HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 99-04; Villages of La Costa Oaks & Ridge; Tentative Map (CT) (19)RE CON
Treatment Plan for Data
Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites
CA-SDI-11,569 and
CA-SDI-11,570
Carlsbad, California
Prepared for
Morrow Development
1903 Wright Place, Suite 180
Carlsbad, CA 92008
Attn: Tim O'Grady
Prepared by
RECON Environmental, Inc.
1927 Fifth Avenue
San Diego, CA 92101-2358
P 619.308.9333 F 619.308.9334
RECON Number 4266A
January 13, 2006
RussejJ/6. Collett, Haritacj^ Resource Analyst
// /
Harry J. Price, Jr., Projectwchaeologist
Isco
c
Q.
1
I
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Plan Organization 4
3.0 Setting 5
3.1 Natural Environment 5
3.2 Paleoenvironment 5
4.0 Cultural Setting 7
4.1 Prehistory 7
4.2 Ethnohistory 9
5.0 Related Work in the Project Region 11
5.1 CA-SDI-11,569 12
5.2 CA-SDI-11,570 13
6.0 Research Design 14
6.1 Settlement and Subsistence Patterns through Time 14
6.2 Trade, Exchange, and Contact 15
7.0 Field Methods 17
7.1 Scope for CA-SDI-11,569 17
7.2 Scope for CA-SDI-11,570 18
7.3 Common Methods 18
7.4 Additional Fieldwork Considerations 19
7.5 Determining the Completion of the Field Effort 21
7.6 Laboratory Methods 21
8.0 Submittals 23
9.0 References Cited 24
FIGURES
1: Regional Location on USGS Map 2
2: Aerial Photograph Showing Locations of CA-SDI-11,569 and
CA-SDI-11,570 3
RJECON
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
1.0 Introduction
The following treatment plan will guide a data recovery investigation as mitigation for
significant impacts to archaeological sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570. These
two resources are within the La Costa Oaks village of the Villages of La Costa
Development in the city of Carlsbad (Figures 1 and 2). This development was approved
within the scope of the Final Program Environmental Impact Report (EIR) approved by
the Carlsbad City Council on October 23, 2001 (SCH No. 1999011023). The findings
within the EIR indicated that development impacts to the two archaeological sites
identified above would be mitigated to a level below significance through implementation
of a data recovery program.
The data recovery plan proposed herein is designed to satisfy the goals of the mitigation
measures called for in the EIR. In meeting these goals the study will be consistent with
the approach to archaeological investigations previously undertaken within the Villages
of La Costa project area. That approach satisfies the criteria identified in Carlsbad's
Cultural Resource Guidelines (CRG; 1990) as well as those of the California
Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).
The proposed data recovery plan will include pre-field research with the results of
extensive excavations. The materials recovered during the excavation effort will be
analyzed and a catalog produced. The materials themselves, together with the catalog
and the final report of the investigation, will be curated at the San Diego Archaeological
Center. This repository for archaeological collections will provide care for and access to
the collection in perpetuity. As such, it achieves the goal of the data recovery mitigation
requirement.
Mitigation measure 4.5-6 of the EIR calls for:
Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570: Prior to issuance of a grading permit in
the oaks area of Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570, a qualified
archaeologist shall prepare a data recovery research plan to be approved by the
City Planning Director for the analysis, excavation and data recovery of the sites
and preparation of a report placing the sites in historical context. Such analysis,
excavation and report shall be completed by the qualified archaeologist prior to
disturbance of the sites who shall comply with all legal requirements for Native
American monitoring and notification if Native American remains are present.
The following recommendations are based on the Mitigation Monitoring and Reporting
Program for the Villages of La Costa Master Plan (MP 98-01; 2000).
RECON Page 1
Map Source: USGS 7.5 minute topographic map series, Rancho Santa Fe quadrangle
(^itf vlul ^
',- ", >. -Vfllr--:^ i P- "••• .. 'i I K . ' -. . i 'J ,i _' i r\ .
^R^m--'¥f-i,-\
lv«?vi fr:^o.\ 'V. -.,%rt 'i*-. %Tt*l» —• **•!** %-.W?h>—5.1 v>.?3
^=- ——
Feet 1000
M:\jobs2\4266a\gis\trea1 pa!n.apr\
figl (usgs) 01/09/06
1
Project Location on USGS Map
Image Source: Copyright 2004 AirPhotoUSA, LLC, All Rights Reserved (flown January 2004)
CA-SDI-11,569
CA-SDI-11,570
I m
,;+ ''-'•-•
Feet 400
RECON
M:\iobs2Y4266\gis\treat plan. apr\
fig2 (aerial) 01/09/06
FIGURE 2
Aerial Photograph Showing Locations
of CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
1. A data recovery program to mitigate impacts resulting from development shall be
implemented at CA-SDI-11569 and CA-SDI-11570. The program will include
archival research to develop a context within which the physical attributes of the
resource can be evaluated; additional field investigation to test hypotheses that
would place the resource within a cultural context with hand excavation of 20
square meters of CA-SDI-11569 and 10 square meters of CA-SDI-11570;
mechanical excavation of trenches totaling 150 meters and 80 meters
respectively; and detailed mapping of the site components to record spatial data.
2. Conduct an analysis of the recovered materials to catalog the content of the
resources, identify topics and materials for special or detailed analyses, identify
samples for obtaining dates for the deposits, and preparing the recovered
materials for permanent curation.
3. Prepare a written report detailing the results of the fieldwork and discussing them
in the context of the research design.
4. Report the results of the data recovery investigations to Morrow Development
and the City of Carlsbad and submit final documents to the South Coastal
Information Center and the San Diego Archaeological Center.
The following personnel will be directly involved in directing and supervising the data
recovery program for CA-SDI-11569 and CA-SDI-11570. Dr. Jackson Underwood will
serve as the Principal Investigator. The Field Director will be Harry J. Price. Russell O.
Collett will serve as the Field Supervisor and also as the Laboratory Director for the
investigation. The excavation team will consist of RECON staff with experience and
training in excavation. The laboratory analyses conducted in-house will be conducted by
persons with this specific experience. Special studies will be conducted by qualified
personnel provided by the individual laboratories consulted.
2.0 Plan Organization
The research objectives and the methods proposed to achieve them are presented in
sections 6.0 and 7.0, respectively. A discussion of the environmental context of the
project is provided in section 3.0. Section 4.0 provides an outline of the cultural history of
the region with an emphasis on the study area and the cultural affiliation strongly
identified with the previously documented material culture remains. The final sections of
the plan outline the thresholds for determining the conclusion of the investigation and the
reporting methods and means of curation for the project information.
RECON Page 4
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
3.0 Setting
3.1 Natural Environment
The study area is situated in the city of Carlsbad, west of Rancho Santa Fe Road, within
about 4.5 miles of the coast. The two sites are on adjacent northeast-trending finger
ridges overlooking San Marcos Creek (see Figure 1). Limited amounts of disturbance
have occurred in the study locale, including the cutting of dirt access roads; fencing, and
some type of soil study or exploratory excavation. While these impacts to the general
location are noted, they appear to have had minimal direct impact to the archaeological
deposits at CA-SDI-11569 and CA-SDI-11570. The extant vegetation appears to be a
thriving sage scrub community accented by elderberry and oak trees on the high ground
and bounded by a willow/sycamore community in the San Marcos Creek drainage.
