unit's internal components should not show any signs of damage or
any loosening of the bolts used to fasten the various components to the manhole
structure and to each other. Ideally, the screen should be power washed for the
inspection. If any of the internal components is damaged or if any fasteners appear to
be damaged or missing, please contact CDS Technologies to make arrangements to
have the damaged items repaired or replaced:
CDS Technologies, Inc. Phone, Toll Free: (888) 535-7559
16360 Monterey Road, Suite 250 Fax: (408)782-0721
Morgan Hill, CA 95037-5406
The screen assembly is fabricated from Type 316 stainless steel and fastened
with Type 316 stainless steel fasteners that are easily removed and/or replaced
with conventional hand tools. The damaged screen assembly should be
replaced with the new screen assembly placed in the same orientafion as the
one that was removed.
CONFINED SPACE
The CDS unit is a confined space environment and only properiy trained personnel
Lpossessing the necessary safety equipment should enter the unit to perform
'maintenance or inspecfion procedures. Inspections of the internal components can, in
most cases, be accomplished through observations from the ground surface.
RECORDS OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
CDS Technologies recommends that the owner maintain annual records of the
operation and maintenance of the CDS unit to document the effective maintenance of
this important component of your storm water management program. The attached
Annual Record of Operations and Maintenance form is suggested and should be
retained for a minimum period of three years.
TecHf^Diooies
CDS TECHNOLOGIES
ANNUAL RECORD
OF
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
OWNER _
ADDRESS
OWNER REPRESENTATIVE. PHONE
CDS INSTALLATION:
MODEL DESIGNATION.
SITE LOCATION
DATE
DEPTH FROM COVER TO BOTTOM OF SUMP.
VOLUME OF SUMP CUYD VOLUME/INCH DEPTH. CUYD
INSPECTIONS:
DATt/INSPECTOR SCREEN
IMTEGRITY
aOATABLES DEPTH SEDIMEIsrr
VOLUME
SORBENT
DISCOLORATION
BSERVATIONS OF FUNCTION:
CLEANOUT:
DATE VOLUME
FLOATABLES
VOLUME
SEDIMENTS
METHOD OF DISPOSAL OF FLOATABLES, SEDIMENTS, DECANT AND SORBENTS
OBSERVATIONS:
SCREEN MAINTENANCE:
DATE OF POWER WASHING, INSPECTION AND OBSERVATIONS:
ERTIFICATION: TITLE: DATE:
Inlet Stenciling and Signage
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U.S. Environm^nUl Protection Agency
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f.^'Hfwi^'^^ be tebefer»Sh
dl^uraie dumping
Public Involvement/Participation
Storm Drain Stenciling
Description
Storm drain stenciling
involves latjeling storm
drain inlets with painted
messages warning citizens
not to dump pollutants into
the drains. The stenciled
messages are generally a
simple phrase to remind
passersby that the storm
drains connect to local
waterbodies and that
dumping pollutes those
waters. Some specify
which waterbody the inlet
drains to or name the
particular river, lake, or bay. Commonly stenciled messages include: No
Dumping. Drains to Water Source," "Drains to River." and "You Dump it. You
Drink it. No Waste Here." Pictures can also be used to convey the message,
jncluding a shrimp, common game tish, or a graphic depiction of the path from
drain to waterbody. Communities with a large Spanish-speaking population
might wish lo develop stencils in both English and Spanish, or use a graphic
alone.
Applicability
Municipalities can undertake stenciling projects throughout the entire
community, especially in areas with sensitive waters or where trash, nutnents,
or biological oxygen demand have been identitied as high priority poiiutants.
However, regardtess of the condition of the waterbody, Ihe signs raise
awareness about the connection between storm drains and receiving waters
and they help deter littering, nutrient overenrichment, and other practices that
contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Municipalities shouid identify a subset
of drains lo stencil because there might be hundreds of inlets; stenciling ali of
them would be prohibitively expensive and might actually diminish the effect
of the messaae on the public. The drains should be carefully selected to send
the messagelo the maximum number of citizens (for example, in areas of
high pedestrian traffic} and lo target drains leading to waterbodies where
illegal dumping has been identified as a source of pollution.
Implementation
Municipalities can implement storrn drain stenciling programs in two ways. In
some cases, cities and towns use their own public works staff to do the
labeling. Some municipalities feel that having their own crews do the work
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EP^^ublT^nTOlvement/Pa^^
produces better results and eliminates liability and safety concerns. More
commonly, stenciling projects are conducted by volunteer groups in
cooperaUon with a municipality. In such an arrangement, volunteer groups
provide the labor and the municipality provides supplies, safety equipment,
and a map and/or directrans to the drains to be stenciled. The benefits of
using volunteers are lower cost and increased public awareness of storm
water pollutants and Iheir path to waterbodies. A municipality can establish a
program to comprehensively address storm drain stenciling and actively
recruit volunteer groups to help, or the municipality can facilitate volunteer
groups thai lake the initiative to undertake a slenciling project.
Whether the municipality or a volunteer group initiates a stenciling project, the
municipality should designate a person in charge of the slorm drain stenciling
program. Many municipalities will designate a person from the pubic works or
water qualily department to coordinate stenciling projects by volunteer
groups. Because these programs depend heavily on volunteer labor,
organizers and coordinators should be skilled in recruiting, training,
managing, and recognizing volunteers. Coordination activities include
providing
• Stenciling kits conlaining all materials and tools needed to carry out a
slenciling project
• A map of the storm drains lo be stenciled
• Training for volunteers on safety procedures and on the technique for
using stencils or affixing signs
• Safely equipmeni (traffic cones, safety vests, masks and/or goggles for
spray paint, and gloves if glue is used)
• Incentives and rewards for volunteers (badges, T-shirls, certificates).
The coordinator might also wish to provide pollutant-tracking forms to collect
data on serious instances of dumping. Participants in storm drain stenciling
projecis can be asked to note slorm drains that are clogged with debris or
show obvious signs of dumping. This enables cily crews to target cleanup
efforts. Volunteers should be instructed on what kinds of pollutants to look for
and how to fill out data cards. Volunteers also should record the localions of
all slorm drains labeled during the projecl, so the city can keep track.
Additionally, the participants should convene afler the evenl to talk aboul
what they have lound. Their reactions and impressions can help organizers
improve fuiure stenciling projecis.
If a municipality chooses to initiate a storm drain stenciling program and solicit
the help of volunteer organizations, they can advertise through a variety of
channels. Outreach strategies include
• Distributing pamphlets and brochures to area service organizations
• Placing articles in local magazines
• Taking out newspaper ads
• Placing an environmental insert in the local newspaper
• Making presentations at communit/ meetings
• Developing public service announcements for radio
• Creating a web site with background and contact information as well as
photos and stories from past stenciling evenls (the references seclion
contains a list of slorm drain stenciling web sites from communities
across the country)
• Using word-of-mouth communications about the program.
Newspapers can be notilied to get advance coverage of a planned slenciling
event. Newspapers might choose to cover lhe evenl itself as an
environmental feature story lo further public awareness. A news release
issued for the day ot the event can draw TV and/or newspaper coverage.
Public service announcements made beiore the event also will help to
reinforce the message. Additionally, some municipalities can have volunteers
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwaler/menuofbnips/invoL6.cfm
.1, V>t \J
2/21/2003
IVA - Public Involvement/Participation '"•'gc ^ ui o
distribute door hangers in the targeted neighborhoods to notify residents that
storm drain stenciling is taking place. The hangers explain the purpose ol the
projecl and offer tips on how citizens can reduce urban runolf in general.
For any volunteer projecl lo be successful, volunteers musl teel lhey have
done something worthwhile. Communities aclive in slorm drain stenciling
have developed a variety of ways lo recognize volunteers, including
• Providing each participant with a certificate of appreciation and/or letter
of thanks signed by the mayor
• Distributing logo items such as T-shirls, hats, badges, plastic water
bottles, or other items to participants before or atter the event
• Holding a picnic or small party after the event with refreshments
donated by a k)cal business
• Providing coupons for free pizza, hamburgers, ice cream, or movies
donated by local merchants
• Taking pictures of slenciling leams before, during, and after the event
lo create a pictorial record of volunteers' activity.
Since stenciling projecis take piace on city streets, volunteer safety is of
utmosl importance. The city might wish lo designate tower-lratfic residenlial
areas as targets for volunteer ster>ciling and provide safety equipment and
training. Most programs require that slenciling be done in teams, with at least
one person designated to watch for traffic. Adull supervision is needed when
volunteers are school children or members of youth groups. Mosl cities also
require participating volunteers (or Iheir parents) to sign a waiver of liabiiity.
An attomey for lhe municipaiity should he consulled lo determine what liability
exists and how lo handle this issue.
[Materials
Most communities use stencils and paint lo label their slorm drains. Some
communities stencil directty onto the curb, streel, or sidewalk, while others
first paint a white background and then stencil over it. The most commonly
used stencils are made of Mylar, a llexible plastic material that can be
cleaned and reused many limes. However, stencils can also be made from
cardboard, aluminum, or other material. The reference seclion lists web sites
where stencils can be purchased.
Stomn drain messages can be placed Hat against the sidewalk surface just
above the storm drain inlet, while olhers are placed on the curb facing the
street or on the streel ilself, either just upstream of fhe storm drain or on the
street in froni of the drain. However, nnessages placed on the slreet might
wear oul sooner.
Paint or ink can be sprayed on or applied by brush and roller. Spray paint is
quickest and probably fhe easiest to apply neally. Regkjns that do not meet
federal air-quality standards should avoid using spray painis, since many
contain air-polluting propellants. It is recommended lo use "environmentally
friendly" paint lhat contains no heavy metals and is low in volatile organic
compounds.
Alternatives lo painted messages include permanenl signs made of
aluminum, ceramic, plastic, or other durable materials. These signs last
longer than stenciled messages and need only glue to affix them to stomn
drain inlets. They might also be neater and easier fo read from a distance.
Tiles or plaques can be dislodged by pedestrian traffic if they are disturbed
before the glue dries.
Benefils
htlp://cfpub.epa gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invoi_6 cfm 2/21/2003
IPA - Public Involvement/Participation r •'B"^ v-i
Storm drain stenciling projects offer an excellent opportunity lo educate the
public about the link between the storm drain system and drinking waler
qualily. in addition to the labeled storm drains, media coverage of the
program or stenciling event can increase pubtic awareness of slorm water
issues. Volunteer groups can provide additional benefils by picking up trash
near lhe stenciled stonn drains and by noting v/here maintenance is needed.
Additionally, stenciling projects can provide a lead-in to volunteer monitoring
projects and increase communiiy participation in a variety of other storm
water-related activities.
Limitations
A storm drain slenciling program is generally effective, inexpensive, and easy
to implement. However. larger communities can have many storm drain inlets,
so volunteer coordinators need to be skilled at recruiting and organizing the
efforts of volunteers to provide adequate coverage over large areas. Safety
consideraiions mighl also limit slenciling programs in areas where traffic
congestion is high. Other environmental considerations such as the use of
propellants in spray paint in areas lhal do not meet air quality standards
should be taken into account. Finally, stencils wilt require repainting after
years of wealher and Iraffk;, and liles and permanent signs might need
replacement if they are improperly installed or subject lo vandalism.
Effectiveness
By raising public awareness of urban runoff, slorm drain slenciling programs
should discourage practices lhal generate nonpoint source pollulants. As with
any public education projecl, however, it is difficult to precisely measure the
effect thai slorm drain stenciling programs have on human behavior. Nor is it
easy to measure reductions in certain components of urban runoff, which by
definition is diffuse in origin.
Some municipalities attempt to assess lhe effectiveness of storm drain
stenciling programs by periodically examining water samples from targeted
storm drain outfalls (places where storm drains empty into a waterbody). If the
slorm drains leading lo a particular outfall have been labeled, and if the levels
of pollutants from that outfall decline after lhe stencils were put in place, one
can assume the labeling has had some deterrent effect. This monitoring can
be conducted by the same volunteer groups that stenciled the drains and can
be incorporated into exisling volunteer monitoring programs or can initiate the
developmenl of a new program.
Cities also infer stenciling program success from increases in the volume of
used motor oil delivered to used-oil recycling centers. Others measure
success in terms of how many drains are stenciled and the number of
requests received by volunteer groups lo participate in the program. They can
also take into consideration the number of cleanups conducted by the city as
a result of reports made by volunteers.
Costs
Mylar stencils cost about 45 cents per linear inch and can be used for 25 lo
500 stencilings, depending on wheiher paint is sprayed or applied wilh a
brush or roller. Permanent signs are generally more costly: ceramic tiles cosl
$5 to $6 each and metal stencils can cost $100 or more.
References
How To Develop a Storm Drain Stenciling Program and Conduct Projects:
Center for Marine Conservation. 1998. Million Points of Blight.
ittp://cfpub-epa.gov/npdes/stormwa(er/menuofbmps/invoL6 cfm 2/21/2003
EPA - Public Involvement/Pailicipation fage 3 oi o
lbM^//www,cnic^(Ke^^ !»>-" •'"^'"-EZEl-
Last updated 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Cenier for Marine Conservation. No date. How fo Conduct a Storm Drain
S'enciling Project. |http://www.cmc-ocean.orq/mdio/drain.php3
|iM;ji.ch^m,r>:]] Accessed February 13, 2001.
East Dakota Water Developmenl District. No dale. Sform Drain Stenciling.
lhttp://www ^:-xn Accessed February
13, 2001
Hunter, R. 1995. Sfomi Drain Stenciling: The Street-River Connection.
[hltp://www.epa.qovA^olunleer/fall95/urbwat10.html. Lasl updated December
8,1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
The Rivers Projecl, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 1998.
Gateway Area Storm Sewer Slenciling Project
|http://wvyw.siue.edu/OSME/river/stencil.html ^n^^H^IB]. Last updated
November 9,1998. Accessed February 14, 2001.
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commissk>n. No date. Sform Drain
Stenciling: Preventing Water Pollution.
fhttpj/iVww.tnrcc.state.tx. us/exec/oppr/cc2000/storm drain. html
jr,Mrd».j.i»...>|) Accessed February 13, 2001.
Purchase Stencils:
Clean Ocean Action. 20OO. Sform Drain Stenciling.
(bjfe^^wyyy^g.an'^eanaclion.orq/Stencilinq/SlormOrains-ht
VMTJi.ci.i».rr>|] Last updated June 23, 2000. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. 1997. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd.
[hnp.7Avww.earthwater-stencils.com ^xiTrfbcUi.J7g] Last updated 1997.
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Communities With Storm Drain Stenciling Web Sites:
City ol Berkley, Calilomia, Department of Public Works. No dale. Storm Drain
Stenciling. [hijp^/www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/PW/SlomVstencil.html
|r-MTai»i.;mc>">fj Ar^nessed Febmary 13. 20oT
Cily of Honolulu, Hawaii. No dale. Volunteer Activities.
|http.7/wvm.cleanwaterhonolulu com/drain.html Accessed
February 14, 2001.
City of Portland, Oregon, Environmental Services. No date. Stom? Drain
Stenciling. (htlp://www.enviro.ci.portland.or.us/sds.htm ^^jJJE^JB^lB].
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Clemson Extension Office. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling South Carolina
'Paint The Drain" Campaign.
ShHp://vir1tJa!.ctenTson.edjj/groups/walerqual^
i.MT,ii,ci.ii,.,r>)j Accessed February 14, 2001.
Friends of the Mississippi River. 2000. Storm Drain Stenciling Program.
[.hUPJ.^/wy'wJmr.ora/slencil.htmJ iLl'^''"'"'"'"E5]. Last updated 2000. Accessed
February 14, 2001.
ittp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invoi_6.cfm 2/21/2003
ir A - ruujic invoivciiiciiurdiin-n^diiuii
Ottice ot Water | Oftice ol Wastewater Manaaement | Disclaimer | Searcti EPA
EPA Home | Privacy and Securitv Notice | Conlact Us
Last updated on August 15, 2002 1:44 PM
URL: ht1p://ctpub.epa.gov/npdesystorTnwa1er/menuofbiTips/(nvol_6.cfm
itlp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stonnwater/menuofbmps/invoL6.cfm 2/21/2003
r
litter, Kill wasle.
troes Tu fkeais ^ fle^eeiiiiss
Vn lllrectci M OceaiHi
§ Iia soriici^ii a la eonraiuiuactoi del ilreiiaje |>lfi\1al eres in. I
Eagle 9455 Ridgehaven Ct., Suite 106
San Dicgo, CA 92123
1-858-541-1888
1-888-624-1888
Earthwater Stencils, LTD
Rochester, WA 98579
1-360-956-3774
FAX 360-956-7133
storm Water Education
lk 'Mue: iiiseios i
Jardines Sanos y
Familias Sanas
Los productos quInUcos, fertilizantes.
herbicidas y pesticldas pueden ser daiilnos tanto para
usted comn para su familla, y tambien para las plantas y
animales. Hay otras formas de mantener a su jardin verde
sin tener que usar substancias tdxicas.
• Sl tiene que usar pesticldas o fertilizantes, uselos
cnn iTioderacl6n. Lea las etiquetas detalladamente y
no apllque una substancla si hay pronbstlcos de lluvia
• Use desechos organicos en vez de herbicidas para prevenir que crezcan las hlerbas malas y para
ayudar a absorber el agua.
• Seleccione plantas naturales de la region que son
resistentes a la falta de agua las cuales conservan
agua y previenen el escurrimiento.
• No riegue dcmasiado su Jardin, Riegue durante las
floras mAs frescas del dia y no deje escurrlr el aeua oor
ei desague.
• Drene su alberca solamente cuando el nIvel de cloro no
es detectado en su equipo de detecclbn de cloro para albercas,
• Mantenga los desagues enfrente de su casa limpios y
de sm hojas y recortes de pasto. Barra la basura de la
entrada a su garaje en vez de echarle agua con la
manguera.
H^bitos Utiles en el Hogar
Si usa substancias peligrosas tales como pinturas,
.solventes y limpiadores, Uselos en pequenas
cantidades, de acuerdo a las Instrucciones, Cuardelos
correctamente para evitar que se derramen.
Si iisa pinturas a base de agua, enjuague las brochas
en el fregadero. Para pinturas a base de aceite. limpie
la brocha con adelgazador de pintura, cu61elo y vuelva
a usarlo. Tire todas las pinturas y materiales a traves
de im programa de recolecci6n de desechos peligrosos
Nunca limpie las brochas ni tire pintura
por el desague pluvial.
Si usa otras substancias peligrosas tales como
limpiadores y solventes, llevelos a un lugar de
recolecclon de desechos peligrosos,
Recoja la basura y los desechos en su jardin y casa,
Sl esta remodelando su casa, tire el concreto, muros de
yeso y mortero a la basura. No enjuague el concreto o
mortero a la calle.
Recoja los desechos de mascotas y tirelos al excusado
0 pongalos en una bolsa en la basura. La bacteria de
los desechos animales es daillna y
contamina a nuestras vlas acuaticas.
^guridad de Sus
hiculos y Garaje
PerlPdIcamente revise su vehiculo para ver que no
tenga fugas y mant^ngalo aflnado. El usar un sistema de transporte piiblico o usar su blclcleta
ayuda a reducir los contaminantes en nuestras
calles,
Nunca vierta productos quimicos u otras
substancias peligrosas de los vehiculos por los
desagues pluviales, en el suelo, nl en los
estaclonamlentos o entradas de garaje,
Al cambiar los fluldos de su vehiculo, drenelos en
un recipiente limpio y ci^rrelo completamente.
Lleve el aceite y ei flltro del aceite a un sltio de
recoleccltin de aceite.
Si derrama algun fluldo, use trapos o arena sin
usar en donde van al baj^o los gatos (kitty litter)
Inmediatamente para contenerio Tire la arena v
los trapos contaminados en un sitto de
recoleccl6n de desechos peligrosos.
Si usted lava su vehiculo, use una manguera con
boquilla de cierre para el agua y use poco
detergente y agua.
i [riformacidn del Pi-ogramis cle TVtaterWes
Peligrosos Dom6sticos de la Ciudad de San
Dlego:(619) 235.2111
• Fechas y sitios para la recoleccldn de
desechos domestlcos peligrosos
• Sitios para el reciclaje de aceite automotor
• Informacion respecto al uso y
almacenamiento adecuado de productos
domestlcos de llmpleza y sus sustltutos
Centro de Control de Envenenamlentos;
(800) 876-4766
(llame al 911 en caso de una emergencia)
www.Thinkbluesd.org
El programa THINK BLUE de la Ciudad de San Diego
desea agradecer a los slgulences patroclnadores por
Sll apoyo tan generoso al programa THINK BLUE:
San Diego Port District Caltrans
www.portofundi»go,org
tVta /nformjddn titan disponlbh en fcrmttoi j/urrnf/voj tl aollcllirlo.
O Impreso en ptpel ncldtdo. TP./7/ lll/OI)
Cuando llueve o cuando el agua corMe nuestros jardines, fluye directamente a Ios
drasagues pluviales, Probablemente ha visto estos desagues pluviales en las calles de
ban UiegcMuchas personas piensan que todo lo que fluye a los desagues pluviales
pasa por un proceso de tratamiento, de la misma manera que se tratan a las aguas
negra.s en un sistema de drenaje. Sin embargo, estos dos sistemas en realidacfno estdn
conectados, lodo lo aue fluye a un desague pluvial va directamente y sin tratamiento .i
nuestros riachuelos, bahias, Iagunas y finalmente al mar, El agua de escurrimiento
puexle tener pesticldas, fertilizantes, desechos de mascotas, basura, aceite y otro
riuidos de automovil, erosi6n de la tierra asi como productos quimicos
dornesticos. Algunos de estos contaminantes entran a los desagues
pluviales no intencionalmente, pero muchos de ellos son tirados, sin
pensar, directamente a los desagtjes pluviales. La Ley de Aguas Limpias
prohibe tirar basura y productos contaminantes a los riachuelos, bahfas,
lagos y mares.
Estos productos contaminantes tienen efectos daninos para las ^reas de recreo
vias acuaticas y vida silvestre, Algunas de las playas m&s populares de San
Ulego han tenido aue ser cerradas debido a los contaminantes provenientes de
los desagues pluviales, A fin de cuentas, la contaminacibn que proviene de Ins
desagues pluviales nos dafta a todos puesto que dependemos de las vias acuaticas
pcira la diversion asi como para atraer al turismo a San Diego. Si podemos prevenir
que la contaminacibn ocurra en nuestros hogares, vecindarios y negocios, podemos
ayudar a proteger a nuestro medio ambiente y a la salud y sesuriclad de nuestras
familias,
Usted y su familia juegan un papel importante para evitar la contaminacion
del agua que entra a los desagues pluviales, Este folleto le proporclona
algunos consejos faciles y economicos para evitar que las subst?"''
peligrosas entren a los desagues pluvicUes, Si todos efectuamos
algunos cambios sencillos, podemos ayudar a proteger nuestro
estilo de vida y nuestro medio ambiente en San Diego, Think
Blue significa el evitar la contaminacion antes de que llegue a
nuestras vias acuaticas.
Caltrans
www,portofsandl<go,org vvvvw.Thinkbluesd, ..
a Clean
Storm w-ater f>otlution is a problem that affects
all of us. Wilh a growing population of more than
1.2 million residents and approximately 237
square miles of urbanized development. keef>-
ing our waters clean from pollutants has become
Increasingly difficult. With more than 39,000
storm drain structures, and over 900 miles of
storm drain pipes and channels to clean and
maintain, we need your help.
When it rains, water flows over our streets and
yards and carries the pollutants it picks iip into
the storm drains. The proljlem is that storm
drains are not connected to tfie wastewater
treatment ptiant. So. what's in the Streets flows
directly into our creeks, lakes, rivers and the
ocean, untreated.
Last year, too many of our beaches and bays were
closed or F>osted as Unsafe for swimming. As our
Mayor has said, "this is more than an inconve-
nience; it IS a civic embarrassment."
But, as a City resident, you can make a difference.
By l)€coming a Glean Water Leader, both on the
job and in your community, you can help make
our beaches and bays free of pollution. When
you're at home, share your knowledge with
neighbors and family. As you drive to work, be
aware of any illegal discharges. And. if you do
see ari illegal discfiarge, report it.
Jn the City oir San Diego you can call (619) 235
1000. Ofj if you see an illegal discharge outside of
the Cify of San CSego, you can call the regional
hOtShe at 1 -B88-TMif^k-BLue By working toget tier
we ni»i*a diffierence.
Wfielher at home or at work, by adopting some
simple Best Management Practices (BMPs). you can
stop pollutants from being generated and enter-
ing our storm drain system.
- Use dry clearhup methods for spills and outdoor cleaning.
Vacuum, sweep, and use rags or dry absorbants.
- Proper/y label, store and dispose of hazardous wastes.
• Ifake. jweep-up. and place all debris (dust, litier.
sediment, etc.) from your yard or near your
property into a trash can.
' Use a mop where water is needed
As you perform your daily activities be proac-
tive Assess the activity from a stormwater pol-
lution point-of-view and ask yourself; "does this
activity, directly or indirectly, generate pollu-
tion?" And, "how can I get the job done and pre-
vent debris from entering into the stomxjdrain
collection system?" Here are some genStal
guidelines you can use at home or on the job:
The 3 Cs
trontain: isolate
your work area, to
prevent any potential
flow or discharge
from leaving the area.
Control: Locate
the nearest storm
drain(s) and take
measures to ensure
nothing will enter or
discharge into them.
This may require you
to sweep-up arrd
place debris & sedi-
ment in a trash can
prior to beginning
the work activity.
'aptUre: Onceyou
have completed ajob.
be sure to clean-up
the area. If there is
sediment, sweep il up.
If there are liquids, ab-
sorb it or vacuum it up
with a wet-vac.
Remember, vi^hat you leave behind can
potentially be discharged into the storm drain.
