HomeMy WebLinkAboutSP 144B; SDG&E Wastewater Facility; Specific Plan (SP) (10)STANFORD RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Menlo Park, California 94025 • U.S.A.
Final Report February 5, 1976
PARTICULATE AND VEGETATION SURVEY
AT ENCINA POWER PLANT
By:E. M. LISTON
H. M. BENEDICT
R. E. INMAN
Prepared for:
SAN DIEGO GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA
SRI Project 4783
Approved by:
R. T. H. COLLIS, Director
Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory
RAY L. LEADABRAND, Executive Director
Electronics and Radio Sciences Division
INTRODUCTION
The San Diego Gas and Electric Company requested that Stanford
Research Institute perform a short-term study to assess the effect of
their Encina Power Plant on the surrounding area. They were specifi-
cally interested in the effects of the power plant on the atmospheric
concentrations of particulates and sulfates, and on any plant damage in
the area.
SRI performed a test program in which atmospheric particulate
samples were taken in the area around the Encina Power Plant. This
plant is located just south of the town of Carlsbad, California. To
provide background concentration data, particulate samples were also taken
at San Elijo State Beach, the Oceanside Marina, and at San Marcos.
These three sites are between six and eight miles from the power plant
and are considered to be beyond its influence.
The samples were analyzed to determine the total particulate concen-
tration and the sulfate concentration. The results were used to assess
the effect of the power plant on its surroundings relative to the back-
ground data obtained from the three locations. Details of these sampling
programs and analyses are given in Appendix A.
A survey of vegetation was performed in the area surrounding the
power plant and at Todd Memorial Park in Oceanside. The condition of
the vegetation in these two areas was compared to assess the effect of
the power plant on vegetation. Details of the survey on vegetation are
included in Appendix B.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
Particulates
It was found that air samples made in the area just north of the
power plant had slightly higher particulate concentration than the samples
taken at Oceanside or San Elijo. A sample taken just south of the power
plant had the lowest particulate concentration of all the samples taken
along the coast.
It was found that the ash from the stacks contained a small amount
of arsenic. Since there were no indications of this element in any of
the background air samples taken at the remote sites, it was apparent
that arsenic could be used as a tracer for the particulate matter from
the stacks. In fact, arsenic was found only in three ground-level
samples. One of these samples was obtained just north of the power plant
during rain. The other two samples were taken at locations where it was
expected that stack effluents would have a maximum effect. At these
locations, and under the conditions that prevailed while the samples were
being taken, the proportion of trace arsenic present to the total parti-
culate mass implied that stack particulates were responsible for only
10-40% of the total particulate concentration in the atmosphere.
It should be emphasized that the levels of trace arsenic present in
the ambient air samples were extremely low, and in fact the largest
concentration of arsenic measured in an air sample in this program was
10,000 times less than the safety level prescribed by the Occupational
Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
In the circumstances it appeared that the slightly higher than
background concentration of particulate found north of the plant were due
to excavation work that was being performed in that area.
Sulfates
The sulfate concentrations in the air samples were more uniform
than the particulate concentrations. In fact, with one exception, they
showed no systematic difference and readings made near the plant were
generally less than those made at the remote background site (San Elijo).
The exception was that taken just north of the power plant. This was a
short-time sample that was directly downwind of the plant during the
blowdown of all the boilers. This sample was also exposed to 7 to 11 mph
on-shore winds for 2-1/2 hours before the blowdown, so part of the excess
sulfate could have come from the ocean. No elemental analyses were
performed on this sample, so it was not possible to definitely establish
whether the excess sulfate was from the ocean or from the power plant
stacks. No data were available on the background sulfate concentration
for the area just north of the plant.
Vegetation Effects
The vegetation survey found no markings ascribable to sulfur
dioxide, sulfuric acid aerosol, oxides of nitrogen, or hydrocarbons
either in the area around the power plant or in Oceanside.
Just south of the power plant there appeared to be an accumulation
of dust on the leaves of the various plants that contained a slightly
higher proportion of a black sooty-like deposit than seen at other loca-
tions. However, in no case was dust accumulation heavy enough to
effect vegetation.
