HomeMy WebLinkAbout1987-04-21; City Council; 8851-2; Immigration Study Task Force ReportCIT” OF CARLSBAD - AGEN
IMMIGRATION STUDY TASK FORCE REPORT
RECOMMENDED ACTION:
Receive the Immigration Study Task Force final report pursuant to Council Resolution
No. 8941.
ITEM EXPLANATION:
Resolution No. 8941 established the Immigration Study Task Force charged with studying
the impacts of immigration upon Carlsbad. The attached report is the result of the
Task Force's effort.
Because of the complexity of the issue, the report is broken down to six main
areas:
US BORDER PATROL
IMPACTS UPON THE AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY
THE ALIEN PERSPECTIVE
LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT
LOCAL HEALTH IMPACTS
IMPACT OF UNDOCUMENTED WORKERS ON CARLSBAD'S SCHOOLS
The Task Force was addressed by representatives from each of these issues. The
information derived from the speakers , combined with their own research, was used
to formulate the final report.
FISCAL IMPACT:
None.
EXHIBITS:
1. Immigration Study Task Force final report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U.S. BORDER PATROL . . . . . . y . . . . . . . . . .
IMPACTS UPON THE AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY . . . . . .
Historical Perspective of the Undocumented
Agricultural Worker
Carlsbad's Agriculture Industry
Economic Profile of Agriculture in Carlsbad
Carlsbed's Undocumented Agriculture Workers
Positive Impacts to Carlsbad from the
Undocumented Agriculture Worker
Future Changes Due to the Immigration Reform
& Control Act
Local Impacts Due to the Loss of the Farm
Industry
THE ALIEN PERSPECTIVE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOCAL LAW ENFORCEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LOCAL HEALTH IMPACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IMPACT OF UNDOCUHENTED WORKERS ON CARLSBAD'S SCHOOLS .
Migrant Education Program
Migrant Children Have Special Needs
Federal Assistance
CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF SPEAKERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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The following report is the consequence of Resolution No. 8941 of
the City Council of Carlsbad, California. The aforementioned
Resolution No. 8941 establishedzen "Immigration Study Task Force"
that was to study the impact of immigration on the city of
Carlsbad.
We wish to make a statement at the very beginning of our report.
Throughout this study, that while we use the words "alien,
illegal alien, illegal migrants, undocumented, undocumented
aliens, etc. etc." to describe these people migrating to our
country, we, in no way, would want to give the impression that we
see the immigrants as anything less than men, women, and
children, who, by reason of their being such, merit respect. The
immigrants, most often, are people making great sacrifices to
satisfy the basic needs of human beings, survival. It is our
hope that all who read this document will see the immigrant in
this same light.
The Task Force met for the first time February 5, for the
purposes of orientation and organization. Subsequently, the Task
Force met weekly.
It was decided that representatives of different agencies dealing
with the immigrants would be invited to present their view of the
impact of immigrants on our City. It was agreed that the members
of the Task Force would take advantage of the presence of these
various representatives to ask questions and clarify any misunderstanding that we might have. Guests and observers at the
meeting8 were encouraged to ask questions as well; participation
was however, low. We are grateful to those who appeared before
the Task Force and we wish to acknowledge them and the agencies
that they represented,
We are also grateful for the help and support that we received
from Chief of Police Jimno, and Mr. Mannen, Assistant City
Manager. We are especially grateful to Hr. Richardson for acting
as secretary and resource person.
MONSIGNOR MOORE
CHAIRHAN
IMMIGRATION STUDY TASK FORCE
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U.S. BORDER PATROL --
We first invited the Immigration b Naturalization Service to send
a representative to meet with our Task Force. Hr. Dale Cozart,
Chief Patrol Agent for San Diqgo, and Mr. Mike Connell, Patrol
Agent in Charge of the El Cajon Section, made presentations and
answered questions. They explained that Carlsbed lends itself to
being a center for the illegal alien workers; there are various
reasons for this:
1. Employment - there is a need for farm workers,
unakilled construction workers, hotel, motel workers.
2. Open lands where the undocumented can find shelter
as well as limited security.
3. Ideal area to *hole up* while waiting to go through
the Check Points in San Clemente and Temecula.