Sea iider del programa de
La contaminacion de las aguas pluviales es un
problema que nos afecta a todos. Con una
poblaciOn creciente de mAs de T200.0CX) residentes
y aproximadamente 237 millas cuadradas (610 km')
de zonas urbanizadas. mantener nuestras aguas
libres de contaminantes se vuelve cada vez mAs
diflcil. Con mds de 39,000 colectores de aguas
pluviales y m3s de 900 millas (1,450 km) de canales
y tuberlas que mantener para el desague de aguas
pluviales, necesitamos su ayuda.
Cuando llueve, el agua fluye por nirestras calles y
fjatios y deposita en los colectores de agfiaS.^yyiales
los contaminantes que tatastra. El problema l^^|fe
los colectores de ag^spltiWafes' fifetetSn conectados
a la plania de trata'mitarlEo^de "agupl^^diJales. Por lo
tanto, todo lo qud se etictientre'tira'do en las calles
fluye directamente a nuestros arroypSi lagOs, rfos y al
mar, sin recibir tratamiento alguna.
M uchas de ivjc.trjs |)layas y bahias fueron
clausuradas el .irj<Vna^^b..rvse les colocaron letreros
advirtiendo '-I F.tp^g^^^Madar en ellas. Como
nuestras autoriiIaci(^rrii!ini(^bales fian dicho, "Esto es
mas que ut^^dlfeO^^^^^ verguenza civica".
Pero, corTi'i'-f ii'.M«iritl?^ffJi If ciudad. usted puede
ayudar a caf^^^^^^^^ra&nzosa situaciOn. Al
sumarse al ^t^^^^p^^^ua limpia, tanto en el
trabajo corrKj e^^ff^m'unidad, podra contribuir a
librar nuestras playas y bahias de la contaminacion. En
casa, comparta sus conocimientos con vecinos y
familiares. Camino al trabajo, est6 pendiente de
•>sL*^*'f.dei^rgas llegales de agua. Si ve una descarga illcita,
• d6;^^e:i»i|a5 autoridades correspondienles
^ En la cfUdJ3VffM San Diego, puede llamar al
^^^|&1§^3^JWK). O, s» se da cuenta de alguna descarga
fleQ'ai f^rSiii^^teieajjted de San Diego, llame a la linea
'•^-^tliCta regldlilflUg^TmM-BlUE (1-S88-844-6525).
P^'fe frtay^J^eSiin/ormes. visite la pagina en lnterr>et
ip6rV.thinkblueid.6^qi.
Tanto en el hogar como en el trabajo, usted puede
impedir la generaciOn de contaminantes y su descarga
al drenaje de aguas pluviales. S6lo tiene que poner en
practica las sencillas medidas senaladas a continuaciOn:
• Para limpiar derrames y areas exteriores, utilice aspiradora.
escoba, trapos u otros materiales absorbentes secos.
• Identinque claramente con etiquetas los desperdicios
nocivosy almacenelos o des^helos correctamente.
• Con un rastrillo o escoba, recoja todos los desechos (polvos,
basura, sedimentos, etc.) que se encuentren en su patio o
cerca de su casa o ediricio y depositelos en un bote de basura.
• Use un trapeador cuando se requiera el uso de agua
para limpiar
Realice sus actividades cotidianas con conciencia
ecolOgica. Vea las cosas desde el punto dis vista de la
posible contaminacion de las aguas pluviales.
Preguntese, "Directa o indtrectamente/^'g^ii^a esta
actividad contaminacion?" Y.COmo ouedo real^^ta
tarea de manera que evite ta descar,garic|i^perdicit>s il
sistema de captaciOn de agiialf'pl^^ls?" Las
siguientes son algunas recomendacione^^^^es que
puede aplicar en casa o en el trabajo -s^.--
Las tres C C ontenga: Aisle su
iSrea . de,^ trabajo para
.jjirt^ftr que cualquier flujo
»..<AwA..-y3 saiga del area. Controle lora^
las coladeras para .nni^ftif
pluviales mas c"^
haga lo neces
impedir que se d
en ellas materias exs
Para ello, pod^tg
necesario barrer y cofo^^
la basura y sedimentos en
un bote de basura
''ajites de comenzar sus
aetMtfedes de trabajo.
" r trapte:
Una vez terminado un
trabajo, no se olvide de
fimpiar bien el lugar
Si quedb algun sedimento,
. t>arralp. Si quedan llquidos,
absdfbalCis o asplrelos
con una aspiradora para
llfjuidos.
ReeiJ^r,|}e que lo que deje en el suelo podria acabar
- tJegcifr_§^rjtt6'se a ta tuberia para aguas pluviales.
Impervious Surfaces:
Cleaning Sidewalks, Pavements, Patios, Parking Lots & Driveways
When it rains or when water ftows out of yards or over pavement, it flows direcfiy info storm
drains. Many people mistakenly believe this water gets "cleaned' before reaching waterways.
The sewer system and the slorm water conveyance system (drains, inlets and catch basins)
are separate; they are not connected. Sewer water gets treated, but everything that washes
into the storm drain goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays and ocean. This
causes beach closures and postings due to contamination. Releasing pollutants into the stonn
water conveyance system is a violation of the City Municipal Code (43.0301).
We all Rke clean public areas, but High Pressure Washing and Hosing Down of sidewalks not
only contributes to ocean pollution, but wastes one of our most valuable resources - Water. It's
not the wrater that's a problem. It's the pollutants it picks-up off of surfaces that are. fn the City
of San Diego, High Pressure Washing or Hosing Down surfaces in the public right-of-^way will
only be allowed when the follovtnng Storm Water Best Management Practices are used:
Before beginning to wash impervious surfaces, sweep and pick up the debris or trash in
the area being w/ashed, and in the curbskJe between the activity and downstream storni drain
inlet(s). Properiy dispose of the debris.
Storm drain inlet(s) must be protected from the water flow and the pollutants it canies.
Locate the nearest downstream storm drain inlet before beginning work. Cover the inlet with
fabric cloth and weigh it down with gravel bags. The debris caught in the fabric doth can then
be thrown in the trash.
Hosing pavement in a parking lot and letting it leave the site is not allowed. Water used
to clean gas stations, automotive repair, driveway, slreet or any surface where motor vehicles
are parked or driven must be recaptured (wet-vacuumed or mopped) and properly disposed of.
Sweep-up and properly dispose of aii sediments that accumulate as a result of fhe activity.
Disinfectants, solvents, and other household chemicals used to aid in the cleaning process
must be recaptured (mopped up or wet vacuumed) before hosing dovm.
Dry clean up methods (vacuum, sweep, and absorbents) are recommended for spills and
outdoor cleaning. Where water is needed, use a mop. tf hosing down is desired, foliow the
Best Management Practices listed above.
Dispose of mop water into the sanitary sewer sysiem. That means down the sink drain not
the storm drain.
High pressure washing or hosing of private property must be contained, recaplured and
properiy disposed. Direct the water into planters, don't allow it to wash into the slorm drain inlet.
Other fact Sheets that may pertain to your activities: Be A Clean Water Leader Control
Contain & Capture; Spills; Dumpsters, and Restaurants.
Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego
For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: www.thinkbluesd.orq (os/os/oz)
Car Washing
When it rains or when water flows out of yards or over pavement, it flows directly into storm
drains. Many people mistakenly believe this water gets 'cleaned" before reaching waterways.
The sewer system and the storm water conveyance systems (drains, inlets, and catch basins)
are separate; they are not connected. Sewer water gets treated, but everything lhat washes
into the sform water conveyance system goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays
and ocean. This causes beach chssures and postings due lo contamination. Releasing
pollutants into the storm w^ter collection system is a violatton of the City Municipal Code,
(43.0301). Whether you are at home, work, or play, there are ways that residents and
businesses alike can Think Blue' and prevent pollutants from reaching our waterways.
Most of us don't think of our car as a source of beach pollution- but it is. The reality is vehicles
are a necessity today, and we don't have a lot of choice about that. However, we can be more
environmentally responsible and choose the method(s) of caring for and washing our vehtoles
in an ocean friendly way. Car washing is a pollution problem because many metals and
automotive fluids are washed off with the soapy water, travel down the gutter collecting more
street pollutants, then enter our storm waler conveyance sysiem and spill into our waterways
and bays.
Residential/Non-Commercial Vehicles: The Municipal Code allows for the washing of
residential vehicles for non-commercial purposes. While washing of your vehicle is altowed,
washing-off pollutants from your vehicle such as paint, oils, sediment, debris and such like
po!lutant(s) is illegal. This is why we encourage that you wash your personal vehtole w/ithout
creating runoff. When washing is done at home, pollution can be minimized by washing the
vehicle on the lawn or over a landscaped area to absorb the liquid and limit runoff from your
property. Or, limil runoff by using a bucket and rag to vrash your car and a control nozzle on
your hose to rinse the car. By actively reducing the amount of waler used you are not only
protecting our ocean, but helping lo conserve water and reducing your waler bill.
Charity Washes: may be conducted as long as lhey are staged in a manner which avoids or
minimizes the discharge of pollutants- soap, sediment, vraler lhat may be contaminated from
automotive fluids and residues. Start by kx^ting all storm drain inlets on, near or downstream
of the wash site and sweeping up all sediment and debris in the area prior to washing the
vehicles. On the day of the event, place sandbags or other blocking devices in front of the inlets
to prevent wash water from entering the storm drain ctxiveyance system. Any remaining
standing wash water is to be swept or wet-vacuumed into a landscaped area or into the sanitary
sewer system. We recommend the site and inlets be swept at the end of the wash event.
illegal Washing Activities: Car dealerships, auto detailers, rental agencies and other
automotive related businesses that wash vehicles for commercial purposes must prevent the
dirty water from entering the slorm waler conveyance sysiem. AH washing activity for
commercial purposes must conlrol, conlain and capture the wash water before it leaves the site
and/or enters a slorm drain or a conveyance system. Failure to do so is illegal.
Washing of all vehicies (residenlial and commercial) lhat carry items or subslances lhat have a
potential to discharge the following pollutants: paint, oils, sedimenl, yard waste, construction
debris, chemicals, hazardous wastes and olher pollulanis—is illegal.
Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego.
For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: www.thinkbluesd.orq (03/05/02)
Automotive Fluids
When it rains or when water flows out of yards or over pavement, it flows directly into storm
drains. Many people mistakenly believe this water gets "cleaned" before reaching waterways.
The sewer system and the storm water conveyance syslems (drains, inlets, and catch basins)
are separate; they are not connected. Sewer water gets treated, but everything that washes
into the storm water conveyance system goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays
and ocean. This causes beach ckisures and postings due to contamination. Releasing
pollutants into the storm water collection system is a vtolalion of the City Muntoipal Code,
(43.0301). Whether you are at home, worK or play there are ways that reskJents and
businesses alike can "Think Blue" and prevent pollutants from reaching our waterways.
Mosf of us don't think of our car as a source of beach pollution— but itis.
The reality is vehtotes are a necessity today, and we don't have a tot of choice about that
However, we can be more environmentally responsible and choose the method(s) of caring for
and repairing our vehicles in a more ocean friendly way.
Many automotive fluids - Motor Oil, Anti-Freeze, Transmission Fluids, De-Greasers,
Solvents and the like are hazardous wastes. They are hazardous to you and me and toxic to
our environment. No one wants to swim in them. So, make sure to prevent them from
entering our storm waler conveyance system.
Automotive Maintenance and Repair: When making repairs or performing minor
mainlenance on your vehicle, make sure you have protected the sidewalk, curb, street and
gutter from repair fluids before beginning work. Identify the nearest stomn drain and take steps
to protecl it from the fluids.
When changing fluids, collect the substance and other automotive materials in seal able
conlainers. Mark the containers. Never mix different substances in one container. Store the
containers in a secure location out of reach of children, animals and oul of contact wnth water.
Where to Take the Pollutants:
Motor oil. Oil fillers, anti-freeze and non-leaking auto batteries are accepted at the City of San
Diego Used Oil and Filters Collection Events. Call (619) 235-2105 for evenl informatton.
For other automotive fluids such as transmission and brake fluids, de-greasers, solvents and
the like, call the City's Household Hazardous Materials Program (619) 235-2111. to make an
appointment to drop-off the pollutants.
Leaking Vehicles: If your vehicle is leaking flukJs, please make repairs as soon as possible. A
short-lenn, immediate solution is to put an oil drip pan with absorbent materials under your
vehk;le wherever it is parked (work, home and other destinations). Until the repair is made, you
musl capture the leak and prevent fluids from reaching Ihe street or gutter where it can be
carried into the storm drain conveyance system and into our waterways and beaches.
Other Fact sheets that may pertain to your activities: Cleaning Impervious Surfaces (High
Pressure Washing); Be A Clean Water Leader: Control, Contain & Capture; Spills; and Car Washing.
Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego.
For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: www.thtnkbluesd.orq (03/05/02)
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Spills & Releases
Stormwater
Toxic Waste
Underground Storage
Tanks
Water
Wells
Water Quality Program
RESIDENTIAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Is Stormwater from my home polluted?
Several activities that you do at your home have the potential to pollute runoff.
Potential pollutants from homes include oil, grease and other petroleum
hydrocarbons, heavy metals, litter and debris, animal wastes, solvents, paint and
masonry wastes, detergents and other cleaning solutions, and pesticides and
fertilizers.
How you manage your home impacts the ocean, even if you live several miles from
the beach. Everything that exits your property will eventually run into the ocean.
The sources of residential pollutants include household toxics, fitter and debris, and
runoff from car washing, pool and spa care, lawn maintenance and on-site domestic
sewage treatment systems.
It is very important to properly manage and dispose of
household toxics to keep your family safe and to
prevent pollutants to runoff. Did you know that oil and
grease from automotive maintenance; paint, masonry
and cleaning wastes from home repairs and
maintenance; pesticides and fertilizers from garden care
are all considered household toxics? Oil and grease
wastes from leaking car engines and maintenance and
repair activities may contain a wide variety of toxic
hydrocarbon compounds and metals at varying
concentrations, and that exposure may be toxic to
aquatic plants and organisms. Other wastes may be
poured into storm drains or pollute runoff from
maintenance activities conducted by homeowners,
including paint and masonry wastes, solvents,
detergents from car wash activities, residues from
carpet cleaning and pool and spa care. Call the
Household Toxics Hotline, for free disposal options
available in your area. Residents in the
unincorporated areas may call 1(877) R-l Earth or
1(877) 713-2784. From all other cities call 1(800)
Clean Up.
Household Toxics
Improper disposal of household toxics into stormwater
ile://T:\Waler7o20Resources\Waier%20Quai)l>'\_Pro)ecls\2236-La%20Mesa%20Autocour1\Counly%20o... 2/2 J/2003
Pesticides and
Fertilizers
can endanger aquatic habitat. For example, using
excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers during
landscape maintenance can contribute nutrients, such
as nitrogen and phosphorus, and toxic organic
substances, such as organophosphates and carbamates,
into stormwater. Toxic materials can damage aquatic
life and nutrients can result in excessive algae growth in
waterways, leading to cloudiness and a reduced level of
dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life. And unionized
ammonia (nitrogen form) can kill fish.
Litter and Debris
Beach Closure sign
It is also important to properly disposal of litter and
debris, including cigarette butts and green waste
(leaves and grass clippings from landscape maintenance
activities). Decaying organic matter reduces the amount
of dissolved oxygen avaiiable to aquatic life. Litter and
debris can plug up storm drains and reduce the
aesthetic quality of the receiving waters
Human pathogens
Human pathogens (bacteria, parasites and viruses) can
also pollute run off! Common sources of human
pathogens are improperly managed pet wastes and on-
site domestic sewage treatment systems. High levels of
coliform bacteria in stormwater, which are used as an
indicator of fecal contamination and the potential
presence of pathogens, may eventually contaminate
waterways and lead to beach closures. Decomposition of
pet wastes discharged to receiving waters also demand
a high level of oxygen, which reduces the amount of
dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life.
You can help control runoff pollution by doing the following:
• Do not dispose of liquids or other materials to the storm drain system
• Report illegal dumping of any substance (liquids, trash, household toxics) to
the County's toll free, 24-hour hotline 1-888-846-0800
• Utilize the County Household Toxics Program for disposal of household toxics.
Residents in the unincorporated areas may call 1(877) R-l Earth or 1
(877) 713-2784. From all other cities call 1(800) Clean Up.
• Keep lawn clippings and other landscaping waste out of gutters and streets by
placing it with trash for collection or by composting it
• Clean up and properly dispose of pet waste. It is best to flush pet waste.
Alternatives to flushing are placing into trash or burying it in your yard (at
least 3-ft deep).
• Observe parking restriction for street sweeping.
• Wash automobiles at car washes or on pervious surfaces (lawns) lo keep
wash water out of the storm drain system.
. Avoid excessive or improper use or disposal of fertilizers, pesticides,
herbicides, fungicides, cleaning solutions, and automotive and paint products.
• Use biodegradable, non-toxic, and less toxic alternative products to the extent
possible.
• Cover garbage containers and keep them in good repair.
• Sweep sidewalks instead of hosing down.
• Water lawn properly to reduce runoff.
ile://T:\Water%20Resources\Water%20Qua!jty\_Prorects\2236-La%20Mesa%20Autocoun\County%20o... 2/2J/2003
bounty of San Uiego - Vv'ater Quality Program - KtiSlUtIN i j AJL t5til> i JviAr^AtjtiMJiiN i rKAV. i icti5 rage^ OT J
If you have questions or would like additional information, call the County
Stormwater hotline at (619) 338-2048 or toll-free 1(888) 846-0800.
Comments/Suggestions? swdutyeh@sdtepuntyx^^^^
\ Ospartmenls & Ssr-i'ises i • ile://T:\Water%20Resources\Water%20Quality\_Pro]ec1s\2236-La%20Mesa%20Autocourt\County%20o... 2/21/2003
Integrated Pest Managenient Principles
January 2003
Pub!.
Title Date
•
•.l.li Bluegrass 9/99
iriicnose rev. 8/99
Anls rcv n/OO
Aphids rev. 5/00
Apple Scab rev. 8/01
Bark Beetles rev. 6/00
Bed Bugs rev. 9/02
Bee and Wasp Stings 2/98
Bermudagrass rev. 9/02
Bordeaux Mixture _ 11/00
Brown Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders 1/00
Califomia Ground Squirrel rev. 1/02
Califomia Oakworm rev. 6/00
Carpenter Ants rev. 11/CX)
Carpenter Bees rev. 1/00
Carpentervvom> 1/03
Carpel Beelles rev. 4/01
Cleanving Moths 6/00
Oill Swallows 11/00
Oothes Moths rev. 12/00
Clovers _ 11/01
Cockroaches 11/99
Codling Moth rev 11/99
Common Knotweed 12/00
Common Purslane 8/99
Conenose Bugs rev. H/02
Cottony Cushion Scale rev 3/00
Crabgrass rev. 9/02
Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda
Buttercup rev. 1/02
Dailisgrass 11/01
j^ttk'hvKi 1/00
^JProry Parasitosis rev. 11/97
Dodder 1/02
Drywood Termites rev 9/02
Earwigs 9/02
Elm Leaf Beetle rev. 11/01
Eucalyptus Longhomed Borers rev. 1/00
Eucalyplus Redgum LerpFsyllid rev ]/03
Eucalyptus Tortoise Beetle 1/03
Field Bindweed 9/99
FireBlight rev. 11/99
Fleas rev 11/00
Flies 2/99
Fruittree Leafroller on Omamental and
Fruit Trees 3/00
Fungus Gnats, Shore Flies, Moth Flies,
and Marrh Flies rev. 8/01
Giant Whitefly 1/02
Glassy-ivinged Sharpshooter 11 /Ol
Grasshoppers 9/02
Green Kyllinga 2/99
Head Lice rev. 8/01
Hobo Spider 4/01
Hoplia Beetle . 9/02
Horsehair Worms 3/00
Publ. J
7464
7420
7411
7404
7413
7421
7454
7449
7453
7481
7468
7438
7422
7416
7417
74105
7436
7477
7482
7435
7490
7467
7412
7484
7461
7455
7410
7456
7444
7491
7469
7443
7496
7440
74102
7403
7425
7460
74104
7462
7414
7419
7457
7448
7400
7492
74103
7459
7446
7488
7499
7471
3
3
4
4
3
4
2
3
4
3
4
5
4
2
2
4
4
6
4
3
3
6
4
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
4
6
2
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
7473 3
Pnbl. Publ. ?
Tille D»le f Pgs.
HouseMouse 11/00 7483 4
Kikuyugrass 2/99 7458 3
Lace Bugs rev. 12/00 7428 2
Lawn Diseases; Prevention and Managemenf ...]/02 7497 8
Lawn Insecls rev. 5/01 7476 6
Leal Curt rev. 12/00 7426 2
Lyme Disease in Califomia 12/00 7485 3
Millipedes and Centipedes 3/00 7472 3
Mistletoe _ rev. 8/01 7437 3
Mosquitoes 2/98 7451 3
Mushrooms and Other Nuisance Fungi
in Lawns 9/02 74100 4
Nematodes 8/01 7489 5
Nutsedge rev. 8/99 7432 4
Oak Pil Scales 3/00 7470 2
Oleander Leaf Scorch 7/00 7480 3
Pantry Pests rev. 9/02 7452 4
Plantains 6/00 7478 3
Pocket Gophers rev. 1 /02 7433 4
PpisonOak rev. 5/01 7431 4
Powdery Mildew on Fruits and Berries 11/01 7494 5
Powdery Mildew on Ornamentals 11 /OI 7493 4
Powdery Mildew on Vegetables rev. 11 /O] 7406 3
Psyllids rev. 5/01 7423 6
Rabbits rev. 1 /02 7447 5
Rats 1/03 74106 8
Redhumped Caterpillar 3/00 7474 2
Red Imported Fire Ant „ 4/01 7487 3
Roses in the Garden and l..andscaf>e:
Cultural Practices and Weed Conlrol 9/99 7465 4
Roses in lhe Garden and Landscaf>e:
Diseases and Abiotic Disorders 9/99 7463 3
Roses in the Garden and Landscap)e:
Insect and Mite Pesls and Benefidals 9/99 7466 4
Russian Thistle 12/00 7486 3
Scales j-ev. 4/01 7408 5
Sequoia Pitch Moth 6/00 7479 4
Silverfish and Firebrals 3/00 7475 4
Snails and Slugs,- rev. 8/99 7427 3
Spider Miles rev. 12/00 7405 3
Spiders _ rev. 5/00 7442 4
Spotted Spurge rev 1/02 7445 4
Sudden Oak Death in California 4 / 02 7498 5
Sycamore Scale rev. 12/00 7409 2
Tennites rev. 5/01 7415 6
Thrips rev. 5/01 7429 6
Voles (Meadow Mire) rev. 1/02 7439 4
Walnut Husk Fly rev. 12/00 7430 2
Weed Management m Landscapes rev. 8/01 7441 6
Whiteflies rev. 9/02 7401 4
Wild Blackberries rev. 4/02 7434 4
Wirxiscorpion 11/01 7495 1
Wood-boring Beetles in Homes rev. 11/00 7418 3
Wood Wasps and Homtails rev. J2/00 7407 2
Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps rev. 8/01 7450 4
Yellow Starthistle rev 2/99 7402 4
PDFs and illustrated versions of these Pesl Notes are available at
htlp;//w-ww ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/scleclnewpesl home.hlml
FOI other ANR publications, go to http://anrcatalog ucdavis edu
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
YELLOWJACKETS AND OTHER
SocML WASPS
Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home
Only a few of the very large numljer of
wasp species in California live a sodal
life; these species are referred to as
social wasps. Some social wasps are
predators for most or all of the year
and provide a great beiwfit by killing
large numbers of planf-feeding insecls
and nuisance flies; otheis are exclu-
sively scavengers. Wasps become a
problem only when lhey threaten to
sting humans. One of the rrwsl trouble-
some of fhe scKial wasps is the yellow-
jacket. Yellowjackets, espedally
ground- and cavity-nesting ones such
as lhe western yellowjacket (Fig. 1),
lend to defend their nests vigorously
when disturbed. r>efensive tiehavior
increases as the season progresses and
colony populalions become larger
while food becomes scarcer In fall,
foraging yellowjackets are primarily
^«yengers and tbey start lo show up
^^Bicnics, barl>ecues, around garbage
^rans, at dishes of dog or cat food
placed outside, and where ripe or over-
ripe fmit are accessible. At certain
limes and places, the nuniber of scav-
enger wasps can be quite large.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
In western states there are two distinct
types of social wasps: yellowjackets
and paper wasps. Yellowfjackets are by
far the most troublesome group. Paper
wasps are much less defensive and
rarely sling humans. They lend to shy
away from human activity except
when their nests are located near
doors, windows, or other high traffic
areas.
Nests of bolh yellowjacket and paper
wasps typicallv are begun in spring by
a single queen \vho overwinters and
becomes aclive when the weather
warms. She emerges in late winter/
early spring lo feed and start a new
nest. From spring to midsummer nesls
are in the growth phase, and the larvae
require large amounts of protein.
Woikers forage mainly for protein at
this time (usually in lhe form of other
insects) and for some sugars. By late
summer, however, the colonies grow
moie slowly or cease growlh and re-
quire large amounts of sugar lo main-
lain the queen and workers. So
foraging wasps are particularly inter-
ested in sweet things al this time.
Normally, yellowjacket and paper
wasp colonies only live one season. In
very mild winters or in coastal Califor-
nia soulh of San Francisco, howevei,
some yellowjacket colonies survive for
several years and become quite large.
YeUowjackets
The term yellowjacket refers lo a num-
tier of different spedes of wasps in Ihe
genera Vespvla and Dolichovespula
(family Vespidae). Included in this
group of ground-nesting species are
the western yelloivjackel, VespvIa
pensylvanica, which is the most com-
monly encountered spedes and is
sometimes called the "meal bee," and
seven other species of Vespula. Vespula
vulgaris is common in rotted free
stumps at higher elevaiions and V
germanica (the German yellowjacket) is
becoming more common in many ur-
ban areas of California, where it fre-
quently nests in houses. These wasps
tend lo t>e medium sized and black
with jagged bands of bright yellow (or
white in the case of tfie aerial-nesting
Figure 1. Western yellowjacket.