The surrounding area is characterized by steep and moderate slopes with level ridges,
fingers, and benches, which provide many suitable locations for human habitation. San
Marcos and Encinitas Creeks, Batiquitos Lagoon, and numerous small, unnamed
drainages combine to create an ideal setting for human habitation. These drainages
represent convenient prehistoric travel corridors between the coastal margin and upland
areas, inland. The proximity of a wide range of plant and animal food and utilitarian
resources as well as fresh water and rock outcrops also contribute to the desirability of
this area for prehistoric settlement. Examples of this desirability are suggested by the
presence of numerous archaeological sites throughout the region (Cheever 2000).
Another important feature of the study region is the climate. In general terms, the local
climate has been classified as Mediterranean. This is a climate that is characterized by
two seasons, a temperate wet winter and a moderate dry summer. Southern California is
the only place in the United States with this type of climate (Caughman and Ginsberg
1981). Most rainfall occurs between October and March, with the greatest number of
rainy days and greatest rainfall between December and February. The summer is
essentially dry. Because of the presence of the Pacific Ocean, the winter temperatures
on the coast generally do not reach much below 60 degrees Fahrenheit in the day and
50 degrees Fahrenheit at night, although the inland areas can be much colder,
particularly at night.
3.2 Paleoenvironment
It is an undisputed fact that there have been shifts in environmental conditions
throughout the Holocene (the past 9,000 years) (Mehringer 1967; Axelrod 1983).
Evidence for these changes has come primarily from geological evidence on the coast
and paleobotanical studies completed in the Great Basin area. Antevs (1952) has
RECON Page 5
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
discussed the climatic history of California in terms of three post-Pleistocene periods: the
Anathermal, Altithermal, and Medithermal.
Warren and Pavesic (1963) summarized the available pollen data from the Great Basin
and the implications of reconstructing paleoenvironments in coastal California. They
proposed that the period after 10,000 years before the present (B.P.) was a drying trend
that culminated in a change, by 7,000 years B.P., from an arboreal (tree-dominated)
community to a predominantly grassland-dominated community. Grasslands alternated
with desert environments during short intervals over the subsequent centuries until there
was a stabilization to the dry environments of today's deserts. Warren and Pavesic
suggest that "the spread of La Jolla cultural elements to the Coast may be correlated
with the beginning of the desiccation of the now desert regions. Later, with further
desiccation of the desert areas, the coast must have been more strongly influenced by
diffusion and migration of peoples from the interior" (1963).
Conclusions regarding changes in temperature, rainfall, and vegetation patterns have
been extrapolated for coastal California as well. Eighmey (1992) summarized the
available information (Mehringer 1967; Inman 1983; Axelrod 1983) regarding known
changes in coastal vegetation patterns during the Holocene. A general trend of
increasing mean temperatures and aridity resulted in the gradual retreat of conifer
forests from the interior and coastal areas and a corresponding replacement by oak
woodlands and coastal sage scrub. Paleobotanical data from Mehringer (1967), Inman
(1983), and Axelrod (1983) suggest that nuts from conifers (such as pines and cypress)
may have represented a substantial food resource on the coast and, consequently,
represented a strong influence on settlement patterning during the early period of
prehistory.
In addition to increasingly inhospitable climatic conditions in the interior regions, there
were considerable changes in the physiography of the coast, which resulted from the
general warming and drying trend. Inman (1983) and Masters (1988) discuss plate
tectonics and paleoclimatic changes and the resulting rise of the sea level during the
past 10,000 years. Although this rise slowed after 6,000 years B.P. (having subsequently
risen approximately five meters), alteration of the coastline configuration is a factor in the
explanation of cultural resource settlement patterns. Warren and Pavesic (1963) also
argue that this alteration is a factor in the viability of the lagoons as healthy habitats for
various shellfish populations.
These alterations have strong ramifications for the study area, as Batiquitos Lagoon is a
prominent element of the physical environment for the region. The presence of marine
shellfish remains in virtually all of the archaeological sites in the region, including CA-
SDI-1 1,569 and CA-SDI-11,570, further forges the link between these areas. While sea
level rose, the lagoons were well flushed and, thus, supported large populations of rock-
dwelling and sandy beach-dwelling shellfish. When the rise in sea level slowed, the
lagoons became progressively silted and shellfish populations were reduced. These
RECON Page 6
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
alterations have been discussed at length by local archaeologists with regard to the
ramifications they had for human settlement and cultural practices. Some of those
discussions are summarized below.
4.0 Cultural Setting
The following discussions present a context for interpreting the archaeological deposits
at CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570. They appear to represent Late Prehistoric Period
locales for short-term habitation. Understanding how the deposits at these two resources
fit within the regional pattern of human occupation is integral to assessing the level of
impacts that will result from development and the data recovery process.
4.1 Prehistory
The prehistoric cultural sequence in northern San Diego County is generally conceived
as comprising three basic periods: the Paleoamerican, dated between about 11,500 and
8,500 years ago and represented by the San Dieguito complex; the Archaic, lasting from
about 8,500 to 1,500 years ago (A.D. 500) and manifested by the cobble and core
technology of the La Jollan and Pauma complexes; and the Late Prehistoric, lasting from
about 1,500 years ago to historic contact (i.e., A.D. 500 to 1769) and marked by the
appearance of small arrow points, cremation burial practices, and ceramics.
4.1.1 Paleoamerican Period
The Paleoamerican Period in San Diego County is most closely associated with the San
Dieguito complex, as identified by Rogers (1938, 1938, 1945). The San Dieguito
assemblage consists of well-made scraper planes, choppers, scraping tools,
crescentics, elongated bifacial knives, and leaf-shaped points. The most thoroughly
investigated San Dieguito component in San Diego County is found at CA-SDI-149 (the
C.W. Harris site), located on a terrace overlooking the San Dieguito River. Here,
distinctive San Dieguito materials were found stratigraphically below Archaic Period
artifacts, now called the La Jollan complex, and below an organic stratum that was
radiocarbon dated to 9,030 ± 350 years B.P. In another portion of the site, another
radiocarbon date was obtained from a culturally sterile charcoal deposit above San
Dieguito materials. This sterile stratum dated to 7,620 + 380 B.P. Two other samples
from the San Dieguito component dated from 8,490 ± 400 (Warren 1966). Thus, Warren
et al. (1993) suggest that the San Dieguito complex at the Harris Site dates to the period
after about 9,030 B.P. and prior to about 7,620 B.P. The artifact assemblage from the
Harris site is virtually identical to those of the Lake Mojave complex of the Mojave
Desert, with the exception of the absence of stemmed points (Lake Mojave and Silver
Lake types), and, like the Lake Mojave materials, the San Dieguito complex is thought to
RECON Page 7
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
represent an early emphasis on hunting (Warren et al. 1993). The Harris site (CA-SDI-
149) is the only securely dated site with a clearly defined San Dieguito component in
San Diego County (Warren et al. 1993).
4.1.2 Archaic Period
The Archaic Period in coastal San Diego County is represented by the La Jolla complex,
a local manifestation of the widespread Millingstone horizon. Archaic assemblages in
interior northern San Diego County have been designated as the Pauma complex. The
La Jolla and Pauma complexes have very similar assemblages and are thought to be
different environmental adaptations of the same culture (True 1958).
Both La Jollan and Pauma complex assemblages suggest a generalized subsistence
focus with an emphasis on hard seeds. This is indicated by the increased frequency of
slab and basin metates and the adoption of a mixed cobble/core-based tool assemblage
composed primarily of crudely made choppers, scrapers, and cobble hammerstones. For
coastal La Jollan complex sites, large deposits of marine shell argue for the importance
of shellfish gathering to the coastal Archaic economy.