There are anywhere from 3,000 to 10,000 undocumented in
Carlsbad,lSX are in agriculture, a sizeable percentage are in
other works. Seventy percent of the apprehensions of
undocumented aliens takes place in the Tri-City area. There are
typically 5,000 to 10,000 apprehensions in Carlsbad annually.
Mr. Cozart and Mr. Connell described the immigrants as docile,
non-criminal types just looking for work in the Carlsbad area.
They do not see the immigrants as gangs roaming the streets,
harassing people, etc. etc., as described by some.
There appears to be some concern as the years go on and the
economic situation in ?lexico worsens, as to the types of
individuals we will be seeing cross the border into our City.
There is a fear that more enterprising and criminal types may
find their way into the City of Carlsbad. At this moment, the
negative impact of the immigrant is minimal.
IMPACTS UPON THE AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITY
Historical Perspective of the
Undocumented Aaricultural Worker
Beginning over 40 years ago, the U.S. government helped recruit
and bring Mexican workers into the country as migrant laborers in
the face of the labor shortages caused by World War II. By mid-
1951, Congress had enacted legislation, later know as the br-acer-o
program, to guarantee American farmers a stable supply of
willing Mexican workers.
Although scheduled to end after 1953, the br-acer-o program was
extended for 11 years, reaching it peak between 1956-59. In
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those years, more than 425,000 Mexican citizens were admitted
annually to work in United States agriculture.
At the end of the br-acts-o program however, the need for low cost
labor was etill preeent. According to the U.S. Department of
Agriculture, each year 2,SOO,OOO to 3,000,OOO farm workers, many
of them Illegal aliens, work on U.S. farms. In Congreeeional
testimony, experts have estimated that more than half of the
migrante working in agriculture in the western U.S. are illegal
aliens. Some of them are full-time employees, but many work at
harvest jobe lasting from a few days to a few months.
Carlsbad's Aariculture Industry
The Carlsbad, as well as the San Diego County, agriculture
Industry in unique in that it grows high value crops almost the
year round under relatively adverse agricultural conditions.
From a terrain standpoint, the land is too sloped, the soil poor,
it is difficult to mechanize, and the water is expeneive and of
poor quality. The combination of these factors has resulted In a
labor-intensive local industry. Some crops, such as strawberries
and flowers, are almost exclusively picked by hand. Others, such
as tomatoes, rely on machines as well as human harvest.
Also attractive to the Carlsbad area for agricultural purpoees is
the unique climate. This area is capable of producing
commodities at times of the year when other parts on the western
hemisphere can not. These climatic conditions have permitted the
area to become a major producer of off-season products. These
products have traditionally been sold at a high price to
compensate for the high costs.
A.
B.
C.
Economic Profile of Aoriculture in Cerlsbad
CEK’NLWE, 1986 I
Agriculture Land Use
2,849 agriculture acres. This represents 13X of Carlsbad's
total land area. In 1980, this figure was 20%.
Crops Grown
Tomatoes account for about half the total acres in
agriculture product&on. Strawberries, vegetables, flowers,
squash, and other minor crops are also grown.
Jobs in Agriculture
7.8% of the Carlsbad labor force is in agriculture; 1.09%
for San Diego County.
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D. Value of Cash Crops
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In 1983, SANDAG estimated the value of cash cropa grown in
Carlsbad at $13.8 million. Currently, San Diego County Farm
Bureau estimates the figurcp at $25 million.
Carlsbad's Undocumented Aariculture Workers
Due to the terrain, type of commodities grown, and operating
costs, there has always been a dependency upon a large, low cost
labor force, and illegal workers have been crucial to the
commercial fruit, vegetable, and flower farms in the Carlsbad
area that specialize in commodities which must be hand-harvested,
or whose cultivation is labor-intense.
INS statistics show that generally 10-15x of the undocumented
workers in the County are employed in the agriculture industry.
However, according to the San Diego County Farm Bureau, these
statistics increase during the peak of the agricultural season
(February through May) when there is a greater need for the agri-
workers. The remaining population of undocumented workers, when
employed, work in other industries such as construction, food
services,hotel/motels, gardening/landscape, etc..
