HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 02-14-03; BRESSI RANCH PLANNING AREA 8 UNIT 3; DRAINAGE CALCULATIONS;APPENDIX 3
Drainage Calculations
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RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
****************.^********* DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED SHEET FLOW TO DESILT BASIN
* SYSTEM 5036 DESILT BASIN
* 2 year storm event
***************************************************i,i,.^^:^,^,^^^^^^^^^.l,^^^^^^^
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS5036.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 11:51 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
19 85 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximuin Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
*******************i,**i,^,^.i,.i,.^i,.f.i,.^.^.^ ***************************^,4,i,i,i,^r*********
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 503 6.00 TO NODE 503 6.3 0 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 1000.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 408.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 370.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 38.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 20.063
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.452
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 9.26
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 11.60 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 9.26
*************************************************^,^,^,^,^,^,^,^,^,^,.^^.^.l,.^.l,.l^.^.^^.^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 51
»»>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
»»>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330 00
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 800.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0500
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 15.00 "Z" FACTOR = 2.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.015 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4.00
CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 9.2 6
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.18 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.12
TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.57 Tc(MIN.) = 22.64
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.00 TO NODE 5057.00 = 1800.00 FEET
******************************************i,ii,^:iti,H.^^,^^^^^.^.^.l^^^^^^^^ *********** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 81
»»>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW«<«
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.343
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 16.10 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 11.89
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 27.70 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 21 15
TC(MIN) = 22.64
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 27.70 TC(MIN.) = 22.64
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 21.15
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
************************ ***********************************^,^,^,^,^,^,^.i,^.i,^,.^.^.^.f^^^.l^
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED SHEET FLOW TO DESILT BASIN
* SYSTEM 503 6 DESILT BASIN
* 10 year storm event j
**********************************************^.,^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS5036.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 11:47 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INF0R1>1ATI0N:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0 95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES- MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0^0150^
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
************************************************.,^^^^^.,.,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.00 TO NODE 5036.30 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 1000.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 408.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 370.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 38.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 20.063
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1 936
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 12.35
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 11.60 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 12.35
***********************************************,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 51
»»>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
^^>»»TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAMIFEET7= 330^00^"
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 800.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0 0500
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 15.00 "Z" FACTOR = 2 000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.015 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4 00
CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 12.35
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.76 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0 14
TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.31 Tc(MIN.) = 22.38
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.00 TO NODE 5057.00 = 1800.00 FEET.
*************-**********************************,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 81
»»>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW««<
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.804
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 16.10 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 15 97
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 27.70 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 28 32
TC(MIN) =22.38 > .^A
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 27.70 TC(MIN.) = 22 38
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 28.32
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
********************* ***************************************i,i,^^.J,i,i,^,if.^^.^.^^.^.l^
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH TENTATIVE MAP - JN 2267.00
* PLANNIG AREA 8 - SYSTEM 5 025
* 2 YEAR STOIM EVENT
************************************************^,^,.^^,i,.i,.^^,^.i,.i,^.i^.^^.^^^^^^^^_^_^^
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\5025.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:50 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
*************************************************i,i,i,^^^^^,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 503 0.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 356.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 372.60
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 358.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 14.10
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 3.220
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.78
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 6 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.78
**************************^c***^r******** *************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5030.00 TO NODE 5025.10 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 358.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 352 40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 259.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.07
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.85
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.33
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.57
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.85 Tc(MIN.) = 7.85
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.658
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.23 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.5 8
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.49 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.36
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.67
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.42 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.63
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.10 = 615.00 FEET.
*************************************************^^,^:^,^,^,^,^,^^^,^,.^^,^.l,.l^.l^.l^^.l^_^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.10 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 352.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.22
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.3 6
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 7.88
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.20 = 623.30 FEET.
**********************************************************^,itil.i,i,^,^,i,i,i,i,^,.^.^.^.^^.^.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.20 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 7.88
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.65
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.49
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.36
********************************************************i:*i,i,i,i,i,iii,.).^.l,^.^,^^.^^.^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.30 TO NODE 5025.40 IS CODE = 21
»»>Fy\TIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 62.70
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 61.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.24
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.19 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.24
***************************************************i,^,^:^,i,^,.^^,i,^.^,^,^,^i,^,.l,.j^.^,.l^.l,.^,.^.^.^.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.40 TO NODE 5025.50 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 54.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 352.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 225.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.56
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.44
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.34
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.32
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.79 Tc(MIN.) = 12.69
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY{INCH/HOUR) = 1.951
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.59 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.63
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.78 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.87
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.85
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.49 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.39
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.30 TO NODE 5025.50 = 325.00 FEET.
***************************************************************J^.J^J^J^^^J^Jt^^J^J^.J^.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.50 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 352.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.27
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.87
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.09 Tc(MIN.) = 12.78
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.30 TO NODE 5025.20 = 347.30 FEET.
********************************************************,^*J^J^^^^^^J^J^..^.^J^J^.^^^^J^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.20 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTFlATION(MIN. ) = 12.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.94
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.78
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.87
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.36 7.88 2.653 0.49
2 0.87 12.78 1.942 0.78
F^INFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 2.00 7.88 2.653
2 1.87 12.78 1.942
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.00 Tc(MIN.) = 7.88
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.27
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.20 = 623.30 FEET.
*************************************************^,^,.^i,i,^.^,i,.^,i,.^i,^,i,.^.^.^.^.^.^.l^.l^^.^.l^.^.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.20 TO NODE 5025.60 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.40
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 50.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.65
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.00
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.15 Tc(MIN.) = 8.02
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.60 = 673.30 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.27 TC(MIN.) = 8.02
PEAK FLOW FIATE(CFS) = 2.00
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
*************************************************i^,i,^,i,i,i,i,i,^,i,^,^^,.^.^^^.^.^^^^^^^^
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADING ULTIMATE CONDITIONS RESIDENTIAL *
* PLANNING AREA 8 - SYSTEM 5055 *
* 2 YEAR STORM EVENT *
************************************************^^,i,i,i,i,^,^^^^^^^^^^.^^^^_^^-^^^
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\5055-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:51 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
**************************************************^,i,i,i,^^:^,^^^^^.^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.20 TO NODE 5056.30 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 60.70
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 359.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.3 0 TO NODE 5056.40 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 359.70 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 342.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 250.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.49
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.50
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.25
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.66
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.98 Tc(MIN.) = 10.88
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.154
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.62 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.73
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.72 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.86
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.20 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.50
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.58 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.20 TO NODE 5056.40 = 350.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.40 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 335.44 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 333.79
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 1.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.88
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.86
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 10.89
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.20 TO NODE 5056.80 = 358.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.80 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 10.89
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.15
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.72
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.86
******************************************************************i,*i:ici,i,i,^,^.i^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.60 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 83.3 0
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 82.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.104
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.24
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.21 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.24
************************************************************^^jt^^^j^j^^^^jj.^^j^j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.60 TO NODE 5056.70 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TFLAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<<
»>»(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 382.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 342.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 940.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.92
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.48
AVEFIAGE FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC. ) = 2.88
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.62
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 5.43 Tc(MIN.) = 16.72
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.633
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.50 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.35
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.71 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.59
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.20
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.16 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.79
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.70 = 1070.00 FEET.
****************************************************************^.j^jtjtji.^j^^^^j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.70 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 336.90 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 333.79
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.48
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.59
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 16.76
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.80 = 1092.25 FEET.
**************************************************************^^j^jfji.*********
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.80 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 16.76
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.63
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.71
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.59
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 0.86 10.89 2.152 0.72
2 1.59 16.76 1.630 1.71
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 2.06 10.89 2.152
2 2.24 16.76 1.630
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.24 Tc(MIN.) = 16.76
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.43
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.80 = 1092.25 FEET.
*****************************************************J^J^.^^^J^J^^J^.J^.^^J^.J^.^J^^.J^.^.J^J^.^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.80 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 333.46 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.59
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 280.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.38
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.24
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.63 Tc(MIN.) = 17.39
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.10 = 1372.25 FEET.
**************************************************^,^,^;^,.),^,.l,.^,^.^i,^..^.^^.^^.^.^.^^^^.f^^.l^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 17.39
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.59
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.43
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.24
************************************************j,^,^jt^jj.^ji.^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 7
»»>USER SPECIFIED HYDROLIDGY INFORMATION AT NODE««<
USER-SPECIFIED VALUES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
TC(MIN) = 13-99 RAIN INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.83
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 13.13 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 12.28
*******************************************************^,i,^:^,^,i,^,^,^,^,.^^.^.^.^^.^^.l^.f^^.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.99
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.83
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 13.13
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 12.28
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.24 17.39 1.592 2.43
2 12.28 13.99 1.832 13.13
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 14.23 13.99 1.832
2 12.91 17.39 1.592
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 14.23 Tc(MIN.) = 13.99
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 15.56
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.10 = 1372.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 321.59 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 318.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 138.18 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 13.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.01
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 14.23
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.23 Tc(MIN.) = 14.22
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.00 = 1510.43 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.22
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.81
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 15.56
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 14.23
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.90 TO NODE 5056.91 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II).= 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 344.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 343.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.23
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.18 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.23
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.91 TO NODE 5056.40 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 340.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 327.74
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 330.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.93
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.64
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.78
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.61
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.98 Tc(MIN.) = 11.88
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.035
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.25 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.40
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.43 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.63
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.44
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.05 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.78
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.90 TO NODE 5056.40 = 43 0.00 FEET.
*************************************************************^jj.jj.,t^^.i(.^.j^.^-j.^j^^jj.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.40 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.85 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.4 INCHES .
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.96
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.63
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 11.89
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.90 TO NODE 5056.00 = 438.25 FEET.
*******************************************************i,i,i,i^^,jf^,ifi,.l,i,.^.f,.l,.H.^^.^.^.I^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.89
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.03
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.43
PEAK FLOW PLATE (CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.63
*************************************************^t**^jtj^jt^^jt^^^^^^^^^j^^^^^^^_i^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.42 TO NODE 5056.42 IS CODE = 22
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
USER SPECIFIED Tc(MIN.) = 6.000
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.79
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.03 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.79
)**********************************************i,^:ici,ir*********************i,i,^,^,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.42 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.31 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.58
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.79
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.05 Tc(MIN.) = 6.05
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.42 TO NODE 5056.00 = 272.00 FEET.
****************************************************ir*****************i,i,i^i,i,i,
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»>»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 6.05
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) =3.15
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.03
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.79
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 14.23 14.22 1.813 15.56
2 1.63 11.89 2.034 1.43
3 1.79 6.05 3.146 1.03
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTFIATION FLATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 11.04 6.05 3.146
2 15.46 11.89 2.034
3 16.71 14.22 1.813
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 16.71 Tc(MIN.) = 14.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 18.02
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.00 = 1510.43 FEET.
********************************************************************j(.^.jtj^^.j.^ji.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«<
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 317.87 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 311.93
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 250.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 13.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.49
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 16.71
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.40 Tc(MIN.) = 14.62
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5057.00 = 1760.43 FEET.
**********************************************itir****************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.62
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.78
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 18.02
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 16.71
********************************************************************,j.jt******
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.10 TO NODE 5057.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 358.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 357.30
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.31
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.25 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.31
***************************************************************************jj.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.20 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TFLAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 57.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 320.70
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 680.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.19
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.85
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.74
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.98
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.03 Tc(MIN.) = 12.93
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.927
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 3.53 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.74
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.7 8 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.06
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.31 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.13
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.26 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.32
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5057.10 TO NODE 5057.00 = 780.00 FEET.
*******************************************************************,^^J^.J^J^..^.^.J^J^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.93
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.93
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.78
PEAK FLOW PLATE (CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.06
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 16.71 14.62 1.781 18.02
2 4.06 12.93 1.927 3.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 19.50 12.93 1.927
2 20.46 14.62 1.781
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 20.46 Tc(MIN.) = 14.62
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 21.80
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5057.00 = 1760.43 FEET.
********************************************************************^^jj^j(.jt^j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5060.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.70 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 75.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 16.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.07
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 20.46
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.12 Tc{MIN.) = 14.74
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5060.00 = 1835.43 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 21.80 TC(MIN.) = 14.74
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 20.46
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
*************************** **********************************^:^,^,^,^,^,^,^,.l,^.^..^,.l,^,.l,
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH TENTATIVE MAP - JN 2267.00
* PLANNIG AREA 8 - SYSTEM 5025
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT i
****************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\5025.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:47 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
*****************************************************^,^.>,i,^,.^i,i,.^^.^^^.^.^^^.^^.^^.^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5030.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 356.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 372.60
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 58.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 14.10
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 3.220
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MINUTES
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.216
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.04
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.26 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.04
*****************************************^^^^^,.,^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5030.00 TO NODE 5025.10 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 358.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 352 40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 259.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0 0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.43
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.85
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.44
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.64
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.77 Tc(MIN.) = 7.77
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.569
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.23 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0 78
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.49 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = " 1.82
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 8 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.67
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.58 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.72
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.10 = 615.00 FEET.
*********************************************^^^^i,.^^.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.10 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 352.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.30 MAILING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.77
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.82
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 7.79
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.20 = 623.30 FEET.
***********************************************************^^^^^^jj.^^jj.j^-^^^.j.j^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.20 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 7.79
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.56
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.49
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.82
*****************************************************^*j^j^*^^^jtji,^^^^.^^.j.j^.^j^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.30 TO NODE 5025.40 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 362.7 0
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 61.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.32
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.19 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.32
********************************************************^,^,^,^:^.^r**************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.40 TO NODE 5025.50 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»>>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 354.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 352.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 225.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.75
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.38
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.42
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.36
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.64 Tc(MIN.) = 12.54
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.621
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.59 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.85
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.78 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.17
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.90
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.58 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.45
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.30 TO NODE 5025.50 = 325.00 FEET.
******************************************************^,i,^,^:^,^.^,i,^.^,^,^,^,^.)^.^^.^^.^.l^.l^.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.50 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 352.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.66
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.17
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.08 Tc(MIN.) =12.62
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.30 TO NODE 5025.20 = 347.30 FEET.
***********************************************i,**i,iti)itiiiti,^.^..j,i,^,^,^^,.^^^.i^.i^.^^.^.i^.^.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.20 TO NODE 5025.20 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.62
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.61
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.78
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.17
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.82 7.79 3.563 0.49
2 1.17 12.62 2.610 0.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM
NUMBER
1
2
RUNOFF
(CFS)
2.68
2 .50
Tc
(MIN.)
7 .79
12.62
INTENSITY
(INCH/HOUR)
3 .563
2.610
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.68 Tc(MIN.) = 7.79
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.27
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE 5025.20 623.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5025.20 TO NODE 5025.60 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TPLAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.40
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 50.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.3 INCHES
6.14
18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) =
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) =
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.68
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.14 Tc(MIN.)
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5025.00 TO NODE
7.92
5025.60 673.30 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES)
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS)
1.27
2 . 68
TC(MIN.) 7.92
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
***************************************** ***********************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADING ULTIMATE CONDITIONS RESIDENTIAL
* PLANNING AREA 8 - SYSTEM 5055 i
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT j
*************************************************i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i...^.i,.i^^^,.i^.^.^.^^^.^^
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\5055-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:45 04/02/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************i,^,i,^,^,^:^,^,.l,^,^,^^^^^.J^.^.l,.l^.^.f^.l^.^.^.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.20 TO NODE 5056.30 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 360.70
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 359.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.17
*********************************************************************^^jtj^^jt^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.30 TO NODE 5056.40 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TPLAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)«<«
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 359.70 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 342.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 250.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.65
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.17
PLALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH (FEET) = 2.4 0
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.71
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.65
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.12 Tc(MIN.) = 11.02
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.848
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.62 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.97
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.72 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.14
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.37
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.68 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.79
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.20 TO NODE 5056.40 = 350.00 FEET.
******************************************************.j(..j.jtj^,tj^^^^j^ji.j(.j^^^j^^^^j^jj.j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.40 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 335.44 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 333.79
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.75
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.14
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 11.04
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.20 TO NODE 5056.80 = 358.25 FEET.
***************************************************************^.^jtj(.j;.^j^j^jj..jj..j^^jj.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.80 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.04
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.85
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.72
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.14
****************************************************^j(jtjt********************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.60 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 82.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.3 0
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.805
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.32
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.21 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.32
*********************************************i,^,^^,^^,i,.|^.^..^,i,.^^^.f,..^.^.^.l^.^^.|f.l^.^.^.f..l^.^.^.^.l^.l^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.60 TO NODE 5056.70 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»»>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 382.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 342.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 94 0.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.24
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.3 8
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.03
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.71
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 5.16 Tc(MIN.) = 16.45
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.200
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.50 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.81
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.71 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.14
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDFLAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.20
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.36 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.91
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.70 = 1070.00 FEET.
********************************* ************************************^j^j^^^j^.^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.70 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TIAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 336.90 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 333.79
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.44
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.14
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 16.48
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.80 = 1092.25 FEET.
**************************************************^,^,^,^,^,i,i,^,.f,^.^.l,^^^^.^.^^^^^^^^_^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.80 TO NODE 5056.80 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 16.48
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.20
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.71
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.14
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.14 11.04 2.846 0.72
2 2.14 16.48 2.197 1.71
PLAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc • INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 2.79 11.04 2.846
2 3.02 16.48 2.197
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.02 Tc(MIN.) =16.48
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.43
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.80 = 1092.25 FEET.
*****************************************************************j^ji.jjjj.jt^.j^j^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.80 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TPLAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 333.46 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.59
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 280.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.05
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.02
PIPE TFLAVEL TIME (MIN.) = 0.58 Tc(MIN.) = 17.06
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.10 = 1372.25 FEET.
***********************************************************^*^jtj^^j^j^^.^^.j.jj.^jj..^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 17.06
PLAINFALL INTENSITY (INCH/HR) = 2.15
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.43
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.02
*******************************************************^,^,j.^j^^j^^.^,^j^j^^j^j-^jj.j^^^jj.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 7
»»>USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY INFORMATION AT NODE««<
USER-SPECIFIED VALUES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
TC(MIN) = 13.99 RAIN INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.44
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 13.13 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 12.28
*******************************************************jtjj.jn.j^^j^.j^.^jj.j^j^j^j^^^.jj.j^.^.^j^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.99
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.44
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 13.13
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 12.28
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.02 17.06 2.149 2.43
2 12.28 13.99 2.442 13.13
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW PLATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 14.94 13.99 2.442
2 13.82 17.06 2.149
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 14.94 Tc(MIN.) = 13.99
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 15.56
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.10 = 1372.25 FEET.
**********************************************^,^:^,^,^^:^,^,^,^^^,^,i^i,^,i^^^.l,.l,.^.^.^^.l^.^.l^.^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.10 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 321.59 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 318.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 138.18 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 14.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.05
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) =14.94
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.23 Tc(MIN.) = 14.22
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.00 = 1510.43 FEET.
********************************************^^jt^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTFLATION(MIN. ) = 14.22
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.42
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 15.56
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 14.94
**********************************************ji.^^^^j^^^^^jj.^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.90 TO NODE 5056.91 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 344.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 343.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.30
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.18 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.30
****************************************************************ic***********
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.91 TO NODE 5056.40 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 340.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 327.74
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 33 0.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.24
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.56
AVEFLAGE FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC. ) = 2.91
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) =0.69
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.89 Tc(MIN.) = 11.79
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.727
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.25 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.87
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.43 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.18
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.43
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.25 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.89
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.90 TO NODE 5056.40 = 430.00 FEET.
**************************************************jm-j^^^j^jj.^jj.^.^j^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.40 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.85 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 13.07
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.18
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 11.80
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.90 TO NODE 5056.00 = 438.25 FEET.
****************************************************************i,i,m.^r*******
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.80
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.73
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.43
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.18
***************************************************************^,^^:^,^.^^^,i,^,^,^r^,.^l.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.42 TO NODE 5056.42 IS CODE = 22
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
USER SPECIFIED Tc(MIN.) = 6.000
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.216
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.39
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.03 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.39
**************************************************************i,^:i^^.^,^^,^,^,.)^.),.^^.^.l^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.42 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TPLAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.31 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.26
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.3 9
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 6.04
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.42 TO NODE 5056.00 = 272.00 FEET.
*********************************************************jj.^^j^^.^j^^j^jj.^.^j^.j^^^^.^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5056.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 6.04
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 4.20
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.03
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.3 9
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 14.94 14.22 2.417 15.56
2 2.18 11.80 2.726 1.43
3 2.39 6.04 4.196 1.03
PLAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION ILATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NLMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 12.40 6.04 4.196
2 16.97 11.80 2.726
3 18.24 14.22 2.417
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW IU^TE(CFS) = 18.24 Tc(MIN.) = 14.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 18.02
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5056.00 = 1510.43 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5056.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 317.87 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 311.93
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 250.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 21.0 INCH PIPE IS 14.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.67
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 21.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 18.24
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.39 Tc(MIN.) = 14.61
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5057.00 = 1760.43 FEET.
**************************************************************************^.j.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.61
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.37
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 18.02
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 18.24
********************************************************************j^^jj.^,^,^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.10 TO NODE 5057.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 358.30
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 357.30
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.42
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.25 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.42
***************************************************^,^,^,^,^,^,^.^.^^,^.),.^.^.^.l,.l^^.l^.^.^.^.^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.20 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 357.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 320.70
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 680.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.95
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28
PIALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH (FEET) = 7.90
AVEFLAGE FLOW VELOCITY (FEET/SEC. ) = 3.97
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.13
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.86 Tc(MIN.) = 12.76
10 YEAR PLAINFALL INTENSITY (INCH/HOUR) = 2.592
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 3.53 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.03
TOTAL AREA (ACRES) = 3.78 PEAK FLOW RATE (CFS) = 5.45
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.33 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.36
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.58 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.53
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5057.10 TO NODE 5057.00 = "780.00 FEET.
************************************************i,i,i,i,.^i,i,^^,^,^^,^^^^^^^.^^^^^^^^^
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5057.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.76
PLAINFALL INTENSITY (INCH/HR) = 2.59
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.78
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 5.45
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 18.24 14.61 2.375 18.02
2 5.45 12.76 2.592 3.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW PLATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 22.16 12.76 2.592
2 23.24 14.61 2.375
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW I^TE{CFS) = 23.24 Tc(MIN.) = 14.61
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 21.80
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5057.00 = 1760.43 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5057.00 TO NODE 5060.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.70 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.20
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 75.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 24.0 INCH PIPE IS 15.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.64
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 24.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 23.24
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.12 Tc(MIN.) = 14.73
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5056.50 TO NODE 5060.00 = 1835.43 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 21.80 TC(MIN.) = 14.73
PEAK FLOW PLATE (CFS) = 23.24
END OF PLATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
APPENDIX 4
Supplemental BMP Information
CDS Unit
The CDS Units used by the Bressi Ranch Residentia] Planning Area 8 will be located outside the
public right-of-way within the Bressi Ranch Residential Area; they will be privately constructed,
maintained, and funded.
The Operational and Maintenance Plan of a the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 8 CDS
Units include:
• Inspection of structural integrity and screen for damage.
• Animal and vector control.
• Periodic sediment removal to optimize perfonnance.
• Scheduled trash, debris and sediment removal to prevent obstruction.
• Removal of graffiti.
• Preventive maintenance of BMP equipment and structures.
• Erosion and structural maintenance to maintain the performance of the CDS.
Inspeclion Frequency
The facilities will be inspected and inspection visits will be completely documented:
• Once a month at a minimum.
• After every large storm (after every storm monitored or those storms with more than 0.50
inch of precipitation.)
• On a weekly basis during extended periods of wet weather.
Aesthetic and Functional Maintenance
Aesthetic maintenance is important for public acceptance of storm water facilities.
Functional maintenance is important for performance and safety reasons.
Both forms of maintenance are combined into an overal] Storm Water Management System
Maintenance Program.
The following activities are included in the aesthetic maintenance program:
• Graffiti Removal: Graffiti will be removed in a timely manner to upkeep the appearance
ofthe CDS Units and discourage additional graffiti or other acts of vandalism.
Functional maintenance has two components: preventive maintenance and corrective
maintenance.
Preventive maintenance activities to be instituted at the CDS Units are:
• Trash and debris removal. Trash and debris accumulation, as part of the operation and
maintenance program at the CDS Units, will be monitored once a month during dry and
wet season and after every large storm event. Trash and debris will be removed from the
CDS units annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump
capacity, or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first.
• Sediment removal. Sediment accumulation, as part of the operation.
• Maintenance program at a CDS, will be monitored once a month during the dry season,
after every large storm (0.50 inch). Sediment will be removed from the CDS annually (at
end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the
floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Characterization and disposal of
sediment will comply with applicable local, county, state or federal requirements.
• Mechanical and electronic components. Regularly scheduled maintenance will be
performed on fences, gates, locks, and sampling and monitoring equipment in accordance
with the manufacturers' recommendaiions. Electronic and mechanical components will
be operated during each maintenance inspection to assure continued performance.
• Elimination of mosquito breeding habitats. The most effective mosquito control program
is one that eliminates potential breeding habitats.
Corrective maintenance is required on an emergency or non-routine basis to correct problems
and to restore the intended operation and safe function of a CDS. Corrective maintenance
activities include:
• Removal of debris and sediment. Sediment, debris, and trash, which impede the hydraulic
functioning of a CDS will be removed and properiy disposed. Temporary arrangements
will be made for handling the sediments until a permanent arrangement is made.
• Structural repairs. Once deemed necessary, repairs to structural components of a CDS
and its inlet and outlet structures will be done within 30 working days. Qualified
individuals (i.e., the manufacturer's representatives) will conduct repairs where structural
damage has occurred.
• Erosion repair. Where factors have created erosive conditions (i.e., pedestrian traffic,
concentrated flow, etc.), corrective steps will be taken to prevent loss of soil and any
subsequent danger to the performance of a CDS. There are a number of corrective actions
than can be taken. These include erosion control blankets, riprap, or reduced flow through
the area. Designers or contractors will be consulted to address erosion problems if the
solution is not evident.
• Fence repair. Repair of fences will be done within 30 days to maintain the security of the
site.
• Elimination of animal burrows. Animal burrows will be filled and steps taken to remove
the animals if burrowing problems continue to occur (filling and compacting). If the
problem persists, vector control specialists will be consulted regarding removal steps.
This consulting is necessary as the threat of rabies in some areas may necessitate the
animals being destroyed rather than relocated. If the BMP performance is affected,
abatement will begin. Otherwise, abatement will be performed annually in September.
• General facility maintenance. In addition lo the above elements of corrective
maintenance, general corrective maintenance will address the overall facility and its
associated components. If corrective maintenance is being done to one component, other
components will be inspected to see if maintenance is needed.
Maintenance Frequencv
The maintenance indicator document, included herein, lists the schedule of maintenance
activities to be implemented at a CDS.
Debris and Sediment Disposal
Waste generated at a CDS is ultimately the responsibility of Bressi Ranch HOA. Disposal of
sediment, debris, and trash will comply with applicable local, county, state, and federal waste
control programs.
Hazardous Waste
Suspected hazardous wastes will be analyzed to determine disposal options. Hazardous wastes
generated onsite will be handled and disposed of according to applicable local, state, and federal
regulations. A solid or liquid waste is considered a hazardous waste if it exceeds the criteria list
in the CCR, Title 22, Article 11.
MANHULL l-kAML ANb
COVER SUPPLIED BY
CDS OR CONTRACTOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
«FFIC BEARING SLAB
^rPLIED BY CDS
OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 RISER SECTIONS,
(AS REQUIRED)
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 INLET/OUTLET
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER TOP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SUMP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
ACCESS COVER
AND FRAME
REDUCER SECTION
AS REQUIRED
RISER BARREL
LENGTH VARIES
PSW70 WEIR
BOX COVER LID
CDS UNIT TO WEIR BOX CONNECTION
ICOLLAR NOT SHOWN '
PSW70 WEIR BOX
(CUSTOMIZED TO
EACH LOCATION)
INLET PIPE BLOCKOUT!
CONNECTION COLU\R
NOT SHOWN
BLOCKOUT FOR CONNECTION
TO OUTLET PIPE COLLAR
(COLLAR CONNECTION NOT SHOWN)
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
SUPPLIED BY CDS OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 ASSEMBLY,
SEE SHEET 2
PSW70 ASSEMBLY
TECHNOLOGIES
VTF-h
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY AND
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
DATE
1/19/99
DRAWN ARDY
APPROV-
R- HOWARD
SCALE
N.TS.
SHECT
1
CDS Access Cover
Not Shown
PSW70
WT=2,330#/FT
PSW70 Intake,
WT=9,500#
PSW70 Chamber Top
Assembled
wt=-43,460#
PSW70 Screen.
Not Shown
CDS Furnished
and installed
PSW70 Seperation Chamber
P70 Sump,
Wr=8,150#
DETAIL
TtCHNOLOGIES
ASSEMBLY
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY
DATE SCALE
1/19/99 N.T.S.
DRAWN SHEn
V.H.S. 2 APPROV-2 R. .HOWARD 2
INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
XX'0 INLET PIPE
VARIES
-5" TO ?• ^
CTYPICW-)
24'0 MH COVER AND
FRAME (TYPICAL), DTHER.
ACCESS CnVERS AVAILABLE
PDUR CONCRETE CONNECTION
COLLARS TD SEAL INLET AND
DUTLET PIPES.
XX'0 DUTLET PIPE
ir-9
SHT 4
JT TO 19'
(TYPICAL) "
PLDV SHT 4
J
PLAN VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70
26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
NDTES:
1. CREATE SMOOTH SWALE
TRANSITION THROUGH
DIVERSION BOX WITH
SECONDARY CONCRETE
PDUR IN FIELD
TCHMCLOGIES
PATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
DATE 4/3/01
DRAWN W. STEIN
APPROV.
SCALE
1"=5"
SHEET
3
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
2A-« HH COVER AND
FRAME (TYPICAL), OTHER
lACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
30" ACCESS COVER
(TYPICAL), DTHER ACCESS
COVERS AVAILABLE
17' TO 19'
CTYPICAL)
ELEVATION VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70, 26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
^--r-i'i'ilttVt-
V-i?^' TECHNOLOGIES
'ATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
DATE
3/11/00
SCALE
T=5'
DRAVN
W. STEIN
SHEET
4 APPRDV.
SHEET
4
Performance Specifications
Continuous Deflective Separation
Storm Water Treatment Unit
The Contractor shall install a precast storm v/ater treatment unit (STWU) in accordance with
the notes and details shown on the Drawings and in conformance with these Specifications.
The precast storm water treatment units shall be continuous deflective separators (CDS®)
unit-
The CDS® unit shall be non-mechanical and gravity driven, requiring no external power
requirements. The CDS® unit shall come equipped with a stainless steel expanded metal
screen having a screen opening of 4700 microns (4.7 mm or 0.185 inches). The separation
screen shall be self-cleaning and non-blocking for all flows diverted to it, even when flows
within the pipe exceed the CDS® unit's design treatment flow capacity. For this condition,
some storm flow bypasses the unit over the diversion weir.