Dotichovespula I=Vespula} maculata) on
the atxiomen, and have a very short,
narrow waisl (the area where lhe tho-
rax attaches lo the abdomen).
Nests are commonly built in rodent
burrows, bul olher protected cavities,
like voids in walls and ceilings of
houses, sometimes are selected as nest-
ing sites. Colonies, which are begun
each spring by a single leproductive
female, can reach populalions of be-
tween 1,500 and 15,000 individuals,
depending on Ihe spedes. TTie wasps
build a nest of paper made from fibers
scraped from wocxi mixed wilh saliva,
ll is buill as multiple tiers of vertical
ceils, similar lo nesls of paper wasps,
but enclosed by a paper envelope
around lhe oulside that usually con-
tains a single entrance hole (Fig. 2). If
the rodeni hole is not spadous
enough, yellowjackets will increase the
size by moistening the soil and dig-
ging. Similar behavior inside a house
PEST NQTES Publication 7450
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
Figure 2. Yellowjatkel nesl in spring
(lop), summer (cenlei), and early fall
Ibollom).
sometimes leads lo a wet patch lhat
velops into a hole in a wall or
Bng
Immature yellowjackets are white,
grublike larvae lhat become white pu-
pae. Tfie pupae develop adult coloring
just f>efore they emeige as adult wasps
Immatuies are not normally seen un-
less the nesl is torn open or a sudden
loss of adull caretakers leads lo an
exodus of starving larvae.
Aerial-nesting yellowjackets, Dolicho-
vesputa arenaria and D. maculata, build
paper nests that are atlached lo the
eaves of a building or are hanging from
the limb of a tree. The entrance is nor-
mally a hole at the bottom of the nest.
These aerial neslers do not become
scavengers at the end of lhe season, bul
they are extremely defensive when
their nests are disturbed. Defending D.
arenaria sometimes bile and/or sling,
simultaneously. Wasp stingers have no
baibs and can be used repeatedly, es-
pecially when the wasp gets inside
clothing. As with any stinging incident,
it is best to leave lhe area of the nesl
sile as quickly as possible if wasps start
stinging.
Paper Wasps
Paper wasps such as Polistes fuscalus
aurifer, P. apachus, and P. dominulus are
large (1 inch long), slender wasps with
long legs and a distinct, slender waist
(Fig. 3). Background colors vary, bul
mosl western sp>ecies lend to t>e golden
brown, or darker, with large patches of
yellow or red. Preferring lo live in or
near orchards or vineyards, they hang
their paper nests in protected areas,
such as under eaves, in allies, or under
tree branches or vines. Each nest hangs
like an open umbrella from a pedicel
(stalk) and has open cells that can l>e
seen from f>enealh the nesl (Fig. 4).
White, legless, grublike larvae some-
times can be seen from below. Paper
wasp nests rarely exceed the size of an
outstretched hand and populations
vary between 15 lo 200 individuals.
Mosl species are relatively unaggres-
sive, but they can be a problem when
lhey nesl over doorways or in other
areas of human activity, such as fruit
trees.
Mud Daubers
Mud daubers are black and yellow,
ihread-waisted, solitary wasps that
build a hard mud nesl, usually on ceil-
ings and walls, attended by a single
female wasp. They belong lo the family
Spheddae and are not social wasps bul
may be confused with them. They do
nol defend their nests and rarely sting.
During winler, you can safely remove
Ihe nests without spraying,
INJURY OR DAMAGE
Concern aboul yellowjackets is based
on their persistent, pugnadous behav-
ior around food sources and their ag-
gressive colony defense. Stinging
behavior is usually encountered at
nesting sites, but scavenging
yellowjackets sometimes will sting if
someone tries to swat them away from
a potential food source. When scaveng-
ing al picnics or other outdoor meals.
Figure 3. Paper wasp.
Figure 4. Paper wasp nesl.
wasps will crawl into soda cans and
cause stings on tfie lips, or inside the
moulh or throat.
Responses lo wasp slings vary from
only short-term, intense sensations lo
sutistantial swelling and tenderness,
some itching, or life-threatening aller-
gic responses. All these reactions are
discussed in detail in Pfsl Notes: Bee
and Wasp Stings (sec "References"). Of
spedfic concem is a condition lhal
resulls from mulliple-sting encounters,
sometimes unfamiliar to attending
health professionals, lhat is induced by
the volume of foreign protein injected
and the tissue damage caused by de-
structive enzymes in wasp venom. Red
blcx)d cells and other tissues in the
body become damaged; tissue debris
and other breakdown products are
carried to the kidneys, to be eliminated
from the body. Too much debris and
wasle producis can cause blockages in
the kidneys, resulting in renal insuffi-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
m
^Ven
tcy or renal failure Patients in this
ition require medical intervention,
^n dialysis.
MANAGEMENT
Most social wasps provide an ex-
tremely bienefidal service by eliminat-
ing large numl>ers of olher pesl insects
through predation and should be pro-
tected and encouraged lo nest in areas
of litlle human or animal activity. Al-
lhough many animals prey on sodal
wasps (including birds, reptiles, am-
phibians, skunks, blears, raccoons, spi-
ders, preying mantids, and bald-faced
hornets), none provides satisfactory
biological control in home situations.
The besl way to prevent unpleasant
encounlers wilh sodal wasps is to
avoid them. If you know where they
are, try not lo go near their nesting
places. Wasps can f>ecome very defen-
sive when their nest is distuibed. Be on
the lookoul for nests when outdoors.
Wasps that are flying directly in and
out of a single location are probably
flying to and from their nest
Scavenging wasps will not usually
|me a problem if there is no food
Bnd to attract them. When nuisance
wasps are present in lhe ouldoor envi-
ronment, keep foods (including pel
fcKxl) and drinks coveied or inside the
house and keep garbage in lightly
sealed garbage cans. Once food is dis-
covered by wasps, they will continue
to hunt around lhat location long after
the source has been removed.
If wasp nesls must be eliminated, il is
easiest and safest to call for profes-
sional help. In some areas of Califomia,
personnel from a local Mosquito and
Vector Control Districi may be avail-
able to remove nests. To determine if
this service is available in your area,
call Ihe Califomia Mosquito and Vector
Conlrol Associaiion al (916) 440-0826.
If a rapid solution to a severe yellow-
jacket problem is essential, seek the
assislance of a professiona! pesl conlrol
operator who can use microencapsu-
lated baits lo control these pesls Do-
it-yourself options include tiapping
wasps in a baited trap designed for
thai purpose, eaily-season lemoval of
nests, or spraying the nest or nesting
site wilh an insecticide labeled for lhat
use.
Trapping Wasps
Trapping wasps is an ongoing effort
lhat needs to be initiated in spring and
continued into summer and fall, espe-
dally when the yellowjacket popula-
tion was large the previous year. In
spring there is a 30- to 45-day period
when new queens firsl emerge before
they buiJd nesls. Trapping queens dur-
ing this period has the poieniial lo
provide an overall reduction in the
yellowjacket p>opu)alion for lhe season,
and a study is currenlly underway lo
test this theory in some Califomia Mos-
quito and Vector Control districts (see
"Online References"). The more traps
put out in spring on an area-wide basis
to Irap queens, the grealer the likeli-
fiocxf of reducing nesls later in the
summer. Usually one Irap per acre is
adequate in spring for depletion trap-
ping of queens; in fall, more Iraps may
L>e necessaiy to trap scavenging wasps,
depending on lhe size of the popula-
tion. There aie two types of wasp
liaps: luie and water traps.
Lure Traps. Lure Iraps are available for
purchase al many retail stoies lhat sell
pesl control supplies and aie easiest to
use. Tbey woik besl as queen liaps in
late wintei and spiing. In summei and
fall they may assist in leducing local-
ized foraging woikers, but they do nol
eliminate laige populations. Luie liaps
conlain a chemical that attracts yellow-
jackets into the traps, but common
lures such as heplyl butyrate are not
equally attractive lo all species. Pro-
teins such as lunchmeat can be added
as an attiactant and aie believed to
impiove catches
Duiing spring, baited luie liaps should
have the chemical bail changed every 6
to 8 weeks. In summei, change the bait
eveiy 2 to 4 weeks; change bail more
frequently when tempeialuies are
high. Meals musl be replaced more
frequently because yellowjackets are
not attracted fo rotting meat. Also,
periodically check the trap to remove
trapped yellowjackets and make sure
workers are still attracted lo the trap.
Waler Traps. Waler traps are generally
homemade and consist of a 5-gallon
bucket, string, and prolein bait (turkey
ham, fish, or liver works well; do nol
use cal food because it may repel the
yellowjackets after a few days). The
bucket is filled with soapy waler and
the protein bail is suspended 1 lo 2
inches above lhe waler. (The use of a
•wide mesh screen over the bucket will
help prevent other animals from reach-
ing and consuming the bait.) After lhe
yellowjacket removes lhe protein, il
flies down and becomes trapped in lhe
water and drowns. Like the lure Irap,
ihese traps also work besl as queen
traps in late winler to early spring. In
summer and fall lhey may assist in
reducing localized foraging workers
but usually nol to acceptable levels.
Place them away from patio or picnic
areas so wasps aren't attracted to your
food as well.
Discouraging or
Eliminating Nests
Early in the season, knocking down
newly started paper wasp nests will
simply cause the founding female to go
elsewhere to start again or to join a
neighboring nest as a worker. As there
is little activity around wasp nesls
when they are first starting, they are
very hard lo find. Wasps are more
likely to be noticed later afler nesls and
populalions grow. Nesl removal for
controlling sublerranean or cavity-
dwelling yellowjackets is not practical
because the nesls are underground or
olherwise inaccessible.
Nest Sprays
Aerosol formulations of insecticides on
the market labeled for use on wasp and
fiornet nests can l>e effective against
both yellowjackets and paper wasps,
bul lhey must be used with extreme
caution. Wasps will attack applicators
when sensing a poison applied to their
nests, and even lhe freeze-type prod-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
ucls are nol guaranteed lo slop all
kasps lhal come flying oul. ll is pru-
lent to wear protective clothing that
covers the whole body, including
gloves and a veil over the face. In addi-
tion, you need to wear protective
eyewear and other clothing lo protecl
yourself from pesticide hazards. Wasps
are most likely lo he in the nest al
nighl. But even after dark and using
formulations thai shoot an insectidde
slream up to 20 feel, slinging inddents
are likely. Underground nesls can be
quite a distance from the visible en-
tiance and lhe spray may not get back
far enough lo hit the wasps. Partially
intoxicated, agitated wasps aie likely
lo be encounteied al some distance
from the nest entrance, even on lhe day
following an insecticidal treatment-
Hiring a pesl control professional will
reduce risks lo you and your family; in
some areas of Calilornia, this service
may be available through your local
Mosquito and Vector Control District,
REFERENCES
Akre, R. D„ A. Green, J. F. MacDonald,
P. J. Landolt, and H. G, Davis, 1981,
The Yellowjackets of America North of
Mexzro. USDA Agric. Handbook No,
552, 102 pp-
Ebeling, W. 1975, Urban Entomology.
Oakland: Univ. Calif Agric. Nal. Sd,
Mussen, E. Feb 1998, Ffsf Notes: Bee and
Wasp Stings. Oakland: Univ, Cabf,
Agric- Nal. Res. Publ. 7449, Also avail-
able online al www-ipm ucdavis.edu/
PMG/seIecfnewpesl-home,hlml
Online References
California Mosquito and Vector Control
Web site (www sac-yoIomvcd.com) for
information on yellowjacket control
For more information contact Ihe University
of Califomia Cooperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addiesses and
phone numbers.
JTHOR- E. Mussen
^TOR; B. Otilendocf
:HNICAL EDITOR: M. L, Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Brush
ILLUSTFV^TIONS: Fig, 1; Courtesy ol U S.
f^jblic Health Service; Fig. 2: A, L. Anlonel-
li. Modified after Washington State Univefsi-
ty Bulletin EB 0643. yellowjackets and
Paper Wasps. Figs 3 and 4: D. Kk)d.
Produced by IPM Education and Publica-
lions. UC statewide IPM Project. University
of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (hltp://yvww,ip<n.ucdavis.edu)
This pubrication has been anonymously p«eer
reviewed (or technical accuracy by University of
California scientists and olher qualified piofes-
sionals. This review process was managed by the
ANR Associale Ediloi lor Pest Management
To simplify information, trade names of ptoducis
have been used. No endorsemenl of named products
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
lhat are nol mentioned.
Tbis malerial is parlially based upon woiK
supported by Ihe Extension Serv ice. U.S. Depart menl
of Agriculture, under special projed Secbon 3(d),
Inlegraled Pest Management
WAffNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Peslicides arc poisonous. Always read and carefuNy follow sll precautions and salely recommendations
given on lhe container label. Store aH chemicals in the oiiginal labeled containers "m a locked cabinet or shed,
away horn food or feeds, and out of the reach of diitdien. unauthorized persons, pets, and RvestocJc
Connne chemicats lo the property being treated. Avoid drift onto ne'ighbof'ng properties, especially
gardens containing fruits o* vegetables ready lo tie picked.
Do nol ptece containefs containing pesticide in the Irash nor pour pesticides down sink or loilel. Either
use lhe pesticide accorifing to Ihe label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
CoHection srte, Contacl your county agricullttral commissioner for additional information on safe ctxitainer
disposal and (or Ihe location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers tiy following labeldiiections. Never reuse or burn Ibe containeis or dispose ol Ihem in sucb
a manner that lhey rr^ay contaminate water supplies or nalural waterways.
Tbe University of Califomia prohibils discriirenation against or harassment ol any peison employed by or
seeking emptoyment vnith the Univeisity on Ihe basis of race, color, nalional origin, letgion. sex. physical
or rnenlal disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age. sexual orientaiion, citizenship, oi status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-eia
veteran, oc any olher veteran who served on active doty during a »«r or in a campaign oi expedition for wtiich
a campaign badge has been authorized). Univeisity policy is intended to be consistent whh Ihe provisions
of applicable Slate and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding Ihe University's nondiscriminalion policies may be
dii ected lo the Aifnmalive AdiorVSIall Personnel Services Director, Univeisity ol Califoi nia, Agriculture and
Natoial Resouices. 300 Lakeside Di.. OaUand. CA 9461?-3350: (510) 987-0096.
• 4 •
WHITEFLIES
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Professional Landscapers
Whiteflies are tiny, sap-sucking insecls
lhal aie (lequently abundant in veg-
etable and ornamental plantings- They
excrete sticky honeydew and cause
yellowing or death of leaves- Oul-
breaks often occur when the natural
biological control is disrupted- Man-
agemenl is difficult-
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
Whiteflies usually occur in groups on
the undeisides of leaves- They derive
Iheir name from lhe mealy, while wax
covering the adult's wings and bcxly.
Adults aie liny insects with yellowish
bodies and whitish wingS- Although
adults of some species have distinctive
wing maikings, many spedes are mosl
readily distinguished in the last
nymphal (immature) stage, which is
wingless (Table 1).
WTiiteflies develop lapidly in warm
Slher, and populations can build up
Wckiy in situations where nalural
enemies aie deslioyed and wealher is
favoiable. Mosl whiteflies, espedally
the most common pest species—green-
house whitefly {Trialeurodes
vaporariorum) and silverleaf or
sweetpolalo whiteflies (Bemisia spe-
cies)—have a wide host range lhat
includes many weeds and crofis- In
many parts of Califomia, they bieed all
yeai, moving from one host to anolhei
as plants aie harvested or dry up.
V\^iteflies normally lay iheir tiny, ob-
long eggs on the undersides of leaves.
The eggs hatch, and the young white-
flies gradually increase in size through
four nymphal stages called inslais (Fig-
1)- The firsl nymphal slage (ciawlei) is
eggs
cravter
second
"instar
o-V nymph
fourth
inslai
nymph Qy
thinJ instar nymph
Figure 1, Greenhouse whitefly life cycle.
barely visible even with a hand lens,
The crawlers move aiound for several
houis, ihen settle and remain immo-
bile- Later nymphal stages are oval and
flattened like small scale insects- The
legs and antennae are greatly reduced,
and older nymphs do nol move. The
ivinged adult emerges from lhe last
nymphal slage (for convenience some-
limes called a pupa). All stages feed by
sucking planl juices from leaves and
excreting excess liquid as drops of
honeydew as they feed.
Table 1 lists common whiteflies in Cali-
fomia gardens and landscapes,
DAMAGE
Whiteflies suck phloem sap. Large
populalions can cause leaves lo lum
yellow, appear dry, or fall off planls,
Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honey-
dew, so leaves may be sticky or cov-
ered with black sooly mold. The
honeydew attracts ants, which inter-
fere wilh the aclivilies of natural en-
emies lhal may conlrol whiteflies and
other pests.
Feeding by tbe immature silverleaf
whitefly, Bemisia orgenlifolii, can cause
plant dislortion, discoloration, or sil-
vering of leaves and may cause serious
NOT Publication 7401
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Reviseci September 2002
September 2002 Whiteflies
Table 1, Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Whiteflies.
\st\ whitefly
\Siphoninus phillyreae)
Banctedwingcd vnhitefly
(Trialeurodes atxjtHonea)
Citrus wtiitelly
(Dialeurodes c'rtri)
HosI plants: many broadleaved trees and stwubs
including ash, cilrus. Bradford peai and other
flowering fruit trees, pomegranate, redbud. toyon
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs have a very tfiick
band of wax down the back and a fringe of tiny tubes,
each v/ilh a liquid droplet at the end, Adotts are white-
Host plants: very broad including cotton, cucurbits,
olher vegetables
Characteristics: Fourlh-inslai nymphs have short, waxy
filaments around their edges. Adulls have brownish bands
across tfie wings, and their body is gray.
Host plants: citrus, garctenia, ash. ficus, pomegranate
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs bave no fringe
around their ecJges but have a distinctive Y-shape on then
backs. Adulls are while-
Crown whitefly
(Aleuroplatus coronata)
Host ptanls: oak, chestnut
Characteristics; Fouilh-inslar nymphs aie black wilh
large amounts of white wax ananged in a crownlike
pattern. Adulls aie wtiite-
lianl while By
(Aleurodicus dugesii)
HosI planis: begonia, hibiscus, giant bird ol paradise,
orchid tiee. banana, mulbeiry, vegetables, and
many ornamentals; currently only in Southern
Califomia
Characteristics: Adults are up lo 0,19 inch king. They
leave spirals of wax on leaves. Nympfis have long
filaments of wax thai can tie up lo 2 inches long and give
teaves a bearded appearance. For more informaiion. see
Pest Notes: Giant Wfyileffy. tisted in References-
Greenhouse whitefly Host plants: very broad including most vegetables and
{Trialeurodes vaporariorum) heibaceous ornamentals
11 // Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have very long
waxy filaments and a marginal Iringe Adults have white
wings and a yelkiw surface or substrate-
liis wNtefly
(Ateyrodes spiraeoides)
Host plants: iris, gfadiolus, many vegetables, cotton and
otfier herbaceous plants
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs have no fringe or
waxy filaments but are locaied near distinctive circles of
wax where egg laying took place Adults bave a dot on
each wing and are guile waxy
Continued on nexl page
losses in some vegetable crops. Some
whiteflies transmit viruses lo certain
vegetable crops. With the notable ex-
ception of lhe citrus whitefly, white-
flies are nol normally a problem in
fruit trees, bul several whiteflies can be
pioblems on ornamental tiees (see
Table J). Low levels of whiteflies aie
nol usually damaging. Adults by them-
selves will nol cause significant dam-
age unless lhey are transmitting a planl
pathogen. Generally, plant losses do
not occur unless there is a significant
population of whitefly nymphs.
MANAGEMENT
Management of heavy whitefly infesta-
tions is very difficult. Whileflies are
nol well controlled wilh any available
insecliddes- The besl strategy is to
prevent problems from developing in
your garden lo the extent piossible- In
many situations, natural enemies will
provide adequate conlrol of whiteflies;
outbreaks may cxrcur if natural enemies
thai piovide biological contiol of
whileflies are disrupted by insectidde
applications, dusly conditions, or inter-
ference by antS- Avoid or remove
plants that repeatedly host high popu-
lations of whiteflies. In gardens, white-
fly populations in the early stages of
population developmenl can be held
down by a vigilant program of remov-
ing infested leaves, vacuuming adults,
or hosing down (syringing) wilh waler
sprays. Aluminum foil or reflective
mulches can repel whiteflies from veg-
etable gardens and sticky traps can he
used to monitor or, al high levels, re-
duce whitefly numbers. If you choose
lo use insecticides, insectiddal soaps or
oils such as neem oil may reduce bul
not eliminale populations
Biological Corttrol
Whiteflies have many natural enemies,
and outbreaks frequently occur when
these natural enemies have been dis-
luibed oi destroved by pesficides, dust
buildup, or other factors- General
piedatois include lacewings, bigeyed
bugs, and minute pirate bugs, Seveial
small lady beetles including
Clitostethus arcuatus (on ash whitefly)
and scale piedalors such as Scymnus or
Chtlocorus species, and the Asian multi-
Sepiember 2002 Whiteflies
7aWe 1. continued Major Economic Hosts of Some Comrrton Whiteflies
Mutbeny whitefly
{Tetraleurodes mori)
Host plants: cilrus, other trees
Characteristics: Nymphs have blackish, oval botJies
with white, waxy fringe,
Silverleaf and sweetpolalo
whiteflies (Bemisia
argentifolii and B. /abaci)
Host plants: very broad including many herbaceous and
some wocxfy plants such as cotton, cucurbits, tomatoes,
peppeis. lanlana. cole crops, and hibiscus
Characterislics: Fourth-instar nymphs have no waxy
filaments or marginal fringe. Adults have white viings and
yellow liody; they hold their wmgs slightly lilted lo surtace
Of substrate.
Woolly whitefly
(Aleurothrixus floccosus)
Host plants: citius. eugenia
Characterislics: Nymphs are covered with fluffy, waxy
filaments.
Figure 2. Look al emply nymphal cases
to detect parasitism: a heallhy adult
whitefly emerged from Ihe T-shaped
hole in Ihe maluie nymph on the left,
kereas an adult parasite emerged from
'round hole on the right.
colored lady bieetle, Harmonia axyridis,
feed on whiteflies Whileflies have a
number of naturally occurring para-
sites thaf can be very important in con-
liolling some species. Encarsia spp.
parasiles are commerdally available
for release in greenhouse situations;
however, they are not generally recom-
mended foi outdoor use because lhey
are nol well adapted for survival in
temperate zones. An exception is the
use of parasite releases for baybeiiy
whitefly in cilrus in southern Califor-
nia, You can evaluate the degree of
natural parasitization in your plants by
checking empty whitefly pupal cases
Those that weie paiasitized will have
lound OI oval exit holes and those fiom
which a heallhy adull whitefly
emeiged will have a T-shaped exit hole
(Fig 2)- Whitefly nymphs can some-
times be checked (or paiasitizalion
befoie emeigence by noting a darken-
ing in iheir color However, some
whitefly parasiles do nol lum hosts
black and many whitefly nymphs lhal
CKCur on omamenlals are black in their
unparasitized stale-
Avoiding lhe use of insecliddes that
kill natural enemies is a very important
aspect of whitefly managemenl. Prod-
ucts conlaining carbaryl, pyrelhioids,
diazinon or foliar sprays of imidaclo-
prid can be particularly disruptive-
Control of dust and ants, which prolecl
whiteflies from iheir natural enemies,
can also be imporlani, espedally in
dlrus or olher liees-
Removal
Hand-iemoval of leaves heavily in-
fested wilh the nonmobile nymphal
and pupal stages may leduce popula-
tions lo levels lhat naluial enemies can
conlain. Waler sprays (syringing) may
also be useful in dislodging adullS-
A small, hand-held, battery-operated
vacuum cleaner has also been recom-
mended for vacuuming adults off
leaves. Vacuum in tfie eaily morning
or olher times when il is cool and
whileflies are sluggish- Kill vacuumed
insecls by pladng the vacuum bag in a
plastic bag and freezing it overnight.
Contents may be disposed of the nexl
day-
Mulches
Aluminum foil or reflective plaslic
mulches can repel whiteflies, especially
away from small plants Aluminum-
coated construciion paper is available
in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum
Company- Allematively, you can spray
clear plastic mulch with silver paint-
Reflective plastic mulches are also
available in many garden stores.
To put a mulch in your garden, firsl
remove all weeds. Place the mulch on
lhe planl beds and bury the edges wilh
soil to hold them down. Afler lhe
mulch is in place, cul 3- lo 4-inch diam-
eler holes and plant several seeds or
single transplants in each one. You
may furrow irrigate or sprinkle your
beds if you use aluminum-coafed con-
struction papier or olher porous mulch;
the mulch is sturdy enough lo tolerate
sprinkling- Plastic mulches will require
drip irrigalion. In addition lo repelling
whileflies, aphids, and leafhoppers, the
mulch will enhance crop growlh and
control weeds. Mulches have been
shown to deter the tiansmission of
viruses in commerrial vegetable crops.
When summertime temperatures get
high, however, remove mulches to
prevent overheating plants,
Traps
In vegetable gardens, yellow sticky
Iraps can be piosled aiound the gaiden
lo trap adults- Such Iraps won't elimi-
nate damaging populations bul may
reduce them somewhat as a compo-
nent of an inlegiated managemenl
program reiying on multiple taclics-
Whiteflies do not fly veiy far, so many
liaps may tie needed- You may need as
many as one tiap for every two large
planis, with the sticky yellow pail of
the trap level with the whitefly infesta-
tion- Place Iraps so the sticky side faces
plants but is out of diiect sunlighl-
Commerdal Iraps are commonly avail-
able, or you can make traps out of
J/i-inch plywood or masonite board,
painted bright yellow and mounted on
poinled wooden stakes that can l>e
driven into the soil close to the planis
lhat are lo hie protected- Allhough com-
meidally available slicky substrates
such as Stickem or Tanglefoot are com-
monlv used as coatings for the traps,
you might want to trv to m.ike your
September 2002 Whiteflies
ow wn adhesive fiom one-pait petroleum
y OI mineial oil and one-pail
usehold deteigeni- This malerial can
t>e cleaned off boards easily with soap
and water, whereas a commercial sol-
vent musl be used lo remove the olher
adhesives- Periodic cleaning is essen-
tial to remove insecls and debris from
the boards and maintain lhe sticky
surface.