According to Hr. Peter Plachauf, of Carlsbad Tomato Company, who
spoke to the Task Force, farms in Carlsbad employ on the average
of one undocumented worker for every acre of farm land. Due to
the highly intensive nature of the crops grown in the area, Farm
Bureau estimates indicate that these numbers are probably higher,
especially during the peak of the season.
Depending on the source being consulted, there is a wide
discrepancy as to the total number of undocumented workers In
agriculture in Carlsbad. Because the total number of acres
devoted to agriculture changes from year to year, season to
season, one can only estimate the number of undocumented
agriculture workers living and working in the City of Carlsbad.
INS officials have estimated as many as 10,000 workers during the
peak of the agricultural season. Hare conservative estimates
would put their numbers between 3,000 and 5,000.
The heaviest concentration of undocumented workers surrounds
Carlsbad's largest ranches. However, this does not necessarily
mean that these workers are employed in agriculture.
Ukecawa Brothers Ranch, north of Palomar Airport Road, east
of Paseo de1 Norte with workers residing along the south
shore of the Agua Hedionda Lagoon;
Tabata Brothers Farm, located in the same area which
includes several acres and a packing house south of Palomar
Airport Road and east of Alta Mira;
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Michel Earm, east of El Canino Real south of Tamarack;
Raul Sanchez Ranch, along Hidden Valley Road;
Kato Farms, east of Sunny Creek Road;
Frazee Flowers and Packinu Shed, south of Palomar Airport
Road west of Laurel Tree Road;
Lopez Ranch, in the area of the Carlsbad Raceway.
There are also numerous smaller farms in the area.
Positive Impacts to Carlebad of the
Undocumented Auriculture Worker
The initial, and most obvious, asset is a substantially reduced
commodity production cost. In addition, much of the North County
farm industry could not be in business without these individuals
due to the labor intensive nature of the area. This results in a
higher tax base for the City as well as a large portion (60-70X)
of the farm laborers' earnings going back to local business.
Future Chanues Due to the Immiaration
Reform & Control Act
The probable results of the undocumented workers obtaining legal
status under the new Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986
iS that many will leave agriculture and move toward more
desirable work in other employment areas. Presently, there is no
knowledge of the local labor force available to fill the vacant
agri-jobs left by these undocumented workers.
Because residency requirements under the new Immigration Act are
considerably eased with regard to the agricultural worker (90
days work in agriculture between nay 1985 and May 1986 for
temporary resident status), local communities will experience a
large percentage of the undocumented workers obtaining their
temporary resident status and attempting to assimilate into
mainstream society with limited income. This will result in a
greater demand for low cost housing, social services, and greater
occurrence of home overload factors.
Add the above to the fact that Carlsbad's image has changed over
the years from basically a rural to an urban community, as
agriculture lands are sold for development. This is creating
apprehension in many residents and growers as to the future of
agriculture in Carlsbad.
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Local Imaacts Due to the Loss
-. of the Farm Industry
As agriculture land use in Carlsbad changes in the future, due to
a number of factors directly or indirectly related to this
industry (increase in the cost of water for irrigation, cost and
availability of labor, unionization of local farms which produces
higher overhead costs, unwillingness of land owners to lease
their lands for agriculture uses, etc.), many local farmers have
stated that they are looking at abandoning labor intensive
commodities. tIany farmers are moving their crops to Mexico.
This loss, needless to say, would have a negative impact on the
City of Carlsbad.
According to a study done by the County of San Diego in 1980, the
agriculture industry has a significant multiplier effect upon the
community; agriculture contributes much more that it takes in
services. The multiplier was determined to be 1.6. This means
that for each dollar generated, there was an additional sixty
cents contributed to the community. If the Farm Bureau has
estimated the current value of cash crops in Carlsbad at $25
million, this represents an actual economic impact upon the
Carlsbad community of $40 million per year.
THE ALIEN PERSPECTIVE
The impact to the City of Carlsbad as perceived by the
undocumented alien is difficult to address since the
undocumented's only concern is employment. His presence in
Carlsbad represents a series of personal sacrifices in the nature
of being displaced from his family and loved ones, as well as
being subjected to large financial burdens placed on him by
individuals that have devised a system that produces large
profits to "coyotes" who prey on these individuals.