Solids Removal Performance Requirements
The CDS unit shall be capable of removing suspended and fine solids and shall capture
100% of the floatables and 100% of all particles equal to or greater than 4.7 millimeter (mm)
for all flow conditions up to unit's design treatment flow capacity, regardless of the particle's
specific gravity. The CDS® unit shall capture 100% of all neutrally buoyant material greater
Lhan 4.7 mm for all flow conditions up to its design treatment flow capacity- There shall be no
low conditions up to the design treatment flow capaciiy of the CDS® unit in which a flow path
through the CDS® unit can be identified that allows the passage of a 4.7-mm or larger
neutrally buoyant object. The CDS® unit shall permanently retain all captured material for all
flow conditions of the storm drains to include flood conditions. The CDS® unit shall not allow
materials that have been captured within the unit to be flushed through or out of the unit
during any flow condition to include flood and/or tidal influences.
The CDS® unit shall capture 95% of 2350-micron size sand particles (one half the screen
opening size), 90% of 1551-micron size sand particles (one third the size of the screen
opening) and 50% of 940-micron size sand particles (one fifth the size of the screen
opening). There shall be no attenuation of these removal efficiencies or blocking of the
screen face as the flow rate increases up to treatment flow capacity of the CDS® unit. The
following table lists these required removal efficiencies for a CDS® unit equipped with 4700-
micron size screen:
CDS
Table 1
MEDIUM/FINE SAND SEDIMENT REMOVAL
(Indirect Screening - 4700-Micron Screen)
Particle Removal Efficiency*
Particle Size as
percentage of
screen opening
(%)
Screening
Removal
Efficiency
Standard Screen Openings Particle Size as
percentage of
screen opening
(%)
Screening
Removal
Efficiency
4700 Micron (0.185-inches)
Particle Size as
percentage of
screen opening
(%)
Screening
Removal
Efficiency Microns Inches
100 100% 4700 0.185
50 95% 2350 0.093
33 90% 1551 0.061
20 50% 940 0-037
Particle Specific Gravity = 2.65
Solids Removal Performance Requirements: [For CDS® units equipped with a 2400-micron
(0.095 inches) screen]
The CDS unit shall be capable of removing suspended and fine solids and shall capture
100% of the floatables and 100% of all particles greater than 2.4 millimeter for all flow
conditions up to its design treatment flow capacity, regardless ofthe particle's specific gravity.
te CDS unit shall capture 100% of all neutrally buoyant material greater than 2.4 millimeters
m) for all flow conditions up its design treatment flow capacity. There shall be no flow
conditions up to the minimum treatment flow capacity in which a flow path through the CDS
unit can be identified that allows the passage of a 2.4-millimeter or larger neutrally buoyant
object. The CDS unit shall permanently retain all captured material for all flow conditions of
the storm drain to include flood conditions. The CDS unit shall not allow materials that have
been captured within the unit to be flushed through and/or out of the unit dunng any flow
condition.
The CDS unit shall capture 98% of 600-micron size sand particles (one fourth the screen
opening size), 80% of 425-micron size sand particles (one twelfth the size of the screen
opening) and 42% of 300-micron size sand particles (one twelfth the size of the screen
opening). There shall be no blocking of the screen face as the flow rate increases up to the
•treatment flow capacity. The following table lists these required removal efficiencies for a
CDS unit equipped with a 2400-micron size screen;
D - 2 CDS
Table 2
MEDIUM/FINE SEDIMENT REMOVAL
(Indirect Screening - 2400-Micron Screen)
Particle Removal Efficiency*
Particle Size
(pm)
Particle Removal
Efficiency (%)
CDS flow rate
Particle Size
(pm)
28% Capacity
(8 l/s)
60.7% Capacity
(17 l/s)
>2400 100 100
2400 - 850 100 100
850 - 600 100 100
600 - 425 100 98
425 - 300 96 80
300- 150 76 42
150 - 75 42 12
*Particle SG = 2.65
fanufacturers Performance Certificate
The manufacturer of the CDS® unit shall submit details and shop drawings of sufficient detail
for the Engineer to confirm that no available flow paths exist that would allow the passage of
an object greater than 4 .7 mm [2.4 mm if a 2400 micron screen is specified]. Additionally, the
manufacturer shall submit a "Manufacturers Performance Certificate" certifying that the CDS®
unit shall achieve the specified removal efficiencies listed in these specifications This
Manufacturer's Performance Certification of removal efficiencies shall clearly and
unequivocally state that the listed removal efficiency shall be achieved throughout the entire
treatment flow processed by the CDS® unit with no attenuation of removal efficiency as the
flow increase up lo the minimum treatment flow capacity specified above.
Oil and Grease Removal Performance
The CDS® unit is equipped with a conventional oil baffle to capture and retain oil and grease
and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) pollutants as they are transported through the
storm dram system dunng dry weather (gross spills) and wet weather fiows The
conventional oil baffle within a unit assures satisfactory oil and grease removal from typical
urban storm water runoff.
D - 3
CDS
The CDS® unit shall also be capable of receiving and retaining the addition of Oil Sorbents
within their separation chambers. The addition of the oil sorbents can ensure the permanent
removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff. The addition
f sorbents enables increased oil and grease capture efficiencies beyond that obtainable by a
onventional oil baffle systems. Sorbent material shall be added in accordance with the "OIL
SORBENTS SPECIFICATION", Appendix D, CDS® Technical Manual.
V/arranty
The manufacturer of the CDS® unit shall guarantee the filtration unit free from defects in
materials and workmanship for a period one year following installation. Equipment supplied
by the manufacturer shall be installed and used only in the particular application for which it
was specifically designed.
D - 4
CDS
OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES
For the
CONTINUOUS DEFLECTIVE SEPARATION UNIT
^TRODUCTION
The CDS unit is an important and effective component of your storm water management
program and proper operation and maintenance of the unit are essential to demonstrate
your compliance with local, state and federal water pollution control requirements.
The CDS technology features a patented non-blocking, Indirect screening technique
developed in Australia to treat water runoff. The unit is highly effective in the capture of
suspended solids, fine sands and larger particles. Because of Its non-blocking
screening capacity, the CDS unit is un-matched in its ability to capture and retain gross
pollutants such as trash and debris. In short, CDS units capture a very wide range of
organic and in-organic solids and pollutants that typically result In tons of captured
solids each year: total suspended solids (TSS), sediments, oil and greases and
captured trash and debris (Including floatables, neutrally buoyant, and negatively
buoyant debris) under very high flow rate conditions.
CDS units are equipped with convenfional oil baffles to capture and retain oil and
grease. Laboratory evaluations show that the CDS units are capable of capturing up to
70% of the free oil and grease from storm water. CDS units can also accommodate the
addition of oil sorbents within their separation chambers. The addition of the oil
sorbents can ensure the permanent removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease
from the storm water runoff.
OPERATIONS
#e CDS unit is a non-mechanical selfoperating system and will funcfion any time there
'flow in the storm drainage system. The unit will continue to effectively capture
pollutants In flows up to the design capacity even during extreme rainfall events when
the design capacity may be exceeded. Pollutants captured In the CDS unit's separation
chamber and sump will be retained even when the unit's design capacity Is exceeded.
CDS CLEANOUT
The frequency of cleaning the CDS unit will depend upon the generation of trash and
debris and sediments in your application. Cleanout and preventive maintenance
schedules will be determined based on operating experience unless precise pollutant
loadings have been determined. The unit should be periodically inspected to determine
the amount of accumulated pollutants and to ensure that the cleanout frequency Is
adequate to handle the predicted pollutant load being processed by the CDS unit. The
recommended cleanout of solids within the CDS unit's sump should occur at 75%> of the
sump capacity. However, the sump may be completely full with no impact to the CDS
unit's performance.
Access to the CDS unit is typically achieved Ihrough two manhole access covers - one
allows Inspection and cleanout of the separation chamber (screen/cylinder) & sump and
another allows inspeclion and cleanout of sediment captured and retained behind the
screen. The PSW & PSWC off-line models have an additiona! access cover over the
weir of the diversion vault. For units possessing a sizable depth below grade (deplh to
eCHNCH-OGKS
pipe), a single manhole access point would allow both sump cleanout and access
behind the screen.
|DS Technologies Recommends The Following:
NEW INSTALLATIONS - Check the condition of the unit after every runoff event
for the first 30 days. The visual Inspection should ascertain that the unit Is
functioning properly (no blockages or obstructions to Inlet and/or separafion
screen), measuring the amount of solid materials that have accumulated In the
sump, the amount of fine sediment accumulated behind the screen, and
determining the amount floafing trash and debris In the separafion chamber.
This can be done with a calibrated "dip stick" so that the depth of deposition can
be tracked. Schedules for Inspections and cleanout should be based on storm
events and pollutant accumulafion.
ONGOING OPERATION - During the rainfall season, the unit should be
Inspected at least once every 30 days. The floatables should be removed and
the sump cleaned when the sump Is 75-85% full. If floatables accumulate more
rapidly than the settleable solids, the floatables should be removed using a
vactor truck or dip net before the layer thickness exceeds one to two feet.
Cleanout of the CDS unit at the end of a rainfall season is recommended
because of the nature of pollutants collected and the potential for odor generation
from the decomposition of material collected and retained. This end of season
cleanout will assist in preventing the discharge of pore water from the CDS® unit
during summer months.
USE OF SORBENTS - It needs to be emphasized that the addition of sorbents
Is not a requirement for CDS units to effectively control oil and grease from storm
water. The convenfional oil baffle within a unit assures satisfactory oil and
grease removal. However, the addition of sorbents is a unique enhancement
capability special to CDS units, enabling increased oil and grease capture
efficiencies beyond that obtainable by conventional oil baffle systems.
Under normal operations, CDS units will provide effluent concentrations of oil and
grease that are less than 15 parts per million (ppm) for all dry weather spills
where the volume Is less than or equal to the spill capture volume of the CDS
unit. During wet weather flows, the oil baffle system can be expected to remove
between 40 and 70% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff.
CDS Technologies only recommends the addifion of sorbents to the separation
chamber If there are specific land use activifies in the catchment watershed that
could produce exceptionally large concentrations of oil and grease in the runoff,
concentration levels well above typical amounts. If site evaluafions merit an
increased control of free oil and grease then oil sorbents can be added to the
CDS unit to thoroughly address these particular pollutants of concern.
Recommended Oil Sorbents
Rubberizer® Particulate 8-4 mesh or OARS™ Particulate for Filtration, HPT4100
or equal. Rubberizer® is supplied by Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc.
TeCHNOl.CX>KS
4626 Santa Fe Street, San Diego, CA 92109 (800) 542-3036. OARS™ Is
supplied by AbTech Industries, 4110 N. Scottsdale Road, Suite 235, Scottsdale,
AZ 85251 (800) 545-8999.
The amount of sorbent to be added to the CDS separation chamber can be
determined If sufficient Information is known about the concentration of oil and
grease In the runoff. Frequently the actual concentrations of oil and grease are
too variable and the amount to be added and frequency of cleaning will be
determined by periodic observation of the sorbent. As an Initial applicafion, CDS
recommends that approximately 4 to 8 pounds of sorbent material be added to
the separation chamber of the CDS units per acre of parking lot or road surface
per year. Typically this amount of sorbent results In a Inch to one (1") inch
depth of sorbent material on the liquid surface of the separation chamber. The
oil and grease loading of the sorbent material should be observed affer major
storm evenls. Oil Sorbent material may also be furnished In pillow or boom
configurations.
The sorbent material should be replaced when It Is fully discolored by skimming
the sorbent from the surface. The sorbent may require disposal as a special or
hazardous waste, but will depend on local and state regulatory requirements.
CLEANOUT AND DISPOSAL - A vactor truck is recommended for cleanout of
the CDS unit and can be easily accomplished In less than 30-40 minutes for most
installations. Standa'rd vactor operations should be employed in the cleanout of
the CDS unit. Disposal of material from the CDS unit should be in accordance
with the local municipality's requirements. Disposal of the decant material to a
POTW is recommended. Field decanting to the storm drainage system is not
recommended. Solids can be disposed of in a similar fashion as those materials
collected from street sweeping operations and catch-basin cleanouts.
MAINTENANCE
The CDS unit should be pumped down at least once a year and a thorough inspection
of the separafion chamber (inlet/cylinder and separafion screen) and oil baffle
performed. The unit's Internal components should not show any signs of damage or
any loosening of the bolts used to fasten the various components to the manhole
structure and to each other. Ideally, the screen should be power washed for the
inspection. If any of the internal components Is damaged or if any fasteners appear to
be damaged or missing, please contact CDS Technologies to make arrangements to
have the damaged items repaired or replaced:
CDS Technologies, Inc. Phone, Toll Free: (888) 535-7559
16360 Monterey Road, Suite 250 Fax: (408) 782-0721
Morgan Hill, CA 95037-5406
The screen assembly Is fabricated from Type 316 stainless steel and fastened
with Type 316 stainless steel fasteners that are easily removed and/or replaced
with convenfional hand tools. The damaged screen assembly should be
replaced with the new screen assembly placed in the same orientafion as the
one that was removed.
"^ife-C-^^" Tec HNCH. 0016 S
CONFINED SPACE
The CDS unit is a confined space environment and only properly trained personnel
possessing the necessary safety equipment should enter the unit to perform
lalntenance or Inspecfion procedures. Inspections of the Internal components can. In
hosi cases, be accomplished through observations from the ground surface.
RECORDS OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
CDS Technologies recommends that the owner maintain annual records of the
operation and maintenance of the CDS unit to document the effective maintenance of
this Important component of your storm water management program. The attached
Annual Record of Operations and Maintenance form Is suggested and should be
retained for a minimum period of three years.
CDS TECHNOLOGIES
ANNUAL RECORD
OF
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
T)WNER _
ADDRESS
OWNER REPRESENTATIVE PHONE
CDS INSTALLATION:
MODEL DESIGNATION,
SUE LOCATION
DATE
DEPTH FROM COVER TO BOTTOM OF SUMP
VOLUME OF SUMP CUYD VOLUME/INCH DEPTH. CUYD
INSPECTIONS:
DATE/INSPECTOR SCREEN
ir^GRITY
aOATABLES DEPTH SEDiMErrr
VOLUME
SORBENT
DISCOLORATION
SERVATIONS OF FUNCTION:
CLEANOUT:
DATE VOLUME
FLOATABLES
VOLUME
SEDIMENTS
METHOD OF DISPOSAL OF FLOATABLES, SEDIMENTS, DECANT AND SORBENTS
OBSERVATIONS:
SCREEN MAINTENANCE:
DATE OF POWER WASHING, INSPECTION AND OBSERVATIONS:
CERTIFICATION: TITLE: DATE:
Inlet Stenciling and Signage
instruction Activity
Iho's Covered?
pplication
equiremenfs
dustrial Activity
Iho's Covered?
,ppllcEr1ion
lequirements
unicipal MS4s
arge * Medium
imall
iase I
i»as€ II
(lenu ot BMPs
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et Wealher
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iearch Species
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EPA Home > OW Hofne > OWM Home > NPDES Home > Storm Watgr > Menu ot BMPs
StwntdfOTJS can bp labeled wrth s^etjcite to
dBCoUr^e dumping '
Public Involvement/Participation
Storm Drain Stenciling
Description
Storm drain stenciling
involves labeling storm
drain inlets with painted
messages warning citizens
not to dump pollutants into
the drains. The stenciled
messages are generally a
simple phrase to remind
passersby that the storm
drains connect to local
waterbodies and that
dumping pollutes those
waters. Some specify
which waterbody the inlet
drains to or name the
particular river, lake, or bay. Commonly stenciled messages inciude: "No
Dumping. Drains to Water Source," "Drains to River," and "You Dump it. You
Drink it. No Wasle Here." Pictures can also be used to convey the message,
including a shriiTip, common game lish, or a graphic depiction of the path Irom
drain to waterbody. Communities with a large Spanish-speaking population
might wish lo develop stencils in both English and Spanish, or use a graphic
alone.
Top
Applicability
Municipalities can undertake stenciling projects throughout the entire
community, especially in areas with sensitive waters or where trash, nutrients,
or biological oxygen demand have been identiiied as high priority poliutants-
However, regardless of the condition of the waterbody, the signs raise
awareness about the conneclion between storm drains and receiving waters
and they help deter littering, nutrient overenrichment, and other practices that
contribute to nonpoint source pollution- Municipalities should identify a subset
of drains lo stencil because there might be hundreds of inlets; stenciling all of
them would be prohibitively expensive and might actually diminish the effect
of the message on the public- The drains should be carelully selected to send
the message to the maximum number of citizens (for example, in areas ol
high pedestrian Iralfic) and to target drains leading lo waterbodies where
illegal dumping has been identified as a source ol pollution-
Implementation
Municipalities can implement storm drain stenciling programs in two ways. In
some cases, cities and towns use their own public woiks stall to do the
labeling. Some municipalities Ieel that having their own crews do the work
Menu of BMPs
Information
Menu o( BMPs
Home
Public Education &
Outreach on Storm
Waler Impacts
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& Panicipalion
Illicit Discharge
Deleclion &
Elimination
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Stonm Waler
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Storm Waler
Manaqement in
New Development
& Redeveiopmenl
Pollution
Prevenlion & Good
Housekeeping for
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Operations
Downloadable
Files
Measurable Goals
Mow Keaoer
The documents on this
site 3ie best viewed
•.Vllh Aciobal 5.0
p:f/cWm) epa.gov/npdes/stonT>waier/menuorbmps/invol^6 cfm V21/2003
'/ftl
produces better results and eliminates liability and safety concerns. More
commonly, stenciling projects are conducted by volunteer groups in
cooperation with a municipality- In such an arrangement, volunteer groups
provide the labor and the municipality provides supplies, safety equipmeni,
and a map and/or directions to Ihe drains to be stenciled- The benefits of
using volunteers are lower cost and increased public awareness of storm
water pollutants and their palh to waterbodies- A municipality can establish a
program to comprehensively address storm drain stenciling and actively
recruit volunteer groups to help, or the municipality can facilitate volunteer
groups lhat take the initiative to undertake a stenciling project-
Whether the municipality or a volunteer group initiates a stenciling project, the
municipality should designate a person in charge of the slorm drain stenciling
program. Many municipalities will designate a person from the pubic works or
water quality department to coordinate stenciling projects by volunteer
groups. Because these programs depend heavily on volunteer labor,
organizers and coordinators should be skilled in recruiting, training,
managing, and recognizing volunteers. Coordination activities include
providing
• Stenciling kits containing all materials and tools needed to carry out a
stenciling project
• A map of Ihe storm drains lo be stenciled
• Training for volunteers on safety procedures and on the technique for
using stencils or affixing signs
• Safety equipmeni (traffic cones, safety vests, masks and/or goggles for
spray paint, and gloves it glue is used)
• Incentives and rewards ior volunteers (badges, T-shirts, certificates).
The coordinator might also wish to provide pollutant-tracking forms to collect
data on serious instances of dumping. Participants in storm drain stenciling
projects can be asked to note storm drains that are clogged with debris or
show obvious signs ol dumping. This enables cify crews to target cleanup
efforts. Volunteers should be instructed on what kinds of pollutants to look lor
and how to Iill out data cards. Volunteers also should record the k)cations of
all slorm drains labeled during lhe project, so the city can keep track.
Additionally, the participants should convene after the event to talk about
what they fiave found. Their reactions and impressions can help organizers
improve future stenciling projecis.
II a municipality chooses lo initiate a storm drain stenciling program and solicit
the help ol volunteer organizations, Ihey can advertise through a variety ol
channels. Outreach strategies include
• Distributing pamphlets and brochures to area service organizations
• Placing articles in local magazines
• Taking out newspaper ads
• Placing an environmental inserl in the local newspaper
• Making presentations at community meetings
• Developing public service announcements for radio
• Creating a web sile with background and conlact information as well as
photos and stories from past stenciling events (the references section
contains a list of storm drain stenciling web sites from communities
across the country)
• Using word-of-mouth communications about the program-
Newspapers can be notilied lo get advance coverage of a planned stenciling
event- Newspapers might choose to cover the event itself as an
environmental feature story to further public awareness- A news release
issued lor the day of the evenl can draw TV and/or newspaper coverage.
Public sersi'ice announcements made before the event also will help to
reinforce the message. Additionally, some municipalities can have volunteers
p://^^b.epa,gov/npdcs/slormwaIer/menuoR7rnps/mvol 6 cfm 2/2J/2003
distribute door hangers in the targeted neighborhoods to notify residents lhat
storm dram stenciling is taking place. The hangers explain the purpose ol the
project and oiler tips on how citizens can reduce urban runolf in general.
For any volunteer project lo be successful, volunteers musl feel they have
done something worthwhile- Communities act'rve in storm drain stenciling
have developed a variety of ways lo recognize volunteers, including
• Providing each participant with a certilicate of appreciation and/or letter
ol thanks signed by the mayor
• Distributing logo items such as T-shirts, hats, badges, plastic water
tiottiGS, or otber items lo participants before or after the evenl
• Holding a picnic or small party after Ihe event wilh refreshments
donated by a local business
• Providing coupons for free pizza, hamburgers, ice cream, or movies
donated by local merchants
• Taking pictures of stenciling leams before, during, and alter the evenl
lo create a pictorial record of volunteers' activity.
Since stenciling projects lake place on cily streets, volunteer salety is of
utmost importance. The city might wish lo designate lower-traffic residenlial
areas as targets for volunteer stenciling and provide safety equipment and
training. Mosl programs require lhal stenciling be done in leams. with at least
one person designated to watch lor traffic. Adult supervision is needed when
volunteers are school children or members of youth groups. Most cities also
require participating volunteers (or their parents) to sign a waiver of liability.
An attorney (or the municipality should be consulted to determine what liability
exists and how lo handle this issue.
Materials
Mosl communities use stencils and paint to label their slorm drains- Some
communities stencil directty onto the curb, street, or sidewalk, while otheis
first paint a white background and then stencil over it. The most commonly
used stencils are made of Mylar, a llexible plastic material lhat can be
cleaned and reused many times. However, stencils can also be made Irom
cardboard, aluminum, or olher material. The reference section lists web sites
where stencils can be purchased.
Stonn drain messages can be placed Hal against the sidewalk suriace just
above the slorm drain inlet, while olhers are placed on the curb facing the
slreet or on the streel itself, either just upstream of the storm drain or on the
street in front of the drain. However, messages placed on the streel might
wear out sooner.
Paint or ink can be sprayed on or applied by brush and roller. Spray paint is
quickest and probably the easiest to apply neatly. Regions that do not meet
federal air-quality standards should avoid using spray paints, since many
contain air-polluting prapellanls. II is recommended lo use 'environmenlaify
friendly" paint lhal contains no heavy metals and is low In volatile organic
compounds-
Alternatives to painted messages include permanent signs made of
aluminum, ceramic, plastic, or other durable materials- These signs last
longer than stenciled messages and need only glue to affix them to storm
drain inlets- They might also be neater and easier lo read from a distance-
Tiles or plaques can be dislodged by pedestrian tratfic il they are disturbed
before the glue dries-
Benefils
tp://c^ub.epa gov/npdes/siormwaler/menuorbmps/invol 6 cfm 2/21/2003
Stonn drain stenciling projecis offer an excellent opportunity to educate the
public about the link between the storm drain system and drinking water
quality. In addition lo the labeled storm drains, media coverage of the
program or stenciling event can increase public awareness of storm water
issues. Volunteer groups can provide additional benelils by picking up trash
near the stenciled storm drains and by noting v/here miainlenance is needed.
Additionally, stenciling projects can provide a lead-in to volunteer monitoring
projects and increase community participation in a variety of other slorm
water-related activities.
Limitations
A storm drain stenciling program is generally etfective, inexpensive, and easy
lo implement. However, larger communities can have many storm drain inlets,
so volunteer coordinators need to be skilled at recruiting and organizing the
efforts ol volunteers to provide adequate coverage over large areas. Safety
considerations might also limit stenciling programs in areas where traffic
congestion is high. Other environmenlai consideraiions such as the use of
propellants in spray paint in areas thai do not meet air quality slandards
should be taken into accouni. Finally, stencils will require repainting after
years of weather and traffic, and tiles and permanent signs might need
replacement if Ihey are improperly installed or subject lo vandalism.
Effectiveness
By raising public awareness of urban runoff, storm drain stenciling programs
should discourage practices lhat generate nonpoini source pollutants. As with
any public education project, however, it is difficult to precisely measure the
eilect that slorm drain stenciling programs have on human behavior. Nor is it
easy to measure reductions in certain components of urban runoff, which by
definition is diffuse in origin.
Some municipalities attempt to assess the effectiveness of storm drain
stenciling programs by periodically examining water samples from targeted
slorm drain outfalls (places where storm drains empty into a waterbody). II the
storm drains leading lo a particular outfall have been labeled, and if the levels
of pollutants Irom that outfall decline affer the stencils were put in place, one
can assume the labeling has had some deterrent effect. This monitonng can
be conducted by the same volunteer groups thai stenciled the drains and can
be incorporated into existing volunteer monitoring programs or can inifiate the
development of a new program-
Cities also inter stenciling program success from increases in Ihe volume of
used motor oil delivered lo used-oil recycling centers- Others measure
success in terms of how many drains are stenciled and lhe number of
requests received by volunteer groups to participate in the program- They can
also lake into consideration the number of cleanups conducted by the cily as
a result of reports made by volunteers.
Costs
Mylar stencils cosl about 45 cents per linear inch and can be used lor 25 to
500 stencilings, depending on whether paint is sprayed or applied with a
brush or roller. Permanenl signs are generally more costly; ceramic tiles cost
$5 to $6 each and metal stencils can cosl $100 or more.
References
How To Develop a Storm Dram Stenciling Program and Conduct Projects:
Center lor Marine Conservation. 1998. Million Points of Blight
p://c^^.cpa gov/npdes/slormwaler/menuon:imps/invoi_6-cfm 2/21/2003
[hti;}://vyww.cmcjOcean.org/c!^^^ ILI'-L^IL!!*.''*'-':^).
l ast updated 1998- Accessed February 13, 2001-
Center for Marine Conservation. No date. How to Conduct a Slorm Drain
S'enciling Project. [http./Awm.cmc-ocean.orq/mdio/drain php3
p:ii rf,..i,1m..>jj Accessed February 13, 2001-
Easl Dakota Waler Development District- No dale. Sform Drain Stenciling.
{http://www-brookinqs.com/bswf/lp2.hlm ^^^n •'hti.i->^r>j| Accessed February
13, 2001.
Hunter, R. 1995. Storm Drain Stenciling: The Street-River Connection.
Ihttp://wvw.epa.qov/volunteer/fall95/uibwat10.htm1. Lasl updated December
8, 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
The Rivers Projecl, Southern Illinois University al Edwardsville. 1998.
Gafeway Area Storm Sewer Stenciling Project.
[hltp://www.siu9.edu/OSME/river/slencil.html K^^'Tdi.ii»i~r>jj Last updated
November 9, 1998. Accessed February 14. 2001.
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. No date. Storm Drain
Stenciling: Preventing Water Pollution.
Shttp7/wv/v'/.lnrcc-stale-tx.us/exec/oppr/cc2000/storm drain.html
tMrd..".j.;^.'51) Accessed February 13, 2001 -
Purchase Stencils:
Clean Ocean Action. 20O0- Storm Drain Stenciling.
[http:/.\vvy>yjjganoceanacrion-orq/Stencilinq/SlormOrains-hlml
iRTTj...i.i^.r>|] Last updated June 23, 2000. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. 1997. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd.
|hnp://www.earthw3ler-stencils com K''"'*"^'*^'H) Last updated 1997.
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Communities With Storm Drain Stenciling Web Sites:
City of Berkley, California, Department of Public Works. No dale. Storm Drain
Stenciling, [hitp^/www.ci.berkeley ca.us/PW/Slorm/stencil.html
|f.\irji»i.ii»7;>f] Anresspd Fehniary 13, 2001.
City of Honolulu, Hawaii. No date. Volunteer Activities.
|htlp.7/www.cleanwalerhonolulu.com/drain-html H] Accessed
February 14, 2001.
City of Portland, Oregon, Environmental Services. No date. Storm Drain
Stenciling. (http://www.enviro.ci.portland or.us/sds.htm |f^"'""^'''~'H]
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Cfemson Extension Office- No date- Storm Drain Stenciling South Carolina
'Paint The Drain' Campaign.
hHp://vnrlual.cj.emson.edu.''nroups/waterquality/STENCIL.HTM
^" ''"''•'•^'>i] Accessed February 14, 2001.
Friends ol Ihe Mississippi River. 20OO. Storm Drain Stenciling Program
[http://www.lrnr.0r3/slencil.htrpt |'MTd,.T7n;;;7r>]j Last updated 2000. Accessed
February 14, 2001.
p://c^mb-epa-gov/npdes/stormwaier/menuofbmps/invol 5 cfm 2/21/2003
QJIice olJVater 1 OHice ol V/astewater Manaoement | Disclaimer | Search EPA
EPA Home | Piivacy and Secuiity Notice j Conlact Us
Last updated on August 15, 2002 1:44 PM
URL; htlp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stonnv/alei/menuofbinps/'mvol 6 cfm
//cif^ epa.gOv/npdes/stormwatcr./menuofbmps/invoL6.cfm 2/21/2003
litter, m wasle.
€oes Tn llceaii
^^^^tinn Ui sionu ^^^^ TM
^ Kill lleseeiKis Aijm,
lllrecto ili Oceniio
Iia sohicloH n la coiifaiuiuiici^iii del <lreiia|e [iliiTial eres fii.
Eagle 9455 Ridgehaven Ct., Suite 106
San Diego, CA 92123
1-858-541-1888
1-888-624-1888
Earthwater Stencils, LTD
Rochester, WA 98579
1-360-956-3774
FAX 360-956-7133
Storm Water Education
Jardines Sanos y
Familias Sanas
u k L'^s productos quimicos, fertilizantes
herbicdos y pestlcidas pueden ser daninos tanto oara usted como para su familla, y tambien para as oUnt/. v
ar^irr^ales. Hay otras formas de mantener rsu ,a?d(n verde
sin tener que usar substancias tbxlcas, '^^'^^e
• Sl tiene que usar pesticldas o fertilizantes uselos
con moderaclbn. Lea las etlqtietas detalladameme v
o apllque una substancla sl hay prontSstlcos de luvla
• Use desechos organicos en vez de herblc das para
prevenir que crezcan las hierbas malas y para ' ayudar a absorber el agua 7 pira
• boleccone plantas naturales de la region que son
res.stentes a la falta de agua las cuales co^n^eilan
^gua y previenen el escurrimiento "^"seivan
horis fnT.'?'''''''^^V.'J''^''^- f^'^gue durante las
c! desag'^e '"^ ^ "° ^^^^ "^^^'^ ^' ^8^'^ por
• Drene su alberca solamente cuando el nivel de cloro no
«^detectado en su equipo de detecclbn de cbro para °
• ^e%",n hSf desagues enfrente de su casa limpios y
ent?ada a^tf/a'.f ^''^ '^^ ^^''^ basura de la
n anguera ^ ^" ^^^^'^^ ^8"^ la
H^bitos Utiles en el Hogar
Sl usa substjsncias peligrosas tales como pinturas
-1 i'^' ^ '•'^P'^dores, uselos en peque^as
cantidades, de acuerdo a las instrucciones Cuardelos
SM niT"'^ '^'i"' ^^-^ derramen
bl nsa pinturas a base de agua. enjuasue las brochas f.^' J'^^'"^''"-/?'' P'"^"^" 3 base de aceite lirnpfe
la brocha con adelgazador de pintura. cu61elo y 3a
a usarlo, Tire todas las pinturas y materiales a traves de un programa de recoleccldn de desechos oe Icrosos Nunca limpie las brochas ni tire pintura P^"8'°^°^-por el desague pluvial,
nni'^nf^''^' substancias peligrosas tales como limp adores y solventes, llSvelos a un lugar de recolecclon de desechos peligrosos. ^
Si es°tl emow" i' ^««=hos en sujardi'n y casa. Sl est^ remodelando su casa. tire el concreto muros de
IZItoTclltJ.' "° ^"^-Sue el coTJZ':
Rcroia los desechos de mascotas y tirelos al excusado
los de^e hV" "^^^^^^^ La bacteria de los desechos animales es danina y
contamina a nuestras v(as acuaticas.