Pauma complex sites are typically found on terraces or ridges above a stream or fossil
stream or other water source. They often do not have discernible midden development,
but they may have subsurface deposits. While they typically have numerous portable
metates and manos, they lack bedrock milling, and mortars and pestles (True and
Waugh 1981:101-102).
Major technological change within the Archaic Period in San Diego County appears
limited mainly to the introduction of large side-notched and Elko series projectile points.
There seems to have been some reorientation in settlement from coastal to inland
settings during the latter portion of this period in northern San Diego County. This
settlement shift appears to have occurred around 4,000 years ago and is thought to
relate to the final phases of Holocene sea level rise and resultant siltation in coastal
lagoons. Prior to this time, the lagoons had been highly productive sources of shellfish
for La Jollan people (Gallegos 1987; Warren et al. 1993).
The earliest radiocarbon dates for La Jollan sites are from approximately 8,600 B.P.
Thus, there is an overlap of some 200 years between the temporal range of the
Paleoamerican Period San Dieguito and the early Archaic Period La Jollan. This overlap
is the source of considerable controversy about the relationship between the San
Dieguito and La Jollan complexes (Warren et al. 1994). The two main positions are that
(1) San Dieguito temporally precedes and overlaps the La Jollan (Warren 1987) and
(2) San Dieguito and La Jollan are different environmental adaptations of one culture
(Gallegos 1987).
RECON Pages
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
4.1.3 Late Prehistoric Period
The Late Prehistoric Period in northern San Diego County and Orange County is
represented by the San Luis Rey complex (Meighan 1954; True et al. 1974). First
described by Meighan (1954) based on excavations at Pala, some 20 miles northeast of
the study area, San Luis Rey I sites are associated with bedrock outcrops and often
have recognizable midden soils. The material culture content of these sites includes
cremations, bedrock mortars, metates, Cottonwood Triangular-type projectile points,
drills, bifacially flaked knives, bone awls, occasional steatite arrow shaft straighteners,
and bone and shell ornaments (True and Waugh 1981:87). San Luis Rey II consists of
the same site assemblage with the addition of native ceramics, including cremation urns,
red and black pictographs, and historic materials such as glass beads and metal objects.
True (1966) demonstrated that the San Luis Rey complex almost certainly represents
the ancestors of the Luiseno. The projectile points commonly found in San Luis Rey
assemblages, Cottonwood Triangular and less frequently Desert side-notched forms, are
both smaller than earlier types, suggesting the introduction of bow-and-arrow technology
into the region. Meighan argued that native ceramics, probably introduced from the
south, appeared about A.D. 1750 and was a product of indigenous diffusion that
appeared at about the same time or slightly earlier than the Spanish invasion. In
contrast, True et al. (1974) suggested that pottery may have appeared as early as A.D.
1200 to A.D. 1600. Later, True and Waugh (1981) suggested that at Frey Creek, about
24 miles north-northeast of the study area, pottery use became common very late,
supporting Meighan's (1954) earlier position. However, they did find some evidence of
pottery use by A.D. 1600 (True and Waugh 1983).
4.2 Ethnohistory
CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570 may represent an occupation of the study area by
Yuman-speaking groups. The Yuman-speaking inhabitants throughout most of San
Diego County were loosely organized into at least two dialectically separate groups,
each associated with a geographic area that was home to many triblets or bands. The
Ipai (northern) and Tipai (southern) divisions were not so much clearly defined territorial
units as they were internally recognized, cultural and dialectical structures (Luomala
1978:592). In original usage, these terms probably had geographic and/or classificatory
meanings that have since been lost or modified. A currently accepted name for these
groups is Kumeyaay, a term of unclear origin that Spier (1923:298) records as originally
associated with the northern Ipai division. The term Kumeyaay was subsequently and
variously extended to include other groups, and it is now used to designate all
Yuman-speaking peoples between the Pacific Ocean and the Imperial Valley on the
east, the vicinity of Carlsbad in the north, and the Ensenada area of Baja California in
the south (May 1975:1).
RECON Page 9
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
The Kumeyaay traditionally maintained a system of patrilineal, patrilocal, exogamous
sibs that were distributed within a territorially associated band structure (Luomala
1978:602; Shipek 1982:297; Gifford 1973:378). Each band contained members of up to
15 sibs within its organization (Shipek 1982:297). The household was the primary social
structure and consisted of a married couple together with their unmarried children,
married sons and families, and such dependent relatives within the father's lineage as
his parents, grandparents, and unmarried aunts or uncles (May 1975:3). At any one
time, the Kumeyaay band usually maintained a main village and several outlying villages
(May 1975:4; Shipek 1982:297; Luomala 1978:597). Since the economy was based on
intensive utilization of locally available natural resources, these settlements were more
or less temporary. Residential units often split into their constituent clans when
movement to other areas was necessitated either by seasonal changes or by local
overexploitation. A "permanent" village, as recorded by early European explorers,
probably consisted of an area that was regularly used by local band members for a large
part of the yearly cycle (Luomala 1978:597). At the time of Spanish intrusion,
institutionalized leadership roles within the clans and various integrating systems
between the clans facilitated flexible patterns of personnel movement and trade
throughout the region (Shipek 1982:302). There were also various connections with the
bands and clans of other ethnolinguistic traditions.
The project area is at the northernmost limits of Kumeyaay territory where it abuts the
territory of the Luiseno. The Luiseno are the most southwesterly of the Shoshonean or
Uto-Aztecan speakers. They are members of the Takic branch of this large language
family (Bean and Smith 1978:588; Kroeber 1925; Sparkman 1908:189; Strong
1929:274). Takic societies were divided into two moieties: wildcat and coyote. People
were further divided into somewhat localized, patrilineal clans. Each clan had a chief
(Kroeber 1925:691). Some villages contained people of only one clan but other villages
had more than one clan. Also people of one clan might live in more than one village.
Chiefs were usually chosen by heredity. They were primarily concerned with economic
issues such as determining where and when people should gather particular foods or
hunt game. Choice hunting and gathering areas were owned by the clan. The clan chief
also settled intraclan disputes and met with other nets to solve interclan problems and
organize ceremonies among clans assisted by a ceremonial director (Bean and Smith
1978:589; Kroeber 1925:691).
Population estimates for the Luiseno vary from approximately 3,000 to 4,000 (Kroeber
1925:649) to 10,000 (White 1963:110). Their territory encompassed much of northern
San Diego County (and Orange County). Luiseno settlement systems have been
carefully reconstructed on the basis of extensive ethnographic and ethnohistoric
research (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1925; Sparkman 1908; Strong 1929; White
1963). White (1963:117) suggested that the average inland rancheria had a territory of
approximately 30 square miles. He suggested that the Luiseno settlement system
consisted of a series of villages or rancherias located on terraces above a valley bottom
RECON Page 10
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
watercourse (e.g., the San Luis Rey River). The rancheria owned territory in a
contiguous strip leading from the valley bottom to upland areas. This vertical pattern of
rancheria territory facilitated gathering plant foods through the year. In early spring,
tubers and berries first ripened along the watercourse below the rancheria. As spring
turned to summer, chaparral plants near the rancheria became ripe. Later, those at a
higher elevation above the rancheria ripened. In fall, the people moved temporarily to
higher elevations (e.g., Palomar Mountain) for the acorn harvest (White 1963:121).