The hardships endured by these individuals for the purpose of
gaining employment in our community would lead the member of this
task force to believe that, in their perspective, there is too
much at stake, too much already invested, too many griefs
suffered, to take too lightly the thought of having any adverse
impact on the community.
However, indirectly impacting the City of Carlsbad are the
criminal elements that prey on the vulnerability of the
undocumented aliens. The City of Carlsbad will continue to
experience the effects of crime from the undocumented as long as
the criminal elements that prey on them continue to operate
without apprehension. It is quite apparent that the criminal
activity including the use of forged documents has been a direct
result of the profit motives of those who forced the
participation on the undocumented. It is interesting to note
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that the unfavorable impact appears to be on the undocumented,
who is the victim of crime as opposed to being the perpetuator of
crime.
It is the undocumented's perspqctive that he is a victim of a
system that was domestically devised and perpetuated against a
person willing to undergo severe hardships and many sacrifices
for the sake of employment. If any impact is to be experienced
by the city of Carlsbad, from the perspective of the
undocumented, it must be in the arena of our law enforcement and
judicial system; however this is inconceivable since in the
perspective of the undocumented there are no civil rights for
them.
In all this, the undocumented willingly subjects himself to a
continued state of vulnerability in a confused state of mind that
cannot perceive that there is any possibility for the scale of
justice to be changed in order to protect someone who is unable
to defend himself because of a language barrier, illiteracy,
fear of apprehension, and a cultural lack of awareness of "civil
rights".
Dr. Martinez, who addressed the Task Force on this subject, is to
be congratulated for his untiring efforts in communicating,
educating and caring for the welfare of these displaced
undocumented aliens.
In summation, it is difficult to conceive of any impact to be
implemented directly from the undocumented's perspective. They
will continue to project the same pattern that is characteristic
of the members of the latin community that preceded them
generations ago. Even in the age of an awareness of civil
rights, the latin community lags behind in making demands of the
country they deeply respect and love.
LOCAL LAW ENFORCERENT
Police Chief Jimno addressed the Task Force regarding the role of
the Carlsbad Police Department and its involvement with the
illegal alien population of Carlsbad. This role is not only one
of police enforcement but also one of a police sensitivity toward
the relation between two separate populations who, more often than not, co-exist rather than live together.
The Police Department has established a good working relationship
with the aliens, which has resulted in cooperation between the
various groups of the City (groups including employers,
especially agricultural employers, the population in general, and
the illegal aliens) when investigations are made into criminal
acts or safety code enforcement.
Due to Federal laws, local police agencies are prohibited from
questioning a suspect's nationality or the legality of his or her
presence in--this country. However, once a suspect has been
apprehended for suspicion of a crime, if it is suspected that he
or she is here without proper documentation, the Immigration and
Naturalization Service is contaqted and it then pursues the issue
of a legal presence in the U.S.
If health and safety code violations are determined to be
present, the Department of Health is contacted and it pursues the
violations and subsequent prosecution. Most of the agricultural
workers live in spider holes and shacks in the canyon areas,
without plumbing facilities, thereby causing several health
problems and safety conditions. Canyon fires are often caused by
cooking fires, serious disease outbreaks are common and include
personal diseases and those transmittable to the general
population in a more casual manner (as is indicated by the
outbreak of malaria directly attributable to illegal alien
populations in the lagoon off of Park Drive last summer).
Additionally, in the barrio of Carlsbad, there are of ten many
families living in crowded, unsanitary "safe houses".
Carlsbad is fortunate in that crimes directly attributable to
illegal aliens are relatively minor crimes as compared to
criminal activities in larger, major cities in California. These
minor crimes include loitering, health and housing code
violations, sales by unlicensed vendors and vendors selling
illegal products (such as weapons), prostitution, and employers
who cheat the illegal aliens by refusing payment for services or
excessive deductions from wages.