Markings due to plant diseases, insects, or pesticides were observed.
However, neither the intensity of these markings nor the types found were
greater or different in the vicinity of the power plant than five miles
away in Oceanside. One disease, "sooty mold," develops a black sooty and
oily appearance on the surface of the leaf and could easily be confused
with fallout of similar appearing material from the atmosphere.
As a result of this survey it is concluded that no effect on vege-
tation had occurred as a result of emissions from the Encina Power Plant,
at least at the time the survey was conducted.
CONCLUSIONS
It is concluded that the effects of the Encina Power Plant on the
atmosphere and vegetation in the vicinity of the plant are limited in
extent and minimal in significance.
Small increases in particulate concentrations in air samples north
of the plant appear to be due largely to excavation work in that area.
A slightly enhanced sulfate concentration that could have been caused by
the plant was observed on one occasion, again just to the north.
It is by no means clear, however, that the plant was responsible
for all the sulfate observed at that location, and sulfate apparently
generated by the ocean is widespread along the coast.
Vegetation in the area showed no effects due to effluents from the
power plant.
Appendix A
A SURVEY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS
IN AMBIENT AIR IN THE VICINITY OF THE ENCINA POWER PLANT
OF THE SAN DIEGO GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
by
Dr. E. M. Listen
Appendix A
A SURVEY OF PARTICULATE AND SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS
IN AMBIENT AIR IN THE VICINITY OF THE ENCINA POWER PLANT
OF THE SAN DIEGO GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
INTRODUCTION
This Appendix describes a short-term study made by Stanford
Research Institute to determine the effects of the Encina Power Plant on
the local environment, especially those caused by the emission of parti-
culates and sulfates.
SRI performed a test program in which airborne particulate samples
were taken in the area around the Encina Power Plant. This plant is
located just south of the town of Carlsbad, California. In order to
.provide background concentration data particulate samples were also taken
at San Elijo State Beach, the Oceanside Marina, and at San Marcos.
These three sites are between six and eight miles from the power plant
and are considered to be beyond its influence.
The samples were analyzed to determine the total particulate concen-
tration, the sulfate concentration, and to assess the effect of the
power plant on its surroundings relative to the background data obtained
from the three locations.
A-l
TEST PROCEDURE
The particulate samples were collected on three different types of
filters using four different types of sampling pumps. This variety of
equipment was necessary to accomplish the program at short notice with
as many as ten different locations being sampled at one time.
Organic filters (Whatman Type 41 paper and Millipore Type AA) were
used for those samples that were to be analyzed using neutron activation
analysis. However, it was not possible to get accurate tare weights on
these filters because of adsorbed water. Therefore, for those samples
that were to be used for particulate mass or sulfate measurements, it
was necessary to use preweighed, Type A glass fiber filters.
Four different sampling pumps were used: (1) Staplex Hi-Vol pumps,
(2) special constant-volume sampling pumps obtained from Mr. Burt Lane
at SRI, (3) small diaphragm pumps, and (4) a very high-volume Gelman
pump for use with 8-inch x 10-inch filters for obtaining very large
samples.
A-2
SAMPLING SCHEDULING AND LOCATION
Table 4 lists all of the samples that were taken with identifica-
tion number, sampling time, date, location, type of sample pump, and type
of filter used.
About half of the samples were started in the afternoon of one
day and stopped on the morning of the following day. A stopping time
in brackets in Table 4 indicates that it was stopped on the following
day.
When two samples were taken concurrently at the same location, for
example, D-lL and D-lD at location D on December 17th, the suffix letter
in the identification code distinguishes the sample by the type of pump
that was used.
The complete code is included with Table 4 for the identification
of the type of pump and filter used for each sample.
Ten different sampling locations were used during this program.
Each of these locations has been identified using a code letter or
number as follows (see map on page A-24):
• A—The sampler was mounted on the walkway about ten feet
above the ground at a lifeguard station at the south end
of San Elijo State Beach. The sampler was about 30 feet
above water level and about 300 feet from the shore line.