The most basic social and economic unit among the southwestern Takic speakers was
the patrilocal extended family. The extended family unit has persisted in the face of
massive social and economic change. Within the family, there was a basic division of
labor based upon gender and age, but it was not rigid. Women made pottery and
basketry, gathered plant resources, ground seeds and acorns, prepared meals, and so
on. Men hunted, fished, helped collect and carry acorns, conducted other heavy tasks,
and made tools for the hunt. Old women were active in teaching and caring for children,
while younger women were busy with other tasks. Older men were involved in politics
and ceremonial life, teaching young men, and making nets, stone tools, and ceremonial
paraphernalia (Bean and Shipek 1978:555; Sparkman 1908).
The material culture among both of these ethnohistorically known groups was quite
similar. A wide range of tools was made of locally available and also imported materials.
A simple shoulder-height bow was made of mesquite or willow for hunting. Arrows had
either fire-hardened wood or flaked stone points. Numerous other flaked stone tools
were made including scrapers, choppers, flake-based cutting tools, and bifacial knives.
Preferred stone types were locally available metavolcanics, quartz, and chert among the
Luiseno. Obsidian was imported from the deserts to the north and east. Ground stone
objects include mortars and pestles typically made of fine-grained granite. Mortars are
associated with grinding acorns, although a variety of other materials were processed in
them as well (Yohe et al. 1991). Simple basin metates and cobble manos were also
used for grinding grass seeds and other items. Shaped metates were not known until the
arrival of the Spanish (Kroeber 1925:653; Sparkman 1908:208). The manufacture and
use of native ceramic vessels was also common to both of these groups.
5.0 Related Work in the Project Region
Many cultural resource sites in the vicinity of CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
indicate a high degree of prehistoric-era activity in the area. Many of these sites have
been investigated archaeologically during numerous project-related studies. The Greens
project area was previously researched by Kaldenberg (1976), Kaldenberg and Hatley
(1976), Bull (1977 and 1978), Walker and Bull (1981), and Hector (1985). The Ridge
project was studied by Talley and Bull (1980) and Kaldenberg (1976) and the Oaks
parcel was investigated by Kaldenberg (1976), Pigniolo and Gallegos (1989), Desautels
RECON Page 11
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
(1990), Hanna (1991), and Kyle and Gallegos (1992). The most recent investigations
were conducted by Cheever (2000), and Cheever and Collett (2000) and include each of
the three villages, Greens, Ridge, and Oaks.
The work conducted by Gallegos and Associates (Kyle and Gallegos 1992) provides the
foundation on which the data recovery program is proposed. Their discussion of CA-SDI-
11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570 is summarized here as background for the research design
that follows.
5.1 CA-SDI-11,569
A review of the archaeological site record for this resource indicates it was first identified
in 1990 (Pigniolo and Campbell) during a pedestrian survey for a proposed 40-acre
development. The survey report indicated the site was well preserved and included a
variety of flaked and ground tools, and a large amount of chipping waste. In 1992 the
site was evaluated for its significance as part of the proposed Rancho Santa Fe Road
alignment project (Kyle and Gallegos 1992). The evaluation effort by Kyle and Gallegos
confirmed the content of the site and recovered some additional items that suggested
the site is associated with the Late Prehistoric Period. Occupation of the region at this
period is attributed to the San Luis Rey complex. This cultural complex is recognized in
San Diego County north of Agua Hedionda Lagoon and represents the earlier
components of a cultural tradition that was represented at the time of contact with
European explorers and settlers of the area circa 1769.
Excavations (Kyle and Gallegos 1992) revealed an archaeological deposit approximately
60 centimeters thick. The archaeological site record indicates that the site was subject to
burrowing rodents, an agent notorious for their ability to mix soil and displace
archaeological materials (Gross 1992)). The bulldozer cut identified by Kyle and
Gallegos at the north end of the location appears to follow the 380-foot contour (above
mean seal level [AMSL]) and may link with a similar scar at CA-SDI-11,570 to the
southeast.
Regardless of the faunal turbation present at the site, Kyle and Gallegos concluded that
there was sufficient evidence to determine the site significant under the cultural resource
guidelines. Key support for the finding comes from the presence of marine shell, burned
animal bone fragments, and a variety of stone material types indicating contact with
groups outside the area. The marine shell and animal bone suggest the deposit can be
dated using reliable radiocarbon dating techniques. The ability to date the deposit not
only strengthens the conclusions made regarding site significance, but will also provide
information regarding its relationship with other resources in the region. Similarities in
material culture between CA-SDI-11,569 and other resources that lack refined
RECON Page 12
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
chronologic placement suggest that CA-SDI-11,569 has the potential to reveal how
these sites fit within the occupation history of Carlsbad.
5.2 CA-SDI-11,570
The archaeological site record for this resource notes its discovery in 1990 (Pigniolo and
Campbell) during pedestrian survey for the same 40-acre development that led to the
discovery of CA-SDI-11,569. Pigniolo and Gallegos concluded that CA-SDI-11,570 was
an important resource as defined within CEQA (Kyle and Gallegos 1992). As such it
would also represent a significant resource within the scope of the CRG as well. CA-
SDI-1 1,570 was evaluated for its significance as part of the proposed Questhaven
development (Kyle and Gallegos 1992:3-4). Kyle and Gallegos (1992) reiterated that
position when the resource was later included within the boundaries of the Rancho
Santa Fe Road alignment project.
The survey and test excavation efforts revealed the location was well preserved despite
some impacts from soil tests and road scraping. Kyle and Gallegos (1992:3-4)
summarized the materials identified at CA-SDI-11,570 as including a possible pendant
fragment, flaked tools, a large amount of chipping waste, animal bone fragments, and
marine shell. Obsidian is included among the stone materials at CA-SDI-11,570, which
probably dates it to the Late Prehistoric Period. This would place the site in the same
San Luis Rey complex as CA-SDI-11,569. Inspections of the two resource locations
were made prior to developing this data recovery plan. The focus of the visit was to
ascertain the current condition of the resources and to identify archaeological materials
at the surface. The 1992 Kyle and Gallegos investigation reduced and refined the
footprint to an area of approximately 30 meters in diameter. This footprint is related to a
bench or crest on the slope leading down to San Marcos Creek. Pigniolo and Gallegos
provided similar refinement of dimensions and placement for CA-SDI-11,570.
The revised placements for these two resources are more level and offer a break in the
topography which generally slopes about 14 degrees. The areas at the northern margin
of each location slope more steeply into the San Marcos Creek drainage. Areas to the
northwest and southeast support sage scrub species with some large brush specimens
such as toyon and sumac. The shallow drainage between the two locations supports
grasses and lacks the extensive cover of sage scrub varieties.
No clear evidence of disturbance within the deposit at each location could be identified.
The locations of the previous test excavations were not clear and the datum position
established by the Gallegos and Associates team at CA-SDI-11,569 could not be
relocated during the visit. Several artifacts were identified at the surface of each deposit.
The area is underlain by granitic rocks that break the surface in numerous places,
RECON Page 13
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
resulting in bedrock outcrops and numerous small boulder and cobble clusters. These
were examined, but no evidence of cultural use could be found.