Seguridad de Sus
Vehi'culos y Garaje
Perlodlcamente revise su vehiculo para ver que no
tenga fugas y mant^ngalo aflnado. El usar un
sistema de transporte publico o usar su blclcleta
cMes ^ contaminantes en nuestras
Nunca vierta productos quimicos u otras
substancias peligrosas de los vehiculos por los
desagues pluviales, en el suelo. nl en los
estaclonamlentos o entradas de garaje
Al camblar los fluldos de su vehiculo. drenelos en
un reclplente limpio y ci^rrelo completamente.
Ueve el aceite y el flltro del aceite a un sltio de
recolecclin de aceite.
Sl derrama algun Huldo, use trapos o arena sin
usar en donde van al bafio los gatos (kitty litte^
Inmediatamente para contenerio Tire la arena v
los trapes contaminados en L:n sltio de
recoleccian de desechos peligrosos
Sl usted lava su vehiculo, use una manguera con
boquilla de cierre para el agua y use poco
detergents y agua,
rnformacidn del Programa de Materiales
Peligrosos Domdsticos de la Ciudad de San
Dlego;(619) 235-2111
• Fechas y sitios para la recoleccldn de
desechos dom^stlcos peligrosos
• Sitios para el reciclaje de aceite automotor
• Informacion respecto al uso y
almacenamiento adecuado de productos
domestlcos de Umpleza y sus sustUutos
rann '"c,^^,??''"' ^nvenenamlentos; touu; »76-4766
(llame al 911 en caso de una emergencia)
www,Think,bIuesd,org
EI programa THINK BLUE de la Ciudad de San Dieeo
desea agradecer a los jigulentes patrocUiadores por
Sll apoyo tan generoso al programa THINK BLUE'
San DiegQ Port District
Port off Sara Oiego
www.portDfj,ndl»go.org
fc*fj InformBclan gstsrA dlipontbll t
O /Tiprcjo «n pipe' rfclcl4do.
Caltrans
TP. 171 111/01)
c?csnpts n^^^^^^ nuestros jardines, fluye directamente a los
SHE srsin
tir baMir"il n nH^'^'^S^^ pluviales. La Ley de Aguas Limpias pronioe tirar basura y productos contaminantes a los riachuelos bahias lagos y mares.
vfas°acTd?ica?y 5?d"a sni^e^^r?'Ala"'" '^',''?' ^^'^ recro... ni^on vr^frn . silvestre, Algunas de las playas m.^s populares de S?n
10° disarefplu4iel A fi'n'd?"'' ".""r ' co^taminan'?e§ provenllntS de df.>;aoS;?,T, :„•? '''^ cuentas, la contaminaclbn que proviene de los
pia a^d.ve? Wnl com'"oar\'aS^^^^ dependemol de'las Was acutltcas
d^Su^a m,P ^rill^J^t^^!! P^P^' importante para evitar la contaminacion •Vim entra a OS desagues pluviales, Este folleto !e nrooorcinnn
pcugrosas entren a los desagues p uv a es, Si rodos efectu-imfis
'^'^'nos cambios sencillos, pldemos ayudar a proteae nu^^^^
eslilo de vida y nuestro medio ambiente'^•I'Sai Se^ V^,^^^^
Blue -significa el evitar la contaminacion antes d» ciiie le-
nuestras vias acuaticas. • ^-^UL HL^
Caltrans
www.portofs^ndiigo.org wwvv.Thlni<l)luc.sd.org
Storm water pollution is a problem that affects
all of us. With a growing population of more than
12 million residents and approximately 237
square miles of urbanized development, keep-
ing our waters clean from pollutants has become
increasingly difficult- With more than 39,000
storm drain structures, and over 900 miles of
storm drain pipes and channels to clean and
maintain, we need your help-
Wben it rains, water Hows over our streets and
yards and carries the pollutants it picks* up into
the storm drains. The problem is that storm
drains are not connected to the wastewater
treatment plant- So, what s in the streets flov^is
directly into our creeks, lakes, rivers and the
ocean, untreated
Last year, too many of our beaches and bays were
closed or posted as unsafe for swimmir>g. As our
Mayor has said, "njiis is more than an inconve-
nience, it rs a ctvic embarrassment."
But. as a City rt^ident. you can make a difference.
By becoming a Glean Water leader, both on the
job and in yoiir community, you can help make
our beaches and boys free of pollution When
you're at home, share your knowledge with
neighbors and family. As you drive to work, be
aware of any illegal discharges And, if you do
see an illegal discfiarge, report it
' >i . --
Jn the City of San Diego you can call (619) 235-
lOOO-OTj if you see an illegal discharge outside of
the Cify of San Qj^. you can call tho regional
hOtBhe at 1-«88-TWNK-BLue By working together
we JSn diflference.
Whether at home or at work, by adopting some
simple Best Management Practices (BMPs). you can
stop pollutants from being generated and enter-
ing our storm drain system.
- dry desn-up methods lor spim and outdoor cleaning.
Vacuum, sweep, and use rags or dry absorbants.
- Properly label, store and dispose of hazardous wastes.
• fake. sweep.up. and place all debris (dust, litter,
sediment etc.) from yoor yard or near your
property into a trash can
• Vse a mop where water is need«t
As you perform your daily activities be proac-
tive Assess the activity from a stormwater pol-
lution point-of-view and ask yourself; "does this
activity, directly or indirectly, generate pollu-
tion?" And, -how can I get the job done and pre-
vent debris from entering into the storm drain
collection system?" Here are some genefal
guidelines you can use at home or on the job-
The 3 Cs
trOntain: isolate
your woik area, to
prevent any potential
flow or discharge
from leaving the area.
V#Ontrol: Locate
the nearest storm
drain(s) and take
measures to ensure
nothing will enter or
discharge into thern.
This may require you
to sweep-up arrd
place debris & Sedi-
ment in a trash can
prior to beginning
the work activity.
'aptUre; Onceyou
bave compteted ajob,
be sure to clean-up
the area. If there is
sediment, sweep it up.
If there are liquids, ab-
sorb it or vacuum it up
with a wet-vac.
Remember, what you leave behind can
potentially be discharged into the storm drain
Sea lider del programa de
La contaminacion de las aguas pluviales es un
problema que nos afecta a todos. Con una
poblaciOn creciente de m^s de T200,000 residentes
y aproximadamente 237 millas cuadradas (610 kmO
de zonas urbanizadas, mantener nuestras aguas
libres de contaminantes se vuelve cada vez mds
dif Icil. Con m^s de 39,000 colectores de aguas
pluviales y mSs de 900 millas (1,450 km) de canales
y tuber las que mantener para el desague de aguas
pluviales. necesltamos su ayuda.
Cuando llueve. el agua fluye por niJesUas calles y
fwtios y deposiia en los colectores do agba's pljjviales
los conLominautes que artastra. El problematique
los colectores de agi/aS|3t|^Wa^'nff teWn conectados
a la plants de tratarrfiehX^de^gua^i^sftluales. Por lo
tanto, todo lo quo se ehtajenue'brado en las calles
fluye directamente a nuestros arroyos. laqos, rfos y al
mar, sin recibir Ualamiento algurio.
Muchas do nuestras playas y bahias fueron
Ies colocaron letreros
dar en ellas. Como
lies han dicho, "Esto es
yerguenza civica".
clausuradas pl anp
advirtlrrido el
nuestras autoridade^-
mds que una iriof^S
ero. ctjmar'Eeslat
ayudar a cambiaB'
sumarsr^ at progt
i^iudad. usted puede
^ohzosa situaciOn. Al
- , >,^„.j^^^j, a§ua limpia. tanto en el
trabajo tonx) LTTsireofTiunidad. podrd contribuir a
librar nuestras playas y bahias de la contaminacion. En
casa. comparta sus conocimlentos con vecinos y
familiarps. Caniino al trabajo, est6 pendiente de
l?^t<des^igas llegales de agua. St ve una descarga iilcita,
1 .^6 pafte a.jas auloridades corresporidienles
•gii " c^'J^^^'df^cTe san Diego, puede llamar al
^- ^ cuenta de alguna descorqa
ilegy'fuellj deja.eiiic^d de San Oiego, llame a la linea
"M£f'^^3 reglOi'iSl, f-SsS-tHlNK-BlUE (1-688-S4-!-&525).
pa^a rna'ypl-e's,jnforrries. visite la pdgina en Internet
' Is^^.lhinkbluesd.df d
Tanto en el hogar como en el trabajo. usted puede
impedir la generacidn de contaminantes y su descarga
al drenaje de aguas pluviales. S6lo tiene que poner en
practica las sencillas medidas senaladas a continuaciOn:
• Para limpiar derrames y areas exteriores. utilice aspiradora.
escoba, trapos u otros materiales absorbentes secos.
' Identinque claramente con etiquetas los desperdicios
nocivosy almacenelos o des^helos correctamente.
• Con un rastrillo o escoba, recoja todos los desechos (polvos
basura. sedimentos, etc) que se encuentren en su patio o
cerca de su casa o edificio y depositelos en un bote de basura
• Use un trapeador cuando se requiera el uso de agua
para limpiar
Realice sus actividades cotidlanas con conciencia
ecoldgica. Vea las cosas desde el punto de vista de la
posible contaminacion de las aguas pluviaies
Preguntese. "Directa o ind(rect3mente,^"g§0era esta
act ividad contaminacion? " Y, -^Como putnjo reUl^feta
tarea de manera que evite la descarga de desperdiciosl
sistema de capiaciOn de ^gU3s^p)iiVi^|?~ Las
siguienies son algunas recomendacionesg^^aJes quo
puede aplicar en casa o en el trabajo '
Las tres C C( ontenga: Aisle su
Area dc. trabajo para
. , ' ijrjpedir que cualquier flujo
vr On Lf OI e; l oralice o de^arga vjiga del area,
las coladeras para atafl^^v ^-^
pluviales mas cefk;^^^^
haga lo necesa|^^^^
impedir que se dfel^^^^^,
en ellas mat enas exUii^Ct
Para ello, podr'^^ ^^^l
necesario bar ror y cotcicS" '*
la basura y sedimentos en
un bole de basura
allies de comenzar sus
attiVfidades ge trabajo.
apte:
Una vez terminado un
trabajo, no se Divide de
limpiar bien el lugar.
Si quedO algun sedimento,
barralo. Si quedan llquidos,
absOtbalos o asplrelos
con una aspiradora para
llquidos.
Recu^ii-c^o qUe Io que deje en el suelo podria acabar
descargabdoise a la tuberia para aguas pluviales.
r,». <^ wji« (f i-v
Impervious Surfaces:
Cleaning Sidewalks, Pavements, Patios, Parking Lots & Driveways
'[f""^ °' "^^^ "^^^l' °^ y^^^' °' pavement, il flows diredly into storm
drams. Many people mistakenly believe this water gets ^cleaned" before reaching water^ys
^^^ZZr^"" """^ conveyance systerr) {drains, inlets and catch basins) '
fnfn. • H ""^ — connected. Sewer water gets treated, but everything tbat washes
mto Ihe storm dram goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays and ocean This
causes beach closures and postings due to contamination. Releasing pollutants into Ihe storm
water conveyance system is a violation of Ihe City Municipal Code (43 0301)
We all like clean public areas, but High Pressure Washing and Hosing Down of sidewalks not
on y contnbutes to ocean pollution, but wastes one of our mosl valuable resources ^^aTer^'s
not the water that s a problem. It's the pollulants it picks-up off of surfaces that are. Inlhicity
i?hP .'lf^°- d't ?K"rT "^"'"9 Down surfaces in the pubfic right-of-way will only be allowed when the following Storm Water Best Management Practices are used:
Before beginning to wash impervious surfaces, sweep and pick up the debris or trash in
ni:S'pro'?riT'''' '"f .L" 'f^e curbside between .he activity and downstream slor!. drain inlet{s). Properiy dispose of the debris.
f!^Z fh '"'^'H """^^ protected from the water flow and the pollutants it canies
Locate he nearest downstream storm drain inlet before beginning work. Cover the inlet with
be^hrotnlTher^^^^^^^" '^'^ "'^'^ '^'^'^ ^^"^ht in the fabric do^h can mfn
Hosing pavement in a parking lot and letting it leave the site is not allowed. Waler used
1 nf. T"^"- ^^P^'>- driveway, slreet or any surface where motor vehides
are parked or driven must be recaptured (wet-vacuumed or mopped) and properly Oposed
Sweep-up and properly dispose of all sediments that accumulate as a result of Ihe activity.
Disinfectants, solvents, and other household chemicals used to aid in Ihe cleanina Drocess
must be recaptured (mopped up or wel vacuumed) before hosing down. ^
Dry cleari up methods (vacuum, sweep, and absorbents) are recommended for spills and
^PS M^n '"^-r p^"'"^^ '"^P- ^ d°^n desire", follow me Best Management Pradices listed above. , n^nuw uie
the ?to'r^ draT'' '^""^ ^"^"^ ^'^'^
High pressure washing or hosing of private property must be contained, recaptured and
properiy disposed. Direct the water into planters, don't allow it to wash into the stoJm drain"nleL
?I!!r'^^'^^'^^^'V''^' ""^^ *° activifies: Be A Clean Water Leader Conlrol Contain & Caplure; Spills; Dumpsters, and Restaurants. ^-^c/uer oonrro/.
Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue San Dieqo
For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: wwwj^kbluesd ,03.os4
Car Washing
When it rains or Virhen waler flows out of yards or over pavement, il flows directly into storni
drains. Many people mistakenly believe this waler gets 'deaned" before reaching wraterways.
The sewer system and the storm water conveyance systems (drains, inlets, and catch basins)
are separate; they are not connected. Sewer waler gets treated, bul everything lhal washes
into the storm waler conveyance system goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays
and ocean. This causes beach ctosures and postings due to contamination. Releasing
pollutants into the storm waler collection system is a violation of the City Municipal Code,
(43.0301). Wheiher you are at home, work, or play, there are vrays lhal residents and
businesses alike can "Think Blue' and prevent pollutants from reaching our waterways.
Most of us don't think of our car as a source of beach pollution- but il is. The reality is vehicles
are a necessity today, and we don't have a lot of choice aboul lhal. However, we can be more
environmentally responsible and choose the melhod(s) of caring for and washing our vehicles
in an ocean friendly way. Car washing is a pollution problem because many metals and
automotive flukfs are washed off wifh the soapy water, travel down the gutter collecting more
streel pollulanis, then enter our storm water conveyance system and spill into our vraterways
and bays.
Residential/Non-Commercial Vehicles: The Munidpal Code allows for the washing of
residential vehfcles for non-commercial purposes. While washing of your vehicle is allowed
w^ashing-off pollutants from your vehide such as paint, oils, sediment, debris and such like
pollutant(s) is iHegal. This is why we encourage that you wash your personal vehicle without
creating runoff. When washing is done at home, pollution can be minimized by washing the
vehicle on the lawn or over a landscaped area to absorb the liquid and limit runoff from your
property- Or, limit runoff by using a bucket and rag to wash your car and a control nozzle on
your hose to rinse the car- By actively reducing Ihe amount of wa\er used you are nol only
protecting our ocean, but helping to conserve waler and reducing your waler bill-
Charity Washes: may be conducted as long as they are staged in a manner which avoids or
minimizes the discharge of pollulanis- soap, sediment, water lhal may be contaminated from
automotive fluids and residues. Start by tocating all stonm drain inlets on, near or downstream
of the wash sile and sweeping up all sediment and debris in Ihe area prior to washing the
vehicles. On the day of the event, place sandbags or other blocking devices in front of the inlets
to prevent wash water from entering the storm drain conveyance system. Any remaining
standing wash water is to be swept or wet-vacuumed into a landscaped area or into Ihe sanitary
sewer system. We recommend the sile and inlets be swept al the end of the wash event.
Illegal Washing Activities: Car dealerships, auto detailers, rental agencies and other
automotive related businesses lhat wash vehicles for commercial purposes must prevent the
dirty water from entering the slorm water conveyance system. All washing adivity for
commerdal purposes must control, contain and capture the wash water before it leaves the site
and/or enters a storm drain or a conveyance system. Failure lo do so is illegal.
Washing of all vehicies (residenlial and commercial) that canry items or substances that have a
poientiai to discharge the following pollutants: paint, oils, sedimenl, yard waste, construdion
debris, chemicals, hazardous wastes and other pollulanis—is illegal.
Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego
For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: www Ihinkbluesd.org (03/05/0?)
Automotive Fluids
When il rains or v^hen water flows oul of yards or over pavement, it flows direcUy into storm
drains. Many people mistakenly believe this water gets 'cleaned" before reaching vraterways.
The sewer sysiem and the storm water conveyance syslems (drains, inlets, and catch basins)
are separate; they are not connected. Sewer water gets treated, bul everything that washes
into the storm water conveyance system goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays
and ocean. This causes beach ctosures and postings due to contamination. Releasing
pollutants into the storm waler collection system is a vtolalion of the City Munk;ipal Code.
(43.0301). Wheiher you are al home, work, or play there are ways lhat residents and
businesses alike can "Think Blue" and prevent pollutants from reaching our waterways.
Mosf of us don't think of our car as a source ofbeacft pollution- but it is.
The reality is vehfcles are a necessity today, and we don't have a lol of choice aboul IhaL
However, we can be more environmentally responsible and choose the method(s) of caring for
and repairing our vehicles in a more ocean friendly way.
Many automotive fluids - Motor Oil, Anti-Freeze, Transmission Fluids, De-Greasers,
Solvents and lhe like are hazardous wastes. They are hazardous to you and me and toxic to
our environment- No one wants to swim in them. So. make sure lo prevent them from
entering our slorm water conveyance system-
Automotive Maintenance and Repair: When making repairs or performing minor
maintenance on your vehfcie. make sure you have proteded the sidewalk, curb, street and
gutter from repair fluids before beginning work- Identify the nearest storni drain and take steps
lo protecl it from the fluids-
When changing fluids, collect the substance and other automotive materials in seal able
containers- Mark the containers. Never mix different substances in one conlainer. Store the
containers in a secure location ouf of reach of children, animals and out of contact wilh waler-
Where to Take the Pollutants:
Motor oil. Oil filters, anti freeze and non-leaking aulo batteries are accepted al the Cily of San
Diego Used Oil and Filters Collection Events. Call (619) 235-2105 for event information.
For other automotive fluids such as transmission and brake fluids, de-greasers, solvents and
the like, call the City's Household Hazardous Materials Program (619) 235-2111. lo make an
appointment to drop-off the pollutants.
Leaking Vehicies: If your vehfcie is leaking fluids, please make repairs as soon as possible. A
short-lenn. immediaie solulion is to put an oil drip pan with absorijent materials under your
vehfcie wherever it is parked (work, home and other destinations). Until the repair is made, you
must capture the leak and prevent fluids from reaching Ihe slreet or gutter v^^ere it can be
carried into the storm drain conveyance sysiem and into our waterways and beaches.
Other Fact sheets that may pertain to your activities: Cleaning Impen/ious Surfaces (High
Pressure Washing); Be A Clean Water Leader Control, Conlain & Capture; Spills; and Car Washing.
Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego.
For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: www.thinkbIuesd.orq (03/05/02)
{search ?^
INV >Nli
Beach & Bay Water
Quality
Conlact Us
Contaminated
Property
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Rats
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Questions
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Publj^^cords
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Pools
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spills & Releases
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oxie Waste
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anks
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Water Quality Program
RESIDENTIAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
Is Storrnwfater from my home polluted?
Several adivities that you do at your home have the potential to pollute runoff
Potential pollutants from homes include oil, grease and other petroleum
hydrocarbons heavy metals, litter and debris, animal wastes, solvents, paint and
fTrtiliz"e% '^'^^^'^^"^^ ^'^^"'"9 solutions, and pesticides and
How you manage your home impacts the ocean, even ifyou live several miles from
the beach. Everything that exits your property will eventually run into the ocean
The sources of residential pollutants include household toxics, litter and debris and
runoff from car washing, pool and spa care, lawn maintenance and on-site dor;estic
sewage treatment systems. uomebuc
It IS very important to properly manage and dispose of
household toxics to keep your family safe and to
prevent pollutants to runoff. Did you know that oil and
grease from automotive maintenance; paint, masonry
and cleaning wastes from home repairs and
maintenance; pesticides and fertilizers from garden care
are all considered household toxics? Oil and grease
wastes from leaking car engines and maintenance and
repair activities may contain a wide variety of toxic
hydrocarbon compounds and metals at varying
concentrations, and that exposure may be toxic to
aquatic plants and organisms. Other wastes may be
poured into storm drains or pollute runoff from
maintenance activities conducted by homeowners,
including paint and masonry wastes, solvents
detergents from car wash activities, residues from
carpet cleaning and pool and spa care. Call the
Household Toxics Hotline, for free disposal options
available in your area. Residents in the
unincorporated areas may call 1(877) R-l Earth or
1(877) 713-2784. From all other dties call 1(800)
Clean Up. ^ ^
Household Toxics
Improper disposal of household toxics into stormwater
//T:^r9'r20Resources\Water%20QuaIily\_Proiects\2236-La%20Mesa%20Autocoun\Cour Jnty%20o..- 2/21/2003
Pesticides and
Fertilizers
can endanger aquatic habitat. For example, using
excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers during
landscape maintenance can contribute nutrients such
as nitrogen and phosphorus, and toxfc organic
substances, such as organophosphates and carbamates
into stormwater. Toxfc materials can damage aquatic '
life and nutrients can result in excessive algae growth in
waterways, leading to cloudiness and a reduced level of
dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life. And unionized
ammonia (nitrogen form) can kill fish.
Litter and Debris
Beach Closure sign
It IS also important to properly disposal of litter and
debns, including cigarette butts and green waste
(leaves and grass clippings from landscape maintenance
activities). Decaying organic matter reduces the amount
of dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life. Litter and
debris can plug up storm drains and reduce the
aesthetic quality of the receiving waters
Human pathogens
Human pathogens (bacteria, parasites and viruses) can
also pollute run offl Common sources of human
pathogens are improperly managed pet wastes and on-
site domestic sewage treatment systems. High levels of
coliform bacteria in stormwater, which are used as an
indicator of fecal contamination and the potential
presence of pathogens, may eventually contaminate
waterways and lead to beach dosures. Decomposition of
pet wastes discharged to receiving waters also demand
a high level of oxygen, whfch reduces the amount of
dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life.
You can help control runoff pollution by doing the following:
* Reno^J °' materials to the storm drain system
fh?? "'^9^'d"^P'"g °f any substance (liquids, trash, househoW topics! to
the County's toll free, 24- hour hotline 1-888-846-0800 ^
' the County Household Toxfcs Program for disposal of household toxics
(877r713-2$L""F'"''T^^^^^ ""'^ ^««^^> «-l Earth o^^^ " {»//) 713-2784. From all other cities call 1(800) Clean UD
. Keep lavvn clippings and other landscaping waste out of gutted' and streets bv
placmg ,t with trash for collection or by composting it streets by
. Clean up and properly dispose of pet waste. It is best to flush pet waste
rea:t"")""^'*"^ ^'^""^ °^ ^"^'"'^'t VouJ (at
• Obsen/e parking reslridion for street sweeping
. Wash automobiles at car washes or on pervious surfaces (lawns) to keeo
wash water out of the storm drain system ^
. Avoid excessive or improper use or disposal of fertilizers, pestfcides
. use ^iod?' T^M*'"'""^ -tomotiv'e and paYnt'products
poss!;;re ^^^^ '^^^ P-^-'^ to the tx^^it
. Cover garbage containers and keep them in good repair
• Sweep sidewalks instead of hosing down.
. Water lawn properly to reduce runoff
/fT.) ||er%20Resources\Waler%20Quaii,y\_^Pro,ecls\2236-La%20Mesa%20Au,ocoun\Coun,
y%20o.- 2/21/2003
If you have questions or would like additional information, call the County
Stormwater hotline at (619) 338-2048 or toll-free 1(888) 846-0800.
Comments/Suggestions? svvdutyeh@sdcpurttyxa g^^
; ¥Tsit $tin i iysJness | Depqrtmsrsis a S-arvues Af3 2 I .On-Une fsnnses
://T: rer%20Resources\Waier%20QuaIily\__Pro)ecls\2236-^La%20Mesa%20Autocourt\Counly%20o - 2/21/2003
Integrated Pest Management Principles
January 2003
PobI- Publ- ?
T'llf Oate ;» Pgs.
Annual Bluegrass 9/99 7464 3
Anthracnose rev. 8/99 7420 3
^j^^ rev. 11/00 7411 4
^^5. .. rev. 5/00 7404 4
Apple Scab rev. 8/01 7413 3
Bark Beetles rev. 6/00 7421 4
Bed Bugs rev. 9/02 7454 2
Bee and Wasp Stings 2/98 7449 3
Bermudagrass rev. 9/02 7453 4
Bordeaux MiK ture 11/00 7481 3
Brown Recluse and Other Rerluse Spiders 1/00 7468 4
Calilomia Ground Squirrtj rev )/02 7438 5
Calilomia Oakworm rev. 6/00 7422 4
Carpenter Ants rev 11/00 7416 2
Carpenter Bees . rev 1/00 7417 2
Carpentenvorm j/03 74105 4
Carpel Beetles ..rev. 4/01 7436 4
Cleanving Moths 6/00 7477 6
Clill Swallows 11/00 7482 4
OothesMoths rev. 12/00 7435 3
Clovers „ ]]/0l 7490 3
Cockroaches l]/99 74^7 (,
CodlingMolh rev 11/99 7412 4
Common Knotweed— 12/00 7484 2
Common Purslane 8/99 7461 3
Conenose-Bugs rev-11/02 7455 3
Cottony Cushion Scale rev. 3/00 7410 3
Crabgrass re'v. 9/02 7456 4
Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda
Buttercup rev. 1/02 7444 4
Dailisgrass ]j/Oi 749] 3
Dandelions ..l/CO 7469 3
Delusory Parasitosis rev. 11/97 7443 2
^^^l^^ -...1/02 74% 4
C>T^^ Termites rev 9/02 7440 6
Ea^'ies 9/02 74102 2
Elm Leal Beetle . rev. 11/01 7403 6
Eucalyptus Longhomed Borers rev 1/00 7425 4
Eucalyptus Redgum Lerp Psyllid rev. 1/03 7460 4
Eucalyplus Tortoise Bwtle 1/03 74104 4
Field Bindweed 9/99 7462 4
FireBlight rev 11/99 7414 4
F'e'^s rev 11/00 7419 4
^'^^ 2/99 7457 4
Fruittree Leafroller on Omamenlal and
Frmt Trees 3/OO 7473 3
Fungus Gnats, Shore Flies, Molh Flies,
and March Flies rev. 8/01 7448 4
Giant VVhileOy 1/02 7400 3
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter 11/01 7492 4
Grasshoppers 9/02 74303 2
Green Kyllinga . 2/99 7459 3
•^fadLice rev-8/01 7446 4
Hobo Spider 4/O1 7488 3
Hoplia Beetle ... .9/02 7499 2
Horsehair Worms 3/OO 7471 2
Pnbl. Publ. ?
Tide Dale ' Pgs.
HouseMouse -11/00 7483 -t
Kikuyugrass _ 2/99 7458 3
Lace Bugs rev. 12/00 7428 2
Lawn Diseases; Prevention and Management... 1/02 7497 8
Lawn Insects rev 5/01 7476 6
Le^'Curl. _ rev. 12/00 7426 2
Lyme Disease in Califomia 12/00 7485 3
Millipedes and Centipedes... 3/00 7472 3
^^'slleloe _ _ rev. 8/01 7437 3
Mosquitoes 2/98 7451 3
Mushrooms and Other Nuisance Fungi
in Lawns 9/02 74100 4
Nematodes g/Ol 7489 5
Nutsedge.. rev 8/99 7432 4
Oak Pit Scales 3/00 7470 2
Oleander Leaf Scorch _ .. .7/00 7480 3
Pantry Pests rev. 9/02 7452 4
Plantains (,/00 7478 3
Pocket Gophers rev. 1/02 7433 4
POTSonOak rev. 5/01 7431 4
Powdery Mildew on Emits and Berries 11/01 7494 5
Powdery Mildew on Ornamentals 11/01 7493 4
Powdery Mildew on Vegetables rev. 11/01 7406 3
I'syllids rev 5/01 7423 6
Rabbits rev 1/02 7447 5
f^^'s -1/03 74106 8
Kedhumped Caterpillar 3/00 7474 2
Red Imported Fire Ant ^ 4/01 7487 3
Roses in Ihe Garden and Landscape
Cultural Practices and Weed Control 9/99 7465 4
Roses in the Garden and Landscape:
Diseases and Abiotic Disorders . 9/99 7463 3
Roses in the Garden and Landscape-
Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials 9/99 7466 4
Russian Thistle ]2/00 7486 3
S<^3les . .. rev. 4/01 7408 5
Sequoia Pitch Moth 6/00 7479 4
Silverfish and Firebrals 3/00 7475 4
Snails and Slugs.- rev. 8/99 7427 3
Spider Miles rev 12/00 7405 3
Sp't'^s rev. 5/00 7442 4
Spotted Spurge . - . rev, 1/02 7445 4
Sudden Oak Death m California 4/02 7498 5
Sycamore Scale rev. 12/00 7409 2
Termites rev 5/01 7415 6
^rips rev. 5/01 7429 6
Voles (Meadow Mice) rev. 1/02 7439 4
Walnut Husk Hy .. rev 12/00 7430 2
Weed Management in Landscapes rev. 8/01 7441 6
Whiteflies rev. 9/02 7401 4
Wild Blackbemes rev 4/02 7434 4
Windscorpion ]j/o] 7495 ]
Wood bonng Beetles in Homes - rev. 11/00 7418 3
Wood VVasps and Homtails rev-12/00 7407 2
Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps rev 8/07 7450 4
Yellow Starthistle rev 2/99 7402 4
UC^-IPM
PDFs and ilfuslraled veisions of Ihese Pesl Notes aie available at
htlp;//wiv^ ipm-urdaviS-edu/PMC/seleclnewpesI home html
For other ANR publications, go to httji://anicalalog ucdavis edu
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
YELL O WJA CKETS AND OTHER
SOCIAL WASPS
Integrated Pest Management in and around ttie Home
Only a few of the very large numt>er of
wasp species in Califomia live a social
life; these species are referred to as
social waspS- Some social wasps are
predators for mosl or atl of the year
nnd provide a great benefit by killing
large numbers of planl-feeding insects
and nuisance flies; others are ejcclu-
sively scavengers. Wasps become a
problem only when they threaten lo
sting humans. One of the mosl trouble-
some of the social wasps is the yellow-
jacJcel Yellowjackets, especially
ground- and cavity-nesting ones such
as the western yellowjacket (Fig- 1),
tend to defend their nests vigorously
when disturbed- t>efensive t>ehavior
increases as lhe season progresses and
colony populations become larger
while food tiecomes scarcer. In falL
foraging yellowjackets are pnmanly
scavengers and ihey start to show up
at picnics, barbecues, around garbage
c^^at dishes of dog or cal food
p^^H outside, and where rip>e or over-
npffruit are accessible. At certain
times and places, lhe number of scav-
enger wasps can h»e quite large.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
In western states there are rwo distinct
types of social wasps: yellowjackets
and paper wasps. Yellowjackets are by
far the mosf troublesome group. Paper
wasps are much less defensive and
rarely sting humans. They tend to shy
away from human activity except
when their nests are locaied near
dcxiis, windows, or other high traffic
areas
Nests of bolh yellowjacket and paper
wasps typicallv are t?egun in spring by
a single queen who overwinters and
becomes active when the weather
warms She emerges in late winter /
early spring to feed and start a new
nesl- From spring to midsummer nesls
are in the growth phase, and the larvae
require large amounts of prolein-
Woikeis forage mainly for protein al
this time (usually in the form of other
insects) and for some sugars- By lale
summer, however, the colonies grow
more slowly or cease growth and re-
quire large amounts of sugar to main-
lain the queen and workeis So
foraging wasps are particularly inter-
ested in sweet things at this time
Normally, yellowjacket and paper
wasp colonies only live one season In
very mild winters or in coastal Califor-
nia south of San Francisco, howevei,
some yellowjacket colonies survive for
several years and become quite large.