Insecticide Sprays
Insectiddes have only a limited effect
on whiteflies. Most kill only those
whiteflies lhat come in direct contact
wifh them. For particularly trouble-
some situations, try insectiddal soap or
an insectiddal oil such as neem oil or
narrow-range oil. Because these prod-
ucis only kill whitefly nymphs lhal are
directly sprayed, plants musl be thor-
oughly covered with the spray solu-
lion. Be sure lo cover undersides of all
infested leaves; usually these are the
lowest leaves and ifie most difficult to
reach- Use soaps when planis are nol
drought-stressed and when tempera-
tures are under 80°F to prevent pos-
sible damage to plants- Avoid using
olher peslicides to conlrol whiteflies;
not only do mosl of ihem kill natural
enemies, whiteflies quickly build up
resistance lo ihem, and mosl are not
very effective in garden situalions-
REFERENCES
Bellows, T, S-, J. N, Kabashima, and
K. Robb, Jan, 2002, Pest Notes: GianI
Whitefly. Oakland; Univ, Calif, Agric.
Nal, Res, Publ, 7400. Also available
online at http;/ / www.ipm ucdavis.
edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7400 html
FlinI, M. L, 1998, Pesls of Ihe Garden and
SmaU Farm. 2nd ed, Oakland: Univ.
Calif, Agric, Nat Res, Publ, 3332.
For more intoimation contacl the University
of California Cooperafive Extension or agri-
culturat commissioner's office in your county.
See yout phone book for adcJresses and
e numbers
Tf JTHOR: M. L.FRnt
EDITOR: B. Ohlendod
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M- Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: fiom M- L. FHnt- July
1995 Whiteflies in Califomia: a Resource for
Cooperative Exiension. UC IPM Publ. 19.
Giant whiteBy in Table 2 by D. H. Heodiick-
Produced by IPM Education and Pulilica-
tions, UC Statewide 1PM Piogiam. Univeisity
of Calilornia. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is avaitable on the World
Wide Web (bltp://yinivw.ipm.ucdavis.cdu)
n
This publication has been 3r>or>ynx>us(y peer fe-
viewed fo* technical accuracy by University ot Cali-
fornia scientists arnj other quatifted pfofessionals.
This review process was managed by the ANR As-
sociate Editor lot Pest Man^^fneri^.
To simf>li*y inlofmation. trade names of products
have been osed. No endorsementof named products
is interxJed, nor is crit icism implied of similar products
that are not mentioned.
This material is partially based upon worV supported
by Ibe Ejitension Service. U.S. Department of
Agriculiure. under special pto)ect Section 3(d).
Integrated Pest Management.
WARNING OW THE USE OF CHEMICALS
PesticicJes are poisonous. Ahvays read aod carefuffy foBow aH pfccautions and safety recommer>dations
g'rven on the container lat>el. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,
away from food or feeds, aod out of tf»e reach of children, unauthorized persor>s, pels, and Rvestock.
Confir»e chenrwcals lo the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboririg properties, especially
gardens containing fniits or vegetables ready lo be picked.
Do rx>f place cont^ners containing pesticide rn Ihe trash nor pour pesticides down sink or LijiteV Either
use the pesticide according to the label or lake urrwaoted p>esticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
Coffeclion site. Contact yoor county agricultural commissioner for adcftttonal ir>formation on safe container
disposal and for the location of (he Household Hazardous Wasle Coftection sile nearest you Dispose ol
err>ptycor»taif>efsby loWowir»g l^>el dir ections. Never reuse or bum the conlainers or dispose ot Ihem ?nsuch
3 manner that they may contamir^e wster sup>plies or natural waterways.
The University of CalHornia prohibils discriminalion againsl or harassrT*ent of any person employed by or
seeking emptoyment with the LWversfty on the basis of race, color, nattonal origin, reBgion, sex, physical
Of mental disability, metficaf condition (car>cer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabterf veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran wt>o served on active duty during a war or in a can>paign or expedition lor v/hich
a campaign badge has been authorized). Urwversity poTtcy is intended lo be corvsistenl with the provisions
of apf>ic3ble Stale aod Federal laws. Inquiries regarcfing the University's norKfiscrimination polic tez may be
directed lo the AfTirfTvatfve Action/Staff Persorw>el Services Diiector, University of Califorrua. Ag'*cu'iu!C and
Natural Resources, 300 lakeside Dr . Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096.
• 4 •
WEED MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPES
Integrated Pest Management for Landscape Professionals
and Home Gardeners
Weed managemenl in landscape
plantings is often made difficult by the
complexity of many plantings: usually
more than one species is planted in the
landscaped area and Ihere is a mix of
annual and perennial ornamentals. The
great variety of ornamental spedes,
soil types, slopes, and mulches creales
lhe need for a vaiiety ol weed manage-
ment opiions. There are also consider-
ations regarding public concem about
the use of chemicals to control weeds.
The choice of a specific weed manage-
menl program depends on Ihe weeds
preseni and lhe lypes of turf oi oma-
menlals planted in the aiea- Because of
fhe many vaiiables, weeds in land-
scape plantings are conliolled by a
combination of nonchemical and
chemical methods
t landscape plantings include
fgiass, bedding planis, heibaceous
perennials, shrubs, and liees- Informa-
tion on integrated pesl management
for turfgrass can be found in UC JPM
Pest Managemenl Guidelines: Turfgrass
(see "References")- Use this publication
as a praciical review and guide to
weed management options suited to
general types of landscape plantings.
WEED MANAGEMENT
BEFORE PLANTING
An integrated approach, utilizing sev-
eral opiions, is the mosl economical
and effective means of controlling
weeds. Begin your weed management
plan for landscapes before planting by
following these five basic steps:
1- Site assessment. Before soil prepara-
tion and when the weeds are visible,
evaluate the soiL mulch, and slope of
the site. Identify the weed spedes in
the area, with particular emphasis on
perennial weeds- The best time lo
look for winler annual weeds is mid-
lo late winler; perennials and sum-
mer annuals are easiest lo identify in
mid- lo late summer-
2- SiTf preparation. The mosl often over-
looked aspect of a landscape mainle-
nance program is sile preparation.
Control exisling weeds, espedally
perennials, before any grading and
developmenl are started- Glyphosate
(Roundup, etc ) can be used to kill
existing annual and perennial weeds-
Freplanl treatment wilh fumigants
(available lo licensed pestidde appli-
cators only) or sod solarization can
t>e used if time allows; however, 6
weeks are lequiied for solarization
lo work and il is most effective when
done during the time of highest sun
radiation—from June to August in
California-
3- Define Ihe lype of planting. There are
more weed control options if the
planting consists entirely of woody
planis as opposed lo herbaceous
annuals or perennial plants, or a
mixture of all ihree-
4- Don'f introduce weeds. Weeds are
sometimes introduced in thie soil
brought to the landscape site either
when amending the soil or in the
polling mix of transplanls
5- Encourage rapid establishment of de-
sired plants. Use fhe biest manage-
menl practices to get the plants
established as quickly as possible so
that they become competitive with
weeds and more tolerant of herbi-
cides applied to the site. Hand-
weeding and keeping weeds from
producing seeds in the landscape
will greatly reduce overall weed
populalions,
WEED MANAGEMENT
AFTER PLANTING
when developing a weed management
plan for an exisling planling or afler an
inslallalion is in place, consider the
lypes of planis preseni and the weeds
preseni and iheir life cycles (annual,
biennial, peiennial) (Table 1).
TABLE 1- Common Weeds "m
Larxiscape Plantings.
Annuals
annual bluegrass
clover (black mecfic and burdovei)
common gioundsel +
aatigrass (large and smooth) +
little mallow (cheeseweed)
pigweed (redroot and prostrate)
prickly lettuce
purslane
sowthistle
spurge (prostrate and creeping) +
wHd barley
wikJ oat
Biennials
bristly oxtongue +
Perennials
beimudagrass +
creeping woodsorrel *•
dandelion
field bindweed -»
kikuyugrass
nutsedge (yellow and purple) •
oxalis (creeping wcxxfsoirel and
Bermuda buttercup)
+ especially tioublesome
EST MQTES Publication 7441
University of California
Agriculture and Nalural Resources Revised August 2001
August 2001 Weed Managemenl in Landscapes
/eed conlrol opiions m the landscape
Triude hand-weeding and cultivation,
lowing, mulching, hot water treat-
ments, and chemical control- All of
these methods are used al one time or
another in landscape maintenance oj>-
erations (Table 2). Alter elimination by
hand-pulling, cultivation, or a post-
emergent fwrbiride application, lhe
subsequeni growth of annual weeds
can tie discouraged with mulches and/
or preemergent herbicides.
Cultivation and Hand-weeding
Cultivation (hoeing) and hand-
weeding selectively remove weeds
from omamenlal plantings. These
methods are time-consuming, expen-
sive, and must be lepeated frequently
until the plantings become eslablished,
Cullivalion can damage omamenlals
wilh shallow rools, bring weed seeds
lo the soil surface, and propagate pe-
rennial weeds. When cullivating, avoid
deep tilling, as this brings buried weed
seeds to the soil suiface wheie they are
more likely lo germinate- Peiennial
weeds aie oflen spiead by cullivalion
and should be conlrolled or removed
by other methods.
Frequent hand-removal of iveeds when
they are small and have nol yet sel
seed will lapidly leduce the numtier of
annual weeds. If weeds aie scattered at
a site, hand-weeding may be lhe pre-
ferred managemenf melFiod. Hand-
TABLE 2. How to Manage Weeds in Five Types of Landscape Plantings.
Type of plantir>g and commertis
Woody Trees and Sfirub Beds, Densely shaded plantings
redut:e weeds PreplanI weed conttol is nol as crilical as in ottier
types of plantings. It is often necessary lo combine trealments for
complete weed control.
Woody Ground Cover Beds. Wcxidy gtound covers should
exclude most weeds; however, weed encroachment during
eslaWisbmenl is likely
Annual Flower Beds. A closed canopy will help shade out many
weeds. Periodic cultivations (at 3- to 4-week intervals arxJ
between display lolations) wiH suppress many weeds.
Herbaceous Perennial Beds. Weed managemenl opiions in
herbaceous perennial beds are similar lo tfiose for annual
flowers, except (1) il is more imporiant to eradicate perennial
weeds as there wiB be no opportunity to cullivate or renovate the
bed for several years; and (2) fewer species are included oo
herbicide labels-
Mixed F^antings of Woody and Hert>aceous Plants. Weed
management is complex because of the diversity of species-
Differenl areas ol the tied coukl receive different treatments- Site
prepaiation is critrcal because postplant herbicide choices are
few
Recommendations
Coriliol peiennial weeds before planting (atthough control may be
possible after planting); use geotextile fabrics with a shaHow layer
of mirfch or use a thick layer of muteh wilhoul a geotextile base;
use 3 preemergent herbicide, if needed, and supplement with spot
applicatkins of postemergent herbfcides and/or hand-weeding.
Perennial weeds may be conliolled by manual removal, spot
applications of glyphosate or glufosinale, or. m some instances,
doimant-season applicalkins of preemeigeni herbicides. Escaped
weeds may be controBed manually or with spot applications of
poslemeigent herbkJdes.
Control perennial weeds beiore planling, aJttioogh piereonial
grasses may be selectively controlled afler planting with fluazifop
(Fusilade, Ornamec), clethodim (Envoy), or olher selective grass
herbicides. Annual weeds may be controlted wHh mulch plus a
pieemergent hertiidde. supplemented wilh some hand-weeding.
Use gc-Glextiles where possible but do nol use them where ground
covers are expected to root and spread. Afler planting, it is dilTicutl
Io make spot applications of nonselective herbicides wilhoul
injuring desirable planis. Poslemeigent contiol of mosl annual and
peiennial grasses is possible
Contiol perennial weeds befoie planting and carelully select ftower
species lor weed management compatibility. Annual weeds may be
controlled with mulches, preemergent herbicides, frequent
cailtivation, and/or hand-weeding. Peiennial grasses can be
selectively conlrolled wilh clethodim CH fluazifop. oi other grass-
selective herbkides. but other perennial weeds cannot be
selectively controlled after planting- Geotextiles generally are not
useful because of the sfiort-term nature of the planting Avokf
nonselective herbicides after planting-
Conlrol perennial weeds tiefore planting; use geotextiles where
possible; use mulches with a pieemergent heibicide: and
supplement wilh hand-weeding-
Planl Ihe woody species first, control perennial weeds in the first
two glowing seasons, then introduce the heibaceous species-
Plant close together to shade Ihe entire area Another option may
be to define use-areas within the tied lhal will lecefve similar weed
management programs-
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
weeding can be time consuming and
"jslly but should lie included in all
"eed management programs lo keep
weeds from seeding-
Young weeds in open aieas also can be
conlrolled wilh small flaming units.
Propane burners are available to rap-
idly pass over young weeds to kill
them. A quick pass over the plant is all
lhal is necessary; do nol burn the weed
lo lhe ground- Flaming is more effec-
tive on broadleaf weeds than glasses.
Be careful nol lo flame over dry veg-
etalion and dry wood chips or near
buildings and olher flammable materi-
als, and don't gel the flame near de-
sired plants-
The top growth of older weeds can be
conlrolled by using a siring trimmer-
Annual broadleaf weeds are more ef-
fectively controlled than annual
grasses liecause the growing points of
grasses are usually tielow giound. Pe-
rennial weeds regrow rapidly after
using a string trimmer. Be caieful not
lo girdle and kil! desirable shrubs and
trees wilh repealed use of a string
trimmer-
f iowing
owing can be used to prevent the
formaiion and spread of weed seeds
from many broadleaf weeds inio culti-
vated areas by cutting off flower heads-
However, weeds lhat flower lower
than lhe mowing blade are nol con-
trolled. f?epeated mowing tends to
favor Ihe eslabhshmeni of grasses and
low-growing perennial weeds Mow-
ing of some ground covers can rejuve-
nate them and make ihem more
compelilive againsl weeds-
Mulches
A mulch is any material placed on the
soil lo cover and prolecl it- Mulches
suppress annual weeds by limiting
lighl required for weed establishment-
Many types of landscape mulches are
available. TTie mosl common are bark
and other wood products and black
plastic or cloth materials- Other prcxl-
ucts that are used include paper, yard
composl, hulls from nuts (pecans) or
cereals (rice), municipal composts,
and stones
Organic mvlches include wood chips,
sawdust, yard wasle (leaves, clip-
pings, and wood products), and hard-
wood or softwood bark chips or
nuggets. Bark chips are moderate-
sized particles (Ys to '/^ inch) and have
modeiate lo good slability, while baik
nuggets aie laigei in size ('/4 lo 2]/i
inches) and have excellent slability
ovei time. These materials can be used
in landscape beds conlaining herba-
ceous or woody omamenlals-
The ihickness or depth of a mulch
necessary lo adequately suppress
weed growth depends on the mulch
lype and the weed pressure. The
larger the particle size of the mulch,
the greater the depth required to ex-
clude all lighl from lhe soil suiface.
Coarse-textured mulches can he ap-
phed up lo 4 inches deep and provide
long-term weed control Fine-textured
mulches pack more tightly and should
only be applied to a deplh of about 2
inches. If the mulch is loo decom-
posed, il may serve belter as a weed
propagation medium rather than a
means of prevention- Plan to periodi-
cally replenish landscape mulches,
regaidless of paiticle size, because of
decomposition, movement, oi setlling-
If seedlings germinate in mulches, a
lighl laking, hoeing, or hand-weeding
will remove the young weeds-
Inorganic mutches, which include
both natural and synthetic producis,
are generally more expensive and less
widely used in the landscape- Natural
inorganic mulches are stable over lime
and include materials such as sand,
giavel, or pebbles. Most of these prod-
ucts are used in public and commer-
cial plantings- If using a rock mulch,
considei placing a landscapie fabiic
underneath it. The fabric cieates a
layei between the mulch and soil,
pieventing lock pieces fiom sinking
into the soil. The fabric prevents soil
from moving above the rock Jayei,
which would bring weed seed lo the
surface
Black plastic (solid polyethylene) can
be used undemeath mulches to im-
prove weed control. It provides excel-
lent control of annual weeds and
suppresses perennial weeds, bul lacks
porosity and lestricts air and waler
movement. For this reason, black plas-
tic may nol be the preferred long-term
weed conlrol method in landscape
beds.
Synthetic mulches, which are manu-
factured materials that are called
geotextile or landscape fabrics, have
lieen developed to replace black plastic
in the landscape, Geotextiles are
porous and allow waler and air lo pass
through them, overcoming the major
disadvantage of black plastic, Al-
lhough these materials aie relalively
expensive and time-consuming to in-
stall, they become cost-effective if the
planling is to lemain in place for 4 or
more years, Geotextiles are used
mainly for long-term weed control in
w oody omamenlal trees and shmbs,
Geof ex liles should not be used where
the area is to be replanted periodically,
such as in annual flower beds or in
areas where the fabric would inhibit
the rooting and spiead of ground cov-
ers- Tree and shmb roots can penelrale
lhe materials and if lhe malerial is re-
moved, damage can occur to the
plant's loot system- This might be a
concem if a fabric has been in place
longer lhan 5 years- Al least one
geoiexlile fabric (BioBarrier) has an
herbidde encapsulated in nodules on
the fabiic thai leduces rool penelralion
problems.
Placing a landscape fabnc under mulch
results in greater weed control than
mulch used alone. There are differ-
ences in the weed-controlling abilily
among the geotextiles: fabiics lhal are
thin, lightweight, or have an open
mesh allow for greater weed penetra-
tion than more closely woven or non-
woven fabrics-
To install a landscape fabric, you can
planl first and then install the fabric
afterwards using U-shaped nails to peg
il down. Alter laying tbe cloth close lo
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
^i|Kground, cul an "X ' over the plant
pull it through the cloth- If laying
down a fabric before planting, cul an
"X" through the fabric and dig a planl-
ing hole. Avoid leaving soil from lhe
planling hole on lop of the fabric be-
cause this could put weed seeds atiove
the malerial. Fold lhe "X" back down
to keep the geotextile sheel as continu-
ous as possible- Weeds will grow
thiough any gap in lhe landscape fab-
ric, so il is important lo overlap pieces
of fabric and lack them down lighlly.
Apply a shallow mulch layer (aboul 1
inch deep) to thoroughly cover the
fabric and prevent photoctegradation-
If weeds grow into or ihrough lhe
geotextile, remove ihem when they are
small to prevent them from creating
holes in the fabric. Maintain a weed-
free mulch layer on top of lhe fabric by
hand-weeding or by applying herbi-
cides. Use of a lock mulch above a
landscape fabiic can have greatei weed
control lhan fabric plus organic mulch
combinationS-
Yellow nutsedge grows through all
geotexliles but some fabiics aie beltei
at suppressing yellow nutsedge than
•
MS (for more information, see Pest
es: Nutsedge, listed in "Refeiences")-
Problems wilh Organic and Natural
Inorganic Mulches, There are several
pioblems associated with the use of
organic and inorganic mulches. Peren-
nial weeds such as field bindweed and
nutsedges oflen have sufficient rool
reserves lo enable them to penetrate
even thick layers of mulches. Some
annual weeds will grow through
mulches, while olhers may germinate
on lop of them as lhey decompose.
Weeds lhat are a particular problem
are those that have windborne seeds
such as common groundsel, prickly
lettuce, and common sowthistle. Ap-
plying mulches at depths of grealer
lhan 4 inches may injure plants by
keeping the soil loo wet and limiting
oxygen to the plant's roots Disease
incidence, such as root or stem rot,
may increase when deep mulches are
maintained
When mulches are too line, applied too
thickly, or begin to decompose, they
slay wel between lains and allow
weeds to geiminate and giow directly
in lhe mulch- For besl weed control,
use a coarse-textured mulch with a low
waler-holding capacity- When used
alone, mulches rarely piovide 100%
weed control- To impiove the level of
weed conlrol, apply preemergent her-
biddes at the same time as lhe mulch
(see Table 3)- Supplemental hand-
weeding or spot spraying may also be
needed.
Avoid mulches »vilh a pH less than 4
or lhal have an "ofl odor" such as am-
monia, vinegar, or rotten egg smell.
These mulches were stored incorrectly
and contain chemical compounds lhal
may injure planis, especially herba-
ceous plants-
11 using a composted mulch, tempeia-
tures achieved during the composting
process should have killed most weed
seeds- However, if the composl was
stored uncoveied in the open, weed
seeds may have been blown onto the
mulch- Be sure the mulch is nol con-
taminated with weed seeds oi othei
propagules such as nutsedge lubeis
Hot Water or
Steam Treatments
Tbeie aie several machines currently
available that use hot water or steam to
kill weeds- These machines aie most
effective on very young annual weeds
or perennials that have lecently
emeiged from seeds. The eifect is simi-
lar to thai of a nonselective, jxist-
emergent herbicide. Hot water and
steam are nol very effective on peren-
nial weeds wilh established storage
organs, such as rhizomes and bulbs,
nor do they control woody plants. In
general, broadleaf weeds are more
easily conliolled by this melhod than
glasses The equipment is expensive to
puichase and maintain, so these ma-
chines are nol appropriale for home
use. Howevei, commeicial landscap-
ers may find them useful in certain
situations where the use of herbicides
is not desiied such as when line-
maiking playing fields, in play-
giounds, aiound woody plants, for
edging, and for weeds growing along
fencelines- Some brands of equipmeni
travel slowly (about 2 mile/hour) and
are probably not cost-effective for
weed conlrol along roadsides. Because
ihese methods employ boiling water or
steam, workers musl be adequately
trained in the use of the machines lo
prevent severe burns.
Herbicides for
Landscape Plantings
Herbicides have been effectively used
in many lypes of landscape plantings
and are mosl often integrated wilh lhe
cultural practices discussed above.
Generallv, home gardeners should nol
need lo apply herbiddes lo existing
landscape plantings. Hand-vceeding
and mulching should piovide suffi-
cient control and avoid hazaids to de-
sirable plants associated wilh herbidde
use- Many herbicides listed here are for
use by professional landscape pest
managers and are not available lo
home gardeneis To determine which
heibidde(s) aie in a product, look al
the active ingredients on the label.
Preemergent Herbicides- When weeds
have been removed from an area,
preemergent herbicides can then be
applied to prevent the germination or
survival of weed seedlings- Preemer-
gent herbiddes musl be applied befoie
the weed seedlings emeige- Examples
of pieemeigent heibicides include:
DCPA (Dacthal), dithiopyr (Dimen-
sion), isoxaben (Gallery), melolachlor
(Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol),
oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Stopper),
oxadiazon (Ronstar), oxyfluorfen
(Goal), pendimethalin (Pendulum, Pre-
M), and prodiamine (Barricade)-
IXTPA, dithiopyr, oryzalin, napro-
pamide, pendimethalin, and prodia-
mine control annual grasses and many
bioadleaf weeds and can be used
safely aiound many woodv and herba-
ceous ornamentals- Melolachlor has
become popular because it controls
yellow nutsedge as well as most an-
• 4 •
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
^al grasses Isoxaben is used for con-
•1 ol broadleaf weeds.
Timing of a preemergent herbidde
applicalion is determined by when the
target weed germinates, or by when
the weed is in the stage that is mosl
sensilive to the herbidde. In general,
lale summer/early fall applications of
preemergent herbiddes are used to
control winter annuals, while lale win-
ter/early spring applications aie used
to control summer annuals and seed-
lings of pierennial weeds- If heavy rain-
fall occurs afler preemergenl heibidde
application or if a short lesidual piod-
ucl was applied, a second pieemergent
heibidde applicalion may be needed-
Geneially, heibirides degiade fastei
under wet. warm condilions lhan un-
der dry, coo] conditions.
No cullivalion should occur after an
application of oxyfluorfen; however,
shallow cullivalion (1 to 2 inches) will
nol harm napropamide, pendimeth-
alin, or oryzalin- Also, soil type and pH
can affect the activity of some herbi-
ddes. Use the information contained in
herbicide labels and fiom your local
jnty Cooperative Extension office lo
'ermine the tolerance of an omamen-
tal plant species to a given heibidde
Match heibiddes wilh weeds present,
and consider using heibidde combina-
tions Combinations of heibirides in-
ciease the speclium of weeds con-
trolled and piovide effective contiol of
glasses and many broadleaf weeds
Commonly used combinations include
lank mixes of Ihe materials listed
above or isoxaben/trifluralin (Snap-
shot), oryzalin/benefin (XL), oxyflu-
orfen/oryzalin (Roul), and oxyflu-
orfen/pendimethalin (Omamenlal
Heibidde 11). Check the label to deter-
mine which ornamental species the
mateiial can safely be used aiound and
which speaes of weeds aie controlled
Postemergent Herbicides. When
weeds escape preemergenl herbiddes
or geotextile fabrics, postemergent
herbiddes ran fie used lo conlrol estab-
lished weeds. Postemergent herbicides
control existing plants only and do not
give residual weed control Their pri-
mary function is to confrol young an-
nual species, bul they are also used to
conlrol perennial species. Clethodim
and fluazifop seleclively control most
annual and pierennial grasses. Glufo-
sinale (Finale), diqual (Reward), and
pelargonic add (Scythe) are nonselec-
tive, conlact herbicides lhat kill or in-
jure any vegeiation they contact- They
kill annual weeds, bul only "burn off"
the lops of perennial weeds, Glypho-
sate (Roundup Pro and olhers) is a
syslemic herbidde, Il is translocated lo
the rools and growing points of ma-
lure, rapidly growing planis and kills
lhe entire planl. It is effective on mosl
annual and perennial weeds.