6.0 Research Design
The City's Cultural Resources Guidelines include research issues of demonstrable
interest to Carlsbad. The findings by Gallegos and Associates (Kyle and Gallegos 1992)
indicate that CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570 have a strong potential to address
some of these important topics. Research topics appropriate to the investigation of CA-
SDI-1 1,569 and CA-SDI-11,570 were selected from the CRG topics and form the basis
for the research portion of the data recovery program. These include settlement and
subsistence patterns through time and the acquisition and function of exotic stone
materials. Additional topics regarding the occupation of the two locations will also be
addressed as the data permit. In short, the program will employ a flexible approach to
recover data.
Data interpretation will be undertaken within the context of recognized regional
settlement and subsistence patterns. Coastal and inland natural resource areas were
exploited by human populations occupying the region during the Late Prehistoric Period
(Bean and Shipek 1978; Cheever and Collett 2000). Studies by Cheever and Collett
(2000) suggest that a hunter/collector subsistence pattern was practiced in the Carlsbad
region in this period. However, well-defined temporal boundaries for this pattern are yet
to be established.
6.1 Settlement and Subsistence Patterns
through Time
Knowing when CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570 were occupied will place them within
the regional occupation sequence. The material culture content of the two subject
resources can then be associated with regional trends in stone tool kits,
hunting/defensive technology, and the advent and use of native ceramics. We want to
know:
How long the two locations were occupied. Were the locations occupied
contemporaneously (e.g., one site), or were they occupied at different times? If
occupied at different times, was there a notable difference in the function at each
time? Learning the answers to these questions will show how changing resource
availability in the lagoon system was expressed at sites set apart from the
coastal margin, but within the occupation area of the larger cultural complex.
RECON Page 14
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Occupation of the two locations may have also occurred at different times of the
year. If evidence to support seasonal occupation is present, the sites may also
address questions regarding movement or settlement strategies closely tied to
seasonal resource availability. For example, the sites may have been occupied
during seasons optimal for collection of the natural resources in the immediate
area. As such they may reveal the role of transitional camps between resource
areas. The material culture within the locations will be analyzed to identify
patterns in the tools and materials most represented at each. A preponderance of
milling tools would suggest occupation at times when local plant resources were
plentiful. Conversely, the location may have been a focus of resource collections.
In this scenario the tools represented would reveal a focus on extracting seeds or
plant materials for transport away from the site to other residential areas.
A variety of materials likely to provide reliable dates will be sought at each site. Dates for
the deposit will probably be derived from marine shell and burned bone. These faunal
materials are known to be a component of the deposits at these two locations. If
necessary, the faunal materials recovered in testing could be submitted for radiocarbon
analysis. However, it would be better to obtain fresh samples from newly exposed
contexts within each deposit. The best case would be to recover charred wood remains
from a feature such as a hearth. Column samples from selected areas within each
deposit will be collected and processed to extract the light fraction suspended within the
soil matrix. The recovered portion will be examined for the presence of charred
materials. If charred seeds are present, the entire light-fraction recovery will be
submitted for analysis at the Paleoethnobotany Laboratory at the Cotsen Institute of
Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. This analysis will reveal the plant
species present in the sample. Charred specimens will then be selected and submitted
for radiocarbon analysis. If marine shell and or bone directly associated with the cultural
occupation of the sites are not available, the ethnobotanical specimens will be submitted
for radiocarbon analysis. Sample selection will be flexible in order to obtain the best
possible samples for addressing the research issues. This may warrant a single sample
of excellent quality or perhaps two or more samples of varied quality to refine the results
of less-ideal samples.
6.2 Trade, Exchange, and Contact
The deposits at CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570 are expected to help answer
questions about contact within and outside the culture area responsible for the study
sites. Previous investigations at the two resource locations reveal the presence of
obsidian and Piedras del Lumbres chert. Obsidian is an extrusive volcanic material that
cools very quickly and yields a glass-like material that is well suited to tool production.
Three sources of this material are represented in the southern California region. None of
these is within the San Luis Rey Complex culture area and are therefore considered
RECON Page 15
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
exotic. Dietler (2004) has proposed that exotic materials tend to remain within linguistic
boundaries. Therefore, the presence of obsidian artifacts at CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-
11,570 suggests direct contact with these sources or with groups that control these
sources. To explore this topic we will need to learn:
From which source(s) did the obsidian artifacts found at CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-
SDI-11,570 originate. Which cultural groups did the occupants of these sites
interact with in order to acquire the materials?
Determining the source of the obsidian will be achieved through a special study.
Samples of the material will be submitted to the X-Ray Fluorescence Laboratory at the
University of California., Berkeley. The analyses will indicate the source(s) of the
material and what culture areas were most likely to provide the material. A source from
the Coso Range would suggest a closer linguistic relationship with the San Luis Rey
Complex than would material from either the San Felipe source in northern Baja
California or that of Obsidian Butte in Imperial County. San Felipe obsidian would
suggest the material changed hands across several band and lineage boundaries before
making the jump across linguistic lines into the study area. Material from Obsidian Butte
represents exchanges between the Yuha Desert area and the western part of the San
Luis Rey Complex area during the late Holocene.
The obsidian most likely represents a valued resource. Tools made using this material
might have been produced closer to the source and then exchanged into the study area.
If this scenario were the case, obsidian debitage should consist of sharpening flakes. If
raw material or roughly shaped blanks were the commodity, then a wide variety of
reduction waste could be represented at the study sites. Complete or broken tools would
indicate the final tool forms made from the obsidian. Lacking such finds, the flakes and
angular waste generated during tool creation or sharpening should suggest likely
candidates for the finished products and perhaps their intended uses. To determine this,
the morphology of the debitage (i.e., flakes and angular waste) will be documented
during the artifact analysis and catalog process. Where the debitage, tools, or tool
fragments represent two or more sources, the recovery from each source will be
distinguished within the analysis and summary discussions.
Kyle and Gallegos identified chert from the Piedras del Lumbres source in northwestern
San Diego County (1992:3-4) at CA-SDI-11,569. Piedras del Umbers is not close to the
study area, but both it and the project sites are within the accepted San Luis Rey
complex area. As stated earlier, Dietler has proposed that exotic materials tend to
remain within linguistic boundaries. While the chert material follows this norm, it still
represents the movement of a valued source material between clan-controlled areas
(Bean and Shipek 1978).
Although readily identified as coming from the Piedras del Lumbres source, the chert
artifacts also represent a valued commodity, similar to obsidian. The analysis of the
RECON . Page 16
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
chert artifacts will be analogous to the obsidian in that the debitage and tool morphology
will be documented during the analysis. Ultimately the analysis of both the obsidian and
chert tools is expected to reveal how these valued materials were employed at CA-SDI-
11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570.
7.0 Field Methods
The purpose of the data recovery program is to extract an adequate sample of the data
within each of the two resources to reduce the level of impacts from development to a
less than significant level. Because each resource location exhibits distinctive
characteristics of size and content, the excavation scope will be unique to each deposit.
The specifics for each scope are described below. The methods to be employed at each
location will be consistent at each location and are described in the paragraphs that
follow the scope discussions.
7.1 Scope for CA-SDI-11,569
Work at CA-SDI-11,569 will begin with a close-order pin flag survey of the site. Artifacts
and features will be pin flagged, and these and pertinent geographic features will be
mapped using a global positioning system (GPS) field unit with sub-meter accuracy. In
addition to artifacts and features, the GPS unit will be used to record the location of all
units and trenches. The map data will be analyzed using RECON's geographic
information system (GIS). An analysis of the distribution of features, materials, and dated
samples will facilitate the interpretations. The map information will be used to generate
figures for the summary report and maps for the site records.