Yelloivjacliets
The term yellowjacket refers lo a num-
ber of different species of wasps in the
genera Vespula and Dolichovesfula
(family Vespidae) Included in this
group of ground-nesting species are
the western yelloivjackel, Vespula
pensylvanica, which is the most com-
monly encountered species and is
sometimes called the "meal bee," and
seven olher species of Vespula. Vespula
vulgaris is common in rolled Iree
slumps al higher elevations and V
germanica (the German yellowjacket) is
becoming more common in many ur-
ban areas of California, ivhere it fre-
quently nests in houses These wasps
tend lo t>e medium sized and black
with jagged bands of bright yellow (or
white in the case of fhe aerial-nesting
Figure 1- Weslein yellowjacket.
Dolichovfspula l = Vespulal maculola) on
the abdomen, and have a very short,
narrow waisl (the area where lhe tho-
rax attaches to the abdomen)
Nests are commonly built in rodent
burrows, bul other protected cavities,
like voids in walls and ceilings of
houses, sometimes are selected as nest-
ing sites- Colonies, which are begun
each spring by a single reproductive
female, can reach populations of be-
tween 1,500 and 15,000 individual.s,
depending on the species- The wasps
build a nest of paper made from fibers
scraped from wood mixed with saliva
ll is built as multiple tiers of vertical
ceils, similar to nests of paper wasps,
but enclosed by a paper envelope
around lhe outside that usually con-
tains a single entrance hole (Fig 2) If
the lodent hole is not spacious
enough, yellowrjackels will inoease the
size by moistening the soil and dig-
ging Similar behavior inside a house
PEST |SJOTES Publication 7450
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 200 I
August i^OOl Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
Figure 2. Yellowjacket nest in spring
(lop), summer (center), and early fall
(bottom).
sometimes leads lo a wpt patch lhat
develops into a hole in a wall or
ceiling.
I^^Hure yellowjackets are white,
gnWn<:e larvae that become white pu-
pae. The pupae develop adult coloring
just before ihey emerge as adult wasps
Jmmatures are nol normallv seen un-
less iFie nesl is torn op>en or a sudden
loss of adult caretakers leads lo an
exodus of starving larvae
AeriaLnesting yellowjackets, Dolicho-
vespula orenario and D. maculata, build
paper nests thaf are attached to the
eaves of a building or are hanging from
the limb of a Iree. The entrance is nor-
mally a hole af the botiom of the nest
These aerial nesters do not become
scavengers at the end of lhe season, bul
they are exfremely defensive when
their nesls are disturbed Defending D.
arenaria sometimes bile and/or sling,
simultaneously. Wasp stingers have no
barbs and can be used repeatedly, es
pecially when the wasp gels mside
clothing As with any stinging incident,
it is biest to leave lhe area of the nest
site as quickly as possible if wasps start
stinging.
Paper Wasps
Paper wasps such as Polistes fuscalus
ourifer, P. apachus, and P. dominulus are
large (1 inch long), slender wasps with
long legs and a distinct slender waist
(Fig. 3). Background colors vary, but
most westem species lend lo be golden
brown, or darker, with large patches of
yellow or red. Preferring (o live in or
near orchards or vineyards, they hang
their paper nesls in protected areas,
such as under eaves, in attics, or urnler
Iree branches or vines. Each nesl hangs
like an open umbrella from a pedicel
(stalk) and has open cells that can be
seen from beneath the nesl (Fig. 4).
White, legless, grubJike larvae some-
times can be seen from below. Paper
wasp nesls rarely exceed the size of an
outstretched hand and populalions
vary between 15 lo 200 individuals
Most species are relatively unaggres-
sive, but they can be a problem when
they nest over doorways or in other
areas of human activity, such as fruit
trees
Mud Daubers
Mud daubers are black and yellow,
Ihread-waisted, solitary waspis thaf
build a hard mud nest, usually on ceil-
ings and walls, attended by a single
female wasp. They belong to the family
Sphecidae and are not social wasps bul
may be confused with ihem. They do
nol defend their nesls and rarely sting.
During winter, you can safely remove
the nests without spraying.
INJURY OR DAMAGE
Concern about yellowjackets is based
on their persistent, pugnacious behav-
ior around food sources and their ag-
gressive colony defense- Stinging
behavior is usually encountered at
nesting sites, but scavenging
yellowjackets sometimes will sting if
someone tries fo swat ihem away from
a potential food source. When scaveng-
ing at picnics or other outdoor meals.
Figure 3. Paper wasp.
Figure 4. Paper wasp nest.
wasps will crawl mto soda cans and
cause stings on tlie lips, or inside the
mouth or throat
Responses lo wasp stings vary from
only short-term, intense sensations to
substanhal swelling and tenderness,
some itching, or life threatening aller-
gic responses All these reactions are
discirssed in detail in Pesl Notes: Bee
and Wasp Simgs (see "References") Of
specific concem is a condition that
resuUs from multiple-sting encounters,
sometimes unfamiliar lo attending
health professionals, that is induced by
fhe volume of foreign protein injected
and the tissue damage caused by de-
structive enzymes in wasp venom Red
blood cells and other tissues in the
body become damaged; tissue debris
and olher breakdown producis are
carried to the kidneys, lo be eliminated
from Ihe body Too much debns and
waste products can cause blockages in
the kidneys, resulting in renal insuffi-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps
ciency or renal failure Patients in this
condition require medical intervention.
dialysis
NAGEMENT
Most scKial wasps provide an ex-
tremely beneficial service by eliminat-
ing large numbers of other pest insects
through predation and should b>e pro-
tected and encouraged to nest in areas
of little human or anhnal activity. Al-
lhough many animals prey on social
wasps (including birds, reptiles, am-
phibians, skunks, bears, raccoons, spi
ders, preying mantids, and bald faced
hornets), none provides satisfactory
biological control in home situations-
The best way to prevent unpleasant
encounters with social wasps is lo
avoid them. If you know where they
are, try nol f o go near their nesting
places. Wasps can become very defen-
sive when their nest is disturbed. Be on
the lookout for nests when outdoors.
Wasps that are flying directly in and
out of a single location are probably
flying to and from their nest
Scavenging wasps will not usually
become a problem if there is no food
around to attract ihem. When nuisance
re present in the outdoor envi-
t, keep foods (including pet
w^l^^r
rc^^Pit,
food) and dnnks covered or inside the
house and keep gaibage in tightly
sealed garbage cans. Once food is dis-
covered by wasps, they will continue
lo hunt around that location long after
Ihe source has been removed.
If wasp nesls must be eliminated, if is
easiest and safest to call for profes-
sional help. In some areas of Califomia,
personnel from a local Mosquito and
Vector Control Distrirt may be avail-
able lo remove nests. To determine if
ihis service is available in your area,
call Ihe Califomia Mosquito and Vector
Control Associaiion at (916) 440-0826
If a rapid solulion to a severe yellow-
jacket problem is essenliaL seek the
assistance of a professional pesf control
operalor who can use microencapsu-
lated baits to conlrol these pests Do-
it-yourself options include trapping
wasps in a baited trap designed for
thaf purpose, early-season removal of
nesls, or spraying Ihe nest or nesting
site wilh an insecticide labeled lor that
use.
Trapping Wasps
Trapping waspis is an ongoing effort
that needs lo be initiated in spring and
confinued into summer and faH, espe-
cially when the yellowjacket popula-
fion was large the previous year. In
spring there is a 30- to 45-day period
when new queens first emerge before
they buiJd nests. Trapping queens dur-
ing Ihis period has the potential to
provide an overall reduction in the
yellowjacket populafion for the season,
and a study is currently underway lo
test this theory in some Califomia Mos-
quito and Vector Control disfricts (see
"Online References"). The more traps
puf ouf in spring on an area-wide basis
lo Irap queens, the grealer the likeli
hood of reducing nests later in the
summer- Usually one Irap per aoe is
adequate in spring for depletion trap-
ping of queens; in fall, more Iraps may
be necessary lo trap scavenging wasps,
depending on the size of the popula-
tion There are two types of wasp
Iraps: lure and water Iraps-
Lure Traps- Lure traps are available for
purchase al many retail stoies lhat sell
pest control supplies and are easiest to
use They work t>est as queen traps in
late winter and spring. In summer and
fa!) Ihey may assist in reducing IcKal-
ized foraging workers, but they do not
eliminate large populations- Lure traps
contain a chemical thaf attracts yellow-
jackets into the traps, but common
lures such as heptyl butyrate are nol
equally attractive lo all species Pro-
teins such as lunchmeat can be added
as an attraclant and are believed to
improve catches
During spring, baited lure Iraps should
have the chemical bail changed every 6
to 8 weeks. In summer, change the bait
every 2 to 4 weeks, change bait more
frequently when temperatures are
high Meals musl be replaced more
frequently because yellowjackets are
not attracted to rotting meat Also,
periodically check the trap to remove
trapped yellowjackets and make sure
workers are still attracted lo the frap.
Water Traps. Water fraps are generally
homemade and consist of a 5-galIon
bucket, string, and protein bait (turkey
ham, fish, or liver works well; do nof
use cal food biecause il may repel the
yellowjackets after a few days). The
bucket is filled with soapy water and
the protein bait is suspended 1 lo 2
inches above the water. (The use of a
wide mesh screen over the bucket will
help prevent ofher animals from reach-
ing and consuming lhe bait.) After the
yellowjacket removes the protein, it
flies down and becomes Irapped in the
wafer and drowns. Like the lure trap,
Ihese fraps also work best as queen
traps in late winler to early spring. In
summer and fall they may assist in
reducing localized foraging workers
but usually not to acceptable levels.
Place them away from pafio or picnic
areas so wasps aren't attracted to your
food as well
Discouraging or
Eliminating Nests
Tatty in the season, knocking down
newly started paper wasp nests will
simply cause the founding female to go
elsewhere to start again or to join a
neighboring nest as a worker As there
is little activity around wasp nests
when they are hrst starting, they are
very hard to find. Wasps are more
likely lo be noticed later after nests and
populations grow. Nesl removal for
controlling subterranean or cavity-
dwelling yellowjackets is nof practical
because the nesls are underground or
olherwise inaccessible.
Nest Sprays
Aerosol formulafions of insecticides on
the market labeled for use on wasp and
hornet nesls can be effective against
both yellowjackets and paper wasps,
but they musl be used with extreme
caution. Wasps wil] attack applicators
when sensing a poison applied to llieir
nesls, and even Ihe freeze type prod-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps
ucIs are not guaranteed lo slop all
wasps that come flying out ll is pru-
dent lo wear protective clothing lhat
^^Bers the whole body, including
^^ves and a veil over Ihe face- In addi-
tion, you need to wear prolective
eyewear and olher clothing lo protect
yourself from pesticide hazards- Wasps
are most likely lo be in the nest af
night- But even after dark and using
formulations thaf shoot an insecticide
stream up to 20 feet, stinging incidents
are likely- Underground nests can be
quite a distance from the visible en-
trance and fhe spray may not get back
far enough fo hit the wasps- Partially
intoxicated, agitated wasps are likely
to be encountered at some distance
from Ihe nest enfrance, even on the day
following an insecticidal treatment.
Hiring a pesl conlrol professional will
reduce risks lo you and your family; in
some areas of Caiifornia, this service
may be available thiough your local
Mosquito and Vector Control District,
REFERENCES
Akre, R, D, A, Green, ). F. MacDonald.
P- J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981-
The YellowjacXets of America North of
Mexico. USDA Agric Handbook No
552- 102 pp.
Ebeling, W 1975. Urban Enlomology.
Oakland: Univ CaliL Agric Nal. Scr.
Mussen, E Feb 1998. Pesl Noies: Bee and
Wasp Slings. Oakland: Univ. Cabf.
Agric Nat. Res. Publ 7449 Also avail-
able online al www.ipm.ucdavis edu/
PMG / selecfnewpest home.hlml
Online References
California Mosquito and Vector Control
Web site (www sac-yoIomvcd.com)for
information on yellowjacket control
For more iniormation contact the University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cuftural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See youj ptione book lor addiesses and
plKme numbeis
AUTHOR E. Mussen
EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf
T^HNICAl EDITOR; M I. Flint
D^^V AND PRODUCTION: M Biush
'I^^RATIONS: Fig- 1: Courtesy ot U S-
Pubtic Health Service; Fig. 2: A L. Antonet-
R Modiried after Washington Stale Unrveisi-
ty Bulletin EB 0643. yellowjackets and
Paper Wasps Figs 3 and 4: D- KkW
Produced by IPM Education and Publica-
fions. UC Statewide IPM Project. University
ol Cabfornia. Davis, CA 95615-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (hMp://wwvif-ipfn.ucdavis-edu)
m n ucf5
This pubficalion has been anonymously peer
reviewed loi technical accuracy by University ol
California scientists and olher qualified profes-
sionals- this leview piocess wss managed by the
ANR Associale Editor lor Pesl Management
To simpl.ly infoimation. trade names of piodocls
have been used No endorsemerrt ol named produds
is intended, noi is c litidsm implied ol similar producis
lhat are nol mentioned.
This mateiial is pailially based upon woik
sufiporled by Ihe Extension Service. U. S. Department
of Agnculluie. under special project Section 3(d)
Inlegraled Pest Management
WAf^ING ON THE USE OF CHEMICAtS
^^'"^e^ai*^ poisonous. Always read and carefuMy lollow a(f precautions and S3leh,.er~„,™~. ,
given on the contamer labet. Store all chemicals in the oiiginat labeL ccXtSTe^t a l^k^ TT'^T".^
away .om fo^or ^s, and ou, otthe reac^i o. CHdi^n. unauI^ri^^sT r^s^^s''^:^''^'*-
«ardr::,^^:^.;:rvCS>-t^^^^^^^^^ - - "e.hbor^"p.ope.r.re^.«y
^t^rr^L r f "'""•^ a9ncul,«,al commission*, for additional information c^safV^a^r
disp^a. and to, .he locatbn ol the Household Hazardous Waste CoHection site neares^^ n.^^!
empty contamers by loitowing label directions. Neve, ^se o, burn the containeis ocX,^'e^h^r^^f K
a manner ,hat they n«y contaminate water suppSes or natural ^^.^^^^'"'"^"''''P"^^''"^'^'"'"'"^''
The Unrveisily ol Califomia prohibils triscimination anaimd or h=»=,»,,~.^ <
seekmg emptoyment with the Univeisit^Tl^isTr^ c^L^a^J '"T ''^ "
Naii^a. Resouces. 300 laKeside D, . OaUand. CA ^.l\T,lT^s"n)l^^^^ '"^ • 4 •
WHITEFLIES
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Professional Landscapers
whiteflies are tiny, sap-sucking insects
that are frecjuently abundant in veg-
etable and ornamental plantings. They
excrete sticky honeydew and cause
yellowing or death of leaves. Out-
breaks often occur when the natural
biological conlrol is disrupted Man-
agement is difficult.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
whiteflies usually occur in groups on
the urxlersides of leaves. They derive
iheir name from lhe mealy, white wax
covering lhe adult's wings and body.
Adults are liny insects with yellowish
bodies and whitish wings. Although
adults of some species have distinctive
wing markings, many species are mosf
readily distinguished in lhe last
nymphal (immature) stage, which is
wingless (Table 1)
Wliiteflies develop rapidly in warm
wealher, and populations can build up
quickly in situations where natural
en^^Bp are destroyed and wealher is
lai^H5le. Most whiteflies, especially
iFie mosf common pest species—green-
house whitefly {Trialeurodes
vaporariorum) and silverleaf or
sweclpotato whiteflies {Bemisia spe-
cies)~have a wide host range tbat
includes many weeds and crops. In
many pacts of Califomia, they breed all
year, moving from one host lo another
as plants are harvested or dry up.
Whiteflies normally lay their tiny, ob-
long eggs on the undersides of leaves.
The eggs hatch, and the young white-
flies gradually inoease in size through
four nymphal stages called instars (Fig
I) The first nymphal stage (crawler) is
eggs
adult
crawler
second
"insta,
6 J nymph
fourth
instdl
nympfi ' /
thifd inslar nymph
Figure 1. Greenhouse whitefly life cycle.
barely visible even with a hand fenS-
The crawlers move around for several
hours, Ihen sel tie and remain immo-
bile. Later nymphal stages are oval and
flattened like small scale insects. The
legs and antennae are greatly reduced,
and older nymphs do not move. The
ivinged adult emerges from the last
nymphal stage (for convenience some-
times called a pupa)- All stages feed by
sucking plant juices from leaves and
excreting excess liquid as drops of
honeydew as they feed-
Table 1 lisis common whiteflies in Cali-
fomia gardens and landscapes-
DAMAGE
White/lies suck phloem sap. Large
populations can cause leaves lo fum
yellow, appear dry, or fall off plantS-
Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honey-
dew, so leaves may be sticky or cov-
ered with black sooty mold- The
honeydew attracts ants, which inter-
fere wilh the activities of natural en-
emies lhal may conlrol whiteflies and
other pesls.
Feeding by the immature silverleaf
whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, can cause
planl distortion, discoloration, or sil-
vering of leaves and may cause serious
University of California
griculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7401
Revised September 2002
Whiteflies
"^^i*^ Economic Hosts of Some Common WhiteflieS-I Tai
I Asti whitefly
j (Siphoninus phillyreae)
Host plants: many broadleaved trees and shrubs
including ash. citrus. Bradford peat and other
flowering Iruit trees, pomegranate. ledbud. toyon
Characteristics: Fourlfvinstar nymphs have a very ttiick
band ol wax down Ihe back and a fringe ot liny tubes,
each with a liquid cJroplet at Ihe end. Adults are white
Bandedwinged whitefly
(Trialeurodes abutilonea}
Host plants: very bioad including coflon. cucurbits,
other vegelal>les
Characteristics; Fourth instar nymphs have short, waxy
Filaments around their edges. Adults have brownish bands
across Ihe wings, and their txxJy is gray.
Cilrus whitefly
{Dialeurodes cUn] Host plants: citnis. gardenia, ash. ficus. pomegranate
Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have no fringe
around Iheir edges but have a distinctive Y shape on their
backs Adults aie while.
Clown whitefly
{Aleuroptalus coronala)
Host plants; oak. chestnut
Characteristics: Fourth instar nymphs are black wilh
large amounts of white wax ananged in a crownlike
pattern Adults are wtiiie
«whitefly
rodicvs di/gesii)
Host plants: begonia, hibiscus, giant bird of paradise,
orchid tree, banana, mulberry, vegetables, and
many ornamentals; cunently only in Southern
Califomia
Characteristics; Adults aie up lo 0.19 inch tong. They
leave spirals ol wax on leaves. Nymphs have long
Waments ol wax lhal can be up Io 2 inches long and give
leaves a bearded appearance For more information see
Pesf Wofes; Grant Whilefly, Nsted in References
Greenhouse whrtefly Host plants; very broad including most vegetables and
{Inaleurodes vaporariorum) heibaceous ornamentals
'Ml Characteristics: Eourth-instar nymphs have very long
waxy filaments and a marginal Iringe Adults have white
wings and a yelfow sudace or substrate.
Iris whitefly
(Ateyrodes spiraeoides) Host plants; iris, gladiolus, many vegetables, cotton and
olfier heibaceous plants
Characterisfics: Fourth instar nymphs have no fringe or
waxy filaments but are kacated near distinctive circles of
wax where egg laying look place Adults have a dot on
each wring and are quite waxy
Coniinued on next page
losses in some vegetable crops Some
whiteflies transmit viruses to ceitain
vegetable crops With the notable ex-
ception of Ihe citrus whitefly, white-
flies are nol normally a problem in
fruil trees, but several whiteflies can be
problems on ornamental trees (see
Table 1). Low levels of whiteflies are
not usually damaging. Adults by them-
selves will not cause significant dam-
age unless they are transmitting a plant
pathogen. Generally, plant losses do
not occur unless there is a significant
population of whitefly nymphs.
MANAGEMENT
Management of heavy whitefly infesta-
tions is very difficult. Whiteflies are
not well confrolled with any available
insecticides- The best strategy is to
prevent problems from developing in
your garden lo Ihe extent possible- In
many situations, natural enemies will
provide adequate control of whiteflies;
outbreaks may occur if natural enemies
lhat provide biological control of
whiteflies are disrupted by insecticide
applications, dusly conditions, or inter-
ference by anls Avoid or remove
plants lhat repeatedly host high popu-
lations of whiteflies In gardens, white
fly populations in Ihe early stages of
population developmenl can be held
down by a vigilant program of remov-
ing infested leaves, vacuuming adults,
or hosing down (syringing) with water
sprays- Aluminum foil or reflective
mulches can repel whiteflies from veg-
etable gardens and sticky traps can be
used to monitor or, at high levels, re-
duce whitefly numbers If you choose
to use insecticides, insecticidal soaps or
oils such as neem oil may reduce but
nol eliminate populations
Biological Control
Whiteflies have many natural enemies,
and outbreaks /requenlly occur when
these natural enemies have been dis-
turbed or destroyed by pesticides, dust
buildup, or other factors General
predators include lacewings, bigeyed
bugs, and minute pirale bugs. Several
small lady beetles including
Chleslethus arcuatus (on ash whiteflv)
and scale predators such as Scymnus or
Chihcorus species, and the Asian mulli
Sepiember 2002 Whiteflies
Table J, continuecf Major Economic Hosts ot Some Common Whiteflies
lulberry whilefty Host plants: cilrus. other trees
eUaleorodes mori) Characteristics; Nymphs have blackish, oval bodies
wilh white, viraxy Iringe.
Silveileaf and sweetpolalo
whiteflies {Bemisia
argentifolii arxl B fabaci)
Wootly whitefly
(Afeunofh/ixus floccosus)
Host plants: very broad including many heibaceous and
some woody plants such as cotton, ciicuibils. tomatoes,
peppeis. lantana. cole oopis. and hibiscus
Characteristics; Fourth instar nymphs bave no waxy
filaments or marginal Iringe. Adults have white wings and
yellow body; they hold their wings slightly lilted to surface
or substrate-
Host plants: citrus, eugenia
Characteristics: Nympfis are covered with fluffy, waxy
filamentS-
Figure 2. Look at empty nymphal cases
to detect parasitism; a healthy adult
whitefly emerged from Ihe T-shaped
hole in the mature nymph on the leff,
whereas an adult parasite emerged from
the round hole on the right.
colored lady h>eetle, Harmonio axyridis,
feed on whiteflies Whiteflies have a
number of naturally occurring para-
sites that can be very important in con-
trolling some species. Lncarsia spp
parasites are commeroally available
for release in greenhouse situations,
however, they are not generally recom-
mended for outdcxir use because they
are not well adapted for survival in
temperate zones. An exception is the
use of parasite releases for bayberry
whitefly in cilrus in southern Califor-
nia. You can evaluate the degree of
natural parasitization in your planis by
checking empty whitefly pupal cases
Those thaf were parasitized will have
round or oval exit holes and those from
which a healthy adult whitefly
emerged will have a T-shaped exit hole
(Fig 2) Whitefly nymphs can some-
limes be checked for parasitization
before emergence by noting a daiken-
ing m theii color However, some
whitefly parasites do not tum hosts
black and many whitefly nymphs lhat
occur on ornamentals are black in their
unparasitized slale.
Avoiding the use of insecticides that
kill natural enemies is a very important
aspect of whitefly management. Prod-
ucts containing carbaryl, pyrethroids,
diazinon or foliar sprays of imidaclo-
prid can be particularly disraptive
Control of dust and ants, which protecl
whiteflies from fheir natural enemies,
can also be important, especially in
citrus or other trees
Removal
Hand-removal of leaves heavily in-
fested wilh the nonmobile nymphal
and pupal stages may reduce popula-
tions to levels lhat natural enemies can
contain. Wafer sprays (syringing) may
also be useful in dislodging adults.
A smalL hand-held, battery-operated
vacuum cleaner has also tjeen recom-
mended for vacuuming adults off
leaves. Vacuum in the early morning
or other limes when it is cool and
whiteflies are sluggish Kill vacuumed
insects by placing the vacuum bag in a
plastic bag and Iieezing il overnight
Contents may be disposed of the next
day
Mulches
Aluminum foil or reflective plastic
mulches can repel whiteflies, especially
away from small plants. Aluminum-
coated consiruction paper is available
in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum
Company. AJtemalivelv, you can spray
clear plastic mulch with silver paint-
Reflective plastic mulches are also
available in many garden slores-
To put a mulch in your garden, first
remove all weeds- Place the mulch on
the plant beds and bury the edges with
soi! to hold them down. Afler the
mulch is in place, cut 3- to 4-inch diam-
eler holes and plant several seeds or
single transplants in each one. You
may furrow irrigate or sprinkle your
beds if you use aluminum-coaled con-
stmciion paper or other porous mulch;
Ihe mulch is sturdy enough lo tolerate
sprinkling Plastic mulches will require
drip irrigation. In addition to repelling
whiteflies, aphids, and leafhoppers, the
mulch will enhance crop growth and
control weeds Mulches have been
shown f o deter the transmission of
viruses in commerrial vegetable crops.
When summertime temperatures get
high, howevei, remove mulches to
prevent overheating plants.
In vegetable gardens, yellow sticky
Iraps can be posted around the garden
to trap adulls. Such traps won't elimi-
nate damaging populations but may
reduce them somewhat as a compo-
nent of an integrated management
program relying on multiple tactics.
Whiteflies do not fly very far, so many
traps may be needed. You may need as
many as one Irap for every Iwo large
plants, with tbe sticky yellow pail of
the trap level with lhe whitefly infesta-
tion. Place iraps so the sticky side faces
plants but is oul of diiect sunlight.
Commercial traps are commonly avail-
able, or you can make traps oul of
'/l inch plywood or masonite board,
painted bright yellow and mounted on
poinled wooden slakes lhal can b>e
driven into the soil close to lhe planis
that are lo be protected Although com-
meicially available sficky substrates
such as Stickem or Tanglefoot are com-
monlv used as coatings lor the traps,
you might want to trv to m.ike your
September 2002 Whiteflies
own adhesive from one-part petroleum
jelly or mineral oil and one-part
^misehold detergent. This malerial ran
^^•eaned off boards easily wilh soap
waler, whereas a commercial sol-
vent musl be used lo remove Ihe olher
adhesives- Periodic cleaning is essen-
tial to remove insects and debris from
the boards and mainlain the sticky
surface-
Insecticide Sprays
Insecticides have only a limiled effect
on whiteflies. Mosl kill only those
whiteflies lhat come in diiect contact
wilh ihem. For particularly trouble-
some situations, Iry insecticidal soap or
an insecticidal oil such as neem oil or
narrow-range oil. Because these prod-
ucts only kill whitefly nymphs lhat are
directly sprayed, planis musl be thor-
oughly covered wilh the spray solu-
tion- Be sure lo cover undersides of all
infested leaves; usually these are the
lowest leaves and the most difficult to
reach- Use soaps when planis are not
drought-stressed and when tempera-
tures are under 80'F to prevent pos-
sible damage to plants- Avoid using
other piesticides lo conlrol whiteflies;
nol only do most of them kill natural
enemies, whiteflies quickly build up
resistance to them, and most are not
very effective in garden sifualions-
REFERENCES
Bellows, T- S-, J- N- Kabashima, and
K. Robb. Jan. 2002. Pest Notes: Giant
Whitefly. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric.
Nat. Kes. Publ- 7400- Also available
online at http://www ipm ucdavis
edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7400 html
Flint, M- L- 1998- Pests ofthe Garden ond
Small Farm. 2nd ed- Oakland: Univ
CaliL Agric- Nat Res- PubL 3332-
For moie infoimation contact the University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your county
See your phone book for addiesses and
phone numbers
^^OR; M. I. Flint
f^^^R: B. Ohlendod
t«KN AND PRODUCTION: M Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: from M. L. FBnt Juty
1995 Whiteflies in Califomia: a Resource for
Cooperative Extension. UC IPM Publ. 19.
Giant whiteDy in Tabte 2 by D. H. Hendrick.
Produced by IPM Education and Putilica-
tions, UC Statewide 1PM Program. Univeisity
of Calilornia. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the Wodd
Wide Web {bttp://www.ipm-ucdavis.edu)
rn uc UC^-IPM ^""^ BEVtEWCD
This publicalion has been anonymously peer re-
viewed lof technical accuracy by University ol Cali-
lornia scientists and other qualified piotessionals-
This review process was managed by the ANR As-
sociate Editor lor Pest Usns^nvrA
To simplity inlormatk>n. irade names of products
have been osed. No endorsement of named products
is intended, nor is ciiticism implied of similar producis
that are nc?t mentioned.
This matenal is panially based upon work supported
by Ihe Extension Seivice. U.S. Department ot
Agriculture, under special project Seclion 3(d)
Integrated Pest Managemenl.
WARNING ON THE USE OF (>rEMICALS
PestickJes aie poisonous. Always read and caiefuKy lotow all precautions and safety lecommendations
given on Ibe container label Store all chemicals in the originaf labeled conlainers in a locked cabinet or shed
away trom lood or feeds, and out of the reach of chiWren. unauthorized persons, pets, and fiveslcck
Confine chemicals lo the property being healed. AvokJ drift onto neighboring propenif" especially
garderw containing fniils or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do not place containers containing pesficide in the Hash no, poor pesticides down smk o> !i;*I Either
use Oie pesticide according Io the label or lake unwanted pesticides lo 3 Household Hazardous Wasle
CoHection site. Contacl yow county agrrcuRural convnissioner hx additional infoimatnn on safe container
disposal and lor tbe tocation ot Ihe HousehokJ HazanJous Waste Coitection sile nearest you l>i'pose ot
empty containers by foltowing label directions. Never leuse or bum the containeis oi dispose ol .liern n such
a manner that ttiey may contamkiate A-aier suppTies or natural walemrays.