Mulch and Herbicide Placemenl, The
placement of an herbidde in relation lo
an organic mulch can affecrt Ihe herb-
icide's performance. Additionally, the
characterislics of organic mulches can
affecl how herbiddes work, A mulch
lhal primarily consists of fine particles
can reduce the availability of some
herbiddes. The finer lhe organic mate-
rial (compost or manure, compared lo
baik), the grealer lhe binding of the
herbidde- Mosl heibicides are lightly
bound by organic matter, and while
lhe binding minimizes leaching, il can
also minimize an herbidde's adivity.
Mulch lhal is made up of coarse par-
ticles will have little effect on herbidde
activity.
Another important factor is Ihe depth
of the mulch. An herbicide applied on
fop of a thin mulch may be able lo
leach through lo where the weed seeds
are germinafing, but when applied to
the top of a thick layer of mulch il may
nol get down to the zone of weed seed
germination. Producis like oxadiazon
(Ronstar) and oxyfluorfen (Goal) lhaf
require a continuous surface layer
must be placed on the soil surface un-
der the mulch. Suggestions for use of
mulch with heibiddes aie given in
Table 3.
Avoiding Herbicide Injury. Because of
the close proximity of many different
spedes of plants in the landscape,
heibidde injury may occur, resulting
in visual plant damage. Herbicide in-
jury symploms vary according lo planl
species and the heibiride and can in-
clude yellowing (chlorosis), bleaching,
rool stunting, distorted growlh, and
the death of leaves- Granular formula-
lions of preemergent herbiddes are
less likely lo cause injury than spray-
able formulations. Using a granular
formulation reduces lhe potential for
foliar uptake, but granules of oxadi-
azon (Ronslar) or oxyfluorfen (Goal)
mixtures will injure planis if they col-
lect in the base of leaves or adhere lo
TABLE 3. Suggestions for Placement of Herbicide wilh an Organic Mutch.
Herbicide Application
Devrinol (napropamide) under the mulch
Gallery (isoxaben) besl under the mulch, moderate control
when applied on lop of mulch
OHII (pendimethalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well both under or over mulch
Pennant (melolachlor) under the mulch
Ronslar (oxadiaLZon) over Ihe mufch
Roul (oryzalin plus oxyfluorfen) woiks well both under or over mulch
Surflan (oryzalin) best under Ihe mulch but provides some
conlrol when applied on lop of mulch
Surflan plus Gallery under Ihe mulch but wiK give a fair
amount ot control even when applied on
lop of mulch
Treflan (Irifluralin) under lhe mulch
XI (oryzaiin/benefin) under Ihe mulch
• 5 •
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
leaves. Apply nonselective heibi-
^^^K^ such as diquat, pelaigonic acid,
or glyphosate wilh low pressure and
large droplets on a calm day. Use
shielded sprayers when making appli-
cations around ornamentals to avoid
contacl wilh nontarget plants.
Herbidde injury lo established planis
from soil-applied chemicals is often
temporary bul can cause serious
growth inhibition to newly planted
omamenlals, Herbiddes lhal conlain
oryzalin or isoxaben are more likely lo
cause ihis injury. Injury may result
when persistent heibiddes are applied
lo surrounding areas for weed conlrol
in lurf, agronomic crops, or complele
vegetative control under pavemenl.
Aclivaled charcoal incorporated into
the soil may adsorb the herbicide and
minimize injury- Usually il just lakes
lime for heibicide lesidues to com-
pletely degrade- To speed degradation,
supplement lhe organic conlenl of the
soil and keep it moisl but not wet dur-
ing periods of warm weather.
COMPILED FROM:
Derr, J- F. el al. Feb 1997- Weed Man-
agemenl in Landscape and Nursery
Plantings, from Weed Management
and Horticultural Crops. WSSA/ASHS
Symposium.
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S. H- 1992- Pesfs of landscape
Trees and Shrubs. ClakJand: Univ- Calif.
Agric Nal. Res, Publ, 3359,
Fischer, B. B, ed. 1998, Graiver's Weed
Identificalion Handbook. Oakland: Univ,
Calif, Agric Nal. Res. Publ 4030,
UC Statewide 1PM Project, Pfsf Notes
series: Annual Bluegrass, Bermuda-
giass- Common Knotweed- Common
Purslane- Crabgrass. Creeping
Woodsonel/Bermuda Butleicup- Dande-
lion, Dodder, Field Bindweed. Gieen
Kyllinga. Kikuyugrass- Mistletoe- Nut-
sedge. Poison Oak. Plantains. Russian
Thislle. Spoiled Spurge, Wild Blackber-
ries, Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res.
Also available online al http: / /
wrww.ipm.ucdavis edu /PMG /
selectnewpesi.home html
UCSlalewide 1PM Project, UC 1PM Pesl
Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oak-
land: Univ, Calif Agric Nal. Res. Publ.
3365-T. Also available online at http:/ /
wrww.ipmucdavis.edu/PMC/
selectnewpesi.turfgrass-html
more infoimation contact the Univeisily
alifornia Cooperative Exiension or agri-
Ural commissioner's office in ycxir coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
ptione numbers-
AUTHOR: C- A. Wiien and C I. Elmore
EDITOR; B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDrfOR: M- L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush
Produced by IPM Education and Publica-
lions. UC Statewide IPM Project. University
of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Nofe is available on Ihe World
Wide Web (http://vww.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC^IPM REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymously peef
leviewed ICK technical accur^y by University of
Califomia scientists and ottiei quaified profes-
sionals. This review process ivas managed by the
ANR Associate Ediloi lor Pest Management.
To simplify infoimation, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named producis
is inlended. noi is criticSsmrmpTiedof similar products
lhat are not menliooed,
Ihis malerial is partially based upon woik
supported by IheExlenskmService.U S Department
of Agiicutture, under special pioject Section 3(d)
Integrated Pesl Managemenl.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Alvrays read and carefully loBow all precautions and salety recommendations
given on Ibe container latiel. Store alt chemicals in Ihe cxiginal labeled containeis m a kicked cabinet or shed,
away tiom food or feeds, and out of lhe reach ol chiWren. unauthorized persons, pels, and Irveslock.
Confine chemicals lo the property being treated. Avoid drifl onto neighboring properlies. esfiecially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picKed.
Do nol place containers conlaining pesticide in Ihe Irash nor pour peslicides down smk of loSel Either
ose the pesficide according lo ttie latiel or lake unwanted pesficides lo a Household Hazardous Waste
Coflection site. Contact yow county agricuRural commissiooei lex additional inlormalion on safe conlainer
disposal and lor lhe tocation ol the Household Hazardous Wasle Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty coolafners by loBowing label directions. Never reuse or txirn llie containeis or dispose ol Ihem in such
a manner lhal they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways.
The University ol Calrfomia prohtiits discrimination against or harassmer>l of any person empkiyed by or
seeking employmenl with the University on Ihe basis ol race, cotor. national origin, religion, sex. physical
Ol menial disability, medical condition (cancer,related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age, sexual orienlalion. citizenship, or stalus as a coveied veleian (special disabled veteran. Vietnam^era
veteran, oi any olhei veteran who served on aclive duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University pofrcy is intended to be consistent wim the provisions
of applicable Slate and Federal laws Inguuies legardiog the University's nondiscriminalion policies may be
dvected lo Ihe Alfirmative AclionrSlalt Personnel Services Director, University of California. Agiicutluie and
Natuial Resources. 300 lakeside Or . Oakland. CA 94612-3350. (510) 987 0096.
• 6 •
TERMITES
Integrated Pest /Management in and around the Home
Termites are small, while, lan, or black
insecls lhal can cause severe deslruc-
lion to wooden siruciures. Termites
tielong lo lhe insecl order Isoptera, an
andent insecl group lhal dates back
more than 100 million years. The Latin
name Isoplera means "equal wing"
and Orefers to the fact lhal the front sel
of wings on a reproductive termite is
similar in size and shape to the hind
sel-
Although many people ihink termiles
have only negative impacts, in nature
tYiey make many positive contributions
lo the world's ecosyslems. Their great-
est contribution is the role lhey play in
recycling wood and plant maleiial-
Theii tunneling effoits also help lo
ensuie lhal soils aie poious, conlain
nulrienls, and are heallhy enough lo
suppoil planl giowth- Teimites aie
veiy imporlani in the Sahara Deseit
wheie their activity helps to leclaim
Ijls dainaged by drying heal and
fnd and lhe overgrazing by livestock-
Termites become a problem when lhey
consume structural lumber. Each year
thousands of housing units in the
United Stales require treatment for the
control of termites Termites may also
damage utility poles and other wooden
Ant
Thin waist
Wings fll
present) have
few veins- Hind
wings are
smaller than
IrcK^ wings-
woiker soldier winged reproductive
Subterranean Termite
soldier
Pacific Dampwood Termite
soldier lepioductive
Drywood Tcmiife
Figure 1. Subteiranean, drywood, and dampwood termites.
stiuctuies. Termite pesls in Califomia
include drywood, dampwood, and
subterranean spedes. These pests
cause serious damage to wooden stmc-
tures and posts and may also attack
stored food, books, and household
fumiture.
IDENTIFICATION
Termites are social and can foim large
nesls or colonies, consisting of very
different looking individuals (castes)
Termite
Broad T^aist
Wings (d preseni)
have many small veins
Fiont and hind wings aie
same size-
Figure 2- Distinguishing features of ants and termiles.
Physically the largest individual is Ihe
queen- Her function is lo lay eggs,
sometimes thousands in a single day. A
king is always by her side- Other indi-
viduals have large heads wilh powerful
jaws, or a bulblike head that squirts
liquid. These individuals are called
soldiers- Bul the laigesl gioup of ter-
mites in a colony is the workeis. They
toil long hours lending the queen,
building lhe nest, or gathering food.
While olher species of sodal insecls
have woikers, termites are unicjue
among insecls in lhal woikers can be
male oi female. Surprisingly, termites
can be long-lived: queens and kings
can live for decades while individual
workers can survive for several years.
Signs of termite infestation include
swarming of winged forms in fall and
spring and evidence of tunneling in
wood- Darkening or blistering of
wooden structural members is another
indication of an infestation; wood in
PEST NQTES
University of Caiifornia
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 741 5
Revised May 2001
May 2001 Termites
amaged areas is typically thin and
sily punctured with a knife or screw-
driver-
There are more lhan 2,500 different
types of termiles in lhe world and al
least 17 different types of termites in
California- However, most of this di-
versify can be lumped into four dis-
lincl groups: dampwood, drywocxl,
subterranean, and mound builders-
Mound builders do not occur in North
America, but the olher three species do
(Fig. ])- Dampwood termites are very
limiled in their dislribution: mosl spe-
cies are found only in Califomia and
tbe Pacific Northwest- Dampwood
termiles derive their name fiom the
facl lhal they live and feed in very
moisl wtxid, espedally in stumps and
fallen trees on the forest floor.
Drywciod termiles are common on
mosl continents and can survive in
very dry condilions, even in dead
wood in deserts. They do nol recjuire
contacl wilh moisiure or soil. Sublerra-
nean termites are very numerous in
many parts of the world and live and
bleed in soil, sometimes many feel
deep- Lastly, the mound builders aie
able of building earthen lowers 25
I or more in height- Mounds may be
located eilhei in the soil or in trees, and
where lhey occur in Africa, Australia,
Soulheasl Asia, and parts of South
America, lhey are very noticeable and
remarkable.
Termites are sometimes confused wilh
winged forms of anls, which also leave
their underground nesls in large num-
bers lo establish new colonies and
swarm in a manner similar to thai of
reproductive stages of termites- How-
ever, ants and termites can be distin-
guished by checking three features:
antennae, wings, and waisl (Fig. 2)-
Dampwood Termites
Dampwood termites are fairly com-
mon in cenlral and northern coastal
areas in California- They nest in wood
buried in the ground, althou^ contact
with the ground is nol necessary when
infested wood is high in moisture- Be-
cause of their high moisture requiie-
ments, dampwood termiles mosl often
are found in cool, humid areas along
oee,
Wl
the coast and are typical pests of beach
houses- Winged lepioductives lypically
swarm between July and October, bul it
is not unusual lo see them at other
limes of the year. Dampwood termite
winged reproductives (sometimes
called swarmers) are attracted to lighls-
Dampwood termiles produce distinc-
tive fecal pellets that are rounded at
Ixith ends, elongate, and lack the clear
longitudinal ridges common to
drywood termite pellets (Fig. 3). Final
confirmation of pellet identification
may requiie help from an expeil-
The Nevada dampwood termite,
Zootermopsis nevadensis, occurs in the
higher, drier mountainous areas of lhe
Sierras where it is an occasional pest in
mountain cabins and other forest struc-
tures, it also occurs along the northern
Califomia coast- The Pacific dampwood
termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis, is
almost one inch long, making il the
largest of the termites occurring in Cali-
fornia- Winged reproductives are dark
brown with brown wingS- Soldiers
have a flattened brown or yellowish
brown head with elongated black or
dark brown mandibles- Nymphs are
cream colored wilh a characteristic
spoiled aLidominal pattem caused by
food in their intestines- Nevada
dampwood termiles are slightly smaller
and darker than the Padfic spedes;
reproductives are about Y< inch long-
Drywood Termites
Drywood termites infest dry, unde-
cayed wood, irKluding stmctural lum-
ber as well as dead limbs of native trees
and shade and orchard trees, utility
poles, posts, and lumber in slorage.
From these areas, winged reproduc-
tives seasonally migrate to nearby
buildings and other structures usually
on sunny days during fall montfis,
Drywood termites are most prevalent
in southern California (including the
deseil areas), bul also occur along mosl
coastal regions and in the Cential
Valley
Diywood termites have a low moisture
requirement and can tolerate dry condi-
tions loi prolonged periods. They re-
main entirely above ground and do not
connect theii nests lo the soil. Piles of
theii fecal pellets, which are dislinclive
in appearance, may be a clue to their
presence. The fecal pellets are elongate
(atiout 3/ioo inch long) with rounded
ends and have six flattened or roundly
depressed surfaces separated by six
longitudinal ridges (see Fig, 3), They
vary considerably in color, bul appiear
granular and salt and pepj>erlike in
color and appearance-
Winged adulls of westem drywood
termites {incisilermes minor) are daik
brown wifh smoky black wings and
have a reddish brown head and thorax;
wing veins are black- These insecls are
noticeably larger lhan subterranean
termiles.
Subterranean Termites
Subterranean lermiles require moisl
environmenls. To satisfy this rreed,
lhey usually nest in or near the soil and
maintain some connection wilh the soil
ihrough tunnels in wood or through
shelter tubes lhey conslruci (Fig, 4)-
These shelter tubes are made of soil
with bits of wood or even plasterboard
(drywall). Much of the damage they
cause occrurs in foundation and struc-
tural suppori wood. Because of the
moisture requiremenis of subterranean
termites, lhey are often found in wood
that has wood lol.
The western subterranean termite,
Reticulitermes hesperus, is the mosl de-
structive termite found in California-
Reproductive winged forms of subler-
ranean termites are dark brown to
brownish black, with brownish gray
wingS- On warm, sunny days follow-
dampwood
termite
Figure 3, Fecal pellets of drywood and
dampwood termites.
May 2001 Termites
working tubes exploratory tubes drop tulies
Figure 4. Subtenanean termites construct three types of lubes or tunnels. Working
tul>es Oefl) are constructed from nesls in the soil lo wooden structures; Ihey may
tiavel np concrete or slone foundaiions. Exploratory and migratory lubes (cenlei)
arise from the soil but do nol connect lo wood sirucloies. Drop tubes (right) extend
trom wooden stnictures back lo tbe soil.
ing fall or sometimes spring rains,
swarms of reproductives may be seen.
Soldiers are wingless with white bod-
ies and pale yellow heads. Their long,
narrow heads have no eyes. Workers
are slighlly smaller lhan reproductives,
wingless, and have a shorter head lhan
soldiers; their color is similar to lhat of
soldiers. In the desert areas of Califor-
nia, Helerotermes aureus, is the mosl
destmctive species of sublerranean
^^viites Another destructive speoes
^^Plhis group, the Formosan subtena-
nean termite, Coptolermes formosanus, is
now in Califomia but restricted to a
small area neai San Diego. Unlike the
western subtenanean termite,
Formosan subtenanean termites
swarm at dusk and are attracted to
lights.
LIFE CYCLE
Mosl lermite spedes swarm in lale
summer or fall, allhough spring
swarms are not uncommon for subter-
ranean and drywood termites. New
kings and queens are winged during
theii eaily adult life but lose theii
wings afler dispeising (lom their origi-
nal colony An infestation begins when
a mated paii finds a suitable nesting
site neai or in wood and constructs a
small chamber, which lhey enter and
seal. Soon afterward, the female begins
egg laying, and both the king and
(jueen feed the young on predigested
food unlil lhey are able to feed them-
selves Mosl species of lermiles have
microscopic, one-celled animals called
protozoa wilhin their intestines lhal
help in converting wood (cellulose)
inio food for lhe colony,
Once workers and nymphs are pro-
duced, lhe king and queen are fed by
lhe workers and cease feeding on
wood, Teimites go through incomplete
metamorphosis wilh egg, nymph, and
adult stages. Nymphs resemble adulls
bul are smaller and are the mosl nu-
merous slage in the colony. They also
gioom and feed one another and olher
colony members,
MANAGEMENT
Successful teimite management le-
quires many spedal skills, including a
working knowledge of building con-
struction. An understanding of termite
biology and identificalion can help a
homeowner detect problems and un-
deistand methods of contiol. In most
cases il is advisable lo hire a profes-
sionai pesl conlrol company lo carry
out the inspeclion and control
program.
Management techniques vary depend-
ing on lhe species causing an infesta-
tion. Multiple colonies of lhe same
spedes of termite or more than one
spedes of termite can infest a building
(Fig- 5), Any of these variables will
influence your conlrol approach, Sub-
lerranean, and less frequently,
dampwood termiles can have nesls al
or near ground level, so conlrol meth-
ods foi these can be similar. However,
drywood termiles nesl above ground,
theieloie the approach for eliminating
them is unique-
Use an integrated program lo manage
termites- Combine methods such as
modifying habitats, excluding termites
Irom the building by physical and
chemical means, and using mechanical
and chemical methods lo destroy exist-
ing colonies-
Inspection
Befoie beginning a control program,
thoroughly inspect the building- Verify
that there are lermiles, identify them,
and assess the extent of Iheir infesta-
tion and damage. Look for conditions
within and around the building lhal
promote termite attack, such as exces-
sive moisiure or wood in conlact with
tbe soil- Because locating and identify-
ing lermite species is not always easy,
it may be advisable to have a profes-
sional conduct the inspection-
Figure 5- Subterranean termite colony with multiple nesting sites.
May 2001 Termites
able 1. Relative Resistance of Lumber to Termites'
Moderately or Slightly resistant or
very resistant Moderately resistant nonresistant
Arizona cypress bald cypress (young growlh) akJer
bald cypiess (old growth) Douglas fir ashes
lilack cherry eastern while pme aspens
black locust honey tocusi basswood
black walnut loblolly pine beech
bur oak longleaf pine birches
catalpa stxirlleaf pine black oak
cedars swamp cheslnut oak butleinul
chestnut tamarack cottonwood
chestnut oak western larch elms
gamtiel oak hemkxks
junipers hickories
mesquile maples
Oregon white oak pines
osage orange poplars
Pacific yew red oak
posl oak spruces
ied mulberry true firs
ledwood
sassafras
white oak
Adapted fiom: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. USDA Agiicutluie
Handbook No. 72,
• Tbe heartwood of Ihe tree oHeis thc gieatest resistance lo termite attack.
Prevention
^^dding design may contribute to
^^Ptiite invasion. Keep all substructural
wood at least 12 inches above the soil
tieneath the building. Identify and
coned olhei stmctural defidencies
that attract or promote termite infesta-
tions- Stucco siding that reaches the
giound promotes termite infestations
Keep attic and foundation areas well
ventilated and dry- Use screening over
attic vents and seal other openings,
such as knotholes and cracks, to dis-
courage the entry of winged drywood
termiles- Although screening of foun-
dation vents or sealing other openings
into the substructure helps block tfie
entry of termiles, these procedures
may interfere with adequate ventila-
lion and increase moistuie problems,
especially if a very fine mesh is used in
the screening- Inspect utility and ser-
vice boxes atlached lo the building to
see that they are sealed and do nol
provide sheller or a poinl of entry for
termites Reduce chances of infestation
by removing or protecting any wood in
contact with the soil- Inspect porches
and olher structural or foundation
wood for signs of lermiles. Look for
and remove tree stumps, stored lum-
ber, untreated fence posts, and buried
scrap wood near the structure thai may
attract termiles. Consult your local city
building codes before beginning re-
pairs or modifications.
Recent research has proved the effec-
tiveness of foundation sand baniers for
subterranean termite control. Sand
with particle sizes in the range of 10 to
16 mesh is used lo replace soil around
the foundaiion of a building and some-
times in the crawl space. Subtenanean
termites are unable to construci their
tunnels through the sand and iherefore
cannoi invade wooden stmctures rest-
ing on the foundation- Stainless steel
screening may also be available soon as
a physical barrier for subtenanean
termites-
Replacing Lumber in Siruciures.
Struclural lumber in buildings is usu-
ally Douglas fir, hemlock, or spmce. Of
these materials, Douglas fir ismoder-
atelv resistant lo termites, whereas the
otber two are not (Table 1), Lumber
used in foundations and other wood in
contact with the soil may be chemically
treated lo help protecl against termite
damage in areas where building de-
signs musl tie altered or concrete can-
noi be used.
The mosl effective melhod of chemi-
cally treating wood is thiough pressure
Irealmenl, Chemicals currently used in
pressurized treatments include
chromated copper arsenate (CCA),
ammoniacal coppier zinc arsenate
(ACZA), disodium octoborate
lelrahydrate (DOT), and wolman salts
(sodium fluoride, potassium bichro-
mate, sodium chromate, and dinitro-
phenol)- Wood containing CCA is
tinted green and ACZA is biownish-
DOT (borate) is clear in appearance on
the wood surface when used al labeled -
amounts- Borates are gaining in popu-
lar usage because of their low mamma-
lian toxicity.
Many of the chemicals used in pressur-
ized lumber can also be applied topi-
cally lo the wood by bmshing or
spraying il on. Piessuie treatment is
preferred over topical application be-
cause the chemical penetrates lhe lum-
ber much deeper (Vt to '/2 inch) than it
does when applied by brush or spray.
Some of the more porous lumbers such
as the southern yellow pines (loblolly-
Pinus taeda; )ongleaf-P palusiris; and
shorlleaf-P. echinala) may be com-
pletely penetrated by the chemical
during the pressurized process. Topical
applications are mosl effective when
used as spot treatments on pressure-
treated lumber to treal newly expiosed
ivood when the lumber is cul and
drilled duiing construction-
Pressure-trealed lumber is toxic to
termites and discourages new kings
and queens from establishing colonies
in it. If susceptible wood is used above
the treated wood, however, subterra-
nean termites can build their shelter
tubes over chemically freated wood
and infest untreated wood above-
Use only "exterior grade" pressure-
treated lumber for areas lhal aie ex-
posed to wealher, otherwise the
chemical in the lumber mav leach from
• 4 •
May 2001 Termites
Jhe
m
he wood- All topical treatments, espe-
lly borates, that wil! be exposed to
eather, must also have a sealer coat
to prevent leaching into the soil loilow-
ing rain- Because lhey contain pesfi-
cides, disposal of treated lumber
requires special handling- For more
informafion on proper disposal of
treated lumber, contacl your local
Household Hazardous Wasle Collec-
tion site. For the site nearest you, call
1-800-253-2687.
Treating Lumber in Structures. Treat-
ing infested lumber in a structure re-
quires drilling and injecting chemicals
into the wood to reach the colony.
Because of loxicily and complexity of
use, most wood preservatives lhat are
applied lo wood in a stmcture are
professional-use only.
Controlling Drywood Termites
Drywood termite colonies are usually
small and difficult to delect. Treat-
ments for this pest include whole-
stmcture applications of fumigants or
heal and localized or spiol tieatments
of chemicals oi trealments lhal use
heat, freezing, microwaves, or eleclric-
Techniques to pievenl infestations
^^Biis spedes include the use of
chemicals, pressure-treated wood,
barriers, and resistant woods. For more
details on these control methods and
their effectiveness, see Pest Notes:
Drywood Termites, listed in "Compiled
From."
Controlling Subterranean and
Dampwood Termites
Subtenanean and dampwood termites
in structures cannot be adequately
controlled by fumigation, heat treat-
ment, freezing, or termite electrocution
devices because the reproductives and
nymphs are concentrated in nesls near
or below ground level in structures ouf
of reach of these control methods. The
primary methods of controlling these
termites are the application of insecti-
cides or baiting programs
Use of insecticides or bails should be
supplemented with Ihe destruction of
theii access points or nests. To facilitate
control of subterranean lermiles, de-
stroy their sheller tubes whenever pos-
sible to interrupt acce.ss to wooden
subslmclures and to open colonies lo
attack from natural enemies such as
ants. FOI dampwood termites, if infes-
tations are small, destroy accessible
nesls by removing infested wood. Re-
moving excess moisture from %vciod
will also destroy dampwood lermite
nesls
Insecticides. Insecliddes are applied lo
the soil either in drenches or by injec-
tion. Special hazards are involved wilh
applying insecticides lo the soi) around
and under buildings and a licensed
professional does these procedures
best- Applications in the wrong place
can cause insecticide contamination of
heating ducts, radiant heal pipes, or
plumbing used for water or sewage
under the treated building- Soil type,
wealher, and application techniques
influence the mobility of insecliddes in
the soil; soil-applied insecficides must
not leach through the soil profile lo
contaminate groundwater.