This location is about eight miles south-southeast of the
Encina plant.
• B—The sampler was mounted on a platform about four feet
above the ground and next to a building in the SDG&E sub-
station No. 106 on Discovery Road in San Marcos. This
location is about eight miles east of the Encina plant.
* Tables 4 through 9 are found at the end of this Appendix.
A-3
C—The samplers were mounted on top of a six-foot step
ladder inside a small transformer vault at the Oceanside
Marina. This installation is identified as SDG&E Station
No. 582.116. It is about 15 feet square with cinder block
walls about eight feet high and completely open at the top.
This station is on the sand next to a small parking lot.
It is about 300 feet from the shoreline. The beach is
partially protected by the Oceanside and Camp Pendleton
jetties. The location is approximately six miles north of
the Encina plant.
D--The samplers were mounted about 15 feet above the ground
on the support structure for a small water tower at the
University of California Marine Biology Experimental Station.
This location is about 1100 feet north of the Encina plant
and about 300 feet from the shoreline. Highway S21 is be-
tween the sampling station and the beach.
17—The samplers were mounted on a picnic table at the south
end of the office building in the corporation yard just south
of the plant. The location is about 800 feet south of the
plant and about 500 feet east of the shoreline.
T--The samplers were mounted on the top of the SRI truck
while it was parked next to a large water tank, 1.8 miles
east-southeast of the plant. At this location the sampling
pump was run by a small, gasoline-powered generator that
was always kept downwind of the sampler.
F--This location was 1.7 miles from the plant on a true
bearing of 80°. Sampling was started at this location on
one occasion but discontinued when the wind shifted. The
samplers were then moved to location T for the rest of
the sampling period. These samples are identified as F(T)-1L
and F(T)-1D.
l--The samplers were placed on top of the framework of a
large patio on the west side of a home. The samplers were
in the open and about eight feet above the ground. There
were no obstructions upwind of the samplers. This location
is about one mile northeast of the plant at 4878 Park Drive,
Carlsbad.
14--The samplers were placed on top of the west end of an
open carport, about eight feet above the ground. There
were no obstructions between this location and the ocean
except the coast highway (S21). This location is about 2.3
miles east-southeast of the Encina plant at Lanikai Mobile
Home Park, No. 108, 6550 Ponto Drive, Carlsbad.
A-4
• 10--The samplers were placed on top of the west side of a
patio cover framework. They were about eight feet above the
ground with no obstructions to the west. This location is
on the side of a sloping hill that is downhill all the way
to the coast. It is about 2 miles north-northeast of the
plant at 2031 Janis Way, Carlsbad.
In addition to the particulate samples taken by SRI, a series of
stack particulate samples were taken by SDG&E personnel. The data on
these samples are given in Table 5.
It should be noted that, because of limitations of time, not all
of the samples listed in Tables 4 and 5 were analyzed.
It should also be noted that on December 20th it rained in the
Carlsbad area. Several of the filters got wet and failed.
A-5
ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES
Neutron Activation Analysis
Sixty-five of the particulate samples were analyzed by neutron
activation analysis. State-of-the-art instrumentation that includes an
Ortec lithium-drifted germanium diode detector and a Canberra 1024
channel pulse-height analyzer with 8192 channels of resolution were used
measure photon energies of some of the inorganic constituents of the
samples.
Samples of particulate on various filter types were taken from
several locations and delivered in petri dishes for analysis. The dishes
were opened and dried overnight at 60°C, then allowed to cool to room
temperature and humidity (50%) before weighing. Each sample was weighed
to the nearest 0.1 mg and then encapsulated in a 1/2 in. x 3-1/4 in.
aluminum tube. The tube was pressure-welded at each end and leak-tested
in preparation for neutron irradiation. In a few cases the filters were
cut in half; one half going for activation analysis, the other going for
sulfate determination.
Filters were neutron-irradiated in the University of California,
Berkeley, TRIGA "Lazy Susan" neutron exposure facility for one hour at
12 2a flux of 5 x 10 neutrons per cm per sec. Health and safety regula-
tions required a minimum cooling time of 48 hours before the samples
were removed from the reactor area. They were transported to SRI's
Camp Parks hot-cell facility in lead-lined containers.