The University of Carrfoinia prohibits disciiminalion agamsl or harassmeni of any peison emptoyed by or
seeking employmenl with Ihe Univeisity on the basis of race, color, nationat origin, refigion se,v physical
or mental dcability, metScal condition (cancer-.etaled or genetic characteristics), ancestry, mairtal status
age. sexual onentation. citizenship, or stalus as a covered veleian (special disabled veler an Viem.3m-er3
vetei an. or any other veteran who sen.ed on active duty during a wa, or in a campaign or eKpsdiiion tor wh<h
a campaign badge has been aolhortzed) Univeisity poTicy is mtended to be consistent with the provisions
of appScable Stale and Fedeial laws Inquiries icgarding the University-s noncfBcnmmation pc l,r ».,s may be
directed lo Ibe AtTiimatme Aclion/StaH Personnel Services Oiieclor. University of CaMomia Ag .cu'iu^ and
Natuial Resouices, 300 lakeside Dr . Oakland. CA 94612 3350 (510) 9870056
• 4 •
WEED MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPES
Integrated Pest IVIanagement for Landscape Professionals
and Home Gardeners
Weed management in landscape
plantings is often made difficult by the
complexity of many plantings: usually
more lhan one species is planted in lhe
landscaped area and Ihere is a mix of
annual and perennial ornamentals. The
great variety of ornamental species,
soil types, slopes, and mulches creales
the need lor a variety of weed manage-
menl options. There are also consider-
ations regarding public concem about
the use of chemicals lo control weeds-
The choice of a specific weed manage-
ment program depends on Ihe weeds
present and the types of turf or orna-
mentals planted in the area. Because of
lhe many variables, weeds in land-
scape plantings are conlrolled by a
combination of nonchemical and
chemical methods
Mosl landscape plantings include
turfgrass, bedding plants, herbaceous
Mjonials, shrubs, arxl trees. Informa-
I^^BT integrated pesl managemenl
fo^rfgrass can tie found in UC IPM
Pesl Manogement Guidelines: Turfgrass
(see "References"). Use this publicahon
as a practical review and guide to
weed management options suited lo
general types of landscape plantings.
WEED MANAGEMENT
BEFORE PLANTING
An inlegraled approach, utilizing sev-
eral options, is the mosl economical
and effective means of controlling
weeds. Begin your weed management
plan for landscapes before planting by
following ihese five basic steps:
Ihe site. Identify the weed species in
the area, wilh parficular emphasis on
perennial weeds. The best time to
look for winter annual weeds is mid-
fo late winter; perennials and sum-
mer annuals are easiest lo idenfify in
mid- to late summer.
2. Sile preparation. The mosl often over-
looked aspect of a landscape mainte-
nance program is site preparation.
Control exisling weeds, especially
perennials, before any grading and
development are started Glyphosate
(Roundup, etc.) can be used to kill
exisfing annual and perennial weeds
Preplant treatment with himiganls
(available lo licensed pesticide appli-
cators only) or soil solarization can
be used if lime allows; however, 6
weeks are required for solarization
lo work and it is most effective when
done during the lime of highest sun
radiation—from june to August in
Caflfornia
3- Define Ihe lype of planting. There are
more weed control ophons if the
planling consists entirely of woody
planis as opposed lo herbaceous
annuals or perennial planis, or a
mixture of all three
4. Don't introduce u-eeds Weeds are
sometimes introduced in the soil
brought to the landscape site either
when amending the soil or in the
polling mix of transplants
1- Stte assessmenl Befoie soil prepara-
tion and when the weeds are visible,
evaluate the soil, mulch, and slope of
5 Encourage rapid eslablishment of de-
sired planis. Use the best manage-
ment practices to get the planis
established as quickly as possible so
lhal they become competitive with
%veeds and more tolerant of herbi-
cides applied to fhe site- Hand-
weeding and keeping weeds from
producing seeds in the landscape
will greatly reduce overall weed
populafions-
WEED MANAGEMENT
AFTER PLANTING
When developing a weed management
plan for an existing planling or after an
inslallalion is in place, consider the
types of plants present and the weeds
present and their life q cJes (annuaL
biennial, perennial) (Table I)-
TABLE 1- Common Weeds in
Larxiscape Plantings.
Annuals
annual bluegrass
clover {black mecfic and burdovei)
common groundsel •
aabgrass (targe and smooth) +
lillle malkiw (cheeseweed)
pigweed (lediool and prosliate)
prickly lettuce
purslane
sowthistle
spurge (piosliate and aeeping) •
wild bailey
wild oal
Biennials
bristly oxtongue +
Perennials
beimudagrass ^
creeping woodsoirel +
dandelion
field bindweed +
kikuyugrass
nutsedge (yeltow and purple) *
oxalis (creeping wocxJsoirel and
Bermuda buttercup)
+ especially troublesome
JRESTJSJQTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7441
Revised August 2001
August 2001 Weed Managemenl in Landscapes
Weed conlrol options in the landscape
include hand-weeding and cultivation,
^•bwing, mulching, hot waler Ireal-
^^^its, and chemical control- AH of
these methods are used at one time or
another in landscape maintenance op-
erations (Table 2) Alter elimination by
hand-pulhng, cultivation, or a post-
emergent herbicide application, the
subsequeni growth of annual weeds
can be discouraged wilh mulches and/
or preemergent herbicides-
Cultivation anti Hand-weeding
Cultivation (hoeing) and hand-
weeding selectively remove weeds
frcm omamental plantings- These
methods are time-consuming, expen-
sive, and must be repealed frequently
until the plantings become established-
Cultivation can damage ornamentals
wilh shallow roots, bring weed seeds
fo the soil surface, and propagate pe-
rennial weeds- Vn>en cultivating, avoid
deep tilling, as this brings buried weed
seeds lo the soil suiface where they are
more likely lo germinate Perennial
weeds are often spread by cultivation
and should be controlled or removed
by other melhods-
Frequenl hand-removal of iveeds %vhen
they are small and have nol yel sel
seed will rapidly reduce the number of
annual weeds- If weeds are scattered al
a site, hand weeding may be the pre-
ferred management method- Hand-
TABLE 2. How to Manage Weeds in Five Types of Landscape
Type of plar)tii>9 and corrwnents
Plantings.
I Woody Trees and Shrub Beds Densely shaded plantings
reduce weeds Preplant weed conlrol is not as critical as in other
types of plantings tl is often necessary to combine trealments loi
complete weed control-
Recommendations
^ Woody Ground Cover Beds- Woody ground covers should
exclude most weeds, however, weed encroachment during
eslat>tishnienl is likely
Annual Flower Beds. A closed canopy will help shade out many
weeds PeriocSc cultivations {at 3- to 4-week intervals and
between display lotalions) wiH suppiess many weeds
Herbaceous Perennial Beds- Weed management options in
hetbaoeous perennial t>eds are similar to those for annual
^ flowers, except (1) it is more important to eradicate perennial
1 weeds as there wiH be no opportunity to cultivate or renovate Ihe
I bed for several years: and (2) fewer species are included on
herbicide labels
Mixed Plantings of Woody and Hert>aceous Plants. Weed
management is complex because ol the diversity of spedes.
Diflerent areas ol the bed coukl receive different treatments. Site
preparation is critical because postplant herbicide choices aie
few
Contiol peiennial weeds before planting (although conlrol may be
possible after planting); use geotextile fabrics wfth a shallow layer
of mulch or use a thick layer of muk;b without a geotextile base-
use a preemergent herbidde. if needed, and supplement with spot
appfications of postemergent hertiicides and/or hand weeding
Perennial weeds may be controlled by manual lemoval spot
applications of glyphosate or ghrfosinale. or. in some instances
doimanl-season apprK:alions of preemergent herbicides Escaped
weeds may be controOed manually or with spot applications of
poslemeigent herbicides
Conlrol perennial weeds beloie planting, although peiennial
grasses may be selectively controlled after planting with fluazifop
(Fusilade. Ornamec). clethodim (Envoy), or olher selective grass
herb«:,des. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulch plus a
pieemergent herbidde. supplemented wilh some hand-weeding
Use gcolexltfes wheie possible bul do nol use them where ground
covers are expected to root and spread After planting it is difficult
to make spot applications of nonselective heiblddes without
injuring desirable plants Postemergent conlrol of most annual and
perennial grasses is possible
Contiol perennial weeds befoie planting and carefully select Itower
species (or weed management compatibility Annual weeds may be
conbolled with mulches, preemergent herbiodes frequent
cullivalKin. and/or hand-weeding Perennial grasses can be
selectn,efy controlled with clethodim or fluazifop or other grass-
selective herbicides, but other perennial weeds cannot be
selectively conlrolled after planling. Geotextiles generally aie nol
useful because of lhe short term nature of the planting Avoid
nonsclectrve herbickles after planting
Control perennial weeds before planting, use geotextiles where
possible; use mulches with a preemergent heibicide and
supplement wilh hand-weeding.
Plant Ihe woody spedes first; control perennial weeds in the rirst
hvo growing seasons, then intioduce Ihe heibaceous spedes
Plant close logether to shade the entiie aiea Another option may
be lo define use-aieas wilhin the bed that will lece-ve similar weed
managemenl programs
August 2001
weeding can be lime consuming and
cosily but should be included in all
weed management programs to keep
^^^^ds from seeding
Young weeds in open areas also can be
controlled with small flaming unitS-
Propane burners are available lo rapi-
idly pass over young weeds to kill
them- A quick pass over lhe plant is all
that is necessary; do not burn the weed
lo the ground- Flaming is more effec-
tive on broadleaf weeds lhan grasses-
Be careful nol lo flame over dry veg-
etation and dry wood chips or near
buildings and olher flammable materi-
als, and don't gel the flame near de-
sired planls-
The top growth of older weeds can be
controlled by using a string trimmer.
Annual broadleaf weeds are more ef-
fectively controlled than annual
grasses because the growing points of
grasses are usually below giound Pe-
rennial weeds regrow rapidly after
using a string trimmer Be caieful nol
lo girdle and kill desirable shrubs and
trees with repeated use of a string
trimmer
Mowing
Ji^^ing can be used to prevent the
J^^Htion and spread of weed seeds
frmTmany broadleaf weeds into culti-
vated areas by cutting off flower heads.
However, weeds that flower lower
than the mowing blade aie nol con-
trolled. Repealed mowing lends fo
favor Ihe eslablishment of grasses and
low-growing perennial weeds Mow-
ing of some ground covers can rejuve-
nate them and make them more
competitive against weeds.
Mulches
A mulch is any malerial placed on the
soil to cover and protect il. Mulches
suppress annual weeds by limiting
light required for weed eslablishment.
Many types of landscape mulches are
available. The mosl common are bark
and other wood products and black
plastic or cloth materials. Other prod-
ucts that are used include paper, yard
compost, hulls from nuts (pecans) or
Weed Managennent in Landscapes
cereals (rice), municipal composts,
and stones
Organic mulches include wood chips,
sawdusL yard wasle (leaves, clip-
pings, and wood products), and hard-
wood or softwood bark chips or
nuggets. Bark chips are moderate-
sized particles {'/s lo '/S inch) and have
moderate lo good slability, while bark
nuggets are larger in size ('/5 lo 2'A
inches) and have excellent stabilily
over time. These materials can be used
in landscape beds containing herba-
ceous or woody ornamentals.
The thickness or depth of a mulch
necessary lo adequately suppress
weed growth depends on the mulch
lype and the weed pressure. Tbe
larger the particle size of the mulch,
the greater the depth required to ex-
clude all light from Ihe soil surface.
Coarse-lextured mulches can be ap-
plied up lo4 inches deep and provide
long-term weed conlrol Fine-lextured
mulches pack more tightly and should
only be applied to a depth of about 2
inches- If the mulch is too decom-
posed. It may serve better as a weed
propagation medium rather lhan a
means of prevention- Plan to periodi-
cally replenish landscape mulches,
regardless of particle size, because of
decomposition, movemenL or sellling-
If seedlings germinate in mulches, a
lighl raking, hoeing, or hand-weeding
will remove the young weeds
Inorganic mulches, which include
bolh natural and synthetic produrts,
are generally more expensive and less
widely used in the landscape- Natural
inorganic mulches are stable over time
and include materials such as sand,
gravel, or pebbles- Most of these prod-
ucts are used in public and commer-
cial plantings- If using a rock mulch,
consider placing a landscape fabric
underneath it The fabric creales a
layer between the mulch and soil,
preventing rock pieces from sinking
into the soil The fabric prevents soil
from moving above the rock layer,
which would bring weed seed lo the
surface
Black plastic (solid polyethylene) can
be used undemeath mulches to im-
prove weed conlrof It provides excel-
lent control of annual -weeds and
suppresses perennial weeds, bul lacks
porosity and restricts air and waler
movement- For this reason, black plas-
tic may not be lhe preferred long-term
weed conlrol melhod in landscape
beds-
Synthetic mulches, which are manu-
faclured materials lhat are called
geotextile or landscape fabrics, have
been developed to replace black plastic
in the landscape- Geotextiles are
piorous and allow water and air to pass
through them, overcoming the major
disadvantage of black plastic- Al-
though ihese materials are relatively
expensive and time-consuming to irv-
slalL they become cost-effective if the
planling is to remain in place for 4 or
more years Geotextiles are used
mainly for long-term weed control in
woody omamenlal trees and shrubs.
Geotextiles should not be used where
the area is to be replanted periodically,
such as m annual flower beds or in
areas where Ihe fabric would inhibit
the rooting and spread of ground cov-
ers. Tree and shrub roots can penetrate
the materials and if lhe material is re-
moved, damage can occur to the
plant's root sysiem This mighl be a
concem if a fabric has been in place
longer than 5 years At least one
geotextile fabric (BioBairier) has an
herbicide encapsulated in nodules on
the fabric lhat reduces root penetration
problems
Placing a landscape fabnc under mulch
resulls in greater weed control than
mulch used alone- There are differ-
ences in the weed-controlling ability
among the geotextiles: fabrics lhal are
Ihin, lightweight or have an open
mesh allow for greater weed penetra-
tion than more closely woven or non-
woven fabrics
To install a landscape fabric, you can
plant hrst and then install the fabric
afterwards using U-shaped nails to peg
It down Alter laying the cloth close to
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
the ground, cut an "X " over the planl
and pull it through the cloth- If laying
•
n a fabric tiefore planting, cul an
Ihrough the fabric and dig a plant-
ing hole- Avoid leaving soil from lhe
planling hole on top of the fabric be-
cause this could put weed seeds above
the materiaL Fold the "X" back down
lo keep the geotextile sheel as continu-
ous as possible- Weeds will grow
ihrough any gap in lhe landscape fab-
ric, so il is important to overlap pieces
of fabric and tack them down tightly-
Apply a shallow mulch layer (about 1
inch deep) to thoroughly cover the
fabric and prevent photodegradalion.
If weeds grow inio or ihrough the
geotextile, remove Ihem when they are
small to prevent them Irom creating
holes in the fabric. Maintain a weed-
free mulch layer on top of Lhe fabric by
hand-weeding or by applying herbi-
cides. Use of a rock mulch above a
landscape fabric can have grealer weed
conlrol than fabric plus organic mulch
combinations
Yellow nutsedge grows through all
geotextiles but some fabrics are better
at suppressing yellow nutsedge than
olhers (for moi^ jn/^ormation, Sfe Pest
Notes: NutSfdpe, lisled in "Relerences")
ms with Organic and Natural
Inorganic Mulches. There are several
problems associaied wilh the use of
organic and inorganic mulches. Peren-
nial weeds such as field bindweed and
nutsedges ollen have sufficient root
reserves lo enable ihem to penetrate
even thick layers of mulches. Some
annual weeds will grow ihrough
mulches, while others may germinate
on lop of them as they decompose.
Weeds that are a particular problem
are those lhal have windborne seeds
such as common groundseL prickly
lettuce, and common sowthistle. Ap-
plying mulches al depths of grealer
than 4 inches may injure plants by
keeping the soil loo wet and limiting
oxygen lo the plant's roots Disease
incidence, such as root or stem roL
may increase when deep mulches are
maintained
When mulches are too fine, applied too
thickly, or begin to decompose, they
stay wet between rains and allow
weeds lo germinate and grow directly
in the mulch. For best weed control,
use a coarse-textured mulch with a low
water-holding capaciiy. When used
alone, mulches rarely provide 100%
weed control. To improve the level of
weed controL apply preemergent her-
bicides at the same lime as the mulch
(see Table 3). Supplemental hand-
weeding or spot spraying may also be
needed.
Avoid mulches with a pH less lhan 4
or that have an "ofl odor" such as am-
monia, vinegar, or rotten egg smell.
These mulches were stored incorrectly
and conlain chemical compounds that
may injure plants, especially herba-
ceous plants
If using a composted mulcK tempera-
tures achieved during the composting
process should have killed most weed
seeds However, if the compost was
stored uncovered in the open, weed
seeds may have been blown onto lhe
mulch. Be sure the mulch is not con-
laminated wilh weed seeds or other
propagules such as nutsedge tubers
Hot Water or
Steam Treatments
There are several machines currently
available that use hot water or steam lo
kill weeds. These machines aje most
effective on very young annual weeds
or perennials that have recently
emerged from seeds. The effect is simi-
lar to that of a nonselective, post-
emergent herbicide. Hot water and
steam are not very effective on peren-
nial weeds with established storage
organs, such as rhizomes and bulbs,
nor do they control woody plants In
generaL broadleaf weeds are more
easily conlrolled by this melhod lhan
grasses The equipment is expensive to
purchase and mainlain, so these ma-
chines are nof appropriate for home
use. However, commercial landscap-
ers may find them useful in certain
situations where the use of herbicides
is nol desired such as when line-
marking playing fields, in play-
grounds, around woody plants, for
edging, and for weeds growing along
fence lines. Some brands of equipment
travel slowly (aboul 2 mile/hour) and
are probably not cost-effective for
weed control along roadsides. Because
these methods employ boiling water or
steam, workers musl be adequately
trained in the use of the machines lo
prevent severe burns.
Herbicides for
Landscape Plantings
Herbicides have been effectively used
in many types of landscape plantings
and are mosl often integrated wilh the
cultural practices discussed above.
Generally, home gardeners should not
need to apply herbicides lo existing
landscape plantings Hand-weeding
and mulching should provide suffi-
cient control and avoid hazards to de-
sirable planis associated with herbicide
use Many herbicides lisled here are for
use by professional landscape pest
managers and are not available to
home gardeners To determine which
herbicide(s)are in a producL look at
the active ingredients on the label.
Preemergent Herbicides. When weeds
have been removed from an area,
preemergent herbicides can ihen be
applied to prevent the germination or
survival of weed seedlings. Preemer-
gent herbicides must be applied before
the weed seedlings emerge. Examples
of preemergent herbicides include:
DCPA (Dacthal), dithiopyr (Dimen-
sion), isoxaben (Gallery), melolachlor
(Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol),
oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Stopper),
oxadiazon (Ronstar), oxyfluorfen
(Goal), pendimethalin (Pendulum, Pre-
M), and prodiamine (Barricade)
DCPA, dithiopyr, oryzalin, napro-
pamide, pendimethalin, and piodia-
mine conlrol annual grasses and many
broadleal weeds and can be used
safely around many woody and herba-
ceous ornamentals. Melolachlor has
become popular because it controls
yellow nutsedge as well as most an-
• 4 •
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
nual grasses Isoxaben is used lor con-
trol ol bioadleaf weeds «ng of a preemergent herbicide
icafion is determined by when the
target weed germinates, or by when
the weed is in fhe stage thaf is most
sensitive to the herbicide In generaL
late summer/early fall applications of
preemergent }>erbicides are used to
control winter annuals, while lale win-
ter/ early spring applications are used
lo conlrol summer annuals and seed-
lings of perennial weeds. If heavy rain-
fall occurs afler preemergent heibiride
application or if a short residual prod-
uct was applied, a second preemergent
herbidde application may t>e needed
Generally, herbiddes degrade faster
under wet, warm condilions than un-
der dry, cool conditions
No cultivation should occur after an
application of oxyfluorfen, however,
shallow cultivation (1 lo 2 rncJies) will
not harm napropamide, pendimeth-
alin, or oryzalin Also, soil type and pH
can alfect the activity of some herbi-
cides Use the information contained in
herbicide labels and from your local
county Cooperative Extension office lo
determine the tolerance of an omamen-
I j^^^l species lo a given heibicide
Match herbicides with weeds present,
and consider using herbicide combina-
tions Combinalions of herbiddes in-
crease the spectrum of wee^s con-
trolled and provide effective contiol of
grasses and many broadleaf weeds
Commonfy used combinations include
lank mixes of fhe maierials listed
above or isoxaben/trifluralin (Snap^
shot), oryzalin/benefin (XL), oxyflu-
orfen/oryzalin (Rout), and oxyflu-
orfen/pendimelhalin (Omamenlal
Herbidde If). Check the label to deter-
mine which ornamental species the
mateiial can safely be used around and
which spenes of weeds are controlled
Postemergent Herbicides. When
weeds escape preemergent tierbiodes
or geotextile fabrics, postemergent
herbiddes can be used lo control eslat>
lished weeds Postemergent herbicides
control exisling plants only and do nol
give residual weed control Their pri-
mary function is to control young an-
nual species, but they are also used to
control perennial species- Clethodim
and fluazifop selectively control mosl
annual and perennial grasses- Glufo-
sinate (Finale), diquat (Reward), and
pelargonic acid (Scythe) are nonselec-
tive, contact herbicides lhat kill or in-
jure any vegetation they contact- They
kill annual weeds, but only "burn off"
the lops of perennial weeds- Glypho-
sate (Roundup Pro and olhers) is a
syslemic herbidde. ll is translocated to
Ihe roots and growing points of ma-
ture, rapidly growing plants and kills
Ihe entire plant. Il is effective on most
annual and perennial weeds.
Mulch and Herbicide Placement. The
placement of an herbidde in relation lo
an organic mulch can affect Ihe bert>-
icide's perfonnance. Additionally, the
characteristics of organic mulches can
affect how herbicides work. A mulch
lhat primarily consists of fine parficles
can reduce the availability of some
herbiddes- The finer the organic mate-
rial (compost or manure, compared to
bark), the greater the birxlmg of the
herbidde Mosl herbicides are tightly
bound by organic mallei, and while
the binding minimizes leaching, it can
also minimize an herbidde's aclivily.
Mulch lhat is made up of coarse par-
ticles will bave litlle effect on heibidde
activity
Another important faclor is the depth
of the mulch An herbicide applied on
lop of a ihin mulch may be able to
leach Ihrough lo where the weed seeds
are germinating, bul when applied to
the top of a thick layer of mulch il may
nol gel down lo the zone of weed seed
germination. Producis like oxadiazon
(Ronstar) and oxyfluorfen (Goal) lhat
require a continuous surface layer
musl be placed on the soil surface un-
der the mulch. Suggestions for use of
mulch with herbiddes are given in
Table 3
Avoiding Herbicide Injury. Because of
the close proximity of many different
spedes of plants in the landscape,
herbidde injury may occur, resulting
in visual planl damage Flerbicide in-
jury symptoms vary according lo plant
spedes and tbe herbidde and can in-
clude yellowing (chlorosis), bleaching,
rool slunting, distorted growth, and
the death of leaves. Granular formula-
tions ol preemergent herbicides are
less likely to cause injury lhan spray-
able formulations Using a granular
formulation reduces the pK>tential for
foliar uptake, but granules of oxadi-
azon (Ronstar) or oxyfluorfen (Goal)
mixtures will injure plants if Lhey coL
led in the base of leaves or adhere to
TABLE 3. Suggestions for Placement of Herbicide with an Organic Mulch
Herbicide Application
Devrinol (napiopamide) under lhe mulch
Gallery (isoxaben) best under the mulch, moderate conlrol
when applied on top of mulch
OHII (pendimethalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well both under ot over mulch
Pennant (melolachloi) under Ihe mulch
Ronstar (oxadiazon) over Ihe mulch
Rout (oryzalin plus oxyfluorien) woiks well bolh under or ovei mulch
Surflan (oryzalin) best undei the mulch but piovides some
contiol when applied on top of mulch
Surflan plus Gallery under Ihe mulch bul wiH give a lair
amount ol control even when applied on
lop of mulch
Tieflan (trifluralin) undei the mulch
XI (oryzalin/benefin) under the mulch
• 5 •
wel leaves. Apply nonselective herbi-
ddes such as diquat, pelargonic acid,
^^Bphosate with low pressure and
n^fdroplets on a calm day. Use
shielded sprayers when making appli-
cations around ornamentals to avoid
contact wilh nontarget plants.
Herbidde injury to established plants
from soil-applied chemicals is often
temporary but can cause serious
growth inhibition lo newly planted
ornamentals. Herbicides lhat contain
oryzalin or isoxaben are more likely to
cause this injury. Injury may result
when persistent herbiddes are applied
to surrounding areas for weed control
in luiL agronomic crops, or complete
vegetative control under pavement
Activated charcoal incorporated into
the soil may adsorb fhe herbicide and
minimize injury. Usually it just takes
time for herbicide residues to com-
pletely degrade To speed degradation,
supplement the organic content of the
soil and keep il moist but not wet dur-
ing periods of warm weather.
COMPILED FROM:
Derr, J. F. et al. Feb 1997. Weed Man-
agement in Landscape and Nursery
Plantings, from Weed Management
and HoTliniltural Crops. WSSA/ASHS
Sympiosium.
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S- H. 1992- Pesfs of Landscape
Trees and Shrubs. Oakland; Univ- Calif-
Agric Nat- Res- PubL 3359-
Fischer, B. B., ed- 1998- Grmver's Weed
Idenlificolion Handbook Oakland: Univ-
Cahf. Agric Nat Res- PubL 4030-
UC Statewide 1PM Projert Pesl Notes
series: Annual Bluegrass Bermuda-
grass. Common Knotweed. Common
Purslane. Crabgrass Creeping
Woodsorrel/Bermuda Buttercup. Dande-
lion. Dodder- Field Bindweed- Green
Kyllinga- Kikuyugrass. Mistletoe. Nut-
sedge. Poison Oak. Plantains. Russian
Thistle. Spiolled Spurge. Wild Blackber-
ries. Oakland: Univ. Calif- Agric Nat- Res-
Also available online al blip; / /
www-ipm ucdavis edu/PMG/
selectnewpesi -home html
UC Statewide )PM Project- UC IPM Pesl
Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oak-
land: Univ- Calif. Agric Nat. Res, Publ,
3365-T, Also available online at http:/ /
www.ipm ucdavis edu/PMG/
selectnewpesi.turfgrass htm)
For moie inlomnalion contacl the Univeisily
of California Cooperative Extension oi agri-
coB^^commissionei s office in your coun-
fy^^H^our phone ticx* tor addresses and
pfi^^^umbers.
AUTHOR: C A Wiien and C L. Elmore
EDITOR; B Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDrrOR: M L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush
Produced by IPM Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Ptoject. Univeisity
of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web {http://¥irww,"ipm.ucdavis,edu)
UC^IPM REVirWED
This publicalion has been anonymously peer
leviewed lew technical accuracy by University ot
California scientists and other quaBfied profes-
sionals This review process was managed by Ihe
ANR Associale Editor for Pest Management.
T o simplify intoimation. trade names of pioducis
have lieen used. No endorsementof named products
IS intended, noi is cntic-|sm"impIiedof similar picxlucts
lhat are not menttoned.
This matenal is partially based upon wotk
supported by Ihe EntensionService. U S Depanment
of Agiicu'tme. under special project Section 3(cl)
Integrated Pest Managemenl.
WARNING ON THE USE OF OIEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read andcaietulty follow alt precautions and safety recommencfations
given on the container label. Store aB chemicals in the or iginallabeled containeis in a tocked cabinet or sfied.
away trom lood o, feeds, aixt out of the reach ot chiWren. unauthorized persons, pets, and Iwestock,
Coorme chemicals to the property being treated Avoid drift onto neighboring pioperlies. especially
gardens containing tiuils o, vegetables leady to be picked-
Do r>ot place containers cimtaining pesticide in Ihe Irash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet Eitfier
use lhe pesticide according lo the laliel or lake unwanted pestfcides to a Housetiold Hazaidous Wasle
Collection site- Contacl yoor county agricullural commissione, tor addilicmal inlormalion on safe container
disposal and fo, the tocation of the Household Hazardous Wasle Colection site neaiest yoo Dispose of
empty containers by toltowing label di, ections. Never reuse or tmrn ttie containeis or dispose ol them in such
a manner ttial they may contarrrinale water supplies oi natural waterways.
1 he University of California prohtoils disciiminalion against or harassment of any person emptoyed by or
seeking employmenl wilh the University on Ihe basis of race, cotor. national origin, religion, sex. pihysical
or menial disability, medical corxJilion (cancer related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, ma,Hal status,
age. sexual orientaiion. citizenship, or status as a coveied veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-eia
veteran, oi any othei veteran wtio served on active duty during a war or in a campaign o, en pedilion fen which
a campaign badge has been aulhorized) Univeisily policy is inlended lo be consistem wilh the p,ovisions
of appBcable Slate and Federal laws Inquiries regarding the Universrty s nondiscriminalion policies may tie
directed to Ihe AlfirmathreAclion/Slatf Personnel Services Director, University of Calilornia, Agiicutluie and
Matuial Resouices. 300 lakeside Di , Oakland, CA 34612-3350. (510) 987 0096.
TERMITES
Integrated Pest Management in and around tfie Home
Termites are smafl, white, Ian, or black
insects that can cause severe destruc-
tion fo wooden structures. Termites
belong lo lhe insect order Isoptera, an
andent insect group that dates back
more lhan 100 million years. The Latin
name Isoptera means "equal wing"
and Orefers to the fact lhat the front sel
of wings on a reproductive termite is
similar in size and shape to the hind
sel.
Although many people ihink termites
have only negative impacls, in nature
iLiey make many positive contributions
lo the world's ecosystems. Their great-
est contribution is the role they play in
recycling wocxi and plant malerial
Their tunneling efforts also help lo
ensure lhat soils aie poious, conlain
nutrients, and are healthy enough lo
suppori planl growth Termites are
very impoilani in the Sahara Desert
where their activity helps to reclaim
soils damaged by drying heat and
wind and the overgrazing by livestock.
~ ^iles become a problem when they
consume structural lumber. Each year
thousands of housing units in the
United Stales require treatment for the
conlrol of termites Termites may also
damage utility poles and olher wooden
Anf
Wings flf
preseni) have
few veins. Hind
wings are
smaJer hsn
tronI wings
woike, soldie, winged repiodoc live
Subterranean Tcrmile
soldier
Pacific Dampwood Termite
'•oldiei leprodoctive
Drywood Termite
Figure 1, Subterranean, drywood, and dampwood termiles.
sfructures Termite pests in California
include drywood, dampwood, and
subterranean spedes. These pests
cause serious damage lo wooden struc-
tures and posts and may also attack
stored food, books, and household
fumiture.