In the past, chlorinated hydrocaibon
insectiddes (e g , chlordane) and orga-
nophosphates (chlorpyrifos) weie ex-
tensively used foi termite control but
many of these materials have been
phased out tiecause of health and envi-
ronmental concerns. Aclive ingredients
in cunently available lermitirides can
be broadly classified as repellent or
nonrepellent. Pyiethroids, such as
permethrin and cypermelhrin (Dragnet
and Demon), aie considered to be le-
pellenl. This means thai the termites
aie able to delect Ihe insecticide, which
basically serves as a barrier, and thev
are repelled by il without receiving a
dose that will kill them. Therefore,
wfien using these materials it is impor-
tant lo make sure iheie aie no gaps oi
breaches in the barrier Also, any ad-
joining stmctures must be monitored
lo ensure that the repelled termites
don't infest them-
Recently introduced chemicals
(imidacloprid and fipronil) are now
available lhat are less toxic to humans
and olher mammals than the older
insecticides bul highly toxic lo insects
Both of these insecticides are also
nonrepellent to termites and have been
shown to be effective in killing teimites
at low dosage rates under California's
climatic conditions- Generally, the
most effective insecticides are only
available to licensed structural piest
control operators-
Bailing. Bails for subtenanean lermiles
are commerdally available in Califor-
nia. While this method of controlling
termites is very appealing because it
does not require extensive sile prepara-
tion such as drilling or IrentJiing and
extensive application of insectidde lo
Ihe soil or structure, research is still
ongoing to develop the mosl effective
bails and delivery syslems.
Several bail products (e g., Sentricon
wilh hexaflumuron and FirslLine with
sulfluramid) are available for profes-
sional use only. There is also an over-
the-counter product (Terminate with
sulfluramid) available in retail stores.
Cunenlly, bails aie only available foi
sublerranean termiles, not drywood or
dampwood termites- Because subtena-
nean termites in Califomia vary in
their foraging and in the limes that
they will take baits, lhe placement of
bait stations and the lime of inslalla-
lion is a crucial componeni in a suc-
cessful baiting program. Be sure to
read and follow all the label directions
for the product you use. Once a termite
infestation is controlled, il is essential
thaf the bait stations continue lo be
monitored monthly- Spring is an espie-
dally critical lime lo detect invasion by
new colonies.
Other Methods. Experimental efforts
have been made to control soil-
dwelling termites using biological con-
frol agenls, including use of Argentine
ants and nematodes. However, these
methods are not yet effective enough
lo bc recommended-
COMPILED FROM:
Lewis, V K- july 1997- Pest Notes:
Drywood Termites. Oakland: Univ,
Calif- Agric Nat Res PubL 7440.
Also available online at
www ipm ucdavis edu
May 2001 Termites
•
rer, P- 1991- Residenlial, Industrial,
Institutional Pesl Control. Oakland:
Univ. Calif- Agric. Nat Res. Publ. 3334.
REFERENCES
Poller, M- F- 1997- Termites In A,
Mallis, ed. Handbook of Pesl Control, S*
ed, Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co.
Scheffrahn, R. H , N Y, Su and P,
Busey, 1997, Laboratory and field
evaluations of selecled chemical treat-
ments for conlrol of drywood termites
(Isoplera: Kalotermilidae). /, Eron-
Enlomol. 90: 492-502-
Online References
California:
CAL Termite Web page,
WW w-cnr-berkeleyedu / lewis
Inlemalional:
UNEP/FAO/Global 1PM Fadlity
Workshop on Termite Biology and
Managemenl, www-chem unep ch/
pops/pdf/lermrpi pdf
For more information conlact Ihe University
of California Cooperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissionei's office in your coun-
ty See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbeis-
^UTl HOR (levision); V R. Lewis,
[TOR; B. Ohlendort
HNICAL EDITOR: M. L- Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Brush
ILLUSTFIATIONS: FigS- 1. 3. 4: D. Kidd; Fig-
Z: Adapted from Termiles and Other Wood-
lnlesling Insects. Oakland: UC DANR Leaf-
let 2532; Fig- 5: Adapted fiom Maflis, A-
1997 Handbook ol Pesl Controt 81h ed-
Cleveland: Franzak S Foster Co
F>roduced by IPM Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide 1PM Piojed. University
of California. Davis. CA 95616 6620
This Pest Note is availabte on Ibe World
Wide Web (http;//www.ipm.ucdayis.edu)
TTiis publication has been anortymousty peer
reviewed for tecfiotcat accuracy by University of
CaWornia scientists and other qoalifted profes-
sior»als. This review process was managed by lf>e
ANR Associate Edilor for Pest ManagemenL
To simplify information, trade rtames ol producis
^^ve been used. No endorserrient otnarned products
is intended, nor is cr iticism implied of similaf products
thai are not mentior>ed.
This material is partially based upon work
supported by the Ejitensioo Service. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, under special ptoject Section 3(d).
Inlegtated Pest Management.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous Atways read and carefuUy foHow aif precautions and safety recommerxfations
given on the container label. Store alt chemicals in the original labeled cootainers in a locked cabirtet of shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of chikJren. unauthorized persons, pels, and Bveslocfci.
Confine cfiemicals to the properly beir>g treated. Avoid dr'rft onto neightx>ring properties, especialy
gardens containir>g fruits or vegetables ready lo t>e piclted.
Do not place conlainers containing pesticide in tbe trash r>or pour pesticides down sink or totfel Either
use the pesticide according lo the label or take unwanted peslicides to a Household Hazardous Wasle
Coitection site. Contact your county agricullural commissioner for additfonal information on safe cootaioer
disposal aod lor the kxraiion of tbe Housebotd Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty oonl»r>ers by foflowing l3t>el directions. t><cvef reuse or bum the containers or dispose of them in suct>
a manner Ifiat Ibey may contaminate virater suppBes or natural waterways.
The University of Cafifomia prohibits discrrminaSoo against or harassmerrt of any person employed by or
seeking emptoyment vnth the Unfversity on the basts of race, color, national origin, refigion, sex, physicafor
mental disabiftty. rriedical condition (car»ce r-r elated or ger^etic cbaradeiistics). ancestry, marital status, age.
sexual orientation, dlizenship. or status as a covered veteran (special disaWed veteran. Vi&tnam-era
veteran, or any olf>ei veteran wbo served on aclive dirfy duririg a war or in a campaign or expedition for wf>»ch
a campaign badge has been authorized). University poTtcy "is intended to be consistent with tbe provisions
of appficable Slate and Federal Jaws. Inquiries regarding lhe UnTversily's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed lo Ihe Attirmative Actton/Statf Personnel Services C^rector. University of California. AgricuRure and
Natural Resources. 300 lakeside Dr., Oakland. CA 94607-S?00. (510) 987 0096
Integrated Pest Management In and Around thie Home
Many people fear or dislike spiders
bul. for Ihe most part, spiders are ben-
eficial because of Iheir role as predators
of insecls and other arthropods, and
mosl cannot harm people. Spiders that
might injure people—for example,
black widows—generally spend most
of their time hidden under furniture or
boxes, or in woodpiles, corners, or
crevices. The spiders commonly seen
oul in Ihe open during the day are
unlikely to bile people-
IDENTIFICATION
Spiders resemble insecls and some-
limes are confused with them, but they
are arachnids, not insects. Spiders have
eight legs and Iwo body parts—a head
region (cephalothorax) and an abdo-
men- They lack wings and antennae,
Allhough spiders often are found on
plants. Ihey eat mainly insects, other
spiders, and related arthropods, nol
plants. Most spiders have toxic venom,
which they use to kill their prey. How-
ever, only those spiders whose venom
•
ically causes a serious reaction in
nans are called "poisonous"
spiders.
Black Widow Spider
The black widow spider, Latrodeclus
hesperus (Fig, 1), is the mosl common
harmful spider in California- Venom
from its bile can cause reaclions rang-
ing from mild to painful and serious,
but death is very unlikely and many
symptoms can be alleviated if medical
treatment is obtained. Anyone bitten
by this spider should remain calm and
promptly seek medical advice; it is
helpful if the offending spider can be
caught and saved for identirication.
The typical adult female black widow
has a shiny black body, slender black
legs, and a red or orange mark in Ihe
shape ofan hourglass on the underside
of the large, round abdomen (Fig, 2),
The body, excluding legs, is Vis Io Vg
inch long. The adult male black widow
is one-half to two-thirds Ihe lenglh of
the female, has a small atidomen, and
is seldom noticed. The male black
widow does possess venom, but its
fangs are loo small to break human
skin. The top side of its abdomen is
olive greenish gray with a pattern of
creanvcolored areas and one lighl-
colored band going lengthwise down
Ihe middle- The hourglass mark on Ihe
underside of the abdomen typically is
yellow or yellow-orange and broad-
waisted- The legs are banded with
alternating light and dark areas- Con-
trary lo popular belief. Ihe female black
widow rarely eats the male after mat-
ing, but may do so if hungry. Like
males, young female black widow spi-
ders are patterned on the top side. In
the early stages they greatly resemble
males, but gradually acquire the typi-
cal female coloration wilh each shed-
ding of the skin In intermediate stages
they have lan or cream colored, olive
gray, and orange markings on the lop
side of the atidomen. a yellowish or-
ange hourglass mark on the underside,
and banded legs Only the larger im-
mature female and adult female spi-
ders are able to bile through a person's
skin and inject enough venom to cause
a painful reaction
Webs and Egg Sacs. The web of Ihe
black widow is an irregular, tough-
stranded, slicky cobweb mesh in which
the spider hangs with its underside up-
During the day il oflen hides under an
object al Ihe edge of the web or stays in
a silken retreat in the center- The black
widow may msh out of its hiding place
when the web is disturbed, especially if
egg sacs are present- The egg sacs are
mostly spherical, about '/z inch long
and Vg inch in diameler. creamy yel-
low lo light tan in color, opaque, and
tough and paperlike on the surface, A
female may produce several egg sacs.
Tiny, young black widows, which are
(actual size
ot txxtjr)
Figure I. Adult black widow spider,
nearly white in color, disperse to new
locations by ballooning and infest new
areas.
Where the Spiders Live, Black widow
spiders occur in mosl parts of Califor-
nia, They and their associaied webs
usually are found in dark, dry. shel-
tered, relatively undisturbed places
such as among piles of wood, rubbish,
or stones; in culverts, hollow slumps,
and old animal burrows; in garages,
sheds, barns, crawl spaces, utility
meter boxes, and outhouses; and some-
times among plants. People are mosl
likely to be bitten wfien Ihey disturb
the spider while Ihey are cleaning out
or picking up items in such places, A
sensible precaution is lo always wear
gloves and a longsleeved shirt when
working in areas that have been undis-
turbed for a time and where ihere are
good hiding places for spiders.
Figure 2. Two variations of hourglass
markings of black widow spider.
PEST NQTES Publication 7442
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 200O
May 2000 Spiders
Effecis of the Bite. The symptoms of a
black widow bite are largely internal;
tittle more than loca! redness and
welling may develop al Ihe bite sile
The internal effects may range from
mild lo severe Pain lends to spread
from the bile lo other parts of the body
and muscular spasms may develop. In
severe cases the abdominal muscles
may become quite rigid. Other effects
can include profuse sweating, fever,
increased blood pressure, difficulty
breathing and speaking, restlessness,
and nausea. Typically, the pain and
other symptoms reach a maximum
within a day of the bite. Ihen gradually
subside over the nexl 2 to 3 days. Most
people who are bitten spend a few
hours under observation by a physi-
cian bul do not develop symptoms
severe enough to require treatment.
Small children. Ihe elderly, and per-
sons with health problems are likely to
suffer some of the more severe conse-
quences of the bite. Black widow biles
are fairly common in California-
Yeilow Sac Spider
The common house-dwelling agrarian
sac or yellow sac spider. Cheiracan-
ihium inclusum, is a small spider that
^pins a silken sac web in Ihe corners of
ceilings and walls, and behind shelves
and pictures; it is also commonly
found outdoors in shrubbery. This
spider is light yellow and has a slightly
darker stripe on Ihe upper middle of
Ihe abdomen (Fig 3). The eight eyes of
this spider are all about equal in size
and arranged in Iwo horizontal rows
(Fig, 4),
Yellow sac spiders can tie seen running
on walls and ceilings at nighl and
quickly drop to the floor lo escape if
Ihey are disturbed- Biles usually occui
when the spider becomes trapped
againsl a person"s skin in clothing or
bedding- It is estimated that sac spiders
are responsible for more biles on
people than any other spider- Typical
symptoms of a bile include initial pain,
redness, and sometimes swelling- A
small blister may form, often breaking,
leaving a sore lhat heals over a period
of several weeks. Soreness near the bite
may last for a few days to several
weeks or may not occur al all. depend-
ing on Ihe individual.
RecJuse Spiders
Recluse spiders of the genus Loxosceles
include Ihe well-known brown recluse
spider, L. reclusa, which does not occur
Spider Bites
Unlike mosquitoes, spiders do not seek people in ordei to bile them- Geneially.
a spider doesn't Iry to bile a person unless il has lieen squeezed, lain on, or similarly
piovoked to defend ilself. Moieovei. the jaws of most spideis are so small that Ihe
fangs cannot penelrale the skin ofan adult person. Sometimes when a spider is
disturbed in its web, it may bite instinctively because it mistakenly senses that an
insect has been caught-
The severity of a spider bile depends on faclors such as Ihe kind of spider. lhe
amount of venom injected, and the age and health of the person billen. A spider bile
might cause no reaction at all. or it might result in varying amounts of itching,
redness, stiffness, swelling, and pain—at worst, usually no more severe than a bee
sting- Typically the symptoms persist from a few minutes to a few hours. Like
reaclions lo bee slings, however, people vary in their resjxinses lo spider biles, so if
the bite of any spider causes an unusual or severe reaction, such as increasing pain
or extreme swelling, conlact a physician, liospital. or poison control center (in
California, the number is ] 800 876 4766 or 1-800-8 POISON).
Sometimes a person may not be aware of having been bitten until pain and
other symploms begin lo develop. Other spiecies of arthropods whose biles or slings
may tie mistaken for ihat of a spider include ticks, fleas, bees, wasps, bedbugs,
mosquitoes, the conenose (kissing) bug (Tnaloma protracia), deer flies, horse Hies,
and waler bugs (Lfl/iocerus spp).
For first aid Irealmenl of a spider bile, wash Ihe bite, apply an antiseptic to
prevent infection, and use ice or ice water lo reduce swelling and discomfort. If you
receive a bile lhat causes an unusual oi severe reaction, coniacl a physician Ifyou
calch Ihe ciitler in Ihe act caplure il for identification, preserve il (or whatever pans
of it remain), and lake il lo your couniy UC Cooperalive Exiension office If no one
there can identify ii. ask ihal it be forwarded lo a qualified arachnologisi
(aclual size
ol tiody)
Figure 3, Adull yeilow sac spider.
Figure i. Head region of recluse spider
(left) and yellow sac spider (ri^t). Note
the anangements of the eyes: the recluse
spider has sbf eyes arranged in three pairs
and the yellow sat spider has eight eyes
ananged in two rows of four,
in California. While the brown recluse
has occasionally been brought into
California in household furnishings,
firewood, and motor vehicles, il does
not reside in Ihe slate. However, an-
other recluse spider. Ihe Chilean re-
cluse spider (L- laeta), was introduced
into Los Angeles County in the late
1960s- In Chile. South America it is
known to have a bile thai is loxic to
humans- The native recluse spider of
California (L. deserta) is found in the
desert regions of southern California
and neightioring stales- Its bite can
cause problems, but it is nol as toxic as
that of Ihe Chilean recluse. In any case,
biles from either species arc rare. Both
the native desert recluse spider and the
Chilean recluse spider occur princi-
pally in the drier areas of southern
Califoinia-
Recluse spiders can have a violin-
shaped mark (wilh the neck of Ihe vio-
lin pointing backward) on the top side
of the head region (cephalothorax).
However, the mark is nol always dis-
tinct, so il should not be used as an
identifying character, A unique feature
of recluse spiders is their six eyes, ar-
ranged in pairs in a semicircle (Fig- 4).
May 2000 Spiders
which can be seen wilh Ihe use of a
pood hand lens. Most olher spiders
^ve eight eyes.
AH recluse spiders make large, irregu-
lar, flattened, cobweb-type webs with
thick strands extending in all direc-
tions. These spiders avoid light, are
active at night, and tend to build their
webs in out-of-the-way places. Chilean
recluse spiders may be found indoors
in boxes, in corners, behind pictures, in
old clothing hanging undisturbed, and
in olher similar places. Desert recluse
spiders appear outdoors where they
may be found under rocks or wood.
A person bitten by a recluse spider
may not be aware of having been bil-
len at Ihe time of Ihe bite. The first
symploms often appear several hours
later. They consist of pain, formation of
a small blister, redness, and swelling at
Ihe bite site. In the days following Ihe
initial bite, the tissue dies and sloughs
off. exposing underlying flesh. The
area develops into an open sore that is
very slow lo heal and may leave a
sunken scar afler healing. There may
be accompanying flulike effects such as
nausea, fever, chills, and restlessness,
es from brown recluse spideis have
er been confirmed in California,
ore detailed information on these
spiders is available in Pes! Notes Brown
Recluse and Ofber Recluse Spiders, lisled
in Ihe "Suggested Reading" section
Other Spiders
In addition to the species meniioned
above. Ihere are only a few olher spe-
cies of spiders in California that may
on occasion bite humans. (Remember,
if Ihe bile of any spider causes an un-
usual or severe reaction, contact a
physician.)
One kind of red and black jumping
spider. Phidippus johnsoni. may bite if it
is disturbed, but the bites are usually
not serious. The female spiders are
black wilh red on lhe top side of the
abdomen whereas Ihe males are all
red. These spiders range in size from
to '/2 inch long
Tziranlulas are long-lived spideis that
occupy burrows in the ground during
the day but oflen come out al night to
hunt insecls near the burrow They
imonly are feared because of iheir
MOI
large size and hairy appearance. Some
poisonous tarantulas occur in tropical
parts of lhe world, but the bites of Cali-
fornia tarantulas are not likely to be
serious—at worst, Ihey are similar lo a
bee sting.
The hobo spider. Tegenaria agreslis.
also called Ihe aggressive house spider,
is a common spider in tfie Pacific
Northwest. It builds funnel-shaped
webs in dark, moist areas such as base-
ments, window wells, wood piles, and
around Ihe perimeter of homes, ll is a
large (I to 1V4 inch, including legs),
fast-running brown spider wilh a her-
ringbone or multiple chevron pattem
on the top of the abdomen.
Biles mosl commonly occur when a
person picks up firewood with a spider
on it or when a spider finds its way
into clothing or bedding. Reactions to
biles of the hobo spider are similar to
those caused by brown recluse spiders.
The major difference between the two
is thai sometimes Ihe bite of Ihe hobo
spider is accompanied by a severe
headache that does not respond lo
aspirin. The hobo spider has not been
documented in California, bul it has
been documented as expanding its
range into other states that border
Washington and Oregon.
One spider frequently found indoors is
the common house spider. Achaearanea
tepidariorum (Fig. 5). which makes a
cobweb in corners of rooms, in win-
dows, and in similar places. Another is
Ihe marbled cellar spider. Holocnemus
pliKbei. wbich was introduced into Ihe
state in Ihe 1970s and has since dis-
placed Ihe once common longbodied
cellar spider. Phoicus pha/angioides
(Fig- 6). a longlegged spider that re-
sembles a daddy-longlegs- These spi-
ders are incapable of biting humans
because their fangs are loo shoit to
pierce people s skin; Ihey primarily
cause problems by producing messy
cobwebs-
Various kinds of small hunting spiders
may wander indoors and occasionally,
rather large, hunting-type spideis are
discoveied in homes or garages- Often
these are fully grown wolf spider or
tarantula males that have reached ma-
turity and are searching for females
When these spiders are wandering, one
(actuaf size
ol body)
Figure 5, Adult common house spider.
(actual size
Figure 6. Adull longbodied cellar spider,
or more may accidentally gel indoors.
New houses ar>d other structures in
developments may be invaded by wolf
spiders that have lost their usual out-
door living places. The more insects
Ihere are inside a building, the more
likely il is lo have spiders living there.
Usually spiders are most abundant in
fall following the first few rains of the
season, fmmature and adult female
burrow-living spiders sometimes wan-
der for a lime during lhe rainy season
if they have had to abandon wet
bunows.
MANAGEMENT
Remember lhat spiders are primarily
t)enericial and their activities should be
encouraged in the garden. Pesticide
control is difficult and rarely neces-
sary. The besl approach to controlling
spiders in and around the home is lo
remove hiding spots for reclusive spi-
ders such as black widows and regu-
larly clean webs off the house with
biusfies and vacuums,
Preveufion and
Nonchemical Control
Spiders may enter houses and other
structures through cracks and otfier
openings. They also may be carried in
on items like plants, firewood, and
boxes. Regular vacuuming or sweeping
of windows, corners of rooms, storage
areas, basements, and other seldomly
used areas helps remove spiders and
Iheir webs. Vacuuming spiders can be
May 2000 Spiders
an effective control technique because
their soft bodies usually do not survive
|is process Indoors, a web on which
jst has gathered is an old web that is
no longer being used by a spider-
Individual spiders can also be removed
from indoor areas by placing a jar over
them and slipping a piece of paper
under Ihe jar that then seals off the
opening of the jar when it is lifted up-
To prevent spiders from coming in-
doors, seal cracks in the foundaiion
and other parts ofthe slructure and
gaps around windows and doors.
Good screening not only will keep oul
many spiders but also will discourage
them by keeping oul insects thai they
must have for food.
In indoor slorage areas, place boxes off
the floor and away from walls, when-
ever possible, to help reduce their use-
fulness as a harborage for spiders.
Sealing the boxes wilh tape will pre-
vent spiders from laking up residence
wilhin- Clean up clutter in garages,
sheds, basements, and oihei stoiage
areas- Be sure to wear gloves to avoid
accidental biles-
' more informatton contact Ihe University
^ Califomia Cooperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your pfione book for addresses and
phone numbers.
COttTRIBUTORS: R Veller. P O Connor-
Marer, E. Mussen. L. Allen. K Daane. G.
Hfckman. A. Slater, P. Phillips. R. Hanna
EDITOR: B- Ohlendod
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Brash
ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 3: J. L. Lockwood;
Fig. 5: V, Winemitlei
PRODUCED BY IPM Educalion and Publi-
calions, UC Statewide IPM Project. Univer-
sity ot Caiifornta. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is avaitable on the World
Wide Web (ht1p://wvvw,ipm,ucdavis-edu)
UC^'iPM
To simplify infoimaiion. tiade names of products
have been used. No endoisemenl ol named piod-
ucis is intended, nor is crilicism implied of similar
products thai ale rot menlioned,
This material is partially based upon woik supported
by the Exiension Service. U S. Oepartmenl ol Agii-
culture, under special pioiect Seclion 3(d). Integtat-
ed Pesl Management
Outdoors, eliminate places for spiders
to hide and build their webs by keep-
ing the area next lo the foundation free
of trash, leaf litter, heavy vegetation,
and othei accumulations of materials
Trimming plant growth away from the
house and other structures will dis-
courage spiders from first taking up
residence near Ihe structure and then
moving indoors. Outdoor lighting at-
tracts insects, which in turn atlracis
spiders- If possible, keep lighting fix-
tures off structures and away from
windows and doorways. Sweep, mop.
hose, or vacuum webs and spiders off
buildings regularly. Insecticides will
not provide long-term conlrol and
should not generally be used against
spiders outdoors
Chemical Control
Typically pesticide conlrol of spiders is
difficult unless you actually see Ihe
spider and are able to spray it. There
are various insecticides available in
retail outlets labeled for spider control,
including pyrethrins. resmethrin, al-
lethrin. or combinations ofthese prod-
ucts. Avoid products containing
chlorpyrifos or diazinon because they
have been implicated in storm water
contamination. Ifyou spray a spider, il
will be killed only if the spray lands
directly on it; the spray residual does
not have a long-lasting effect. This
means a spider can walk over a
sprayed surface a few days (and in
many cases, a few hours) after treat-
ment and not be affected. Control by
spraying is only temporaiy unless ac-
companied by housekeeping- It is just
as easy and much less toxic lo crush
the spider with a rolled up newspaper
or your shoe or to vacuum it up.
Sorptive dusts conlaining amorphous
silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyre-
thrins. which can be applied by profes-
sional pesl control applicators only,
may be useful in certain indoor situa-
tions. Particles of the dust affect the
ouler covering of spiders (and also
insecls) that have crawled over a
treated surface, causing them lo dry
out. When applied as a dusllike film
and left in place, a sorptive dust pro-
vides permanent protection against
spiders. The dust is most advanta-
geously used in cracks and crevices
and in attics, wall voids, and other
enclosed or unused places,
COMPILED FROM:
Barr. B, A,. G, W Hickman, and C, S,
Koehler 1984 Spiders, Oakland: Univ.
Calif Div, Agric, Nal Res Leaflet
2531-
SUGGESTED READING
Akre. R, D . and E. P. Calls 1992
Spiders. Pullman: Wash- State Univ..
Cooperative Exiension Publ. EB1548-
Hedges. S A . and M S Lacey 1995.
FieJd Guide for the Management of Urban
Spiders- Cleveland: Franzak and
Foster Co-
Marer. P- 1991. Residentia/. fncfusiriaJ,
and Instituf/onal Pesf Conrrof, Oakland:
Univ, Calif Div. Agric Nal. Res,
Publ- 3334
Veller, R. S. Jan. 2000 Pest Notes; Brown
RecJuse and Other RecJuse Spiders.
Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric- Nal-
Res- Publ, 7468- Also available onhne
at: hitp /Avwvw ipm ucdavis edu/PMG/
sekclnewpest.home.html
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Peslicides are poisonous- Always read and carefully foltow all piecautions and safety recommendations
given on the conlainer label. Sloie alt chemicok in Ihe original labeled containeis in a locked cabinet or s>ied.
away from food ol feeds, and out of lhe reach vt children, unauthorized persons, pets, and Hveslock,
Confine chemicals lo lhe property being tiealed. Avoid drill onto neightioring properties, especially gardens
containing Iruils and/or vegetables ready to be picked.