The surface collection will be followed by mechanical excavation of a series of trenches
across the site. A maximum of 150 linear meters of trenches will be excavated using a
backhoe. The trench exposures will reveal the structure of the deposit as it approaches
the margins of the site, which are typically less dense areas of the deposits. Additionally,
these trenches will allow exposure of any deeply buried deposits not encountered during
hand excavations. Finally, the contiguous exposures of the trenches will facilitate
thorough documentation of site formation processes and the distribution of the
archaeological deposit.
After the trenching is completed, 20 square meters of the deposit will be excavated by
hand. The locations of these excavations will be determined by information gathered by
the trenching. It is likely that some of this area will be selected for individual excavation
units of a traditional one meter square size. Yet other areas of the resource may warrant
block excavations to address features or dispersed materials or to expose evidence of
site formation processes. Block excavations are merely exposures of contiguous areas.
RECON Page 17
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
These are aggregates of one-meter squares and may be arranged in rectangular
groups. The best placement for the hand excavations will be determined after the site is
cleared and the results of the first exposures are learned. Ongoing adaptation to shallow
obstacles such as bedrock or obscured disturbances may prompt further variation in how
the 20 square meters is applied to the deposit. The focus of the hand excavations will be
within the heart of the deposit as identified by the previous, investigations. The 20 square
meters represents approximately one percent of the total deposit footprint identified by
Kyle and Gallegos in 1992 and as much as five percent of the site's core area.
7.2 Scope for CA-SDI-11,570
The work at this location will include mechanical trenching and the hand excavation of
the deposit. As at CA-SDI-11,569, trenching will be completed first, to obtain information
on site depth, extent, and possible feature locations. Following this a total of 10 square
meters of the deposit will be hand excavated. Individual excavation units one meter
square in size will be expanded or complemented with contiguous blocks. Ongoing
adaptation to shallow obstacles such as bedrock or obscured disturbances may prompt
further variation in how the 10 square meters is applied to the deposit. The focus of the
hand excavations will be within the heart of the deposit as identified by the previous
investigations. The core area at CA-SDI-11,570 is estimated to be approximately 900
square meters. The 10 square meters of hand excavation represents just over one
percent of this area.
7.3 Common Methods
Excavation exposures will be placed to take advantage of the most productive and least
impacted areas of the archaeological deposit. Some of the units will be placed to better
define the characteristics of the site's core area. The remaining units will be placed to
maximize the recovery from this area.
All exposures will be excavated using vertical control. Typically this will be in 10-
centimeter levels following natural contours. If sterile overburden is found covering
portions of the archaeological deposit, thicker levels may be used to remove it. Much
thicker cuts may be warranted to remove overburden from the archaeological deposit if
such conditions are present. Ten centimeter controlled levels will then be employed
within the archaeological deposit.
Soil excavated from the archaeological deposit will be passed through one-eighth-inch
wire mesh to separate the bulk soil from the cultural materials. Artifacts collected in the
screens will be placed in plastic bags with the appropriate provenience included with
each bag. Each exposure will be continued until the bottom of the archaeological
RECON Page 18
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
deposits is reached. Typically this is indicated by a substantial change in the soil color
and structure or when non-artifact- or non-ecofact-bearing levels are encountered.
Excavation will be accomplished with hand tools such as shovels, picks, digging bars,
trowels, and probes. Materials may be collected in buckets using dust pans and brooms
where rocks are present.
Radiocarbon samples will be recovered using appropriate methods to avoid or reduce
contamination during collection. The provenience for each sample will be documented
and attached to the sample. Each sample will be logged prior to its submittal for
analysis.
Photographs will be taken of the field activity, exposures, discoveries, and the setting.
Field notes on the condition, content, and recovery from each exposure will be recorded
on standard RECON field forms. This will include descriptions of the stratigraphic
context, features, and general descriptive information for the various excavation
exposures. A brief summary of the recovered materials will be recorded on the field
record sheets.
Features encountered during the course of excavation will be afforded special treatment.
Continued excavation will be guided by protocols developed for the individual feature by
the Principal Investigator and Field Director. Although the feature excavation and sample
collection approach will be adapted to the individual attributes of each feature, some
tasks will be consistent. Each feature will be photographed at various stages of its
exposure. Samples will be collected for radiocarbon analysis or other special studies.
Scaled drawings of the feature in plan view and section view will be produced. Samples
and collections specific to each feature will be maintained with separate proveniences
from the balance of the excavated materials that surrounded it.
7.4 Additional Fieldwork Considerations
7.4.1 Safety and Security
The sites are located away from normal pedestrian traffic and are out of site from
Rancho Santa Fe Road. Because of this, disturbance to the site from passers by is not
expected.
The work areas will be separated from the balance of the Oaks project work areas by
orange safety fence. This fencing will be maintained in order to present a clear
delineation of the site boundaries, in case brushing activities begin prior to the
completion of excavation work. If access to the work area can be gained from the interior
of the oaks, avoiding Rancho Santa Fe Road, this will be the safer and preferred route.
Vehicles will be parked outside the safety fence.
RECON Page 19
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Open excavation areas will be flagged to signify the potential hazards of open earthwork.
The archaeological field crew is trained in performing their work in these situations and
safety briefings concerning tools and conditions will be presented periodically. Specific
safety considerations will be employed during any work that involves a backhoe or
similar equipment. These include the observation of safe clearances and separation
from the equipment, ongoing communication with the operator, and increased visibility
for persons in the work area. All Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
protocols regarding trenches and personnel working in them will be observed.
7.4.2 Clearing the Work Area
A backhoe will be used to clear the vegetation from within the two delineated work
areas. The scale of the clearing is small and will take place prior to any limitations such
as nesting seasons. Clearing is expected to remove the above-ground portion of the
vegetation only and leave the root-stock intact. The plant material cleared from the work
areas will be deposited in piles that can be accessed at the time the surrounding areas
are cleared of vegetation. To the extent possible the brush will be crushed and broken
down to decrease the visual profile.
Managing the backdirt generated by the hand excavations will be an ongoing effort. In
order to maintain access and clear working areas during the excavation it is likely that
spoil piles will be developed at the margins of the work areas. Best management
practices will be employed as needed to supplement the efforts by Morrow Development
to secure the perimeter of their work areas from offsite transport of sediments.
7.4.3 Discovery of Human Remains
The Carlsbad Cultural Resource Guidelines identify the protocols to follow in the event
that human remains are discovered. Work at the discovery will cease and the coroner
will be notified. Notifications will also include the Principal Investigator, if not already on-
site, and representatives from Morrow Development and the City of Carlsbad. The
coroner will be involved in determining the need for investigation into a cause of death. If
the skeletal remains are determined to represent a Native American individual, the
Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) will be contacted by the coroner. The
NAHC will determine the most likely descendent and provide appropriate contact
information. Until this determination is made, the only work that will occur at or around
the remains will be to secure and protect them. Typically a plan for the removal,
treatment and disposition of the remains will be developed between the Tribal
representative, property owner, City representative as needed, and possibly the
archaeologist. Considerations for non-Native American remains will be made in
cooperation with the appropriate authorities and project personnel as outlined in the
CRG and following current law.
RECON Page 20
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
7.5 Determining the Completion of the Field
Effort
The in-field portion of the data recovery effort is expected to recover sufficient amounts
of material from the two resources to meet the data recovery mitigation goals of the EIR.