At the Camp Parks hot-cell facility, the containers were opened and
the capsules removed for counting. In some cases the levels of Na-24
were too high to allow good counting prior to five days decay.
A-6
The chemical elements were determined generally from the photon
energy peak of greatest intensity resulting from the neutron-produced
radionuclide. In a few instances, a secondary photon energy peak was
used because of interferences or masking of the primary peak.
Each sample was analyzed for several nuclides including: Sm-153,
Au-198, Cr-51, La-140, Ba-131, As-76, Br-82, Sb-122, Sc-46, Fe-59,
Zn-65, Co-60 and Na-24. The samples were all counted for a sufficient
length of time to obtain a representative spectra. The data from each
spectra were analyzed and a total integrated peak count was determined.
This count was corrected for decay and position in the reactor (flux
differences). Since many of the samples had no tare weight, a quantita-
tive analysis was not done.
In addition to each set of particulate samples, a blank filter of
each type—paper (Whatman, No. 41); glass, Type A; membrane, 37 mm
Type AA millipore; and 8 in. x 10 in. glass filters—was encapsulated,
neutron irradiated, and counted as described above. The background
of the blank filters was then subtracted from the samples. In general,
the background counts for the paper and membrane filters were quite low;
however, the background from the glass filters was high so the results
obtained from analysis of the glass filter samples are much less reliable
than those obtained from the paper or membrane filters.
The corrected values of counts-per-minute were then normalized to
3
either 100 M (cubic meters) of total air samples or 100 mg (milligrams)
of total particulate sample. The normalization makes it possible to
intercompare the relative amounts of each of the radionuclides found.
These data are given in Tables 6 and 7.
A-7
Particulate Concentration
A series of samples were taken on preweighed Type A glass-fiber
filter paper. This paper has very little water absorption from the
atmosphere, so it can be used reliably for the measurement of total
suspended particulate matter in the atmosphere.
The individual filters were weighted to the nearest 10 ng at the
start of the test program. Each was stored in a separate plastic petri
dish before and after use. The filters were reweighed to the neartes
10 |ag upon return to SRI. The sample time and sample flow rate at the
beginning and end of each sampling period were known for each of the
samples; therefore, the total air flow and the particulate concentra-
3
tion in |4g/M could be calculated. These data are given in Table 8.
Sulfate Concentration
The total sulfate concentration in the particulate matter was de-
termined using the proposed OSHA Standard Method. The Method was recently
validated for NIOSH by SRI. Briefly, it involved:
• Extraction of the filter with distilled water and isopropyl
alcohol.
• Removal of metal ion interferences by passing the solution
through a cation exchange resin.
• Adjustment of the pH of the solution with dilute perchloric
acid.
• Titration of the solution with 0.005 M barium perchlorate
using Thorin as the indicator. There is a sharp change from
yellow to apricot at the end point.
The sulfate analyses for this program were performed by the same
personnel and with the same equipment used to validate the OSHA Method
A-8
for NIOSH. The data on the sulfate concentration are given in Table 9.
They are given in two forms, as micrograms of sulfate per cubic meter of
sampled air and as the percentage of the total collected particulate
matter that was sulfate.
A-9
RESULTS
Arsenic as a Tracer for Stack Particulates
The particulate samples taken, from the stacks were analyzed using
neutron activation analysis. The results of these analyses, normalized
to 100 mg of particulate, are given in Table 7.
The second largest flux (sodium-24 is the largest) was determined
to be from arsenic-76. This element was not detected in any of the
background samples taken at San Elijo, San Marcos, or Oceanside, so it
was considered to be a good tracer for the stack particulate. For
this type of analysis, 24,000 counts-per-minute is equivalent to approxi-
mately 72 |ag of arsenic-76.
Table 1 gives the data on the only three field samples in which
As-76 was detected. In all cases, these represent worst-case data.
Sample D-6D was taken while it was raining and samples F(T)-1D and
10-1D were both taken at locations where it was expected that there
would be the highest concentration of stack gases on the ground.