Dispose of empty containers caiefully. Follow label instmctions lor disposal. Nevei reuse lhe conlainers.
Make sure emply containers are nol accessible lo childien oi animals, f^evei dispose ol containers wtieie
lhey may contaminate walei supplies ol nalural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consull your
couniy agiicufluial commissioner lor conect ways of disposing of excess peslicides. Never burn pesticide
containeis.
The University of CaWornia prohibits disciiminalion against or harassment ol any person employed by or
seeking emptoyment wilh the University on the basis of race, coloi, nalional origin, religion, sex, physical or
mental disability, medical condition (cancer-ielaled or genetic cliaiacleristics), ancestry, maiiial status, age.
sexual orientaiion, citizenship, or stalus as a covered veteian (special disabled veleian, Vietnam-eia
veieran. or any other wteran who served oo active duty cturing a wai or in a campaign of expedition lor wtiich
a campaign badge has been authoiized). University Policy is inlended lo be consistent wilh Ihe provisions
of applicable Slale and Federal laws. Inquiries regaiding Ihe Un'iveisily's nondiscrimination policies may be
diiecled to Ihe Affirmative AcliorVStaH Personnel Services Direclcn, University ol Caltfornia. Agriculture and
Natural Resouices. 1111 Franklin. Glh Floor. Oakland. CA 94607-5200. (510) 987-0096
SNAILS AND SLUGS
Integrated Pest Management for ttie Home Gardener
Figure 1. Brown garden snail.
Snails and slugs are among the most
tiolhersome pests in many garden and
landscape situations. The brown gar-
den snail (Helix aspersa) (Fig. 1), is
lhe most common snail causing prob-
lems in Califomia gardens; it was in-
^^^duced from France during the
^^BOs for use as food-
Several species of slugs are frequently
damaging, including Ihe gray gaiden
slug (PerocfTflS reticulatum) (Fig- 2),
the banded slug (Limax poirieri) and
the gieenhouse slug (Mdax gagales).
Both snails and slugs aie members of
the mollusk phylum and are similar in
stmcture and biology, except slugs
lack the snail's extemal spiral shelL
IDENTIFICATION AND
BIOIOCY
Snails and slugs move by gliding along
on a muscular "foot " This muscle
constantly secretes mucus, which
later dries lo form the silvery "slime
trail" thai signals the presence of
these pests. Adull brown garden
snails lay aboul 80 spherical, pearly
white eggs at a lime into a hole in lhe
lopsoil. They may lay eggs up to six
times a year, 11 lakes aboul 2 years for
snails lo mature. Slugs reach maturity
in aboul a year.
Snails and slugs are mosl aclive at
night and on cloudy or foggy days- On
sunny days they seek hiding places
out of the heat and sun; often the only
clues lo their presence are iheir sil-
very trails and plant damage- In mild-
winler areas such as in southem
Califomia and in coastal localions,
young snails and slugs are active
throughout the year-
During cold weather, snails and slugs
hibernate in the lopsoil- During hoi,
dry periods, snails seal themselves off
with a parchmentlike membrane and
oflen attach themselves lo tree
Imnks, fences, or walls
DAMAGE
Snails and slugs feed on a variety of
living planis as well as on decaying
planl matter- On plants they chew
irregular holes with smooth edges in
leaves and can clip succulent planl
parts- They can also chew fruit and
young plant bark. Because lhey prefer
succulent foliage, lhey are primarily
pests of seedlings, heibaceous planis,
and ripening fruits, such as strawber-
ries, artichokes, and tomatoes, that
are close lo the ground- However,
they will also feed on foliage and fruil
of some trees; cilrus are especially
susceptible to damagc-
MANACEMENT
A good snail and slug managemenl
program relies on a combination of
methods- The firsl slep is lo elimi-
nate, to the extent possible, all places
where snails or slugs can hide during
the day. Boards, stones, debiis,
weedy aieas aiound Iiee Imnks, leafy
branches growing close lo the
ground, and dense ground covers
such as ivy are ideal sheltering spots.
There will be shelters lhat are nol
possible lo eliminale — e g., low
ledges on fences, the undersides of
wooden decks, and water meter
boxes. Make a regular praclice of re-
moving snails and slugs in these ar-
eas. Also, locate vegetable gardens or
susceptible plants as far away as pos-
sible from these areas- Reducing hid-
ing places allows fewer snails and
slugs to survive. The survivors con-
gregate in the remaining shelters,
where they can more easily be lo-
cated and controlled- Also, switching
from sprinkler irrigation lo drip iniga-
Figure 2. Cray garden slug.
PEST |SJOTES Publication 7427
University of California
[Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources revisecf August 1 999
August 1999 Snails and Slugs
Figure 3. A snail trap can be made from a board with 1-inch risers.
tion will reduce humidity and moisl
surfaces, making the habitat less fa-
voiable for these pests,
Handpicking
Handpicking can be very effective if
done thoroughly on a regular basis- At
first il should be done daily; after the
population has noticeably declined, a
weekly handpicking may tie sulficient-
kdraw oul snails, water lhe infested
ra in the late afternoon- After dark,
search them oul using a flashlight,
pick ihem up (rubber gloves are
handy when slugs are involved), place
them in a plastic bag, and dispose ol
them in the trash; or they can be put
in a bucket with soapy water and then
disposed of in your compost pile. Al-
lemalively, captured snails and slugs
can be cmshed and lell in the garden-
Traps
Snails and slugs can be trapped under
boards or flower pots positioned
throughout the garden and landscape
You can make traps from J2" x 15"
boards (or any easy-to-handle size)
raised off the ground by 1-inch mn-
ners (fig- 3)- The mnners make it easy
for the pesls lo crawl underneafh-
Scrape off the accumulated snails and
slugs daily and destroy them- Crush-
ing is the most common method of
destmction- Do not use salt to destroy
snails and slugs; it will increase soil
salinity- Beer-bailed traps have bieen
used to trap and drown slugs and
snails; however, they attract slugs
and snails within an area of only a few
feet, and musl t>e refilled every few
days lo keep the level deep enough to
drown the mollusks- If using beer, il is
more effective fresh than flat. Traps
must have veriical sides lo keep lhe
snails and slugs from crawling oul.
Snail and slug liaps can also be pur-
chased at garden supply slores,
Barriers
Several lypes of baniers will keep
snails and slugs oul of planling beds.
The easiest to maintain are those
made wilh coppier flashing and
screens. Copper barriers are effective
because it is thought lhal the copper
reads wilh the slime that the snail or
slug secretes, causing a flow of elec-
tricity- Vertical copper screens can be
erected around planting beds- The
screen should be 6 inches tall and
buried several inches below the soil
to prevent slugs from crawling tie-
neath lhe soil-
Coppier foil (for example, Snail-Ban)
can lie wrapped around planling
boxes, headers, or tmnks to repel
snails for several years- When band-
ing Imnks, wrap the copper foil
around the tmnk, tab side down, and
cut It lo allow an S-inch overlap- At-
lach one end or the middle of the
band to the trunk with one staple
oriented parallel to the trunk Overlap
and fasten the ends with one oi two
large papei clips lo allow Ihe copper
band lo slide as the tmnk giows
Bend the tabs oul al a 90 degree angle
from the tiunk. The bands need lo be
cleaned occasionally- When using
copper bands on planter boxes, be
sure the soil within the boxes is snail-
free before applying bands. If il is nol,
handpick the snails and slugs fiom
the soil after applying the band unlil
the box is free of these pesls.
Instead of copper bands. Bordeaux
mixture (a copper sulfate and hy-
drated lime mixture) can be bmshed
on tmnks lo repel snails. One treat-
ment should last aboul a year. Adding
a commercial spreader may increase
the persistence of Bordeaux mixture
through two seasons- Sticky material
(such as Stickem Green, which con-
tains copper) applied lo Imnks ex-
cludes snails, slugs, ants, and
flightless species of weevils Barriers
of dry ashes or diatomaceous earth
heaped in a band 1 inch high and 3
inches wide aiound the gaiden have
also been shown lo be effective. How-
ever, these barriers lose their elfec-
liveness afler fiecoming damp and are
therefore difficult to maintain.
Natural Enemies
Snails and slugs have many natural
enemies, including ground beetles,
pathogens, snakes, loads, turtles, and
birds (including ducks, geese, and
chickens), but they are laiely effec-
tive enough to piovide satisfactoiy
conlrol in the garden. A predaceous
snail, the decollate snail (Rumma
decollala) has been released in south-
em California citius orchaids for con-
trol of lhe brown garden snail and is
providing very effective biological
contiol. It feeds only on small snails,
not full-sized ones- Because of the
potential impact of Ihe decollate snail
on ceitain endangeied mollusk spe-
cies, it cannot be released oulside of
Fresno, Imperial, Kem, Los Angeles,
Madera, Orange, Riveiside, Santa Bai-
bara, San Bernardino, San Diego,
Ventura, or Tulare counties m Califor-
nia- Also, decollate snails may feed on
seedlings, small plants, and flowers as
well as be a nuisance U'fifn lhey roi.fr
the back patio on a misty day
August 1999 Snails and Slugs
Baits
snail and slug bails can be effective
Ihen used piopeily in conjunction
wilh a cultural piogiam incorporating
the olher methods discussed above.
Bails will kill decollate snails if they
are preseni,
Metaldehyde or melaldehyde/car-
baryl snail bails can be hazardous
and should nol be used where chil-
dren and pets cannoi be kepi away
from ihem, A recently registered snail
and slug bail, iron phosphate (Sluggo
or Escar-Go), has the advantage of
being safe for use around domestic
animals and wildlife.
Never pile bail in mounds or clumps,
especially those bails thai are hazard-
ous, because piling makes a bail
attractive lo pels and children, Place-
menl of the bail in a commercial bail
trap reduces hazards lo pels and chil-
dren and can proiect bails from mois-
hjie, but may also leduce llieir
effectiveness. Thick liquid baits may
persist bieltei under condilions of rain
and sprinklers.
r more informaiion contact the Univeisily
of California Coopeialive Extension or agii-
culluial commissioner's oflice in your coun-
iy. See youi phone book foi addiesses and
phone numbeis.
CONTRIBUTORS: J. Kailik, P Phillips, and
N. Sakovich
IllUSTRATIONS: Figs.l, 2-Valerie
Winemuller; fig. 3-DANR leaflet 2530
EDITOR: B, Ohiendorf
TECHNICAI EDITOR; M- I. FlinI
DESICN AND PRODUCTION: M. Biush
PRODUCED BY IPM Educalion and Publica-
tions, uc Statewide 1PM Project, University
of Califomia. Davis, CA 95616-8620-
This Pest Nole is jv»ilable on tbe World
Wide Web (hltp://www,tpm,ijcdavrs,edu)
UC4'IPM
To simplify information, Irade names of producis
have been used. No endoisemenl ol named produc 1$
is intended, nor is criticism implied ol similar prod-
ucts lh^l ate nol mentioned
This maleitdl is partially based upon work supported
by lhe {xlension Service, U.S. Oepartmenl of Agncul-
ture. undei special project Seclion 3td), Inlegraled
Pe*\ Managemenl
The liming of any bailing is crilical;
baiting is less effective during very
hot, veiy dry, oi cold times of the
year because snails and slugs are less
aclive duiing these peiiods- Inigate
before applying a bail to promote
snail aclivily. Make spot applications
instead of widespread applications.
Apply bait in a narrow strip around
sprinklers or in other moisl and pro-
tected localions or scatter il along
areas thai snails and slugs cross lo
get hom sheltered areas lo the
garden.
Ingestion of the iron phosphate bait,
even in small amounts, will cause
snails and slugs to cease feeding, al-
lhough it may lake seveial days for
the snails to die. lion phosphate bait
can be scattered on lawns or on the
soil around any vegetables, ornamen-
tals, or fruit trees lo be protected- tt
breaks down less lapidly lhan
metaldehyde and may remain effec-
tive for several weeks, even after irri-
gation-
Avoid getting metaldehyde bail on
plants, especially vegetables- Baits
conlaining only metaldehyde are leli-
able when conditions are dry and hot
or following a rain when snails and
slugs are active. Metaldehyde does
not kill snails and slugs directly un-
less they eat a substantial amounl of
il; ralher, il stimulates their mucous-
producing cells lo overproduce
mucous in an attempt to detoxify the
bait. The cells eventually fail and the
snail dies. When il is sunny or hoi,
lhey die from desiccation. If it is cool
and wel, lhey may recover if they
ingest a sublethal dose. Do nol water
heavily for al least 3 or 4 days after
bail placemenl; watering will reduce
effectiveness and snails may recover
from metaldehyde fwisoning if high
moisture condilions occur. Metalde-
hyde breaks down rapidly when ex-
posed lo sunlight; however. Deadline,
a special formulation of metaldehyde,
does not. Deadline holds up well in
wef wealher and does nol have lhe
problem wilh sublelhal doses that
olher metalde-hyde baits have.
COMPILED FROM
Dreistadt, S. H., } K- Clark, and M L.
Flint. 1994. Pfsfs of Landscape Trees
and Shrubs: An Inlegraled Pcsl Manage-
menl Guide. Oakland: Univ Calif. Div.
Agric- and Nat Resources, Publica-
tion 3359-
Flint, M. L- 1998- PPSIS of the Garden
and Small Parm: A Grower's Guide to
Using Less Pesticide, 2nd ed- Oakland:
Univ- Calif. Div. Agric. and Nat. Re-
sources, Publicafion 3332.
Hesketh, K, A, and W- S. Moore- 1979-
Snails and Slugs in Ihe Home Garden.
Oakland: Univ. Calif- Div. Agiic- and
Nat- Resouices, Leaflet 2530-
WARNING ON THI USE OF CHEMICAtS
Peslicides aie poisonous-Always read and caielu lly follow all precautions and safery recommendations given
on Ihe conlainer label. Store all chemicals tnthe original labeled conlainers in a locked cabinel or shed, away
Irom food or feeds, and our of Ihe reach ol children, unauthorized persons, pels, and livestock
Confine chemicals to the piopeity tietng liealed. Avoid drilt onto neighboiing pioperties, especially gaidens
conlaining fruits and/or vegetables ready lo be picked,
Disposeof emply comainerscarefully. Follow latiel inslructions lor disposal. Never reuse the conlainers. Make
sure empty containeis are no* accessible to children oi animals. Nevei dispose of comaineis wheie lhey may
contamindlc walet supplies oi nalural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toiler. Consult your county
agl icultuial commissioner for correct ways ofdisposing of excess peslicides. Never burn pesticide conlainers.
Tbe University of Calilomia prohibits disciiminalion againsl Ol haiassmeni of any person employed by or
seeking employmenl with the Univeisily on the basis of lace, coloi, nalional origin, religion, sex, physical or
mental disability, medical condition IcarKer-ielaled or genetic characteiislicsi, ancestry, marital status, age.
sexual oiienlalron, ctliienship. oi stalus as a covered veteian ispecial disabled veleian, Vietnam era veieran,
or any other veieran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition lor which a
campaign badge has been authorizedl. Univeisity Poiicv is intended to be consislent with the provisions ol
applicabte Stale and Federal laws. Inquiiies legaiding lhe Univeisity's nondiscriminalion policies may be
diiet ted to the Alltrmalive At lion/Stall Personnel Services Diiector. Universiiv ol Calilomia, Agiiculiure and
NOIUIDI Resouices, lilt franklin, farh Moor. Oakland. CA 9tl607 5200. (SJO) 987 009b
ROSES IN THE GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE:
^NSECT AND MITE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
Roses aie among the most intensively
managed plants in many home land-
scapes. Pail of this inlensive manage-
ment is the fiequent applicalion of
pesticides, Howevei, while insects
and mites may attack roses from lime
lo lime, many rose enthusiasts are
able to maintain vigorous plants and
produce high qualily blooms wilh
litlle or no use of insecticides, espe-
cially in Califomia's dry interior val-
leys. The key is careful selecfion of
varieties, which vary significantly in
susceptibility to insecl and disease
problems, good attention to appropri-
ale cultural practices, and occasional
handpicking or using water lo spray
away pests. Keep an eye oul for rising
populations of natural enemies that
often rapidly reduce the numbeis of
aphids, mites, and other pesls. For
management of diseases see liC IPM
Pest Notes Publication 7463, Roses in
Garden and Landscape: Diseases
Abiotic Disorders, and for general
lips on cultural practices and weed
contiol, see UC IPM Pest Notes Publica-
tion 7465, Roses in the Garden and
Landscape: Cultural Practices and
Weed Conlrol
COMMON INSECT
AND MITE PESTS
Aphids aie the most
common insect
pests on loses-
The actual species
involved depends
on wheie the loses
aie giown in the slale
and includes the lose aphid,
Macrosiphum rosae, the potato aphid,
M euphorbiae, and the cotton aphid.
Aphis gossypii among otheis. Aphids
favoi rapidly growing tissue such as
buds and shoots. Low lo modeiate
levels of aphids do lillle damage lo
plants, although many gardeners are
concemed with their very presence-
Moderate to high populations can
secrete copious amounts of honey-
dew, resulting in the growlh of sooty
mold, which blackens leaves. Very
high numbers may kill buds or reduce
flower size, Aphids have many natuial
enemies including lady beetles, soldier
beetles, and syrphid flies (see Ihe
section on Common Natural Enemies)
that may rapidly reduce increasing
populations. Keep anls oul of bushes
with slicky barriers or traps to im-
prove biological control. Lady beetles
oflen increase in number when aphid
populalions are high. The convergent
lady beetle is sold at nuiseiies foi
lelease againsl aphids and may leduce
numbers when piopeily leleased.
Releasing green lacewings against the
rose aphid has nol been shown lo
offer significant conlrol in research
tiials-
A natuially occurring fungal pathogen
may conlrol aphids when conditions
are wel or humid. In mosl areas
aphids are normally a problem for
only about 4 lo 6 weeks in spring and
early summer before high summer
tempeiatures reduce their numbers. In
many landscape situations, knocking
aphids off with a forceful spray of
water early in lhe day is all lhal is
needed lo supplement natural control,
Insectiddal soaps or neem oil can also
be used lo increase mortalily of
aphids wilh only moderate impact on
natural enemies. Aphids are easy lo
control with insecliddes such as the
foliar systemic acephate (Orlhene) or
malathion, but such applications are
seldom necessary. Soil-applied sys-
temic insecticides may be effective
bul are nol usually necessary,
Insects and Mites That Cause
Leaves to Stipple or Yelhw
Spider miles, Tetranychus spp., cause
leaves lo be stippled or bleached,
oflen with webbing, or iFiey iriay
cause leaves lo dry up and fall. They
are tiny (aboul the size of the period
at the end of this sentence) and are
besl seen with fhe use of a hand lens.
High numbers are usually
assodated with dry,
dusty condilions. Spider
mite numbers may
greatly increase if their
many natural enemies
are killed by broad-
spectrum insecticides
applied for other pesls.
For instance, applications
of carbaryl (Sevin) applied to conlrol
other f>ests are frequently followed by
an increase in mite populalions.
Conserving natural enemies, provid-
ing sufficient irrigation, and redudng
dust may all help control mites Over-
head inigation or periodic washing of
leaves with waler can be veiy effec-
tive in reducing mile numbers. If
Irealmenl is necessary, spider miles
can bie controlled with insecticidal
soap, horticultural oil, or neem oil.
Releases of predator miles have been
used in some silualions.
Rose leafhopper,
Edwardsianna
rosae, causes
stippling larger
than mile stip-
pling bul lends
lo be a problem
only in certain
PEST [SjoTEs Publication 74GG
University of California
Division of Agriculture and iNlalural Resources September 1 999
September 1999 Roses: Insecl and Mile Pests and Beneficials
ralilies Casl skins and the ab-
Fnce of ^vebbing on the underside
of leaves is a good indication lhal
these pesls aie piesent. Planis can
loleiate moderate stippling. Use an
insecticidal soap if an infestation is
severe,
Irtsecls That Distort or
Discolor Blossoms
Thrips- Westem flower ihrips, Fron-
kliniella occidentalis, arid Madrone
ihrips, Thrips madroni, cause injury
primarily lo rose flowers,
causing blossom pietals
lo streak with brown or
become disloiled. The
liny yellow oi black
thiips insecls can be
found within the blos-
soms. Thiips problems
aie moie likely lo be seveie wheie
many rose bushes locaied close to-
gether provide a continuously bloom-
ing habilal. Fragrant, light-colored or
white roses are mosf often attacked
and can be severely damaged. Culli-
vais wilh sepals that lemain lighlly
lapped around the bud unlil blooms
ten have fewer problems- In mosl
Tome garden and landscapie silua-
lions, ihrips can be tolerated Fre-
quent clipping and disposal of spent
blooms may reduce ihrips problems-
Control with insecticides is difficult
because materials are mostly effective
on early developmental stages, which
are commonly found within buds oi
flowers where most pestidde applica-
tions cannoi penetrate- II should be
noted that westem flower thrips can
have a beneficial role as a predator of
spider mites-
Insects That Afay Chew
Blossoms and/or Leaves
Fuller rose beelle, Adulls of Fuller
rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani,
chew flowers and foliage leaving
notched or ragged
edges. Adult beelles
are pale brown wee-
]ll vils that are about
3/8 inch long. They
^^fflUs^ are flightless and
laciuai '«1F U hide during the day,
^ often on the under-
^lOl
sides of leaves; feeding lakes place al
night. The larvae are root feeders but
do nol seriously damage roses Low
numbers can be ignored; olherwise,
handpick the beelles off the plant, use
slicky malerial on stems, and trim
branches lhat create bridges lo walls
and olher planis. The adults are diffi-
cult lo conlrol wilh insecticides be-
cause lhey have a long emergence
period lhal goes from June to Novem-
ber, Parasitic nematodes may be help-
ful if applied lo the soil in early lo
midsummer,
Hoplia beelle, Hoplia callipyge, is
aboul 1 /4 inch long and chews holes
mostly in lhe pelals of open flowers, ll
is primarily a problem in the Cenlral
Valley from Sacramento south lo
Bakersfield, The hoplia beetle prefeis
feeding on lighf-coloied loses (white,
pink, apricot, and yellow) but does
nof damage leaves. Larvae are root
feeders but do not feed on the roots
of rose plants. Theie
is only one geneia-
T /^"lYfRv. ^ y^^r and
^li|j,i,^ damage is usually
confined lo a 2- lo
4-week peiiod in late
spiing- Adult hoplia
beelles can lie handpicked or infested
rose blooms clipped off plants- Sprays
are not very effective and should not
be necessary in a garden situation
lac lual
size)
(lenglh ol bee)
Leafcutter bees,
Megachile spp., cul
semicircular holes
in the margins of
leaves and carry
leaf material back
to use in lining their
neslS- Bees are impor-
tant pollinators and should nol be
killed- Tolerate this pest as there are
no effective conlrols-
Rose curculio, Merhynchiles spp., is a
red to black snout weevil about 1/4
inch long that prefers yellow and
while roses, ll punch-
es holes in flowers
and buds and may
create ragged
holes in blossoms
or kill the develop-
ing bud If weevils
are numerous, terminal shoots may be
killed as well- Larvae feed within buds,
often killing them before they open-
Handpick adults off planis and destroy
infested buds. A broad-spectmm insec-
ticide can be applied to kill adults if the
infeslalion is severe.
Caterpillars such as orange loitrix,
tussock molh, fraitliee leafioller, tent
caterpillar, and omnivorous looper may
feed on rose leaves; some of these cal-
erpillars may also tie leaves with silk-
Damage is usually nol severe and Ireal-
menl not usually necessary- Handpick
or clip oul rolled leaves- Small leaf-
feeding caterpillars can be killed with
an applicalion ol lhe microbial insecti-
dde Bacillus thuringiensis. Some cater-
pillars, like the tobacco budworm, may
occasionally bore into flower buds-
Look for the caterpillar or ils frass in-
side- Pmne and destroy damaged buds-
Rose slug, Endelomyia aethiops, is the
black lo pale gieen, sluglike larva of a
sawfly. Unlike pear slug, this spedes
has apparent legs and looks like a cat-
eipillai. Young larvae
skeletonize the lower
leaf suiface while
mature larvae chew
large holes in leaves.
These pests have
many nalural ene-
mies. They may be
washed off wilh a
strong slream of
waler or killed with
an application of
insecfiddal soap, (Bacillus thuringiensis
will not work because these are wasp
larvae and not the larvae of butterflies
or moths )
Insects That Cause
Canes to Die Back
Flatheaded boiers,
Chrysobolhris spp., cfig^^p
may kill canes or an ^^^01
entire plant. Larvae aie S
while and up lo 1 inch
long with enlaiged
heads, Adull beetles do
not significantly damage laciual
roses. Eggs lend lo be laid sire)
on stressed lose plants, especially in
bark wounds caused by sunburn or
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests ancJ Beneficials
m
disease- Remove and destroy infested
aterial and keep plants heallhy by
roviding sufficient inigation and
avoiding excessive summer pruning-
Raspberry homtail, Hartigia cressoni,
larvae are white, segmented caterpil-
lars up lo 1 inch long lhat can cause
Hps of canes to will and die in spring,
reducing second cycle blooms. Adulls
are wasplike, black or black and yel-
low, and aboul 1/2 inch long, Inspecl
canes in spring (mid-April lo mid-
Jime) for egg laying indsions or swell-
ings caused by larvae and cut them off
below the infeslalion. Prune off infest-
ed canes unlil heallhy pith is found.
^F/j
(aclual size)
Scale inserts including rose scale,
Aulacaspis rosae, and San jose scale,
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, are occa-
sionally the cause of cane decline or
dieback when numbers are high.