IDENTIFICATION
Teimites are social and can form large
nests or colonies, consisting of verv
different looking individuals (castes)
Termite
Broad waist
Wings (if present)
have many small veins
Front and hind wings aie
same size.
Figure 2- Distinguishing features of anls and Icimites-
Physically the largest individual is Ihe
queen- Her function is lo lay eggs,
sometimes thousands in a single day- A
king is always by her side. Other indi-
viduals have large heads with powerful
jaws, or a bulblike head lhat squiits
liquid. These individuals are called
soldiers. But the largest group of ter-
mites in a colony is the workers They
toil long hours lending the queen,
building lhe nesL or gathering food.
While olher species of sodal insects
have woikers, termites are unicjue
among insects in lhal workers can be
male or female. Surprisingly, termites
can be long-lived: queens and kings
can live for decades while individual
workers can survive for several years-
Signs of termite infestation include
swarming of winged forms in fall and
spring and evidence of tunneling in
wood Darkening or blistering of
wooden struclural members is another
indication of an infestation; wood in
PEST ISIOTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 741 5
Revised May 2001
May 2001 Termiles
damaged areas is typically thin and
easily punctured with a knife or screw-
There are more lhan 2,500 different
tvpes of termites in lhe world and at
least 17 different types of termites in
California However, most of this di-
versity can be lumped into four dis-
tinct groups: dampwood, drywood,
subterranean, and mound builders-
Mound builders do not occur in North
America, bul the other three species do
(Fig 1)- Dampwood termites are very
limited in their distribution: mosl spe-
cies are found only in Califomia and
fhe Pacific Northwest- Dampwood
termites derive their name from iFie
facl that tliey live and feed m very
moisl wood, espedally in stumps and
fallen trees on the forest floor-
Drywood termites are common on
most continents and can survive in
very dry conditions, even in dead
wood in deserts. They do no! recjuire
contact wilh moisiure or soil Subterra-
nean termites are very numerous in
many parts of the world and live and
breed in soiL sometimes many feet
deep. Lastly, the mound builders are
capable of building earthen lowers 25
f||^r more in height. Mounds may be
^^Bd either in the soil or in trees, and
i^Pre ihey occur in Africa, Australia,
Southeast Asia, and parts of South
Amenca, they are very noticeable and
remarkable
Termites are sometimes confused with
winged forms of anls, which also leave
their underground nests in large num-
bers to establish new colonies and
swarm in a manner similar lo that of
reproductive stages of termites. How-
ever, ants and termiles can be distin-
guished by checking three features:
antennae, wings, and waist (Fig. 2)
Dampwood Termites
Dampwood termites are fairly com-
mon in cenlral and northern coastal
areas in Califomia. Tfiey nest in wood
buried in lhe ground, although contact
with lhe ground is nol necessary when
infested wood is high in moisture Be-
cause of their high moisture require-
ments, dampwood termites most often
are found in cool, humid areas along
the coast and are typical pesls ol beach
houses. Winged reproductives typicallv
swarm between July and October, but it
is not unusual lo see them al other
times of the year. Dampwood termite
winged reproductives (sometimes
called swarmers) are attracted to lighls.
Dampwood termites produce distinc-
tive fecal pellets that are rounded at
bolh ends, elongate, and lack the clear
longitudinal ridges common lo
drywood termite pellets (Fig. 3). Fina)
confirmation of pellet identification
may require help from an expert.
The Nevada dampwood termite,
Zootermopsis nevadensis, occurs in the
higher, drier mountainous areas of the
Sierras where il is an occasional pest in
mountain cabins and other forest sfruc-
tures, it also occurs along the northern
Califomia coast The Pacific dampwood
termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis, is
almost one inch long, making it the
largest of the termites occurring in Cali-
fornia. Winged reprcxluclives are dark
brown with brown wings. Soldiers
have a flattened brown or yellowish
brown head with elongated black or
dark brown mandibles Nymphs are
cream colored with a characteristic
spotted abdominal pattem caused by
food in their intestines. Nevada
dampwood termites are slightly smaller
and darker lhan the Padfic species;
reproductives are aboul Y, inch Jong
Drywood Termites
Drywood termites mfesl dry, unde-
cayed wood, including stmctural lum-
ber as well as dead limbs of native trees
and shade and orchard trees, utility
poles, posts, and lumber in storage.
From these areas, winged reproduc-
tives seasonally migrate to nearby
buildings and other structures usually
on sunny days duiing fall months.
Drywood termites are most prevalent
in southern Calilomia (including the
deseil areas), but also occur along most
coastal regions and in the Cenlral
Valley
connect their nesls to Ihe soil. Piles of
iheir fecal pellets, which are distinctive
in appearance, may be a clue to their
presence. The fecal pellets are elongate
(about 3/100 inch long) wilh rounded
ends and have six flattened or roundly
depressed surfaces separated by six
longitudinal ridges (see Fig. 3) They
vary considerably in color, but appear
granular and salt and pepperlike in
color and appearance
Winged adulls of westem drywcKxl
termites (Incisilermes minor) ate dark
brown with smoky black wings and
have a reddish brown head and thorax;
wing veins are black These insects are
noticeably larger lhan subterranean
termites.
Subterranean Termites
Subterranean termites require moist
environments. To safisfy this need,
lhey usually nest in or near the soil and
mainlain some conneclion wilh the soil
ihrough turmels in wood or ihrough
shelter lubes they conslruci (Fig. 4).
These shelter tubes are made of soil
with bits of wood or even plasterboard
(drywall) Much of tbe damage lhey
cause occurs in foundafion and struc-
tural suppoit wood. Because ol Ihe
moisture requirements of subtenanean
termites, lhey are often found in wood
that has wood rot.
The westem subterranean termite,
Relicvlilermes hesperus, is the mosf de-
structive teimite foimd in California
Reproductive winged forms of subter-
ranean termites are dark brown to
brownish black, with brownish gray
wings. On warm, sunny days follow-
Drywood termites have a low moisture
requirement and can tolerate dry condi-
tions for prolonged periods They re-
main entirely above giound and do not
dampvirciod
termite
Figure 3. Fecal pellets of drywood and
dampwood termites.
May 2001 Termites
T
working tubes exphxatory tubes drop tubes
Figure 4. Subterranean termites construct three types of tubes or tunnels. Working
lubes (left) are conslrwled from nrsis in the soil lo wooden structures; Ihey may
tiivel up conciete or stone foundaiions. Exploratory and migratory tubes (cenier)
arise from the soil but do nof connect lo wood structnies. Drop tubes (right) extend
from wooden stnictures back to the soil.
ing fall or sometimes spring rains,
swarms of reprcxfuclives may be seen.
Soldiers are wingless wilh white bod-
ies and pale yellow heads. Their long,
narrow heads have no eyes. Workers
are slightly smaller than reproductives,
wingless, and have a shorter head than
soldiers; their color is similar to iFvaf of
soldiers In the desert areas of Califor-
nia, Helerotermes aureus, is the most
destructive species of subterranean
termites Another destructive spedes
in this group, the Formosan subterra-
no^^Bimite, Coploler mes formosanus, is
n^^^California bul restricted to a
small area near San Diego. Unlike lhe
western subterranean termite,
Formosan subterranean termites
swarm at dusk and are attracted to
lighls.
LIFE CYCLE
Most termite species swarm in late
summer or fafl, allhough spring
swarms are not uncommon for subter-
ranean and drywood termiles. New
kings and queens are winged during
their early adull life bul lose their
wings afler dispersing from their origi-
nal colony An infestation begins when
a mated pair finds a suitable nesting
site near oi in wood and constructs a
small chamber, which they enter and
seal Soon afterwaid, the female begins
egg laying, and both the king and
queen feed the young on predigested
food until lhey are able lo feed them-
selves Mosl species of termites have
microscopic, one-celled animals called
protozoa wilhin their intestines that
help m converting wood (cellulose)
into food for tbe colony
Once workers and nymphs are pro-
duced, \he king and queen are fed by
the %vorkers and cease feeding on
wood. Termiles go ihrough incomplete
metamorphosis wilh egg, nymph, and
adult stages. Nymphs resemble adulls
but are smaller and are the mosl nu-
merous stage in the colony They also
groom and feed one another and olher
colony members.
MANAGEMENT
Successful termite management re-
quires many spedal skills, including a
working knowledge of building con-
struction. An understanding of termite
biology and identification can help a
homeowner detect problems and un-
derstand methods of control. In most
cases It is advisable fo hiie a profes-
sional pest control company to carry
out the inspection and control
program.
Management techniques vary depend-
ing on the species causing an infesta-
tion Multiple colonies of the same
spedes of termite or more than one
spedes of termite can infest a building
(Fig. 5). Any of these variables will
influence your control approach. Sub-
terranean, and less frequently,
dampwood termites can have nests al
or near ground leveL so control meth-
ods for these can be similar. However,
drywood termites nesl above ground,
therefore lhe approach for eliminating
them is unique.
Use an integrated program lo manage
termites Combine methods such as
modifying habitats, excluding termites
Irom the building by physical and
chemical means, and using mechanical
and chemical methods lo destroy exist-
ing colonies-
Jnspection
Before beginning a control program,
thoroughly inspect the building- Verify
lhat there are termiles, identify them,
and assess the extent of their infesta-
tion and damage- Look for conditions
within and aiound the building that
promote termite attack such as exces-
sive moisture or wood in contact with
the soil Because locating and identify-
ing termite sp>ecies is iK>t always easy,
it may be advisable lo have a profes-
sional conduct the inspection-
Figure 5- Subterranean termite colony with multiple nesting sites-
May 2001 Termiles
Table 1 Relative Resistance of Lumber to Termites'
•^deratety or Slightly resistant or
^0-y resistant Moderately resistant nonresistant
Arizona cypress bald cypress (young growth) aWer
bald cypress (old growlh) Douglas fir ashes
black cherry eastern while pine aspens
black locust honey locusi basswood
biack walnut totilolly pine beech
bur oak longleaf pine birches
catalpa shortleaf pine black oak
cedars swamp chestnut oak butternut
chestnut tamaiack cottonwood
chestnut oak western larch elms
gambel oak hemkicks
junipers hickories
mesquite maples
Oregon wtiite oak pines
osage orange poplais
Pacific yew ied oak
posl oak spruces
red mulberry true fiis
ledwood
sassafras
white oak
Adapted liom: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Malerial USDA Agricutlure
Handtxiok No. 72.
' The heartwood of the tree offers the gieatest resistance lo termite attack.
Prevention
Building design may contribute to
termite invasion. Keep all substructural
wj|d af least 12 inches above the soil
t^^Hh the building Identify and
correct other structural deficiencies
that attrad or promote termite infesta-
tions Stucco siding that reaches the
ground promotes termite infestations
Keep attic and foundation areas well
ventilated and dry. Use screening over
attic vents and sea] other openings,
such as knotholes and cracks, to dis-
courage the entry of winged drywciod
termiles. Although screening of foun-
dation vents or sealing other openings
into the substructure helps block the
entry of termiles, Ihese piocedures
may interfere with adequate ventila-
tion and increase moisture problems,
especially if a very fine mesh is used in
the screening. Inspecl utilify and ser-
vice boxes attached to the building lo
see that lhey are sealed and do nol
provide sheller or a poinl of entry for
termites Reduce chances of infestation
by removing or protecting any wood in
contact with the soil. Inspect porches
and olher structural or foundation
wood for signs of termites. Look for
and remove tree stumps, stored lum-
ber, untreated fence posts, and buried
scrap wood near the slructure lhal may
attract termites. Consult your local city
building codes before beginning re-
pairs or modifications.
Recent reseaich has proved the effec-
tiveness of foundation sand barriers for
subterranean termite control. Sand
with particle sizes in the ranged 10 lo
16 mesh is used to replace soil around
the foundafion of a building and some-
times in the crawl space. Subterranean
termites are unable to conslruci their
tunnels through the sand and therelore
cannot invade wcxiden stmctuies rest-
ing on the foundaiion. Stainless steel
scieening may also be available soon as
a physical bairier for subterranean
termites.
Replacing Lumber in Struclures-
Slruclural lumber in buildings is usu-
ally Douglas fir, hemlock, or spruce- Of
these materials, Douglas fir is moder-
ately resistant lo termites, whereas the
otber two are nol (Table 1). Lumber
used in foundations and other wood in
contact with the soil may be chemically
treated to help protecl against lerrnile
damage in areas where building de-
signs must be altered or conciete can-
not be used.
The mosl effective method of chemi-
cally treating wood is ihrough pressure
Irealmenl. Chemicals cuirently used in
pressurized trealments include
chromated copper arsenate (CCA),
ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate
(ACZA), disodium octoborate
lelrahydrate (DOT), and wolman salts
(sodium fluoride, potassium bichro-
mate, sixlium chromate, and dinitro-
phenol). Wood containing CCA is
tinted green and ACZA is brownish.
DOT (borate) is clear in appearance on
the wood suiface when used at labeled.
amounts Boiales are gaining in popu-
lar usage because of their low mamma-
lian toxicity
Many of the chemicals used in pressur-
ized lumber can also be applied topi-
cally lo the wood by brushing or
spraying il on. Piessure treatment is
preferred over topical application be-
cause the chemical penetrates the lum-
ber much deeper (Vi to '/? inch) than it
does when applied by brush or spray.
Some of the more porous lumbers such
as the southern yellow pines (loblolly-
Pinus laeda; longleaf-P paluilns: and
shortleaf-P. echinala) may be com-
pletely penetrated by the diemical
during lhe pressurized process Topical
applications are most efledive when
used as spot Ireatmenls on pressure-
treated lumber lo treat newly exposed
wood when the lumber is cut and
drilled during construction.
Pressure-treated lumber is loxic to
termites and discourages new kings
and queens from establishing colonies
in it. If susceptible wood is used above
the treated wood, however, subterra-
nean termites can build their shelter
lubes over chemically treated wood
and infest untreated wood above.
Use only "exterior grade" pressure-
treated lumber for areas that are ex-
posed to weather, otherwise the
chemical in lhe lumber mav leach from
• 4 •
May 2001 Termites
the wood All topical treatments, espe-
cially borates, thai will be exposed to
wealher, must also have a sealer coat
#revenl leaching into lhe soil lollow-
rain. Because lhey conlain pesti-
cides, disposal ol treated lumber
requires special handling. For more
information on proper disposal of
treated lumber, contact your local
Household Hazardous Wasle Collec-
tion site. For the sile nearest you, call
1-800-253-2687.
Treating Lumber in Structures. Treat-
ing infested lumber in a slructure re-
quires drilling and injerting chemicals
into the wood lo reach the colony.
Because of loxicily and complexity of
use, most wood preservatives that are
applied to wocxl in a stmcture are
professionaLuse only.
Controlling Drywood Termites
Drywood termite colonies are usually
small and difficult to delect. Treat-
ments for this pesl include whole-
structure applications of fumigants or
heal and localized or spot treatments
of chemicals or tieatments that use
heat, freezing, microwaves, or electric-
ify. Techniques to prevent infestations
of this spedes include the use of
chmjcals, pressure-treated wood,
t^^His, and resistant woods For more
drills on these conlrol methods and
their effectiveness, see Pesl Notes:
Drywood Termites, listed in "Compiled
From."
ControUing Subterranean and
Dampwood Termites
Subterranean and dampwood termites
in stmctures cannot be adequatelv
conlrolled by fumigation, heat Ireat-
menL freezing, or termite electrocution
devices because the reproductives and
nymphs are concentrated in nesls near
or below ground level in structures out
of reach of these conlrol methods. The
primary methods of controlling Ihese
termites are lhe applicafion of insecti-
cides OI bailing programs
Use of insecliddes or baits should be
supplemented with the destruction of
their access points or nests To facilitate
control of subterranean termites, de-
stroy their sheller lubes whenever pos-
sible to interrupt access lo wooden
subslmclures and lo open colonies to
attack from natural enemies such as
anls For dampwood termites, if infes-
tations are small, destroy accessible
nesls by removmg infested wood. Re-
moving excess moisture from wood
will also destroy dampwood termite
nests
Insecticides. Insecliddes are applied to
the soil either in drenches or by injec-
tion. Special hazards are involved with
applying insecticides lo the soil around
and under buildings and a licensed
professional does these procedures
best Applications in the wrong place
can cause insecticide contamination of
heating ducts, radiant heal pipes, or
plumbing used for water or sewage
under the treated building. Soil type,
weather, and application techniques
influence the mobility of insectiddes in
Ihe soiL soil-applied inserticides musl
nol leach ihrough Ihe soil proflle lo
contaminate gioundwater.
In the past, chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides (e g , chlordane) and orga-
nophosphates (chlorpyrifos) were ex-
tensively used for temnile control but
many of these materials have been
phased oul because of health and envi-
ronmental concerns Active ingredients
in currenlly available lermitirides can
be broadly classified as repellent or
nonrepellent Pyiethroids, such as
permethrin and cypermethrin (Dragnet
and Demon), are considered to be re-
pellent. This means thai the termites
are able to detect the insecticide, which
basically serves as a barrier, and tbey
are repelled by it without receiving a
dose that will kill them. Therelore,
when using these materials il is impor-
tant lo make sure there are no gaps or
breaches in the barrier Also, any ad-
joining sfmrtures musl be monitored
lo ensure thai the repelled termiles
don't infest them.
Both ol these insecticides are also
nonrepellent to termiles and bave been
shown to be effective in killing termites
at low dosage rales under California's
climatic conditions. Generally, the
most effective insecticides are only
available to licensed structural pest
control operators.
Baiting. Bails for subterraneari termiles
are commerdally available in Califor-
nia. While this melhod of controlling
termites is very appealing because it
does nol require extensive site prepara-
tion such as drilling or trenching and
extensive application of insectidde lo
Ihe soil or slrudure, research is still
ongoing to develop the mosl elfeclive
bails and delivery systems
Several bait producis (e g., Sentricon
with hexaflumuron and FirslLine with
sulfluramid) are available for profes-
sional use only. There is also an over-
the-counter product (Terminate with
sulfluramid) available in retail stores
Cunently, bails are only available for
subterranean termiles, not drywood or
dampwood termites Because subtena-
nean termites in Califomia vary in
their foraging and in lhe times lhat
Ihey will lake bails, the placement of
bait stafions and the time of installa-
tion is a oucial component in a suc-
cessful bailing program. Be sure to
read and follow all the label directions
for the product you use. Once a teimite
infestation is conliolled, it is essential
lhat the bait stations continue lo be
monitoied monthly. Spring is an espe-
dally critical lime to detect invasion by
new colonies
Other Methods. Experimental efforts
have been made to control soil-
dwelling termiles using biological con-
trol agents, including use of Argentine
ants and nematodes However, these
methods are not yel effective enough
lo be recommended-
Recently introduced chemicals
(imidacloprid and fipronil) are now
available thai aie less loxic lo humans
and otber mammals than the older
insecticides but highly toxic lo insects
COMPILED FROM:
Lewis, V K July 1997 Pest Notes:
Dryu'cod Termiles. Oakland; Univ-
Cahf Agric Nat Res PubL 7440
Also available online at
www ipm ucdavis edu
May 2001 Termiles
Marer, P 1991. Residenlial, Industrial,
and Institutional Pest Conlrol Oakland; «v Calif. Agric. Nat. Res Publ 3334
FERENCES
Poller, M F. 1997. Termiles. In A.
Mallis, ed Handbook of Pest Conlrol, S'""
ed. Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co.
Scheffrahn, R. H, N.-Y- Su and P-
Busey 1997. Laboratory and field
evaluations of selected chemical treat-
ments for control of drywood termites
(Isoptera: Kalotermilidae) /. Econ.
Entomol. 9ft 492-502.
Online References
California:
CAL Termite Web page,
www-cnr berkeley edu/lewis
Inlfrno/ionof:
UNEP/FAO/GIobal 1PM Facility
Workshop on Termite Biology and
Managemenl, www chem unep.ch/
pops/pdf/term rpt pdf
For more information coniacl Ihe Univeisity
of California Ccxjperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner s oflice in your coun-
ty See youi phone book for addiesses and
phone numbeis.
AUTHOR (levision): V R lewis.
EDITOR: B Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR M I. Flint
Q^|N AND PROfXICTlON: M. Brush
••PlRATlONS: Figs 1. 3. 4 D. Kidd; Fig.
2^f8apted fiom Termites and Olher Wood-
Infesting Insects. Oakland: UC DANR leaf-
let 2532; Fig 5: Adapted tiom Mallis. A
1997 Handbook ol Pesl Conlrof 8lh ed
Cleveland: Franzak S Foster Co
Produced by IPM Education and Putilica-
tions. UC Statewide IPM Piojert. University
of CaWornia. Davis. CA 95616 8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://www-ipm.ucdavis.edu)
REVItWED
This publication has been anonymously peer
,eviewed lor technical accuiacy by University of
CaHomia scientists and other qualified pioles-
sionals This review piocess was managed t>y ttie
ANR Associale Editor to. Pest ManagemcnL
To simplify infoimation. trade names of products
have been us ed.Noendoiserr>ent of named products
is inlended. noi is criticism implied ot similar pioducis
thai are not menttoned.
This matenal Is partially based upon woik
supported by the E,>lension Service, U S Department
of Agnculture. under special projecl Section 3(d),
Integtated Pest Management
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pestiodes are poisonous Always read and carelully foltow all piecautions and satety recommendations
gwen on theconlamer label Stoieanchemicals in the original labeled containers inatockedcabineto, shed
away fmm food or leeds. and out of Ihe reach ol childien. unauthorized persons pets and Sveslock '
confine chemcals to the property being tieateil. Avoid drift ooto neighboiing properties especialhr
gardens conlaining fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. - l^ r
Do not place conlainers containing pesfickte in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toileL Either
rlTv!',' '^'^'^ according lo the label or take unwanted pestic«Jes to a Household Hazardous Waste
conection srte. Contacl your county agricullural commisstoner lor addittonal information on sale container
^sal aod for the tocation of Ihe Household Hazaidous Waste Collection site nearest you Dispose of
empty containers by toltowing label diiecltons Ncvei leuse or bum Ihe containers or dispose of ihemio such
a manner Ihat they may contaminate vrater supplies o, natural waterways.
The Umversily ol Calitornia prohibils disoiminalioo against o, harassment ol any person emptoyed by w
seeking empl^nt with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, leligton se^ZysiJ, „
"Zl^i (cance.-related o, genetic charadeiisfK^). ancestry, maiHatsrai« age
sexual or^ntatHX.. citizenship, o, status as a cove.ed veteran (special disabled veteran Vietna-iKeTa
veteran, or any other veteran who senred on active duty during a wa, o. m a campaign or expedition to, which
ol^rll^f^,^ ^T""!:^ ^"^^'^ '^'^^ •^""'^^ •:o"s.slenl with the p,ovis«ns 01 applicable Slale and Federal laws Inc^iries legaiding Ibe Unhrersily s nondisoiminalion policies may be
*.ectedlolheAt1i,matrveAci»n,StaIfPersonnelServicesDi-ecto.,UnnersnyotCaI,fo,nia Agricullmeand
NaturalResources,300lal,esideDr . Oakland. CA 94607 S20O (510)987-0096
• 6 •
Integrated Pest Management fn and Around tfre Home
lany people fear or dishke spiders
bul. for Ihe mosl part, spiders are ben-
eficial because of their role as predators
of insects and other arthropods, and
most cannoi harm peopte Spiders lhal
might injure people—for example,
black widows—generally spend most
of their lime hidden under furniture or
boxes, or in woodpiles, corners, or
crevices. The spiders commonly seen
out in the open during tbe day are
unlikely lo bile people.
IDENTIFICATION
Spiders resemble insects and some-
times are confused with Ihem. but they
are arachnids, nol insects Spiders have
eight legs and two body parts-a head
region (cephalothorax) and an abdo-
men. They lack wings and antennae.
Allhough spiders often are found on
plants, they eat mainly insects, olher
spiders, and related arthropods, nol
plants. Mosl spiders have toxic venom,
which they use lo kill their prey. How-
ever, only those spiders whose venom
typically causes a serious reaction in
humans are called "poisonous"
Black Widow Spider
The black widow spider. Latrodeclus
hesperus (Fig 1). is Ihe most common
harmful spider in California Venom
from ils bile can cause reaclions rang-
ing from mild lo painful and serious,
but death is very unlikely and many
symptoms can be alleviated if medical
treatment is obtained- Anyone bitten
by this spider should remain calm and
promptly seek medical advice; it is
helpful if Ihe offending spider can be
caught and saved for identification.
The typical adull female black widow
has 3 shiny black body, slender black
legs, and a red or orange mark in the
shape ofan hourglass on the underside
of the large, round abdomen (Fig. 2)
The body, excluding legs, is Vis lo Vg
inch long. The adult male black widow
is one-half lo two-thirds Ihe lenglh of
the female, has a small atxiomen, and
is seldom noticed. The male black
widow does possess venom, bul its
fangs are too small to break human
skin. The lop side of ils abdomen is
olive greenish gray with a pattern of
creanrcolored areas and one light-
colored band going lengthwise down
Ihe middle The hourglass mark on the
underside of tbe abdomen typically is
yellow or yellow orange and broad-
waisted. The legs are banded with
alternating light and dark areas Con-
trary to popular belief. Ihe female black
widow rarely eats the male afler mat-
ing, but may do so if hungry Like
males, young female black widow spi-
ders are patterned on the lop side. In
the early stages tbey greatly resemble
males, but gradually acquire the typi-
cal female coloration with each shed-
ding of the skin In intermediate stages
Ihey have tan or cream colored, olive
gray, and orange markings on Ihe top
side of the abdomen, a yellowish or
ange hourglass mark on the underside,
and banded legs Only the larger im-
mature female and adull female spi-
ders are able to bite through a person's
skin and inject enough venom lo cause
a painful reaction
Webs and Egg Sacs The web of Ihe
black vvidow is an irregular, lough-
stranded, sticky cobweb mesh in which
the spider hangs with ils underside up.
During Ihe day jl often hides under an
object al the edge of the web or stays in
a silken retreat in Ihe tenter The black
widow may rush out of ils hiding place
when Ibe web is disturbed, especially if
egg sacs are preseni. The egg sacs are
mostly spherical, about '/z inch long
and Vg inch in diameter, creamy yel-
low to light tan in color, opaque, and
lough and paperlike on Ihe suiface. A
female may produce se\ eral egg sacs.
Tiny, young black widows, which are
(actual size
ol bocty)
^ESTJ^OTES.
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Figure I. Adull black widow spider.
nearly white in color, disperse to new
localions by ballooning and infest new
areas.
Where Ihe Spiders Live. Black widow
spiders occur in mosl parts of Califor-
nia. They and their associaied webs
usually are found in dark, dry. sheL
tered, relatively undisturbed places
such as among piles of wood, rubbish,
or siones; in culverts, hollow slumps,
and old animal burrows; in garages,
sheds, barns, crawl spaces, utility
meter boxes, and outhouses; and some-
times among plants. People are mosl
likely to be bitten when they disturb
Ihe spider while they are cleaning out
or picking up items in such places. A
sensible piecaution is lo always wear
gloves and a longsleeved shirt when
working in areas that have been undis-
turbed for 3 time and where there are
good hiding places for spiders.
Figure 2. Two variations of hourglass
markings of black widow spider.
Publication 7442
Revised May 2000
spiders
Effects oflhe Bile The symptoms of 3
black widow bite arc largely internal;
little more than local redness and
^welling may develop at the bile site
he internal effects may range from
Rild to severe Pain lends to spread
from tbe bite to other parts of the body
and muscular spasms may develop. In
severe cases Ihe abdominal muscles
may become quite rigid. Other effects
can include profuse sweating, fever,
increased blood pressure, difficulty
breathing and speaking, restlessness,
and nausea. Typically, the pain and
other symptoms reach a maximum
wilhin a day of Ihe bite, then gradually
subside over the next 2 to 3 days. Most
people who are billen spend a few
hours under observation by a physi-
cian but do not develop symptoms
severe enough to require treatment.
Small children, the elderly, and per-
sons with health problems are likely to
suffer some of Ihe more severe conse-
quences of the bite. Black widow biles
are fairly common in California.
Yellow Sac Spider
The common house dwelling agrarian
sac or yellow sac spider, Cfieiracan-
thivm inchsum. is 3 small spider thai
spins a silken sac web in Ihe corners of
ceilings and walls, and behind shelves
and pictures; it is also commonly
found outdoors in shrubbery This
spider is lighl yellow and has a slighlly
darker stripe on the upper middle of
the abdomen (Fig 3). The eight eyes of
this spider are all about equal in size
and arranged in Iwo horizontal rows
(Fig. 4).
Yellow sac spiders can be seen running
on walls and ceihngs al night and
quickly drop to the floor to escape if
Ihey are disturbed. Biles usually occur
when the spider becomes trapped
against a person s skin in clothing or
bedding. It is estimated lhat sac spiders
are responsible for more bites on
people than any other spider. Typical
symptoms of a bile include initial pain,
redness, and sometimes swelling. A
small blister may form, often breaking,
leaving a sore lhat heals over a period
of several weeks Soreness near the bile
may last for a few days to several
weeks or may not occur al all. depend
ing on Ihe individual
(adual size
ol tody)
Figure 3 Adult yeilow sac spider.
RecJuse Spiders
Recluse spiders of Ihe genus Loxosceles
include the well known brown recluse
spider. L rec/usa. which does not occur
Figure 4 Head region of recluse spider
(left) and yellow sac spider (right). Note
Ibe arrangements of the eyes: Ihe recluse
spider has six eyes arranged in three pairs
and the yellow sac spider has eight eyes
arranged in two rows of four-
Spider Bites
Unlike mosquiloes- spiders do not seek people in order 10 bile them Generally
3 spider doesn't try lo bile 3 person unless il has been squeezed- lain on. or similaily
provoked to defend itself Moreover, the jaws of most spiders are so small lhat the '
langs cannot penelrate Ihe skin of an adult person Sometimes when a spider is
disturbed in its v^eb. it may bite instinctively because .1 mistakenly senses that an
insect has been caught
Tbe severity of a spider bite depends on lactors such as the kind of spider lhe
amount of venom injected, and the age and heahh of the person bitten A spider bile
might cause no reaction al all. or it might result in varying amounts of itching
redness, stiffness, swelling, and pain-al worst, usually no more severe lhan a bee
Sling, lypically the symptoms persist from a few minutes lo a few hours Like
reactions to bee stings, however, people vary in their responses to spider bites so if
the bile of any spider causes an unusual or severe reaction, such as increasing pain
or extreme swelling, contact a physician, hospital, or poison conlrol center (in
Cahfornia. the number is 1 800 876 4766 or 1 800 8 POISON)
Sometimes a person may nol be aware of having been billen until pain and
other symptoms begin lo develop. Olher species of arthropods whose biles or slinps
may be mistaken for that of a spider include ticks. Oeas. bees wasps bedbugs
mosquitoes. Ihe conenose (kissing) bug (Triatoma prolracta). deer flies horse flies
and waler bugs (lelbocerus spp )
For firsl aid treatment of 3 spider bite, wash the bite, apply an antiseptic to
prevent infection, and use ice or ice water to reduce swelling and discomfoit If you
receive a bile lhal causes an unusual or severe reaction, conlact a physician Ifyou
catch the cnller in Ihe act capture il for identification, pieserve il (or whatever pans
ol It remain), and lake il lo your couniy UC Cooperative Extension ofTice If no one
there can identify ii ask thai ii be forwarded to a qualified arachnologisi
in California. While Ihe brown recluse
has occasionally been brought into
California in household furnishings,
firewood, and motor vehicles, il does
not reside in Ihe slale. However, an-
other recluse spider. Ihe Chilean re-
cluse spider fL faeta). was introduced
into Los Angeles Couniy in Ihe late
19605. In Chile, Soulh America it is
known lo have a bile that is toxic to
humans. The native recluse spider of
California (L. deserla; is found in the
desert regions of southern California
and neighboring states Its bite can
cause problems, bul it is not as toxic as
Ihat of Ihe Chilean recluse. In any case,
biles from either species are rare. Both
Ibe native desert recluse spider and the
Chilean recluse spider occur princi-
pally in tbe drier areas of southern
California
Recluse spiders can have a violin
shaped mark (with tbe neck oflhe vio-
lin pointing backward) on Ihe top side
of the head region (cephalothorax).