RECON anticipates that the effort proposed above will generate the necessary data and
demonstrate redundancy in the recovery. Redundancy is the point at which continued
excavation would produce only larger amounts of already represented data. A meeting
between representatives from Morrow Development, the City of Carlsbad, and RECON
would be held, perhaps at the sites, to discuss the results of the field efforts and the
degree to which the effort has met the mitigation goals. If unsatisfied, the City may
require additional excavation to achieve the mitigation goals. If required, such efforts
would constitute a second phase of data recovery. Specific goals for the second phase
would be developed cooperatively between the appropriate parties with thresholds
established for determining the completion of work.
7.6 Laboratory Methods
Recovered archaeological materials will be transported to the RECON lab for analysis
and processing. A series of attributes will be recorded for each of the formal tools and
debitage, including identifying the parent material, tool dimensions, weight, whether the
tool was complete or broken, the presence of cortex, and a series of attributes regarding
use, damage, and modification. The analysis of the artifacts and ecofacts is designed to
identify the elements of the site types and provide descriptive as well as attribute
information for the flaked stone and ground stone tools. This accumulated information
will be entered into the RECON database to allow for comparison with other collections
and statistical appraisal.
Laboratory tasks will include cleaning, sorting, and documenting the recovered
materials, and preparing samples for ancillary studies as needed. Ancillary studies may
include obsidian source determinations, identification of macro-botanical remains, pollen
analysis, and radiocarbon analyses. Outside laboratories will be used for these studies,
and results will be summarized within the report produced by RECON and also
appended to the final document. Standard analyses to determine artifact quantities will
be conducted at RECON's archaeology laboratory. RECON uses a software-based
catalog and analysis system. A summary of the process for each artifact class follows.
7.6.1 Debitage
The majority of artifacts from local archaeological sites fall into the debitage category.
Debitage comprises flakes and angular waste (also known as shatter). These are the
stone by-products of stone tool manufacture and maintenance.
RECON Page 21
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
RECON will use a flake classification method proposed by Sullivan and Rozen (1985).
This typology allows consistent analysis through diacritic observations. In other words, if
the variable is present the result is positive. If the variable is not present the result is
negative. Some explanation of the other terminology used in this method may be helpful.
There are four debitage types in this method: complete flake, broken flake, flake
fragment, and debris. This method also identifies three dimensions of variability,
described below.
Dimensions of variability represent the flake attributes that must be identified in this
process. The fact of a single interior surface is either discernible or not. If there is more
than one interior surface the item is not debitage. The point of applied force is used to
identify the platform and origin point for the flake. This is read as either present or
absent, as appropriate. Flake margins are examined to reveal the nature of the flake
termination. The form and presence of terminal attributes are used to determine whether
the flake margins are intact or not.
The resulting four types can then be interpreted in light of additional data specific to the
material, flake size, or other qualities. These data can be generated through statistical
analyses, replication, or a combination of these research avenues. As indicated above,
complete flakes retain a discernible interior surface, a point of applied force, and intact
margins. A broken flake retains the first two variable dimensions, but lacks intact
margins. A flake fragment is identified only by its single interior surface, with none of the
other attributes being present. The remaining debitage type is debris, which retains none
of the dimensions of variability present among the other three debitage types.
The presence of cortical rind on the dorsal surface of the debitage will also be recorded.
This is noted in values of complete coverage, partial coverage, or absent. This attribute
provides some indication of the reduction stage generating the debitage. Debitage size
is also noted and includes a maximum dimension for each item measured using a bulls-
eye scale. The values on the scale are less than 1 cm, 1.1-2 cm, 2.1-4 cm, and greater
than 4 cm.
7.6.2 Flaked Stone Tools
Formal flaked stone tools will be assigned individual catalog numbers. Attributes will be
recorded for each of the formal tools and for cores. Attributes include identifying the
parent material, dimensions, weight, whether the tool is complete or broken, the
production base, the presence of cortex, the angle of the working edge, and a series of
attributes regarding use, damage, and modification.
Formal tools and cores are recognized by a combination of distinctive attributes.
RECON employs a set of descriptive definitions as the initial means for identifying
artifact types. The source of these definitions comes from Kaldenberg's work at Rancho
RECON Page 22
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Park North (1976). This approach has been applied to several large studies conducted
by RECON including investigations in the Black Mountain Ranch area (Bull et al. 1998)
and the Villages of La Costa (Cheever and Collett 2000).
7.6.3 Ground Stone
Ground stone items will be separated into categories based on type (mano, basin
metate, slab metate, bowl) and parent material. Material type, attributes, and condition
define these items. Every attempt will be made to reunite broken items to minimize the
impression of a large sample based on broken fragments.
7.6.4 Faunal Remains
Limited examples of shell have been reported at these sites. Marine shell is identified
and cataloged according to genus. Special considerations are made regarding shell
artifacts or shell that has been burned or otherwise modified through cultural action.
Bone will be separated into groupings of identifiable and non-identifiable mammal,
reptile, bird, amphibian, and fish. Whenever possible, the identifiable bone will be keyed
to genus and/or species levels. Both of these groups will be examined for evidence of
burning and butchering. The class categories that will be used for this analysis are
mammal, bird, reptile, amphibian, and fish with distinctions made between large,
medium, and small mammals, as possible.
7.6.5 Duration
The recovered artifacts and ecofaunal remains, copies of special study reports, a copy of
the summary report, photographs, and maps will be compiled for permanent curation at
an appropriate facility. It is recommended that the San Diego Archaeological Center be
selected as the curatorial institution as they can ensure long-term preservation and
accessibility for the collections and supporting materials. This long-term availability of the
data represents the completion of successful data recovery efforts. The expense for
permanent curation will be borne by the project proponent.
8.0 Submittals
Upon completion of the laboratory analyses and special studies, a report will be
prepared that presents the results and interpretations of the various research topics that
have been proposed. RECON will seek comments from Morrow Development and the
City of Carlsbad staff prior to the final preparation of the document. Copies of the
approved final report will be provided to Morrow Development, the City, included with the
RECON Page 23
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
curated materials, and also provided to the South Coastal Information Center. Additional
copies will be maintained at RECON.
9.0 References Cited
Antevs, Ernst
1952 Climatic History and the Antiquity of Man in California. University of California
Archaeological Survey Reports No. 16, pp. 23-31. Berkeley.
Axelrod, Daniel I.
1983 Paleobotanical History of the Western Deserts. In Origin and Evolution of
Deserts, edited by Stephen G. Wells and Donald R. Haragan. University of
New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Bean, Lowell, and Florence C. Shipek
1978 Luiseno. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer. Handbook of North
American Indians, vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.
Bean, Lowell, and Charles R. Smith
1978 Cupeno. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer. Handbook of North
American Indians, vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.
Bull, Charles S.
1977 Archaeology and Linguistics, Coastal Southern California. Master's thesis,
San Diego State University.
1978 Prehistoric Lifeways at La Costa North: An Investigation of Archaeological
Sites. San Diego. RECON.
Bull, Charles S., Dayle M. Cheever, and Russell Collett
1998 Results of an Archaeological Data Recovery at CA-SDI_4832/4833/4942 and
CA-SDI-11982, Black Mountain Ranch, City of San Diego, CA. RECON, San
Diego. Unpublished manuscript on file with the South Coastal Information
Center.
Caughman, M. M., and J. S. Ginsberg
1981 California Coastal Access Guide. California Coastal Commission, University of
California Press, Berkeley.
RECON Page 24
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Carlsbad, City of
1990 Cultural Resource Guidelines.
Cheever, Dayle M.