These data indicate that under some conditions and in some loca-
tions the particulate matter from the stacks can be a significant part
of the total particulate load around the Encina plant.
It should be stressed that even though arsenic was detected at
ground level, it does not represent a health hazard. The maximum measured
concentrations was 0.05 )J.g per cubic meter of air. The OSHA limit for
3
airborne arsenic is 500 ng/M or 10,000 times greater than the maximum
found during this study.
A-10
Table 1
DATA FROM SAMPLES IN WHICH ARSENIC WAS DETECTED
>i
Location S amp 1 e CPM (1)
100 M3
Equivalent
M-g/M3
of As
Equivalent (2)
|l-g/M3 of
Particulates
Percentage
of
Total
Tower N of Plant D-6D 1300 0.04 65 33%
1.7 miles downwind of plant F(T)-1D 1800 0.05 96 40
2 miles downwind of plant 10-1D 246 0.01 13 9
(1) Counts per minute from Arsenic-76.
(2) The amount of airborne dust that came from the stacks, assuming that the average for the
stack particulate emissions is 200 CPM (from As-76) per milligram of total particulate.
Particulate Concentration
Data on the particulate concentration are summarized in Table 2,
The complete data are given in Table 8.
Table 2
PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION
Location
A
San Elijo State Beach
B
San Marcos
C
Oceanside Marina
D
Tower north of plant
17
Corporation yard south of plant
T
Water tank southeast of plant
Day
Sample
A-3
A-ll
Avg
B-3
B-ll
B-1G
Avg
C-ll
D-8L
D-10L
D-2G
Avg
17-2
T-3L
F(T)-1L
Avg
Hg/M3
180
166
173
99
187
107
131
184
215
198
187
200
122
42
237
140
Night
Sample
A-4
B-4
C-4
C-12
Avg
D-9L
D-11L
D-3G
Avg
17-1
17-3
Avg
Hg/M3
85
88
88
88
88
180
116
126
141
83
81
82
A-12
The data indicate that San Marcos has a slightly lower particulate
concentration than any of the three sample locations near the ocean.
This is expected because of the lack of sea spray in San Marcos.
The data also indicate that location D, the water tower 1100 feet
north of the plant, may have slightly higher particulate concentration
than either San Elijo or Oceanside. However, other data indicate that
this increased particulate concentration is not due to emissions from
the power plant stacks.
Sample D-8D was taken at the same time as sample D-8L. Neutron
activation analysis of D-8D showed no arsenic but a very large amount
of sodium. During the entire time that these samples were being taken
there was an on-shore breeze that, for several hours, was blowing 11 to
12 mph. The sampling location was always upwind of the plant. There-
fore, it can be concluded that the larger particulate concentration in
sample D-8L was due to ocean spray and dust from highway S21, which was
immediately upwind of the sampling location.
Sample D-9D was taken at the same time as D-9L. In this case there was
no arsenic in sample D-9D and there was also a low sodium concentration.
During this sampling period there was an off-shore breeze blowing at up
to 11 mph. The absence of arsenic in sample D-9D indicates that there
was essentially no particulate matter from the power plant stacks in this
sample. The most probable source of the higher particulate concentration
was the construction area north of the plant where excavation work was
underway for a new fuel tank. It should be noted that sample T-3L shows
a very low particulate concentration. This sample was taken on Sunday,
the day after it rained. Sample F(T)-1L was taken at the same location
but on the following day, a Monday. The large difference between these
samples is presumably due to the resumption of the excavation work.
A-13
It should also be noted that the samples taken 800 feet south of
the plant, at location 17, showed much lower particulate concentrations
than the samples taken north of the plant near the construction site.
It was concluded that, at the time that these measurements were
made, the area just north of the Encina power plant may have had a higher
particulate concentration than other areas measured. However, the data
indicate that this increased particulate concentration is not due to
emissions from the stacks, but rather to the excavation work for the new
fuel tank and to the proximity to the ocean. This site was the least
protected of all in terms of exposure to sea spray and road dust.