Of a more serious nature are those crimes which include driving
unsafe and unlicensed automobiles, driving without a license, and
hit and run accidents which often involve legal citizens, and
drug smuggling. (The illegal aliens are used to carry the drugs
in exchange for transportation into the area.) Additionally, of
the known five murders committed in Carlsbad in 1986, two to
three were committed by aliens against aliens and, because of the
good relationship between the Police Department and its several
bilingual officers, two of these investigations were able to be
completed. (It is suspected that there are occasionally murders
committed by illegal aliens against illegal aliens which remain
unreported because there were no witnesses and the deceased is
buried in the canyons.) However, due to the aliens' fears of any
police authority, additional costs of translating documents and
the need for bilingual investigations, as well as cooperation
with the Mexican government, these investigations are often quite
costly and somewhat more difficult to complete.
Many crimes remain undetected and unreported by the illegal
aliens. These include crimes committed by "coyotes" (those who
illegally transport aliens and then charge exorbitant fees for
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such transportation) and crimes committed by local residents who
prey on the illegal aliens. Because of their fear of any police
authority, the aliens usually will not notify the police or emergency personnel until severe conditions exist. At this point,
medical attention or police as&stance is often more difficult to
obtain because of severe physical terrain and access to the
aliens who live in canyons which are unaccessible by automobiles.
However, in the last two years, there has been an influx of many
more illegal aliens concurrent with a decrease in arable land in
the City. There has been an increase in certain types of crimes
attributable to illegal aliens. These crimes include burglaries
(they steal food, clothing and cash as opposed to merchandise to
be re-sold), automobile theft (for re-sale as well as
transportation of aliens), and theft of supplies and equipment
from construction sites.
The Carlsbad Police Department will continue to be impacted by
the continued increase in the illegal alien population due to
several factors. These include the need for additional police
staff (especially bilingual staff) to respond to the large
illegal alien population in the City, vhich is not included in
the count of residents of Carlsbad. (The population ranges from
3,000 to 10,000 illegal aliens a year, at any given time,
depending on the season.) Additionally, it is approximated that
25% to 35% of the jail population in the Vista County jail
consists of illegal aliens, many of whom are repeat offenders,
thereby causing an additional fiscal and enforcement burden on
the City.
LOCAL HEALTH IHPACTS
Basically, illegal aliens cannot receive Employment Services
Bureau benefits but they do receive MEDI-CAL as well as well as
protective services or AFDC for their U.S.-born children. They
are not eligible to receive MEDI-CAL if they admit they are here
in an illegal capacity; hovever, if they state they are here as
permanent residents but do not have their documentation on them
at that time, then they can be treated while verification of
their legal status is obtained. By the time such verification is
obtained (usually one to three months), they have been treated
and released. Costs associated vith this treatment are incurred
directly by the County and indirectly by all residents of the
County in the farm of taxes.
As illegal aliens become permanent residents, more will be
eligible to apply for benefits and probably will apply for
medical attention, thereby increasing taxes payable by Carlsbad
citizens. (Presumably, these nov legal residents should be
paying into the tax base also, though; thereby providing
additional revenue for the County to offset the additional costs
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for providing benefits.)
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Additionally, it is projected that the former illegal aliens who
attain permanent resident status vi11 at some time be joined in
this area by other family memb?rs such as spouses, children, and
possibly parents. The Immigration Reform Act of 1986 has
stipulated that permanent residents must not be wards of the
State and therefore must be self-supporting. This would seem to
indicate that they vi11 not be a source of increased social
services to this group. However, as spouses and children join
the new permanent residents here, it is conceivable that some
might be eligible, at some time, for some sort of social
services, whether it is for foster care, AFDC, MEDI-CAL, etc..
The various programs of the County Department of Social Services
are quite numerous and although the Department is attempting to
forecast the impact of the Immigration Act of 1986, it will be
some time before the projected impact is accurately defined.
Presently, their best estimate is the fiscal impact will be
between 53.5 million to $7 million.
IMPACT OF UNDOCU?lENTED UCIRKERS ON CARLSBAD'S SCHOOLS
Children of undocumented vorkers attend Carlsbad schools while
their parents work in the fields picking the crops for Carlsbad
farmers. The schools have no statistics on the number of
children of undocumented vorkers because, by law, the school is
prohibited from inquiring into the residency status.
Miurant Education Proaram
Students of Migrant vorkers qualify for the federally funded
Migrant Program if their parents work in agriculture,
agricultural activities, or the fishing industry. Once the
student qualifies for the Migrant program, he or she is eligible
for tutorial and emergency medical assistance for six years,
regardless of whether the parent remains in the type of work or
not. Children of Migrant workers qualify for the Migrant Program
if they have moved at the same time as their parents.