These armored scales can hie ob-
served on canes as small, grayish,
ound to oval encrusta-
ns, ranging in size from
'/8 to 1/4 inch. These in-
sects have no legs or an-
tennae for mosl of their
lives and are immobile,
In winter, cut back and
destroy infested
canes and apply
insecticidal oil lo
remaining infested canes if necessary-
Scales are attacked by many natural
enemies- Look foi exit holes in matuie
scale covers, which indicate parasili-
zation-
An Insect Rarely Found
in California
Rose midge, Dasincura rhodophaga,
was lepoited infesting loses in a nuis-
ery in Petaluma, California in August
1996. Rose midges are tiny flies thai
lay their eggs inside the sepals of flow-
er buds or on planl terminals. Hatch-
ing larvae move into flower buds to
feed, leaving lhe injured buds to with-
er, blacken, and die- Pupation occurs
[actual size)
in the soil and two lo four generations
can occur annually- When first lepoit-
ed in 19%, there was widespiead (eai
lhat this pest would move lapidly
ihrough the slate, caus-
ing severe damage to
roses in gardens and
commercial nurseries-
However, few midges
were found in 1997-
The pesl has been
preseni in cenlral Ore-
gon and Washington for many years
and is not known lo be a major pest
there. Hopefully il will nol become a
problem in Califomia, Take any sus-
pected infesled materia] lo your coun-
iy Agricultural Commissioner foi
identification, Don'l confuse the rose
midge wilh the similar looking benefi-
dal midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza,
which feeds on aphids, Aphidoletes
larvae are found on stem, bud, or leaf
surfaces feeding wilhin aphid colo-
nies, whereas Dasincura larvae are
out of view al Ihe base of developing
buds in lerminals-
COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES
OF INSECT AND MITE
PESTS IN ROSES
Aphid parasiles. Tiny parasitic wasps
are very important in the control of
aphids in roses. Adults lay their eggs
within the aphid and developing lar-
vae, rapidly immobihzing them. Even-
tually, the parasite kills ihem and
turns them into bronze or black
cmsly, bloated mummies. The para-
site pupales wilhin the mummy and
then cuts a neat lOund hole and
emerges as a full grown wasp. Once
I
you see one mum-
C^^S. my in lhe aphid
colony, you
^ p^^^j^-^iL likely lo
lactual ( ' "^ij^^^ see more-
Parasitic
wasps are
also imporiant in the control of scale
insecls, caterpillars, and many other
insect pesls.
Minute pirale bug. Minute pirate
bugs. Onus tristicolor, are tiny true
bugs with black and white markings
as adults Thev are often among Ihe
first predators to ap-
pear in spring, and
they feed on miles,
insecl and mite eggs,
immature scales, and
thiips-
Lacewings. Green lacewings in lhe
genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are
common natural enemies of aphids
and other soft-bodied in-
sects. The gray-green lo
brown alligalor-shaped
larvae are the predatory
slage of the Chrysoperla
spedes. The green lacy-
winged adulls feed on
honeydew.
(actual size)
Lady beelles. Many different ied and
black lady beetle species are predators
of aphids; the mosl common is the
convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia
convergens (see drawing). Another
common species in the garden is lhe
multi-colored Asian lady beelle, Harmo-
nia axyridis. These lady beetles have
the advantage of feeding primarily on
aphids and are predators in both the
adult and larval stages. Look foi lhe
black, alligator-shaped larva wilh or-
ange dots and the
oblong, yellow eggs
that are laid on end
in gioups- Releases
of commerdally
available conver-
gent lady bieetles
can reduce aphid
numbers- However,
large numbers musl
be released on each
individual rose plant-
Mist lady beetles wilh
a water spray before release- Make
releases in lhe evening al dusk by plac-
ing beelles on canes al tbe base of
plants. Wet plants firsl with a fine
spray of water. Expect 90% of the lady
beetles to fly away in the first 24 hours-
All released lady beelles are unhkely lo
lay eggs and wiil fly away once aphid
populations have been substantially
reduced
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials
^^Re:
alherwings or soldier beelles,
se moderate to large-sized beetles
in the Canthaiid family have leathei-
like daik wings and orange or red
heads and ihoiaxes. They feed on
aphids and are very common on
roses. Many people mistake them for
pests, bul lhey are predaceous both
as adults and larvae (in the soil).
Sometimes they leave dark splotches
of excrement on leaves,
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S- H, 1994. PfSfs of Land-
scope Trees and Shrubs. Oakland:
Univ Calif Div. Agric. Nat ReS- Publ
3359-
Flint, M L , and S H- Dreistadt. 1998.
Natural Enemies Handbook. Oakland:
Univ. Cahf Div. Agric. Nal. Res, PubL
33«6.
Karlik, J , P B. Goodell, and
G, W, Osleen- 1995- Improved mite
sampling may reduce acaricide use in
roses- Calif Agric. 49(3):38-40,
UC 1PM Pest Notes: various pests of
gaidens and landscape. World Wide
Web(hltp:/ / www.ipm,ucdavis-edu)
and Univ- Calif Div- Agric- Nat, Res,
larlual
size)
Syrphid flics, Syrphids. sometimes
called flower flies or hover flies, are
imporlani predators of aphids and
very common on roses. Adults, which
superfidally resemble wasps, feed on
nectar and pollen before reproducing
and are often seen hovering above
flowers. Larvae, often found within
aphid colonies, are legless and mag-
got shaped- There
]• . aie many species in
"jBM California and they
.^^^Sl^ vary in color from
dull brown or
yellow lo bright
green, but most
have a yellow
longitudinal
stripe on the
back. Don't mis-
take them for molh
or butterfly larvae!
Predaceous miles, A number of pred-
atory miles feed on spider mites, fre-
quently keeping them at tolerable
levels. Predatory mites can be distin-
guished from the plant-feeding spider
mites by the absence of the two spots
on either side of the body, their pear
shape, and their more active habits.
Compared lo the plant-feeding spe-
cies of miles lhat remain in one loca-
tion feeding, predatory mites move
rapidly around the leaf looking for
prey. Because they are so small, a
hand lens is helpful in viewing them.
Spiders, AH spiders are piedalors and
many contribute significantly to bio-
logical control. Many types of spiders
including crab spiders, jumping spi-
ders, cobweb spiders, and the orb-
weavers occur in landscapes.
For more infoimation coniacl the Univeisily
of Calilornia Cooperalive Exiension or
agricullural commissioner's office in youi
county. See your phone book for addiesses
and pfione numbeis
AUTHORS: Maty tooise FlinI and John Kailik
111 UST RAT IONS:
Child. Ashley: Fullrr rose beelle; Hoplia
beetle; lacewing larva; lady beetle adult;
t»dy beelle larva; leafcutter bee; Kose
curculio; Rose leafhopper; Scale insects;
Syrphid fly larva
Flint, M I , and S- H, Dieisladi. 1998,
Nalural {nemies Handbook. Oakland:
Univ- Calif Div, Agiic & Natural Res,,
Publ. 3386: Aphid parasite (Table 7-1-A);
lacewiivg adull (Fig- ft-13); Minute pirale
bitg (Table 8 2 A); Syrphid adull (Table 8-
3 1)
Packard, A- S- 1876 Cuide tothe Study ol
Iniects. New Yoik: Hemy Holt & Co.: Rose
slug (fig, 148)
Sandeison. E. D., andC F Jackson. 1912.
[lemenlary [nlomology. Boston: Ginn &
Co.: f latheaderf boier (Fig 208)
Sasscbei, E R , and A, D Borden. 1919
lhe Rose Midge. Washington, DC: USDA,
Bulletin 778: Rose midge
UC IPM Pest Notes. Oakland: Univ Calif,
Div. Agric. and Nal. Resourses: Aphid
iPubl- 7404. Jan 199S); Raspberry homtail
larva (Publ. 7407, Jan. 1995); Spider mite
iPubl 7429, Jan- 1995); Thrips (PuH 30,
Feb 199b)
EDfTOR; B. Ohiendoif
DESICN AND PRODUCTION: M. Biush
PRODUCED BY 1PM Educalion and Publi
cations. UC Statewide IPM Pioject, Univei-
sily of California, Davis. CA 95616 8&?0
This Test Note is available on
the World Wide Web
(http: //www.rpm.iKdavis.edu)
UC^IPM
To simplify informaiion, Made names of prodods
have be^n osed. No endorsement of named
prodiKts is »n!er>ded, POF ts ciiticrsm implied of
similar piodwls that ate not meni'tonetJ.
This malerial ts paFfidMy based upon work
si*pported by the Fxiension Service, U.S. Depart
rT>enl of Agiicullore, under sf>ectal projecl Setlion
3(d), lr>leg(aled PesJ Managemenl.
WARNING ON THE USF Of CHEMICALS
Peslrctdes areporsorwus Always lead and carefully ioUovvatt precaulions and safety recommendations givrn
on the container label. Sloie all chemicals inlhe ofiginallabeled conlainers in a locked cabinet or shed, away
from food or feeds, and out of lhe reach of children, unauthorized persoris, pets. arxJ livesloc k.
Confine chemrca's lo the property beingtieared. Avoid diifl onto neighboring properties, especully gardens
conlainir>g fruits and/ot vegetables ready fo be picked.
Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions ior disposal. Ne^rr reuse the containets Make
sure empty containers are rx>i accessible lo childien or animals. Never dispose of conlair^eis whc^e thpy may
contaminate walet supplfes or natmal waterways. Do rxjl pour down sink or toilet. Consull your courrty
agiic ulluratcommKsioneF for correct ways of disposing of ext ess pesticides. Never burn pestic *de( oniinnets
The University of California prohibrts disciimination against or hatassiT»er»i of any petson ernpfoyed by or
seeking employmenr with ibe Unrversrty on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, iex, phv't.-aloi
menial disabrlily. medical condiiion icaiKei-related or ger>elic characieristicsj, ancestry, martial slalus, age.
sexual orient a; ton. citizenship, oi slatus as a coveted veteran fspet ial disabted veteran, Vietnam era v'eran.
Of anv other veteran wbo served on active cJuty during a war or in a canipaign or expedition ic v, ' --f h a
campaign badge ha^ been aulhorize<f>. University Policy rs intended fo be consistent with [h*> pr ^VIM.JI S ol
appiicable Store and FecJeral laws. Inquiries regarding the UniverS'K s nondiscrimination pohc^es may be
directed lo ihe Afriimaiive Acliorv^lalf Personnel Services Diif (foi, Untversiiv of California. .AgnLuli'jie and
Natural Resources IIII Franklin, feth floor. Oakland, CA 9^fcO' SrOO. iS10> 987 009 &•
LAWN INSECTS
Integrated Pest Management for tfie Home Gardener
Insects are not a common cause of resi-
dential lawn damage in California, bul
certain spedes occasionally damage or
kill lurfgrass. Insect feeding can cause
grass lo lurn yellow or brown, or die,
espedally if the grass is already
stressed. Damage usually begins in
small, scattered patches, which may
merge into large dead areas. However,
lack of proper cultural care and use of
inappropriate grass species in a par-
ticular location are more likely respon-
sible for unhealthy or dying lawns lhan
insecls. Disease-causing pathogens,
excessive or inappiopiiale use of
chemicals such as fertilizers and herbi-
cides, and dog urine also produce
damage resembling lhal of insects. Be-
fore laking any insect confrol action, be
sure lhal il is insecls causing the prob-
lem and not something else.
Insecls that may cause damage in Cali-
fomia lawns include various root-,
•
wn-, and leaf-feeding caterpillars;
ite grubs, which are lhe larvae of
scarab beelles such as the black
lurfgrass ataenius and masked chafers;
billbugs, which are weevils with white,
grublike larvae; and chinch bugs,
which are true bugs in the order He-
miptera- Each species produces some-
what different damage symptoms and
must be managed diffeiently- Study
Figuie 1 for identifying characteristics
and Table 1 for damage symploms as-
sodated with each species- In addition
lo the pesls in Table 1, leafhoppers
may occur in lawns, sometimes caus-
ing yellowing of leaf blades, bul larely
occur in numbers justifying treatment-
Many other insects may be observed
while examining grass- However, con-
lrol is rarely or never needed foi most
types of insecls because they aie harm-
less or beneficial- Common benefidal
insecls include predatory ants, giound
beetles, rove beetles, and blislei
Figure J, Identifying features of various lawn pests.
Billbug adull is a small weevil (snout lieetle), Vs inch long, with
a long, downward-pointing snout and elbowed, dubbied
antennae. It is often seen walking on paved areas bul is difficult
to find in turf unless a drench lest is used,
Billbug larva is a creamy white, le^ess, '/s-inch-long grub with
a brown head. The absence of legs distinguishes a billbug larva
from a white grub larva-
Black turfgrass ataenins adull is a shiny jel black beetle,
' /s inch long, with club-end antennae
Chinch bng (southem) adult is snull (less lhan '/s inch long)
and black with mostly white wings folded flat over the body-
Both long- and short-winged forms may be present- Nymphs are
bright red lo black.
Armyworm and cutworm adulls are dull brown or grayish,
relatively large (up to 1 * /2 inclies long), night-active moths.
Annyworm and cutworm larvae are up to 2 iiKhes long at
jnalurily; larvae oflen curl up and lie slill when disturtied.
Skipper (fiery) adult is a 1-inch-long, orange lo browrush
butterfly wilh a hooked knob al lhe end of the antennae-
Lawn moth has an appendage in front of the head resembling a
snout- Keshng adulls appear slender. When disturbed, the molh
makes a short flighl close lo tlie grass- Adulls are up lo '/< inch
long.
Sod webworm (lawn moth) larva is cream colored, '/i inch
Jong, and has a distinctive double row of brown oi black spots
down its back, located at the base of long bristles.
White gnib (chafer) adult is a golden brown, up lo */4-inch-
long beelle wilh a dark broivn head; it is hairy on the underside
of its thorax-
While grub larva has a distinct brown head capsule and legs, is
up to 1 '/2 inches long; the posterior portion of its abdomen is
enlarged, and it typically curls lightly into a C-shape-
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7476
Revised May 2001
May 2001 Lawn Insects
beetles. Other common arthropods lhal
•
primarily decomposers and do no
lificant injurv to turfgrass include
springtails and millipedes-
MANAGING LAWN
INSECTS
Good cultural practices are the piimary
melhod for managing insecl damage to
lawns. Growing appropriate grass spe-
cies lor a particular location and prc^
viding lawns with proper care are
espedally important. Practices such as
irrigating and fertilizing have a major
impact on lawn health. Physical con-
trols, such as thatch removal, choice of
mowing heighl and frequency, and
providing grass with more lighl by
pruning tree branches, are also impior-
lant in certain situations. Naturally
occurring biological control may limit
some insecl pests. Mosl home lawns in
Califomia do nol need to be treated
with insecticides if proper cultural
practices are followed. Insectiddes
should never be applied unless a pesl
is identified and detected al damaging
levels. If insecticides are necessary,
choose materials lhaf have minimum
impacls on benefidal organisms and
the environment.
Preventing Pest Problems
The best way lo pievenl damage from
lawn pesls is lo keep grass heallhy.
Healthy lawns requiie few, il any, in-
secticide tieatments. Also, if the
tuifgrass is under stress and a pestidde
is applied, it stands a greater chance of
suffering phyloloxic damage from lhe
pestidde itself. The publicalions on
managing your lawn listed in "Sug-
gested Reading" give detailed informa-
tion on how lo grow a healthy lawn
Choose Appropriale Varieties, There
are a number of grasses available for
planting in Califomia, These grasses
are often referred to as either cool-sea-
son grasses (examples indude annual
ryegrass, benigrass, fine fescue. Ken-
lucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass,
and tall fescrue) or warm-season grasses
(bermudagrass, kikuyugrass, St
Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass),
Waim-season grasses produce most of
iheir growth during summer and usu-
ally have a dormant period when lhey
tum brown during winter. Cool-season
grasses are gieen year-round, bul pro-
duce mosl of iheir growth in spring
and fall. The type of grass and the vari-
eties within each lype vary in iheir
shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, wa-
ler needs, disease resistance, and cul-
tural needs- A formerly thriving lawn
vaiiety may decline with changes in
lighl, such as more or less shade
caused by growlh or removal of nearby
trees. These faclors are outlined in Sf-
lecling Ihe Best Turfgrass, listed in "Sug-
gested Reading " Selection of the
appropiiale grass species and variety
will allow you lo grow a hardy lawn
with minimal mainlenance inputs.
Care for Lawns Properly. Inappropri-
ate inigation is the mosl cominon
cause of lawn damage. Overwatering
(shallow, fiequent spiinkling) retards
deep root growth and increases lawn
Table 1, Some Lawn Pesls, App earance of Their Damage, and Cultural Control Methods.
^est (Scientific name) Hosts Damage appearance Cultural control
^Rnyworms, c-ulworms
^Pseudatetio unipvncla,
Peridroma saucta, Agrolis spp )
all grasses, dichondra leaves and base of leaves chewed and rut
beginning in small, irregular spots that can
spread lo patches extending many feet in
widlh
reduce lhatch; eliminale soggy
areas; overseed lawn
billbugs
(Sphenophorus spp.)
all grasses brown, thin, dying grass, lieginning in
small, irregular spots that can spread to
patches exiending many feet in width
irrigate and fertilize adequately;
increase mowing height
black lurfgrass alaenius
(Ataenius spretutus)
annual bluegrass,
benigrass, ryegrass,
Kentucky bluegrass
brown, dying grass, few rools; lawn is
easily peeled ofl soil
increase mowing heighl; aerate to
improve rool growlh
fiery skipper
(HylrpHh phy/pus)
benigrass,
bermudagrass,
St- Augustinegrass
1- to 2-inch-diametfr spols of lawn tum
brown; spots may join lo lorm large,
irregular dead patches; leaves chewed or
missing
reduce lhatch; overseed wilh grass
species lhat aie not prefened
lawn moths, sod webworms
(Cromfrus sperryellus, Tehama
bonifatella)
all grasses, especially
bentgrass, bluegrass,
clovers
lawn brown, leaves chewed or missing reduce lhalch; irrigate and fertilize
appioprialely
southern chinch bug
(Blissus insularts)
primarily Sl,
Augustinegrass
irregular patches ol lawn tum yelloivjsh,
ihen brown and begin dying during hot
wealher
leduce lhalch; reduce nitrogen
feitilization, irrigate adequately;
plant resistant varieties such as
Floralawn, Floratam, or RC-lOif
growing Sl- Augustinegrass
while grubs—immatures of
masked chafers (Cydoffphala
all grasses, especially
bluegrass, ryegrass
brown dying grass; lawn can be rolled up
if heavilv infested
irrigate and fertilize appropriately;
overseed lawn
spp ), Mav and June tieetles
{Phyttophava spp )
Some pesls specific to bermudagrass and dichondra are not included in this table Other mverlebrales lhal occasionally damage lawns
include crane flies, fnt flies and other flies, flea beelles, leafhoppers, Lucerne moths, plant bugs, mealybugs, scale insects, and miles
Adapted from Ali and Elmore (1989) and Cosfa et al (2000), for moie information consult publicalions in -Suggesled Reading "
May 2001 Lawn Insecls
susceptibility to sliess Poorly main-
htained spiinklers can apply too much
I'ater in certain spots while under-
vatering other areas. Brown spols
from uneven water applications occur
frequently and are often caused by im-
properly spaced irrigation beads,
sunken or lilled heads, or unmatched
heads thai apply differing amounls of
waler. Correcting ihese physical prob-
lems with irrigation syslems can de-
crease waler wasle by over 50%,
decrease water bills, and mosl impior-
lanlly, improve the health of your
lawn. Lawns should be inigated
deeply and no more oflen than twice a
week,
Appiopiiate fertilization encourages a
dense, thick lawn lhal allows grass to
tolerate some insecl feeding. The ap-
propriate liming and amount of feitil-
izer (primaiily nitrogen) varies
depending on faclors including season,
grass spedes, and local growing condi-
tions. In general, most California
grasses used for lawns require from 3
lo 6 pounds ol actual nitrogen over a
1,000-square-foot area annually during
their active growing season
eep the blades on your lawn mower
arp and cut youi luif at a mowing
ight appiopriale for the type of lawn
grass to minimize depletion of food
reserves needed to outgrow insect in-
jury. Mowing frequency and height
depend on grass species, season, and
the pariicular use of that lawn Cool-
season lawns have suggested mowing
heights of Vh to 2V2 inches, while
warm-season lawns should be mowed
lo a height of ^It to 1 inch. No more
than one-third of the grass height
should be removed al one lime-
Lawns also benefit from aeration. To
increase waler penetration and reduce
soil compaction, pericxlically remove
soil plugs using hollow lines, Thalch,
which is the layer of undecomposed
organic material on the soil surface,
can build up and lesuIt in pooi water,
fertilizer, and air penetration- Thatch
lhal is greater than '/j inch thick en-
courages caterpillar and chinch bug
populations Thalch also reduces insec-
ticide efhcary because insecticides can-
not pienetrate lo reach root feeding
insects Prevent lhalch bv avoiding ex-
cess nitiogen application, irrigating
deeply and infrequently, and miniriiiz-
ing the use of lawn peslicides that can
reduce populations of microorganisms
responsible foi decomposing the
thatch. If il is more than '/z inch thick,
physically remove thalch with a gar-
den lake, mechanical delhalcher, verti-
cal mower, or power rake. Olher
methods include lopdressing lawns by
adding a thin layei ('/8-I/4 inch) of soil
and laking or sweeping it into the
lhatch to encourage decomposer
micrcx>rganisms- Core aerification also
mixes soil into thalch, speeding
decomposition.
Biological Control
Certain insecls, other inverlebrales,
and microorganisms lhal CKCur natu-
rally in lawns feed on or parasitize
lawn pesls. This type of control, called
biological control, may help lo prevent
many lawn-dwelling insecls from be-
coming fiests. To proiect beneficial in-
secls, avoid using broad-spectrum
pesticides lhal will kill them along
with the pesls. Biological piesticides
conlaining organisms such as Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) and beneficial nema-
todes are commerdally available for
controlling specific lawn insecls. These
materials have minimal impacls on
natural enemies of insect pests and
other beneficial organisms such as
earthworms- Birds, moles, and olher
verlebiates also feed on lawn insecls
fiom lime to time.
Detecting Problems in
YourLaum
Examine youi lawn weekly 01 just be-
fore each mowing lo delect problem
areas- At the same time, look (or
weeds- A dense stand of healthy grass
prevents mosl weeds from growing, so
abundant weed growlh indicates thai
the lawn is unhealthy and susceptible
lo other pestS- New turfgiass is espe-
dally vulneiable lo pioblems and has
different inigation and fertilizer re-
quirements lhan established turfgrass.
An indication that a lawn may be in-
fesled with insects is when the adulls
(e g-, moth or beelle slage) of pests are
drawn to lights at night or when veite-
brate piedatois (biids, raccoons, or
skunks) are digging in your lawn for
calerpillajs and grubs However, the
insects coming lo lighl may be diawn
fiom far away and vertebrate activity
is not a foolproof indicatoi They may
be feeding on eaithworms instead of
insects; also, vertebrates will retum to
where they previously found food, so
they may dig in lawns even if insecl
pests are no longer abundant.
If you observe damage, the nexl slep is
lo delermine the aclual cause. If you
think lhe damage is caused by insecls,
confirm your suspidons by looking for
the pest- The most accrurate way lo do
this is by using either the drench lest or
by inspecting around joots (Table 2),
The drench lest is effective for delect-
ing chinch bugs and caterpillars in-
cluding armyworms, cutworms, and
sod webworms, bul il does nol delect
grubs. Locating and correctly identify-
ing a pesl is imporlani because differ-
ent pests require diffeienl Irealmenl
materials, timing, and applicalion
melhods-
Identify lhe insecls you find using de-
scriptions in this publication (Fig. ))
and olher publicalions such as Hand-
book of Turfgrass Pests or Turfgrass Pesls
listed in "Suggested Reading." The liC
iPM Pesl Managemenl Guidelines:
Turfgrass is available on Ihe World
Wide Web (wuna.ipm ucdavis edu/PMG/
selectnewpest.turfgrass.html) and con-
tains color photos of some turfgrass
pesIS- After identifying the insects,
count the number of each lype of insect
found 5kime of the insec;ls you find
may be beneficial or nondamaging- In
home lawns, you usually need only lo
be concemed with lhe insecrls lisled in
Table 1
Remember lhaf the mere presence of
an insecl pesl does not impfy that il is
the cause of unhealthy lawns or that an
insecticide treatment is needed, ll is
normal to find a few pesl insects in any
healthy lawn Generally treatments are
not recommended unless Ihe popula-
tion level of the insect pesl reaches a
predetermined level called a threshold
(Table 2). Thresholds are the piopula-
lion levels at which the number of in-
sects feeding exceeds the ability of a
heallhy lawn lo withstand the damage
lhey cause For example, an insectidde
usually is not needed unless there aie
more than about 5 armyworms and
cutworms or 15 iawn molh larvae per
APPENDIX 5
References
References
\. City of Carlsbad, City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan,
Storm Water Standards
2. San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Water Quality Control Plan for the
San Diego Basin (Basin Plan) and Amendments, March 1997
3. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments, February 2003
4. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments - Monitoring List, February 2003
5. Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program Document, January 2003
6. ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Residential Planning
Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003
7. California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Management Practice
Handbook - New Development and Redevelopment, January 2003
8. National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase H, US EPA
9. California Department of Transportation BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Proceedings
from the Transportation Research Board S"' Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
January 7-11,2001.
10. Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) Unit for Sediment Control in Brevard
County, Florida, 1999
11. Herr, J.L., and Harper, H.H. Removal of Gross Pollutants From Stormwater Runoff
Using Liquid/Solid Separation Structures. Environmental Research & Design, Inc.,
Orlando, FL. 14p
12. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, US EPA.
13. 2002 Aquashield, Inc.
14. 2003 Stormwater Management Inc.
15. AbTech Industries
16. Kristar Enterprises, Inc.
17. Comm Clean
18. Bowhead Manufacturing Co.
19. Ultra Tech Intemational, Inc.
20. CDS Technologies, Inc.
21. Hydro Intemational
22. Stormceptor Technical Manual, Rinker Materials, January 2003.
23. Vortechnics Design Manual, May 2000.