However, the mark is nol always dis-
tinct, so it should nol be used as an
identifying character A unique feature
of recluse spiders is Iheir six eyes, ar-
ranged in pairs in a semicircle (Fig. 4).
iviay zuuu Spiders
which can be seen with Ihe use of a
good hand lens. Most olher spiders
have eight eyes.
^^^recluse spiders make large, irregu-
flattened, cobweb-lype webs with
thick strands extending in all direc-
tions. These spiders avoid light, are
active at nighl. and tend to build Iheir
webs in out-of-the-way places. Chilean
recluse spiders may be found indoors
in boxes, in corners, behind pictures, in
old clothing hanging undisturbed, and
in olher similar places Desert recluse
spiders appiear outdoors where they
may be found under rocks or wood.
A person bitten by a recluse spider
may not be aware of having been bit-
ten at the lime of the bite The firsl
symploms often appear several hours
later. They consist of pain, formation of
a small blister, redness, and swelhng at
Ibe bite sile. In the days following tbe
initial bite, the tissue dies and sloughs
off, exposing underlying flesh. Tbe
area develops into an open sore that is
very slow to heal and may leave a
sunken scar after healing. There may
be accompanying flulike effects such as
nausea, fever, chills, and restlessness.
Bites from brown recluse spiders have
never been confirmed in California,
^detailed information on these
. is available in Fesl Notes; Brown
RreTtise and Other Rerluse Spiders. listed
in Ihe "Suggested Reading" section
Oflier Spiders
Jn addition lo the species meniioned
above, there are only a few other spe
cies of spiders in California that may
on occasion bile humans. (Rememtier.
if Ihe bite of any spider causes an un-
usual or severe reaction, contact a
physician.)
One kind of red and black jumping
spider, Ptisdippus johnsoni. may bite if it
is disturbed, bul the biles are usually
not serious The female spiders are
black with red on the lop side of the
abdomen whereas Ihe males are all
red. These spiders range in size from
*/| to Vz inch long
Tarantulas are long-hved spiders that
occupy burrows in the ground during
the day but often come out at night lo
hunt insects near the burrow They
commonly aip feared because of iheir
large size and hairy appearance Some
poisonous tarantulas occur in tropical
parts of the world, but the bites of Cali-
fornia tarantulas are nol likely to be
serious—al worst, they are similar lo a
bee sting.
The hobo spider. Tegenaria agrestrs.
also called tbe aggressive house spider,
is a common spider in the Pacific
Northwest It builds funnel-shaped
webs in dark, moist areas such as base-
ments, window wells, wood piles, and
around Ihe fieri meter of homes. It is a
large (I to 1V4 inch, including legs),
fast-running brown spider witb a her-
ringbone or multiple chevron pattem
on the top of the abdomen.
Biles mosl commonly occur when a
person picks up firewood wilh a spider
on it or when a spider Finds ils way
into clothing or bedding. Reactions lo
bites of Ihe hobo spider are similar lo
those caused by brown recluse spiders.
The major difference between the two
is that sometimes Ihe bite of llie hobo
spider is accompanied by a severe
headache that does nol respond to
aspirin. The hobo spider has not been
documented in Galifornia, but it has
been documented as expanding ils
range into olher states that border
Washington and Oregon
One spider frequently found indoors is
Ihe common house spider. Achaearanea
tppidariorum (Fig. 5). which makes a
cobweb in corners of rooms, in win-
dows, and in similar places. Another is
Ihe marbled cellar spider. Holocnemus
plucbei. which was introduced into Ihe
state in Ihe 1970s and has since dis-
placed Ihe once common longbodied
cellar spider, Pbokus pbshngioides
(Fig. 6). a longlegged spider that re-
sembles a daddy-longlegs. These spi-
ders are incapable of biting humans
because Iheir fangs are too short lo
pierce people s skin, they primarily
cause problems by producing messy
cobwebs
Various kinds of small hunting spiders
may wander indoors and occasionally,
rather large, hunting-type spiders are
discovered in homes or garages Often
Ihese are fully grown wolf spider or
tarantula males tbat have reached ma-
turity and are searching for females.
V/hen these spiders are >vandering. one
(aclual size
ot body)
Figure 5. Adult common house spider.
Figure 6. Adult longbodied cellar spider,
or more may accidentally gel indcx5rs-
New houses and other strudures in
developmenls may be invaded by wolf
spiders that have lost iheir usual out-
door living places The more insects
Ihere are inside 3 building, the more
likely it is to have spiders living there-
Usually spiders are most abundant in
fall following the first few rains of the
season- Immature and adull female
burrow living spiders sometimes wan-
der for a time during the rainy season
if they have had lo abandon wet
burrows
MANAGEMENT
Remember that spiders are primarily
beneficial and their activities shouJd be
encouraged in the garden Pesticide
conlrol is difficult and rarely neces-
sary. The best approach to controlling
spiders in and around Ihe home is to
remove hiding spots for reclusive spi-
ders such as black widows and regu-
larly clean webs off the house wilh
brushes and vacuums
Prevenfion and
Nonchemical Control
Spiders may enter houses and otfier
structures through cracks and other
openings. They also may be carried in
on items like plants, firewood, and
boxes Regular vacuuming or sweeping
of windows, corners of rooms, storage
areas, basements, and olher seldomly
used areas helps remo\ e spiders and
their webs Vacuuming spideis can be
cspioers
an effective control technique because
Iheir sofl hiodies usually do nol survive
Ihis process Indoors, a web on which
dusl has gathered is an old web lhal is
longer being used by a spider. f
Tnd
ndividual spiders can also be removed
from indoor areas by placing a jar over
Ihem and slipping a piece of paper
under Ihe jar Ihat then seals off Ihe
opening of tbe jar when it is hfted up.
To prevent spiders from coming in-
doors, seal cracks in the foundation
and other parts of the slructure and
gaps around windows and doors.
Good screening not only witl keep out
many spiders but also will discourage
Ihem by keeping oul insects that they
must have for fcxid.
In jndoor storage areas, place boxes off
the floor and away fiom walls, when-
ever possible, lo help reduce their use-
fulness as a hartiorage for spiders.
Sealing the boxes with tape will pre-
vent spiders from laking up residence
within Clean up clutter in garages,
sheds, basements, and other slorage
areas Be sure lo wear gloves to avoid
accidental bites
For more inlormalion contacl the University
Klomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
I commissioner's office in your coun-
your phone book lor addresses and
phone numbers
CONTRIBinORS: R Vetler. P O Connoi-
Marer. E Mussen. L. Allen. K Daane. G.
Hickman. A. Staler, P- Phillips. R Hanna
EDITOR B- Ohlendod
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M L- Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION M Bnish
ILLUSTRATIONS Fig. 3; J L Lockwood;
Fig 5 V. Winemiller
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi-
cations. UC Statewide IPM Projecl. Univer-
sity of California. Davis, CA 96616-8620
Tbis Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (ht1p;//www.ipm.ucdavis.cdu)
UC+IPM
To simplify mformation. trade names of products
have been used. No endorsemenl of named prod-
ucts IS inlended. nor is criticism implied of similar
products lhat are not mentioned.
This malerial is panially based upon »«j.k supported
by the Ejlensron Service. U S Depar.menI ol Agri-
culture, under speciai pioject Section 3(d). Integrat-
ed Pest Managemenl
Outdoors, eliminate places for spiders
lo hide and build Iheir webs by keep-
ing Ihe area nexl to the foundation free
of trash, leaf litier. heavy vegetation,
and other accumulations of materials
Trimming plant growlh away from Ihe
house and other structures will dis-
courage spiders from first taking up
residence near the structure and Ihen
moving indoors. Outdoor hghting at-
tracts insects, which in turn attracts
spiders. If possible, keep lighting fix-
tures off structures and away from
windows and doorways Sweep, mop.
hose, or vacuum webs and spiders off
buildings regularly Insecticides will
not provide long term conlrol and
should not generally be used againsl
spiders outdoors
Cbemica} Control
Typically pesticide conlrol of spiders is
difficult unless you actually see the
spider and are able lo spray it. There
are various insecticides available in
retail outlets labeled for spider controL
including pyrethrins. resmethrin, al
letbrin, or combinalions of Ihese prod-
ucts Avoid producis containing
chlorpyrifos or diazinon because they
have been implicated in storm water
contamination. If you spray a spider, it
will be killed only if the spray lands
directly on it. the spray residual does
nol have a long lasting effect. This
means a spider can walk over a
sprayed surface a few days (and in
many cases, a few hours) after treat
menl and nol be affected Conlrol by
spraying is only temporary unless ac-
companied by housekeeping. Il is just
as easy and much less toxic to crush
the spider with a rolled up newspaper
or your shoe or to vacuum if up,
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carelully foltow all precautions and safetv ,P.^rw,„,» ••
given on the conlainer bbel Store all ct^m^ls in the original bb^led^^l Js^T^^kiTr^ , w
away „om tood o, teeds. and ou, o. .he reach of ch.«reTunault;:^;e^r,rc:,r l^'^^:^.^::,^''-
Confum chemK:als to Ihe property bemg treated. Avoid drilt onto neighboring properties' esoeciallv aanlen,
contaming fruits andAjr vegetables leady lo be picked. <5Pen«s, especially 9a,dens
Dispose ot empty containers carefully Foltow label inslruclKins lo, disposal Never reuse the containers
mev m"" "°' ^W'^" °' ^eve, dispose of coLui^s w^e they may contaminate watei supplies or natural watenrnays. Do nol pour down smk oMoilT r .
Sorptive dusts containing amorphous
silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyre-
thrins. which can be applied by profes-
sional pesl control applicators only,
may be useful in certain indoor situa-
tions Particles of the dust affect the
ouler covering of spiders (and also
insects) thai have crawled over a
Irealed surface, causing them to dry
out. When applied as a dusllike film
and left in place, a sorptive dusl pro-
vides permanenl proiection againsl
spiders. The dust is mosl advanta-
geously used in cracks and crevices
and in attics, wall voids, and other
enclosed or unused places,
COMPILED FROM;
Barr. B, A . G W Hickman, and C S
Koehler. 1984 Spiders, Oakland; Univ,
CaliL Div Agric Nat. Res Leaflet
2531.
SUGGESTED READING
Akre, R. D . and E P. Calls. 1992
Spiders. Pullman; Wash Stale Univ .
Cooperative Extension Publ, EB1548
Hedges, S A., and M S. Lacey. 1995.
Field Guide for lhe Management of Urban
Spiders. Cleveland: Franzak and
Foster Co.
Marer. R 1991 Residcntja/. Industnal.
and Instilutiona! Pest Control. Oakland;
Univ. CaliL Div. Agric Nat Res
PubL 3334
Veller. R. 5 Jan 2000 Pesl Notes; Brown
Recluse and Otber Recluse Spiders
Oakland; Univ. Calif Div. Agric Nal.
Res. Publ. 7468 Also available onhne
at: http /Avww jpm ucdavis edu/PMG/
selectnewpesi home htmi
The University ol Califoinia prohibits discrimination against or harassment ol anv nersorx :r;r~
menta^ drsabrlity. medrcal condiiion (cancer related or genetic chaiacteristics) ancesL mart^u^I^^^oT
sexual orientation^ citizenship, oi status as a covered veteran (special d iabTd vTie'^ ^^fn^m eTa
rr::m^r;7adr^arrnr^:-rur^
N_atuia, Resources. 1,11 F-anktin. 6,h Floor. Oakl^d CA s"?^;^^^^^ ^'^'^'"'^ '"^
SNAILS AND SLUGS
Integrated Pest Management for the Home Gardener
Figure 1- Brown garden snaiL
Snails and slugs are among the mosl
bothersome pesls in many garden and
landscape situations- The brown gar-
den snail {Helix aspersa) (Fig. 1), is
the most common snail causing prob-
lems in Califomia gardens; it was in-
troduced from France during the
1850s for use as food.
fal spedes of slugs are frequently
damaging, including the gray garden
slug (PfTocfTUS rcticulalum) (Fig. 2),
the banded slug {Umax poiriai) and
Ihe greenhouse slug {Mdox gagales).
Both snails and slugs are members of
the mollusk phylum and are similar in
stmcture and biology, except slugs
lack the snail's extemal spiral shell
IDENTIFICATION AND
BIOLOGY
Snails and slugs move by gliding along
on a muscular "foot." This muscle
constantly secretes mucus, which
later dries lo form the silvery "slime
trail" that signals the presence of
these pests. Adult brown garden
snails lay aboul SO spherical, pearly
white eggs at a lime into a hole in lhe
topsoil. They may lay eggs up lo six
limes a year. It lakes about 2 years Ior
snails to mature. Slugs reach maturity
in about a year
Snails and slugs aie mosl active at
nighl and on cloudy or foggy days. On
sunny days lhey seek hiding places
out of the heal and sun; often the only
clues to iheir presence are their sil-
very trails and plant damage- In mild-
winler areas such as in southem
California and in coastal localions,
young snails and slugs are active
throughout the yeai-
CXiring cold weather, snails and slugs
hibernate in the lopsoil. During hoL
dry periods, snails seal themselves off
with a parchmentlike membrane and
often allach themselves to tree
Imnks, fences, or walls
DAMAGE
Snails and slugs feed on a variety of
living plants as well as on decaying
plant matter On planis they chew
irregular holes with smooth edges in
leaves and can chp succulent planl
parts. They can also chew fruit and
young plant bark. Because Ihey prefer
succulent foliage, they are primarily
pests of seedlings, herbaceous plants,
and ripening fruits, such as strawber-
ries, artichokes, and tomatoes, that
are close to the ground. However,
Lhey will also feed on foliage and fruit
of some trees; citrus are espedally
susceptible to damage.
MANAGEMENT
A good snail and slug management
program relies on a combinafion of
methods. The firsl step is lo elimi-
nate, to the extent possible, all places
where snails or slugs can hide during
the day- Boards, stones, debris,
weedy areas around tree Imnks, leafy
branches growing close fo the
ground, and dense giound covers
such as ivy are ideal sheltering spots-
There will be shelters lhat are nol
possible to eliminale — e g , low
ledges on fences, the undeisides of
wooden decks, and water meter
boxes- Make a regular praclice of re-
moving snails and slugs in these ar-
eas- Also, locale vegetable gardens or
susceptible plants as far away as pos-
sible from these areas- Redudng Jiid-
ing places allows fewer snads and
slugs lo survive. The survivors con-
gregate in the remaining shelters,
where lhey ran more easily be lo-
cated and conlrolled. Also, switching
from sprinkler irrigation lo drip iniga-
Figure 2. Cray garden slug.
PEST |SJOTFS Publication 7427
University of California
Division of Agr i c u 11 u r e a nd INlatural Resources revised August 1999
figure 3. A snail trap can be made from a board wifh 1-inch risers.
tion will reduce humidily and moist
surfaces, making the habilal less fa-
vorable for these pesls
Handpicking
Handpicking can bc very elfetrtive if
done thoroughly on a regular basis- At
first il should be done daily; after the
population has noticeably declined, a
weekly handpicking may be suffident
To draw oul snails, watei the infested
area in the lale aflemoon After daik,
I^Bh them out using a flashlight,
^^^hem up (rubber gloves are
handy when slugs are involved), place
Ihem in a plaslic bag, and dispose ol
them in the trash; or lhey can be put
in a bucket with soapy waler and then
disposed of in your compost pile Al-
tematively, captured snails and slugs
can be cmshed and lelt in the garden
Traps
Snails and slugs can be Irapped under
boards or flower pots }x>silioned
throughout the garden and landscape
You can make traps from 12 " x 15"
boards (or any easy-to-handle size)
raised off the ground by l-inch run-
ners (Fig- 3)- Tbe mnners make it easy
for the pesls to crawl underneath-
Scrape off the accumulated snails and
slugs daily and destroy them Crush-
ing is the most common method of
destmction. Do not use salt to destroy
snails and slugs; it will increase soil
salinity. Beer-baited traps have been
used lo trap and drown slugs and
snails; however, thev attract slugs
and snails within an area of only a few
feef, and musl be refilled every few
days to keep the level deep enough to
drown the mollusks If using beer, it is
more eflective fresh than flat. Traps
musl have veriical sides fo keep the
snails and slugs from crawling out.
Snail and slug Iraps can also h>e pur-
chased at garden supply stores.
Barriers
Seveial types of barriers will keep
snails and slugs out of planting beds.
The easiest to mainlain are those
made wilh copper flashing and
screens. Copper barriers are effective
because il is thought lhal the copper
reads with the slime that lhe snail or
slug secretes, causing a flow of elec-
tridty. Vertical copper screens can be
eiecled around planling beds. The
screen should be 6 inches tall and
buried several inches below the soil
to prevent slugs from crawling be-
neath the soil
Copper foil (for example, Snail-Ban)
can be wiapped around planting
boxes, headers, or trunks to repel
snails for several years. When band-
ing tmnks, wrap the copper foil
around the trunk, fab side down, and
cut it to allow an 8-inch overlap. At-
tach one end or the middle of the
band lo the trunk with one staple
oriented parallel lo the trunk Overlap
and fasten the ends with one oi two
large paper clips lo allow the copper
band to slide as the tmnk grows.
Bend the tabs out at a 90 degree angle
from the trunk The bands need to be
cleaned occasionally. When using
copper bands on planter boxes, be
sure the soil wilhin lhe boxes is snail-
free before applying bands. If il is noL
handpick the snails and slugs from
the soil afler applying lhe band unlil
the box is free of these p-ests
Instead of copj>er bands, Bordeaux
mixture (a copper sulfate and hy-
drated lime mixture) can be bmshed
on trunks to repiel snails. One treal-
ment should last about a year- Adding
a commerdal spreader may increase
fhe persistence of Bordeaux mixture
through two seasons- Sticky malerial
{such as Stickem Green, which con-
tains copper) applied lo tmnks ex-
cludes snails, slugs, anls, and
flightless species of weevils. Barriers
of dry ashes or diatomaceous earth
heaped in a band 1 inch high and 3
inches wide around the garden have
also been shown lo be effective. How-
ever, Ihese barriers lose their effec-
tiveness after becoming damp and are
iherefore difficult lo maintain
Natural Enemies
Snails and slugs have many natural
enemies, including ground beelles,
pathogens, snakes, loads, turtles, ar>d
birds (including ducks, geese, and
chickens), but they aie rarely effec-
tive enough to provide satisfactory
control in the garden A predaceous
snaiL the decollate snail (Rumina
decollala) has been released in south-
ern California citrus orchards for con-
lrol of the brown garden snail and is
providing very effective biological
controL ll feeds only on small snails,
not full-sized ones. Because ol the
potential impact of the decollate snail
on certain endangered mollusk spe-
cies, it cannot be released outside of
Fresno, Imperial, Kem, Los Angeles,
Madera, Orange, Riverside, Santa Bar-
bara, San Bernardino, San Diego,
Ventura, or Tulare counties in Califor-
nia- Also, decollate snails may feed on
seedlings, small plants, and flowers os
well as be a nuisance when Ihry roivr
the back palio on a mislv dau
Bails
Snail and slug baits can be effective
when used properly in conjunction
ilh a cultural program incorporating
other methods discussed above,
ails will kill decollate snails if lhey
are present.
^^i(
Metaldehyde or metaldehyde/car-
baryl snail bails can be hazardous
and should not be used where chil-
dren and pets cannot l?e kept away
from them. A recently registered snail
and slug baiL iron phosphate (Sluggo
or Escar-Go), has the advantage of
being safe lor use around domestic
animals and wildlife.
Never pile bail in mounds or clumps,
especially those baits lhal are hazard-
ous, because piling makes a bait
attractive to pels and children Place-
ment of the bail in a commerdal bail
trap reduces hazards to pels and chil-
dren and can prolert baits from mois-
tuie, but may also leduce iheii
effertiveness. Thick liquid baits may
persist better under condilions of rain
and sprinklers.
^ynoie infoimaiion conlact lhe Univeisily
^^Hilornia Ccx>peralive Extension or agii-
^^Plal commissioner's oflice in your coun-
ty See youi phone book for addiesses and
phone numtieis.
CONTRIBUTORS: ) Kailik, P Phillips, and
N Sakovich
lUUSlRATIONS: figs 1, 2-Valerie
Winemullei; fig 3-DANR leaflet 2530
EDITOR: 8. Ohiendoif
TECHNICAI IDITOR: M I. f linl
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Biush
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica-
tions. UC Statewide IPM Pioject, University
ol California, Davis, CA 9561&-8b20
This Pest Nole is avaiUblr on the World
Wide Web llittp://www-ipm-ucdavi3-edu)
UC^IPM
To amplify intoimaiton. trade names of producis
tiavf tjeen usfd. Mo endoisemenl ol named producis
h intended, nor is c lilicism implied of similar prod-
ucls lhal aie nor menfioned
Thismaifiial is panially based upon work supponed
bv lhe f xlension Service. US Depart menl oi Agiicul-
luie, undei special projecl Seclion 3ld;, trlegraled
Pp^[ Managpr-ieni
The timing of any baiting is cnlical;
baiting is less effective during very
hot, very dry, or cold limes of the
year because snails and slugs are less
active duiing these periods. Irrigate
before applying a bait lo piomote
snail activity. Make spot applications
instead of widespread applications.
Apply bait in a narrow slrip around
sprinklers or in olher moist and pro-
tected locations or scatter it along
areas lhat snails and slugs cross lo
get from sheltered areas to the
garden.
Ingestion of the iron phosphate bait,
even in small amounts, will cause
snails and slugs to cease feeding, al-
though it may lake several days for
the snails to die. Iron phosphate bait
can be scattered on lawns or on the
soil around any vegetables, ornamen-
tals, or fruit trees lo be protected It
breaks down less rapidly than
metaldehyde and may remain effec-
tive for several weeks, even after irri-
gation
Avoid gelling metaldehyde bait on
plants, espedally vegetables. Baits
conlaining only metaldehyde are leli-
able when condilions are dry and hot
or following a rain when snails and
slugs are artive. Metaldehyde does
not kill snails and slugs diiectly un-
less they eat a substantial amounl ol
ll, lather, it stimulates their mucous-
producing cells to overproduce
mucous in an attempt to detoxify the
bait. The cells eventually fail and the
snail dies. When il is sunny or hot,
they die from desiccation. If it is cool
and weL lhey may recover if they
ingest a sublethal dose- Do not water
heavily for at least 3 or 4 days after
bail placement; watering will reduce
effectiveness and snails may recover
from metaldehyde fxiisoning if high
moisture conditions occur Metalde-
hyde breaks down rapidly when ex-
posed lo sunlight; however. Deadline,
a special formulation of metaldehyde,
does not- Deadline holds up well in
wef wealher and does not have the
problem with sublethal doses that
other metalde-hyde baits have.
COMPUED FROM
Dreistadt, S. H., J K. Clark, and M L.
Flint. 1994- Pests of landscape Trees
and Shrubs: An Integrated Pesl Manage-
menl Guide. Oakland: Univ Calif- Div.
Agnc and Nat Resources, Publica-
lion 3359-
FhnL M- L. 1998 Pfsfs of the Garden
and Small Parm: A Grower's Guide to
Using Less Pesticide, 2nd ed Oakland:
Univ. Cahf. Div Agric and Nat. Re-
sources, Publication 3332.
Hesketh, K. A. and W. S Mcxiie. 1979
Snails and Slugs in Ihe Home Garden.
Oakland; Univ. Calif Div. Agric and
Nat Resources, Leaflet 2530.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHIMICAIS
Irom (ood o, feeds, and out of Ihe reach of child.en. unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock
Confine themicafs lo the prope.ry being healed. Avoid dull onto neighboiing piopen.es especially gaidens
conlamingfiu.ls and/or vegetables ready to be picked. K P "i^' es. especially gardens
Disposeof emply comainerscarefully follow label inslructions loi disposal. Neve, reuse theconlaine.s Male
suie empy conlaineis aie nd accessible ,o chrldien or animals NeveVdispose ol ccxVaineis whe-e'h™
conlarjiinale wale, supply or nalural wa.erways Oo no. pour down sink o, loile. Consull your cl-^
3Er.c»lluralcomm.s.one,fo,correc,waysold,sposi,^.resspes.rcides. Neve, burn pesl K ide cTla^e^
The Unrversily of Calilo.nia prohibrls disciiminalion agamst o, haiassmeni of any peison emptoyed by o,
seeling emptoymer-w«h the Unnreisi.y on .he basis of lace, coto., national origin iri^gion sex pL^>t o
menlaldisabilily. medical condiiion Icancer lelaledo, genetic chaiac.eiislicsi.ln^eslry^ ma.ital s-a^ age
^ a T T ""T' P .S ' ' "'""^ veleian.^Vietnam e a ve.e an
applKab;; s'afe'ar!^ ^2 '"'^''f """y - beTons.sIeni ZlU ihe piovisions ot applicable Siaie and Fedeial laws. Inc^unes legaidmg ihe Univeis.iy s nondiscnmination polices mav be
Unive,s,lvofCal.to.n,a.Ag|-c",u.:and
Natu.JResouices. linrianklm. fclhHoorOalland.CA 94607 S700.,Sl6)987.009b
ROSES IN THE GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE:
INSECT AND MITE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
Roses are among the most intensively
managed planis in many home land-
scapes. Part of ihis intensive manage-
ment is the frequent applicalion of
pestiddes. However, while inserts
and mites may attack roses from time
to time, many rose enthusiasts are
able lo maintain vigorous plants and
produce high qualily blooms with
litlle or no use of insecticides, espe-
dally in Califomia's dry interior val-
leys. The key is careful selection of
varieties, which vary significantly in
susceptibility to insect and disease
problems, good altenlion lo appropri-
ale cultural prartices, and occasional
handpicking or using water to spray
away pests Keep an eye oul for rising
populalions of natural enemies lhat
often rapidly reduce the numbers of
aphids, mites, and olher pesls For
management of diseases see UC 1PM
Pest Notes Publication 7463, Roses in
Ihe Garden and Landscape: Diseases
and Abiotic Disorders, and lor general
j^^^n cultural practices and weed
^BR>L see UC IPM Pest Notes Publica-
lion 7465, Roses in Ihe Garden ond
Landscape: Cultural Practices and
Weed Control.
COMMON INSECT
AND MITE PESTS
Aphids are Ihe most
common insect
pesls on roses.
The actual species
involved depends
on where lhe roses
are grown in lhe slale
and includes the rose aphid,
Macrosiphum rosae, the potato aphid,
M euphorbiae, and the cotton aphid.
Aphis gossypii among olhers. Aphids
favor rapidly growing tissue such as
buds and shoots Low to moderate
levels of aphids do lillle damage to
planis, allhough many gardeners are
concemed xvith their very presence.
Moderate to high populations can
secrete copious amounts of honey-
dew, resulting in the growth of sooty
mold, which blackens leaves. Very
high numbers may kill buds or reduce
flower size, Aphids have many natural
enemies including lady beetles, soldier
beelles, and syrphid flies (see iLie
section on Common Natural Enemies)
that may rapidly reduce increasing
populations. Keep ants oul of bushes
with sficky barriers or Iraps lo im-
prove biological conlrol. Lady beelles
often increase in number when aphid
populations are high. The convergent
lady beetle is sold at nurseries for
release against aphids and may reduce
numbers when properly released.
Releasing green lacewings against the
rose aphid has nol been shown lo
offer significant control in research
trials.
A naturally occurring fungal pathogen
may control aphids when condilions
are wet or humid. In most areas
aphids are normally a problem for
only about 4 to 6 weeks in spring and
early summer before high summer
temperatures reduce their numbers. In
many landscape situations, knocking
aphids off with a forceful spray of
waler early in the day is all lhat is
needed to supplement nalural conlroL
Insectiddal soaps or neem oil can also
be used lo increase mortality of
aphids with only mcxierale impaci on
nalural enemies. Aphids are easy lo
conlrol wilh insectiddes such as lhe
foliar syslemic acephate (Orlhene) or
malathion, but such apphcations are
seldom necessary. Soil-applied sys-
temic insecticides may be effective
bul are not usually necessary.
Insects and Mites Tbat Cause
Leaves to Stipple or Yellow
Spider mites, Tetranychus spp , cause
leaves lo be stippled or bleached,
often with webbing, or they may
cause leaves to dry up and fall. They
are liny (about the size of iFie period
al Ihe end of this sentence) and are
besl seen with the use ol a hand lens
High numbers are usually
assodated wilh dry,
dusly condilions. Spider
mile numbers may
greatly increase if their
many natural enemies
are killed by broad-
spectrum insecticides
applied for other pesls
For instance, applications
of carbaryl (Sevin) applied lo control
olher pests are frequently followed by
an increase in mite populations
Conserving natural enemies, provid-
ing sufficient irrigation, and redudng
dusl may all help conlrol mites. Over-
head irrigation or periodic washing of
leaves with water can be very effec-
tive in reducing mite numbers If
treatment is necessary, spider miles
can be conlrolled with inserticidal
soap, horticultural od, or neem oil.
Releases of predator mites have been
used in some situations.
Rose leafhopper,
Edwardsianna
rosae, causes
slipphng larger
than mile stip-
pling but tends
lo be a problem
only in certain
Pubiieatioo 74G6
University of California
Division of Agriculture and NIatural Resources September 1999
beplember 1999 Koses: insecl and Mile Kesls and beneficials
localities Casl skins and the ab-
sence ol webbing on the underside
•
taves is a good indication that
se pesls are present. Planis can
tolerate moderate stippling. Use an
insecticidal soap if an infestation is
severe.
Insects Tbat Distort or
Discolor Blossoms
Thrips. Westem flower ihrips, f ron-
kliniella occidentalis, and Madrone
thrips, Thrips madroni, cause injury
primarily to rose flowers,
causing blossom petals
to streak wilh brown or
become dislorted. The
liny yellow or black
thrips inserts can be
found within the blos-
soms Thrips problems
are more likely to be severe where
many rose bushes locaied close to-
gether provide a continuously bloom-
ing habitat. Fragrant light-colored or
while roses are most often attacked
and can be severely damaged, Culti-
vars with sepals that lemain lightly
wrapped around the bud until blooms
open have fewer problems In most
b^Ke garden and landscape situa-
thrips can be tolerated Fre-
quenl clipping and disposal of spent
blooms may reduce thrips problems.