Sulfate Concentration
The sulfate concentrations found during this test program are
summarized in Table 3. The complete data are given in Table 9.
These data are in terms of airborne sulfate concentration in units
of micrograms per cubic meter of air and in terms of the percentage of
the total filterable particulate matter that is sulfate.
The daytime data indicate that there was a greater airborne sulfate
concentration at sampling location D, the water tower 1100 feet north of
the power plant, than at the other locations. This sample represents
the worst-case for location D. It was a short sample (only 5 hours and
20 minutes) and it was directly downwind of the plant during the blow-
down of all the boilers. However, for 2-1/2 hours before the blowdown
there was a 7 to 11 mph on-shore wind so that part of the sulfate could
have been from ocean spray.
It is not possible to verify the source of the excess sulfate because
an accurate neutron activation analysis cannot be performed on the glass-
fiber filter used for sample D-2G. Sample D-2D, a membrane filter sample
A-14
Table 3
SULFATE CONCENTRATION
ii-1
Ul
Location
A
San Elijo State Beach
B
San Marcos
C
Oceans ide Marina
D
Tower north of plant
17
Corporation yard south of plant
Day
Sample
A-3
A- 11
Avg
B-3
C-ll
D-2G
17-2
Hg/M3
18.2
11.6
14.9
7.2
13.0
28.7
12.2
Percentage
of Total
10.1
7.0
8.5
7.3
7.1
15.3
10.1
Night
Sample
A-4
B-4
C-4
D-3G
17-1
Hg/M3
6.9
6.8
8.4
9.2
5.3
Percentage
of Total
8.1
7.7
9.5
7.3
6.4
taken at the same time, was not submitted for neutron activation analysis
because it was not known that this sample would be important. If sample
D-2D had been analyzed, the amount of arsenic would have been an indica-
tion of the amount of stack particulate present at sampling location D
during the blowdown.
Samples from all other locations indicate that the airborne sulfate
concentration is fairly uniform near the ocean.
Therefore, the airborne sulfate concentration may be increased
immediately downwind of the power plant during blowdown. However, there
is only one sample to indicate this, and it has not been verified, by
neutron activation analysis of the particulate matter, that the increased
sulfate was from the stack particulate.
Sulfur Concentration in Fuel Oil
During this test program, Units No. 1, 2, and 3 at the Encina plant
were burning fuel oil from Tank No. 1. Unit No. 4 was burning fuel oil
from Tank No. 5. Samples of these fuel oils were submitted to the analy-
tical laboratory at Stanford University for determination of the total
sulful concentration. It was reported that the fuel oil in Tank No. 1
had 0.40% sulfur and the fuel from Tank No. 5 had 0.28% sulfur.
Detailed Data
The following tables contain the detailed data obtained during this
test program.
A-16
Table A-4
SUMMARY OF SAMPLING SCHEDULE
Wednesday.
Sample Time
No. Start
Test Location A:
lifeguard tower at San A-l 1112
Elijo State Beach A-2 1903
Test Location B:
Road in San Marcos B-2 1740
Test Location C:
transformer crib on C-l 0909
beach at Oceanside C-2 1808
Marina
Test Location D :
University of Califor-
nia Tower, 1100 feet
northwest of plant D-1L 1930
D-1D 1933
Test Location 17:
corporation yard 800
feet south/southeast
of plant 17-1 1735
tower 1.8 miles south-
east of power plant
Test Location 1 :
residence 1 mile north-
east of plant
Test Location 14;
residence 1,9 miles
south/southeast of
plant
Test Location 10:
residence 2 miles north/
northeast of plant
December 17 Thursday. December 18
Time Inst Sample Time Time Inst
Stop Fil No. Start Stop Fil
1857 S/P A-3 1151 1858 S/A
(1145) S/P A-4 1902 (0913) S/A
1735 S/P B-3 1053 1806 S/A
(1047) S/P B-4 1810 (0815) S/A
1812 S/P C-3 1000 1722 S/A
(0823) S/P C-4 1728 (0719) S/A
D-2G 1410 1932 G/A
D-3G 2007 (0620) G/A
D-2L 1345 1932 L/A
(1320) L/P D-3L 2007 (1051) L/A
D-2D 1343 1951 D/M
(1320) D/M D-3D 2007 (1043) D/M
(1216) G/A
T-1L 1457 1630 L/A.