Miqrant Children Have Special Needs
The impact that children of undocumented workers have on our
schools can be summarized by stating that they have "special needs". They require special assistance because of the huge
learning gaps that their lifestyle fosters. Some students cannot
do basic vork, though other students do fairly well. The
transiency factor has caused a lack of continuity in their
education and their health problems are compounded by the
deplorable living conditions they must endure. Generally, the children of undocumented vorkers require additional services in
school. The school has no vay of knoving how many children of
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undocumented workers do not attend school, because survival takes
precedence over education. These children work alongside their
parents in the fields.
Federal Assistance
Federal funding is provided to assist the states with Rigrant
students. The program is coordinated nationally through Arkansas
for all migrant students. Carlsbad vas allocated approximately
$85,000 in 1985-1986 to help Migrant students, including summer
school. There is still, hovever, a financial impact on the
schools. It is the responsibility of the schools to educate all
of the children. For the last 3 years, the number of migrant
students enrolled in Migrant Education has remained stable (175-
200). To some degree, the financial impact of the undocumented
children of the schools is counterbalanced by the contributions
to the local economy.
Currently, Carlsbad has over 5,400 students enrolled in the
district. Of these students, approximately 200 students are
enrolled in the Migrant Education Program. This is 4% of the
total 5,019 students enrolled in the Rigrant Program in Orange
and San Diego Counties.
It is also estimated that approximately 130 Carlsbad students,
about 2% of the total enrollment, are undocumented. Jefferson
School and Pine School are the most heavily impacted of the five
elementary schools in the district where, perhaps, 6% of each
student body is undocumented.
The financial impact, then, on the Carlsbad Unified School
District, as a whole, is relatively negligible. However, since
school districts are required to take all students who "show up
at the classroom door," any reduction in the federal funding to
support Migrant Education Programs vi11 be passed on to the
district's general fund unless another source of support can be
found.
For the most part, migrant children blend into the instructional
program as do childr,en vith a variety of other needs.
CONCLUSION
As ordered by Council Resolution No-8941, the Immigration Study
Task Force was created to study and prepare an informational
report regarding the impacts of undocumented aliens upon the City
of Carlsbad. In order to best achieve this goal, the Task Force
decided to hear qualified speakers address INS impacts, Health
issues, impacts upon the agricultural community, social service
impacts, the alien perspective, civil rights issues, impacts upon our local school system, and the role of the Catholic Community
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Services in the upcoming legalization process. -_
To enhance their understanding, Task Force members studied a
large amount of related documentation, copies of which will be
made available in the Reference,;Section of each Carlsbad library.
As the speakers addressed the Task Force, additional information
surf aced which raised new, yet related, issues. The most
pertinent of these issues, in our estimation, however, have been
addressed in the body of this report.
We realize that our study is limited in scope, limited by time,
and by our own expertise. We are hopeful that the members of the
Carlsbad City Council will further study the issues raised by the
Task Force.
We also wish to express our deepest gratitude to those
professionals who came and addressed the Immigration Study Task
Force. For without their input, none of this would have been
possible. --
u. s. BORDER PATROL -*
Dale Cozart - Chief Patrol Agent for San Diego
Hike Connell - Patrol Agent in Charge of El Cajon Station
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH SERVICES
Janet Waltz - Senior Environmental Health Sanitarian
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS
Peter Machauf - General Hanager, Carlsbad Tomato Company
DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL SERVICES
Vaughn Jeffery - Executive Director, Department of Social
Services
THE ALIEN PERSPECTIVE
Dr. Rafael Martinez - North County Farm Workers Chaplaincy
CIVIL RIGHTS
Marco Antonio Rodriguez - Executive Director, Centro De Asuntos
Migratorias
LOCAL LAW ENFORCEI'IENT
Vincent Jimno - Chief of Police, Carlsbad Police Department
SCHOOL IMPACTS
Maria Gomez - Director, Higrant Education
CATHOLIC COMMUNITY SERVICES
Mrs. Plank - Director, Immigration and Refugee Resettlement
Program