2000 Treatment Plan for CA-SDI-4846A; Located Within the Villages of La Costa,
The Greens Project Area, Carlsbad, California. RECON
Cheever, Dayle M. and Russell O. Collett
2000 Significance Evaluations of Nine Cultural Resource Sites Located within the
Villages of La Costa Project Areas: The Greens, The Oaks, and The Ridge.
RECON, San Diego. Unpublished manuscript on file with the South Coastal
Information Center.
Desautels, Roger
1990 Archaeological and Historical Literature Search and Records Check for
Alternative Alignments for Highway 680. Huntington Beach. SRS.
Dietler, John
2004 Lithic Material Use in Late Prehistoric San Diego County. In Proceedings of
the Society of California Archaeology, Volume 14. Society for California
Archaeology, San Diego.
Gallegos, D. R.
1987 A Review and Synthesis of Environmental and Cultural Material for the
Batiquitos Lagoon Region. In San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and
Controversy, edited by Dennis R. Gallegos. San Diego County Archaeological
Society Research Papers 1:23-34.
Gifford, E. W.
1973 Miwok Lineages and the Political Unit in Aboriginal California. In The California
Indians, edited by R. F. Heizer and W. A. Whipple. University of California
Press, Berkeley.
Eighmey, James D.
1992 Archaeological Test Excavations on Carmel Mountain, Site SDI-4907, Loci A,
B, and C. RECON.
Gross, G. Timothy
1992 Site Formation and Transformation Processes in Coastal Shell Middens and
Shell-rich Sites. In Essays on the Prehistory of Maritime California, edited by
Terry L. Jones. Center for California Archaeological Research at Davis
(California), Number!0.
RECON Page 25
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Hanna, David C.
1991 The Phase II Archaeological Test of Malcolm J. Rogers' Site SDM-W-181 at La
Costa Town Center in the City of Carlsbad, California. RECON.
Hector, Susan M.
1985 Excavations of Six Sites in La Costa Near Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego
County, CA. RECON.
Inman, Douglas L.
1983 Application of Coastal Dynamics to the Reconstruction of Paleocoastlines in
the Vicinity of La Jolla, California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine
Archaeology, edited by P. M. Masters and N. C. Flemming. Academic Press,
New York.
Kaldenberg, Russell L.
1976 An Intensive Archaeological Reconnaissance of La Costa. Manuscript on file at
RECON, San Diego.
Kaldenberg, Russell L., and M. J. Hatley
1976 The Archaeology of Green Valley Knolls: A La Jolla Complex Shellfish
Processing Site. Manuscript on file at RECON, San Diego.
Kroeber, A. L.
1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin
78. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Kyle, Carolyn, and Dennis Gallegos
1992 Archaeological Test of Fine Pre-Historic Sites for the Rancho Santa Fe Road
Alignment Project, Carlsbad. Gallegos and Associates.
Luomala, K.
1978 Tipai-lpai. In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 592-609. Handbook of
North American Indians, vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor.
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
Masters, Patricia, Ph.D.
1988 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction of San Diego Bay, 10,000 B.P. to
Present. In Five Thousand Years of Maritime Subsistence at Ballast Point
Prehistoric Site SDi-48 (W-164), San Diego, California. WESTEC Services,
Inc.
RECON Page 26
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
May, Ronald V.
1975 A Brief Survey of Kumeyaay Ethnography. Pacific Coast Archaeological
Society Quarterly 11 (4):1 -25.
Mehringer, Peter H., Jr.
1967 Pollen Analysis of the Tule Springs Site, Nevada. In Pleistocene Studies in
Southern Nevada, edited by H. M. Wormington and Dorothy Ellis. Nevada
State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 13. Carson City, Nevada.
Meighan, Clement W.
1954 A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of
Anthropology 10:215-227.
Pigniolo, Andrew and Scott Campbell
1990 Sit Record for CA-SDI-11569. On file at South Coastal Information Center
Pigniolo, Andrew, and Dennis Gallegos
1989 Cultural Resource Survey of the Rancho Santa Fe Road Alignment, Carlsbad,
CA. San Diego: ERC Environmental and Energy Services Company.
Rogers, Malcolm J.
1929 The Stone Art of the San Dieguito Plateau. American Anthropologist
31:454-467.
1938 Archaeological and Geological Investigations of the Culture Levels in an Old
Channel of San Dieguito Valley. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook
37:344-45.
1945 An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology
1(2): 167-198. Albuquerque.
Shipek, Florence, ed.
1982 Kumeyaay Socio-Political Structure. Journal of California and Great Basin
Anthropology 4(2):96-303.
Sparkman, Philip S.
1908 The Culture of the Luiseno Indians. University of California Publications in
American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4): 187-234.
Spier, Leslie
1923 Southern Diegueno Customs. University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology 20(16):295-358. Berkeley.
RECON Page 27
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Strong, William
1929 Aboriginal Society in Southern California. University of California Publications
in American Archeology and Ethnology 26:1-358.
Sullivan, Alan P., and Kenneth C. Rozen
1985 Debitage Analysis and Archaeological Interpretation. American Antiquity
50(4):755-779.
Talley, Paige, and Charles S. Bull
1980 Impact Mitigation Report for Rancheros de la Costa.
True, Delbert L.
1958 An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity
23(3):255-263.
1966 Archaeological Differentiation of Shoshonean and Yuman Speaking Groups in
Southern California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los
Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
True, D. L., and G. Waugh
1981 Archaeological Investigations in Northern San Diego County, California: Frey
Creek. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 3(1 ):84-115.
1983 Radiocarbon Determinations from the Frey Creek Drainage in Northern San
Diego County. Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 5(1 -2):253-
255.
True, D. L., C. W. Meighan, and H. Crew
1974 Archaeological Investigations at Molpa, San Diego County, California.
University of California Press, Berkeley, California.
Walker, C. J., and Charles S. Bull
1981 Archaeological Investigation of a Portion of SDM-W-110, Batiquitos Lagoon
Region, Carlsbad, CA. RECON.
Warren, Claude N.
1966 The San Dieguito Type Site: M. J. Rogers 1938 Excavation on the San
Dieguito River. San Diego Museum of Man Papers 5.
1987 San Dieguito and La Jolla: Some Comments. In San Dieguito-La Jolla:
Chronology and Controversy, edited by Dennis Gallegos, San Diego County
Archaeological Society Research Paper 1:73-85.
RECON Page 28
Treatment Plan for Data Recovery Investigation of
Archaeological Sites CA-SDI-11,569 and CA-SDI-11,570
Warren, Claude N., Gretchen Siegler, and Frank Dittner
1993 Paleoindian and Early Archaic Periods. In Historic Properties Background
Study for the City of San Diego Clean Waste Program. On file with Mooney
and Associates.
Warren, Claude N., and Max G. Pavesic
1963 Shell Midden Analysis of Site SDI-603 and Ecological Implications for Cultural
Development of Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego County, California. Appendix I
in Archaeological Investigations at Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego County
California, by Robert H. Crabtree, Claude N. Warren, and D. L. True. Annual
Report Archaeological Survey. Department of Anthropology-Sociology,
University of California, Los Angeles.
White, Raymond
1963 Luiseno Social Organization. University of California Publications in American
Archaeology and Ethnology 48(2):91 -194.
Yohe, Robert M., Margaret E. Newman, and Johan S. Schneider
1991 Immunological Identification of Small-Mammal Proteins on Aboriginal Milling
Equipment. American Antiquity 56:679-666.
RECON Page 29