Control with insecticides is difficult
because mateiials are mostly elfeclive
on eaily developmental stages, which
are commonly found wilhin buds or
flowers where most pestidde applica-
tions cannoi f>eneliale. It should be
noted that western flower thrips can
have a beneficial role as a predator of
spider miles.
Insects Tbat May Chew
Blossoms and/or Leaves
Fuller rose beelle. Adulls of Fuller
rose beetle, /?syitonyc/ius godmani,
chew flowers and foliage leaving
notched or ragged
edges. Adull beetles
are pale brown wee-
vils lhat are aboul
3/8 inch long. They
are flightless and
hide during the day,
often on the under-
sides of leaves; feeding takes place at
nighl. The larvae are root feeders bul
do not seriously damage roses Low
numbers can be ignored; olherwise,
handpick the beelles off the plant, use
sticky material on stems, and trim
branches lhal create bridges to walls
and olher plants. The adulls are diffi-
cult lo conlrol wilh inserticides be-
cause lhey have a long emergence
period lhat goes from June lo Novem-
ber. Parasitic nematodes may be help-
ful if applied to the soil in early to
midsummer,
Hoplia beetle, Hoplia callipyge. is
aboul 1/4 inch long and chews holes
mostly in lhe j>elals of open flowers. It
is primarily a problem in the Central
Valley from Sacramento south lo
Bakersfield. The hoplia beetle prefers
feeding on light-colored roses (white,
pink apricot, and yellow) but does
not damage leaves Larvae are root
feeders but do nol feed on the roots
of rose plants. There
is only one genera-
I Mf^/f^Y^ ^ year and
iT Itl l.li ^ damage is usually
' Ck»l|''/l ' , ,
confined lo a 2- to
4-week period in late
spring. Adult hoplia
beelles can be handpicked or infested
lose blooms clipped off plants Sprays
aie nol very effective and should not
be necessary in a garden situation
tactual
srre)
(length of bee)
Leafcutter bees,
Megachile spp, cut
semicircular holes
in the margins of
leaves and carry
leaf material back
to use in lining their
nesls. Bees are impor-
tant pollinators and should not be
killed. Tolerate this pest as there are
no effective controls
Rose curculio, Merhynchiles spp ,
red to black snout weevil about 1
inch long thai prefers yellow and
white roses. It punch-
es holes in flowers
and buds and may
create ragged
holes in blossoms
or kill the develop-
ing bud 11 weevils
fi
are numerous, terminal shoots may be
killed as well. Larvae feed within buds,
often killing them before they open.
Handpick adults off plants and destroy
infested bods, A broad-spectmm insec-
ticide can be applied to kill adults if the
infestation is severe.
Caterpillars such as orange lortrix,
tussock moth, fmittree leafroller, teni
caterpillar, and omnivorous looper may
feed on rose leaves; some of these cat-
erpillars may also tie leaves with silk.
Damage is usually not severe and treat-
ment not usually necessary. Handpick
or clip out rolled leaves. Small leaf-
feeding caterpillars can be killed wilh
an application ol the microbial insecti-
cide Bacillus thuringiensis. Some cater-
pillars, like the tobacco budworm, may
occasionally bore info flower buds.
Look lor the caterpillar or ils frass in-
side Prune and destroy damaged buds.
Rose slug, Endelomyia aethiops, is the
black to pale green, sluglike larva of a
sawfly. Unlike pear slug, this species
has apparent legs and looks like a cat-
erpillar. Young larvae
skeletonize the lower
leaf suiface while
matuie larvae chew
large holes in leaves.
These pests have
many natural ene-
mies. They may be
washed off wilh a
strong stream of
water or killed with
an applicalion of
insectiddal soap. {Bacillus thuringiensis
will not work because these are wasp
larvae and nol lhe larvae of butterflies
or moths )
Insects That Cause
Canes to Die Back
Flatheaded borers,
Chrysobolhris spp ,
may kill canes or an
entire plant Larvae are
while and up lo 1 inch
long with enlarged
heads. Adult beetles do
nol significantly damage
roses Eggs tend to be laid s'^e)
on stressed rose plants, especially in
bark wounds caused by sunburn or
J m
disease. Remove and destroy infested
material and keep plants healthy by
•roviding sulficient irrigation and
oiding excessive summer pruning.
Raspberry homtail, Hartigia cressoni,
larvae are while, segmented caterpil-
lars up to 1 inch long that can cause
lipis of canes to will and die in spring,
reducing second cycle blooms. Adults
are wasplike, black or black and yeb
low, and about 1/2 inch long. Inspect
canes in spring (mid-April to mid-
June) lor egg laying indsions or swell-
ings caused by larvae and cut them off
below the infestation. Prune off infest-
ed canes until heallhy pith is found.
tactual size)
Scale inserts including rose scale,
Aulacaspis rosae, and San Jose scale,
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, are occa-
sionally the cause of cane decline or
dieback when numbers are high
These armored scales can be ob-
served on canes as smaM, grayish,
round lo oval encmsla-
tions, ranging in size from «lo 1/4 inch. These in-
I have no legs or an-
ae for most of their
lives and are immobile
In winter, cut back and
destroy infested
canes and apply
insecticidal oil lo
remaining infested canes if necessary.
Scales are attacked by many natural
enemies Look for exit holes in mature
scale covers, which indicale parasiti-
zation.
An Insect Rarely Found
in Califomia
Rose midge, Dasincura rhodophaga,
was reported infesting roses in a nurs-
ery in Petaluma, California in August
1996. Rose midges are liny flies that
lay their eggs inside lhe sepals of flow-
er buds or on planl terminals. Hatch-
ing larvae move into flower buds to
feed, leaving lhe injured buds to with-
er, blacken, and die. Pupation CKCurs
(adual size)
m the soil and two to four generations
can occur annually. When first reporl-
ed in 19%, there was widespread fear
that this pesl would move rapidly
through the slale, caus-
ing severe damage to
roses in gardens and
commerrial nurseries.
However, few midges
were found in 1997.
The pesl has been
preseni in central Ore-
gon and Washington for many years
and is not known to be a major pest
Ihere. Hopefully il will not become a
problem in California. Take any sus-
pected infested mateiial lo your coun-
ty Agricultural Commissioner for
identificalion Don't confuse the rose
midge with Lhe similar looking benefi-
dal midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza,
which feeds on aphids- Aphidoletes
larvae aie found on stem, bud, or leaf
surfaces feeding wilhin aphid colo-
nies, whereas Dasincura larvae are
oul ol view at Ihe base of developing
buds in lerminals-
COMMON NATURAE ENEMIES
OF INSECT AND MITE
PESTS IN ROSES
Aphid parasiles- Tiny paiasilic wasps
are very impoitanl in the control of
aphids in roses. Adulls lay their eggs
wilhin lhe aphid and developing lar-
vae, rapidly immobilizing them. Even-
tually, lhe parasite kills them and
turns them into bronze or black
crasly, bloated mummies. The para-
site pupales within the mummy and
then cuts a neal round hole and
emerges as a full grown wasp Once
you see one mum-
my in the aphid
colony, you
are likely to
see more.
Parasitic
wasps are
also imporiant in the conlrol of scale
insects, caterpillars, and many other
insecl pesls.
Minute pirate bug. Minute pirate
bugs. Onus trislicoloT, are liny Irue
bugs with black and white markings
as adulls They are often among the
first predators to ap-
pear in spring, and
Ihey feed on miles,
insecl and mile eggs,
immature scales, and
ihrips.
Lacewings. Green lacewings in the
genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are
common natural enemies of aphids
and other soft-bodied in-
sects. The gray-green lo
brown alligator-shaped
larvae are lhe predatory
slage of the Chrysoperla
spedes. The green lacy-
winged adults feed on
honeydew.
(actual size)
Lady beetles. Many different red and
black lady beelle spedes are predators
of aphids; the most common is the
convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia
convrrgens (see drawing). Another
common species in lhe garden is fhe
multi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmo-
ma axyridis. These lady beelles have
the advantage of feeding piimanly on
aphids and are predators in both the
adull and larval stages. Look for the
black, alligator-shaped larva with or-
ange dots and the
oblong, yellow eggs
lhat are laid on end
in groups. Releases
of commercially
available conver-
gent lady beetles
can reduce aphid
numbers. However,
large numbers must
be released on each
individuat rose plant.
Misl lady beelles with
a water spray before release. Make
releases in the evening at dusk by plac-
ing beelles on canes at tbe base of
plants Wet plants firsl with a fine
spray of water Expert 90% of lhe lady
beetles to fly away in lhe firsl 24 hours.
All released lady beetles are unlikely to
lay eggs and will fly away once aphid
populations have been substantially
reduced
(actual
si2e)
^j^pnriiii_«:i i;7:7:7 isuses: insect aria iviite rests anu Deneiiciais
Leatherwings or soldier beetles-
These moderate lo large-sized beelles
^^feOie Canlharid family have lealher-
^^pi dark wings and orange or red
heads and thoraxes- They feed on
aphids and are very common on
roses- Many people mistake them for
pests, but they are predaceous both
as adults and larvae (in lhe soil)-
Sometimes they leave dark splotches
of excrement on leaves
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S- H- 1994. Pesls of Land-
scape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland;
Univ Calif Chv. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ.
3359
Flint M. L., and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998.
Nalural Enemies Handbook. Oakland:
Univ Cahf Div. Agric. Nat. Res. PubL
3386.
Karhk, J., P B GoodelL and
G- W- Osleen- 1995- Improved mile
sampling may reduce acaricide use in
roses- Calif Agric. 49(3);38-40-
UC IPM Pest Notes: various pests of
gardens and landscape- World Wide
Web (http; / / www ipm ucdavis.edu)
and Univ- CaliL Div- AgriC- Nat. Res.
Syrphid flics. Syrphids, sometimes
called flower flies or hover flies, are
important predators of aphids and
very common on roses- Adults, which
superfidally resemble wasps, feed on
nertar and pollen before reprodudng
and are often seen hovering above
flowers- Larvae, often found within
aphid colonies, are legless and mag-
got shapied. There
I . . are many species in
^jHM Califomia and lhey
-rraSsfi. vary in color from
dull brown or
yellow to bright
green, but most
have a yellow
longitudinal
stiipe on the
back Don't mis-
take them for moth
or butteifly larvae!
Predaceous miles. A numbei of pied-
alory mites feed on spider miles, fre-
cjuently keeping iFiem at tolerable
levels. Predatory mites can be distin-
guished from lhe planl-feeding spider
mites by the absence of the two spots
on either side of tfie body, their pear
shape, and their more active habits-
Compared to lhe planl-feeding spe-
cies of miles lhat remain in one loca-
lion feeding, predatory mites move
rapidly around lhe leaf looking for
prey Because they are so smafl, a
hand lens is helpful in viewing them.
Spiders. All spiders are predators and
many contribute significantly to bio-
logical control Many types of spiders
including crab spiders, jumping spi-
ders, cobweb spiders, and the oib-
weavers occui in landscapes
For more infoimation contact the Univeisity
of California Cooperative Extemion oi
agiiculluia! commissionei's office in youi
county- See youi phone bciok fo, addiesses
and phone numbeis.
AUTHORS: Maiy Louise Flint and )ohn Kailik
III USI RATIONS:
Child, Ashley; FoRer lose beelle; Hoplia
beetle; lacewing larva; lady beetle adult;
lady beelle larva; leafcutter l>ee; Hose
curculio; Rose lealhopper; Stale insects;
Syrphid fly larva
Flint. M I , and S H. Dieisladi 1998
Natural Inemies Handbook. Oakland;
Univ Calif Div. Agric i Natural Res ,
Publ 3386; Aphid parasite (Table 7-1 A);
lacewinj adult (Fig. 8-13); Minute pirale
bug (Table 8 2 A); Sy^jhid adult (Table 8-
3 1)
Packa,d. A. S. 1876 Guide lo the Study of
Insects. New Yoik Hemy Holt i Co : Rose
slug (Fig 148)
Sandei son. E. D., andC F, Jackson. 7917.
flementsfy [nlomology. Boston: Ginn S.
Co flatheaded boie, (Fig 208)
Sassche,, E R , and A- D. Bo,den- 1919-
Ibe Rose Midge. Washington, DC; USDA,
Bulletin 778; Rose midge
UC /m Pesf Nofes. Oakland: Univ Calif
Div. Agric. and Nat Resourses: Aphid
iPubl. 7404, Jan. 199S); Raspberry homtail
larva (Pub! 7407. )an 1995); Spider mile
(Publ 7429. Jan 1995); Ihrips (PuW 30,
feh 199b)
lOnOK; B Ohlendod
DESlGtsI AND PRODUOtON; M Brush
PRODUCED BY IPM Educalion ar^d Publi
cations, UC Statewide IPM Projecl, Univer
sily of Calilomia, Davis. CA 9S616 8670
Ihis Pesl Nole is available on
Ihe World Wide Web
(http: //www,ipm,tKdavi$,edu)
UC^IPM
To wmptify infoimaiion, liade names of pioduf ts
have befn u>e<J- No endorsement of named
ptoduGis IS inlended, rK>i is oilicism imptied oi
similar prodtxls 1K3I are no! menlionetl.
This maleiial i^ parttsMy based upon work
supported by the Fxiension Service, U^. Depart
men! 0/ Agncufrure, undef special p»0)ecl Section
3(d), Irrfegiated Pest Managemenl
WARNING ON THE USf Of CHf MICALS
Peslictdes aie poisonous Always tead and carefull/ follow aU pecaulions and safety letommendations given
on lhe container label. Store all chemicals in lhe origmat labeled containers in 3 locked cabinel or shed, away
ifom food or feeds, and out of ihe reach of children, unauthorised persons, pets, arxl livesloc k.
Confine chemicafs lo the property being Irealed Avoid drift onto neighboiing propeflies, espetisJfy gardens
containing fiuits arxl/ot vegetables ready lo be picked.
Disposeof empfy containers caipful^. Follow label imiruc lions foi disposal Nevei reusetheco'^tai.'wr^ Male
sore emply containers are rx>i accessible lo children o* animais Nevrr dispose of containeis -vhcie ihry may
contaminate waTri supplies or nalutat waterways Oo nol pour down sink or loilpl. Conswh your couniy
agiictifluraf commissioner fo* conect ways v( (fispostngof e>t ess pesiic rdes Never bum peslir ir^e r. --jn; at nets
The University of California prohrbris disciimination against 01 harassment of ^ny peison empfoyed by OP
seeking employmrnl wilh ibe Unrverstty on the basts of race, coJoi. national origin leffglon, vex, ph\! sr jf o#
mental disability med'cat condition icancer retaiedOf ger>e*iC chafaciensricsj, ancestry, maniat stalus. age.
sexual orientaiion. citizenship, 01 status as a coveted veteran ispec ial disabled veteian, Vie(n?rn era v<-'e»an.
Of any other veteran who served on aclive cJuty during a vva» or m a campaign 01 ejped-^': n '.c wi-.ch a
campaign bacJge haj been aulbotizetf). University Policy rs mipndrd ro be consistent with li'^' p. -visr.j. s ol
appiicable Siatf and (ecJeial laws Inquiries regarding iKe Univeisitv s rtondiscrimmaiion polity's may be
directed 10 ihe Atrnmativp Actrorv^iaff Peisornel Services Duf (for Umvfi^ «rv oi California. .•*piiL:jl!L»(e ar»d
Natuial Resou'f es 111 M lanklin. Mh Floor. Oakland, CA 9^fciO' STOO. iS10> 987 009b
• 4 •
LAWN INSECTS
Integrated Pest Management for the Home Gardener
Insects are not a common cause of resi-
dential lawn damage in California, but
certain species occasionally damage or
kill lurfgrass- Insect feeding can cause
grass to turn yellow or brown, or die,
especially if the grass is already
stressed. Damage usually begins in
smafl, scattered patches, which may
merge into large dead areas. However,
lack of proper cultural care and use of
inappropriate grass species in a par-
ticular location are rrwre likely respon-
sible Ior unhealthy or dying lawns lhan
insects. Disease-causing pathogens,
excessive or inappropriate use of
chemicals such as fertilizers and heibi-
cides, and dog uiine also produce
damage resembling lhat of insects. Be-
fore laking any insecl control action, be
sure that it is insects causing Ihe prob-
lem and nol something else.
Insects that may cause damage in Cali-
fomia lawns include various root-,
crown-, and leaf-feeding caterpillars;
white grubs, which are the larvae of
•
I beelles such as the black
ass ataenius and masked chafers;
billbugs, which are weevils wilh while,
grublike larvae; and chinch bugs,
which are true bugs in the order He-
miplera Each sf>ecies produces some-
what different damage symploms and
musl be managed differently. Study
Figure 1 for identifying characteristics
and Table 1 for damage symptoms as-
sociated with each species In addition
lo the pesls in Table 1, leafhoppers
may occur in lawns, sometimes caus-
ing yellowing of leaf blades, but rarely
occur in numbers juslilying treatment.
Many other ir^secls may be observed
while examining grass. However, con-
lrol is rarely or never needed for mosl
types of insects because lhey are harm-
less or beneficial Common beneficnal
insects include predatory ants, giound
beelles, lOve beetles, and blislei
Figuie I- Identifying features of various lawn pestS-
Billbug adull is a small weevil (snout beetle), '/3 inch long, with
a long, downward-pointing snout and elbowed, clubbed
antennae- It is often seen walking on paved areas bul is difficult
to find in turf unless a drench lest is used-
Billbug larva is a creamy white, legless, Vs-inch-long grub with
a brown head. The absence of legs distinguishes a billbug larva
from a white grub larva.
Black turfgrass ataenius adull is a shiny jet black beetle,
'/sinch long, with club-end antennae
Chinch bng (southem) adult is small (less lhan '/s inch long)
and black with mostly white wings folded flat over the body.
Bolh long- and short-winged forms may be present Nymphs are
bright red to black.
Armyworoi and cutworm adults are dull brown or grayish,
rclabvely large (up lo 1'/? inches long), night-active moths
Armyworm and cutworm larvae are up to 2 inches long al
maturity; larvae ollen cuil up and lie still when disturbed
Skipper (fiery) adult is a Ginch-long, orange to brownish
butteifly wilh a hooked knob at the end ol the antennae
Lawn moth has an appendage in fiont of the head lesembling a
snout. Resting adults appear slender When distuibed, the moth
makes a short flight close to lhe grass Adults aie up to inch
long
Sod webworm (lawn moth) larva is cream colored, '/r inch
long, and has a distinctive double row of brown or black spots
down its back, locaied at the base of long brislles-
White grub (chafer) adult is a golden brown, up lo '/4-inch-
long beetle with a dark brown head; it is hairy on the underside
of its thorax.
White grub larva has a distinct brown head capsule and legs, is
up to l'/2 inches long; the posterior portion of its abdomen is
enlarged, and it typically curls tightly into a C-shape.
PEST NOTES Publication 7476
Umversily of California
Agrtcullure antJ Natural Resources Revised May 2001
May 2001 Lawn Insecls
beetles Olher common arthropods lhat
are pnmanly decomposers and do no
signilicant injury to lurfgrass include
^^^ngtails and millipedes.
MANAGING LAWN
INSECTS
Good cultural practices are the primary
melhod for managing insect damage lo
lawns Growing appropriale grass spe-
cies for a pariicular location and pro-
viding lawns wilh proper care are
especially important. Practices such as
irrigating and fertilizing have a major
impact on lawn health. Physical con-
trols, such as thatch removal, choice of
mowing height and frequency, and
providing grass with more lighl by
pruning Iree branches, are also imjx>r-
tant in certain situations. Naturally
occuning biological control may limil
some insect pests Most home lawns in
Califomia do nol need to be Irealed
wilh insecticides if proper cultural
practices aie followed Insecticides
should never be applied unless a pesl
is identified and delected af damaging
levels. If insecticides are necessary,
choose materials lhat have minimum
impacls on beneficial organisms and
the environment
Preventing Pest Problems
The best way to prevent damage from
lawn pesls is to keep grass healthy.
Heallhy lawns require few, if any, in-
secticide trealments. Also, if the
lurfgrass is under stress and a pesticide
is applied, it stands a greater chance of
suffering phytotoxic damage from the
pesticide ilself The pubhcations on
managing youi lawn lisled in "Sug-
gested Reading" give detailed inlorma-
lion on how lo grow a healthy lawn.
Choose Appropriate Varieties. There
are a number of grasses available loi
planting in Califomia. These grasses
are often referred to as either cool-sea-
son grasses (examples include annual
ryegrass, benigrass, fine fescue, Ken-
tucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass,
and tail fescue) or warm-season grasses
(bermudagrass, kikuyugrass, Sl
Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass)
Warm-season grasses produce mosl of
Iheir growth during summer and usu-
ally have a dormant period when they
lum brown during winter. Cool-season
grasses are green year-round, but pro-
duce mosl of their growlh in spring
and fall. The type of grass and the vari-
eties wrilhin each lype vary in fheir
shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, wa-
ter needs, disease resistance, and cul-
tural needs. A formerly thriving lawn
vaiiety may decline wilh changes in
light, such as moie or less shade
caused by growth or removal of nearby
trees. These factors are outlined in Sf-
lecling Ihe Besl Turfgrass, lisled in "Sug-
gested Reading." Selection of the
appropriate grass species and variety
will allow you lo grow a hardy lawn
with minimal mainlenance inpuls-
Care ioi Lawns Properly. Inappropri-
ate irrigalion is the mosl common
cause of lawn damage. Overwatering
(shallow, fiequent sprinkling) retards
deep root growth and increases lawn
Table J. Some Lawn Fesis, Appearance of Their Damage, and Cultuial Control Methods,
Pest (Scienlific name) Hosts Damage appearance Cultural control
armyworms, rulwcirms
J^^U^atetia untp\incta,
^^^moma say eio, Agrotis Spp )
all grasses, dichondra leaves and base of leaves chewed and cut
beginning in smalL inegular spots lhat can
spread lo patches extending many feet in
widlh
reduce thatch; eliminale soggy
areas; overseed lawn
billbugs
(Spllfno;7/rprus Spp )
all grasses brown, Ihin. dying grass, beginning in
small irregular spots that can spread to
patches extending many feet in widlh
irrigate and fertilize adequately;
increase mowing heighl
black tuifgrass ataenius
{Aloemus sprelvtus)
annual bluegrass,
bentgrass, ryegrass,
Kentucky bluegrass
brown, dying grass, few roots, lawn is
easily peeled off soil
increase mowing heighl, aerate to
improve root growth
fiery skippei
{H^lrphila phytpvs)
bentgrass,
bermudagrass,
Sl. Augustinegrass
1 to 2 inch-diameter spots of lawn tum
blown; spots may join to form large,
irregular dead patches; leaves chewed or
missing
reduce thatch; oveiseed wilh glass
species lhat are not preferred
lawn moths, sod webwoims
iCrombus sperryellus, Tehama
bcni/atello)
all grasses, especially
bentgrass, bluegrass,
clovers
lawn brown, leaves chewed or missing reduce thatch; irrigate and fertihze
appropriately
southern chinch bug
(Bfrssus rnsir/uns)
pnmanly St.
Augustinegrass
irregular patches of lawn tum yellowish,
then brown and begin dying during hot
wealher
reduce thatch; reduce nitrogen
feitilization; irrigate adequalefy;
plant resistant variehes such as
floralawn. Floratam. or FX-lOif
growing Sl. Augustinegrass
ivhite grubs—immatures of
masked chafers (Cvclofrphata
spp ). May and June beetles
{Phytlopba^a spp )
all grasses, especially
bluegrass, ryegrass
brown dying grass; lawn can be rolled up
if heavilv infested
irrigate and fertilize appropriately;
overseed lawn
Some pests specihc lo beimudagiass and dichondra are not mcluded m ihis table Other mverlebrales lhal occasionally damage lawns
include crane flies, fnt flies and other flies, flea beetles, leaflioppers. Lucerne moths, plant bugs, mealvbugs scale insects and miles
Adapted from All and Elmoie (1989) and Costa el al (2000), (or moie infoimation consult publicalions in -Suggpsted Reading -
ividy ^.uu I Lawn Insecls
Trei
susceptibility lo stress Pooily main-
tained sprinklers can apply too much
water in certain spots while under-
alering other areas. Bronn spots
m uneven water applications occur
requenlly and are often caused by im-
properly spaced irrigation heads,
sunken or lilted heads, or unmatched
heads lhat apply differing amounts of
waler. Correcting these physical prob-
lems wilh irrigation systems can de-
crease waler waste by over 50%,
decrease waler bills, and mosl impor-
tantly, improve lhe health of your
lawn. Lawns should be inigated
deeply and no more often lhan twice a
week.
Appropriate fertilization encourages a
dense, thick lawn lhal allows grass to
tolerate some insect feeding. The ap-
propriate timing and amount of fertil-
izer (primarily nitrogen) varies
depending on factors including season,
grass species, and local growing condi-
tions. In generaL mosl California
grasses used for lawns require from 3
to 6 piounds of actual nitrogen over a
l,OtX)-squaie-foot area annually during
their active growing season
Keep iFie blades on your lawn mower
sharp and cul your turf at a mowing
^^^1 appropriate for the lype of lawn
lo minimize depletion of food
reserves needed to outgrow insect in-
jury. Mowing frequency and heighl
depend on grass speoes, season, and
the particular use of that lawn Cool-
season lawns have suggested mowing
heights of Vh to 2V2 inches, while
warm-season lawns should be mowed
lo a heighl of to 1 inch No more
than one-third of the grass heighl
should be removed al one lime.
Lawns also beneflt from aeration. To
increase water penetration and reduce
soil compaction, periodically remove
soil plugs using hollow tines Thatch,
which is the layer of undecomposed
organic malerial on the soil suiface,
can build up and result in poor waler,
fertilizer, and air penetration Thatch
that is grealer than inch thick en-
courages caterpillar and chinch bug
populations Thalch also reduces insec-
ticide efhcac^- because insecticides can-
not penetrate to reach root feeding
inserts Prevent lhalch bv avoiding ex-
cess nitrogen application, irrigating
deeply and infrequently, and minimiz-
ing the use of lawn pesticides that can
reduce populations of microorganisms
responsible for decomposing the
lhalch- If it is more than '/2 inch thick,
physically remove thalch with a gar-
den rake, mechanical delhalcher, verti-
cal mower, or power rake- Other
methods include lopdressing lawns by
adding a thin layer ('/8-V4 inch) of soil
and raking or sweeping il into the
lhalch to encourage decomposer
microorganisms Core aerification also
mixes soil into thalch, speeding
decompiosition-
Biological Control
Certain insects, other invertebrates,
and microorganisms lhal cKCur natu-
rally in lawns feed on or parasitize
lawn pesis- This lypie of controL called
biological control may help to prevent
many lawn-dwelling insecls from be-
coming pesIS- To protecl beneficial in-
sects, avoid using broad-spectrum
pesticides lhal will kill them along
wilh the pests Biological pesticides
conlaining organisms soch as Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) and beneficiaf nema-
todes are commercially available for
controlling specific lawn insecls These
materials have minimal impacls on
natural enemies of insect pests and
other beneficial organisms such as
earthworms- Birds, moles, and olher
vertebrates also feed on lawn insecls
from time lo lime
Detecting Problems in
Your haiim
Examine your lawn weekly or just be-
fore each mowing to detect problem
areas- At the same lime, look for
weeds- A dense stand of heallhy grass
prevents most weeds fiom giowing, so
abundant weed growth indicates that
Ihe lawn is unhealthy and susceptible
to olher pesls New turfgrass is espe-
cially vulnerable lo problems and has
different irrigalion and fertilizer re-
quirements lhan established turfgrass.
An indication that a lawn may be in-
fested with insects is when the adults
(e g , moth or beetle slage) of pesls are
drawn to lights at night or when verte-
brate predators (birds, raccoons, or
skunks) are digging in your lawn for
calerpillajs and grubs However, lhe
insects coming to light may be drawn
from far away and vertebrate activity
is not a foolproof indicator They may
be feeding on earthworms instead of
insects; afso, vertebrates will retum to
wheie lhey previously found food, so
they may dig in lawns even if insect
pests are no longer abundant
H you observe damage, the next slep is
to determine the actual cause. )f you
think the damage is caused by insecls,
confirm your suspicions by Icxiking for
the pesl. The most accurate way to do
this is by using either the drench test or
by inspecting aiound loois (Table 2).
The drench test is effective for detect-
ing chinch bugs and caterpillars in-
cluding armyworms, cutworms, and
sod webwoims, but it does not delect
grubs Locating and correctly identify-
ing a pesl is important because differ-
ent pesls require different treatment
maierials, timing, and application
methods
Identify Ihe insecls you find using de-
scnptions in this publicalion (Fig. 1)
and other publicalions such as Hand-
book, of Turfgrass Pests or Turfgrass Pesls
listed in "Suggested Reading." The UC
iPM Pesl Managemenl Guidehnes:
Turfgrass is available on Ihe World
Wide Web {wwMj.ipm ucdavis edu/PMG/
selectnewpesi.lurfgrass.hlml) and con-
tains color photos of some turfgrass
pests After identifying the insects,
count the number of each type of insect
found. Some of the insecls you find
may be beneficial or nondamaging. )n
home lawns, you usually need only lo
be concemed with Ihe insects listed in
Table 1
Remember lhat the mere presence of
an insecl pest does not imply that it is
the cause of unhealthy lawns or that an
insecticide Irealmenl is needed, ll is
normal to bnd a few pest insecls in any
heallhy lawn Generally Ireatmenls are
not recommended unless the popula-
tion level of the insect pest reaches a
predetermined level called a threshold
(Table 2). Thresholds are the piopula-
lion levels al which the number of in-
secls feeding exceeds the abilily of a
heallhy lawn lo withstand the damage
lhey cause For example, an insecticide
usually IS not needed unless there are
more than about 5 armyworms and
cutworms or 15 lawn molh larvae pier
APPENDIX 5
References
References
1. City of Carlsbad, City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan,
Storm Water Standards
2. San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Water Quality Control Plan for the
San Diego Basin (Basin Plan) and Amendments, March 1997
3. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments, February 2003
4. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments - Monitoring List, February 2003
5. Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program Document, January 2003
6. ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Residential Planning
Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003
7. California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Management Practice
Handbook - New Development and Redevelopment, January 2003
8. National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase D, US EPA
9. California Department of Transportation BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Proceedings
from the Transportation Research Board 8"" Annual Meeting, Washington DC
January 7-11, 2001.
10. Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) Unit for Sediment Control in Brevard
County, Florida, 1999
11. Herr, J.L., and Harper, H.H. Removal of Gross Pollutants From Stormwater Runoff
Using Liquid/Solid Separation Structures. Environmental Research & Design, Inc.,
Orlando, FL. 14p
12. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, US EPA.
13. 2002 Aquashield, Inc.
14. 2003 Stormwater Management Inc.
15. AbTech Industries
16. Kristar Enterprises, Inc.
17. Comm Clean
18. Bowhead Manufacturing Co.
19. Ultra Tech Intemational, Inc.
20. CDS Technologies, Inc.
21. Hydro Intemational
22. Stormceptor Technical Manual, Rinker Materials, January 2003.
23. Vortechnics Design Manual, May 2000.