T-1D 1500 1630 D/M
Friday, December 19
Sample Time Time Inst
No. Start Stop Fil
A-5 0920 1831 S/P
A-6 1835 (0700) S/P
B-5 0819 1752 S/P
B-6 1756 (1006) S/P
C-5 0924 1707 S/P
C-6 1710 (0925) S/P
D-4L 1107 1935 L/P
D-5L 1953 (0733) L/P
D-4D 1113 1935 D/M
D-5D 1953 (0732) D/M
17-2 0645 1907 G/A
17-3 1915 (0800) G/A
T- 2L 1315 154-5 L/P
T-1A 1335 1545 A/P
1-1D 1245 1615 D/M
1-1A 1245 1615 A/P
Saturday, December 20
Sample Time Time Inst
NO. Start Stop Fil
A-7 0705 1759 S-A
A-8 1803 (0800) S/A
B-7 1015 1720 S/A
B-8 1722 (1003) S/A
C-7 0935 1615 S/A
C-8 1620 (0915) S/A
C-1G 0935 1615 G/A
D-6L 0749 1917 L/A
D-7L 1927 (0842) L/A
D-6D 0749 1917 D/M
D-7D 1927 (0841) D/M
17-4 2315 (0828) G/A
14-1D 1115 1838 D/M
Sunday, December 21
Sample Time Time Inst
No. Start Stop Fil
A-9 0803 1725 S/P
A-10 1730 (0645) S/P
B-9 1010 1650 S/P
B-10 1653 (0946) S/P
C-9 0917 1618 S/P
C-10 1621 (0850) S/P
D-8L 0842 1810 L/A
D-9L 1830 (0756) L/A
D-8D 0841 1810 D/M
D-9D 1815 (0756) D/M
D-1A 0850 1810 A/P
T-3L 1215 1515 L/A
10-1D 1105 1538 D/M
10- Uk 1105 1538 A/P
Monday, December 22
Sample Time Time Inst
No. Start Stop Fil
A-ll 0651 1924 S/A^
A-12 193^) (0550) S/P
B-ll 1004 1845 S/A
B-1,2 1854 (0808) S/P*
B-1G 1232 1845 G/A
C-ll 0855 1801 S/A
C-12 1807 (0900) S/A
D-10L 0810 2003 L/A
D-11L 2018 (0632) L/A
D-10D 0810 2003 D/M
D-11D 2018 (0632) D/M
D-12A 0820 2003 A/P
F(T)1L 1305 1630 L/A
F(T)1D 1305 1630 D/M
10-2D 0720 1703 D/M
Key: S/P - Staplex and type 41 paper filter (4 in.dia)
S/A - Staplex and type A flass filter (4 in.dia)
L/P - Lane and type 41 paper filter (2 in.dia)
L/A - Lane and type A glass filter (2 in.dia)
D/M - Diaphragm pump and 37 iran millipore filter
G/A - Gelman hi-vol in 8 in.x 10 in.type A filter
A/P - Anderson irapactor with diaphragm pump-type 41 paper filters
Table A-5
STACK PARTICULATE SAMPLES
24-hour Sampling
Unit Dates
1 12-19-75
12-20-75
2 12-19-75
12-20-75
3 12-18-75
12-19-75
4 12-17-75
12-18-75
Soot Blow Samples
Unit Date
1 12-21-75
2 12-21-75
3 12-20-75
4 12-20-75
Load Pick Up Samples
Unit Date
1 12-23-75
2 12-23-75
3 12-22-75
4 12-22-75
Unit 4 Cycling Start-up
Date
12-21-75
Blank Filter Paper (Low
Time
1500 hr
1500 hr
1500 hr
1500 hr
1400 hr
1400 hr
0900 hr
0900 hr
Time
1730-2100 hr
1730-2045 hr
1730-2045 hr
1430-1945 hr
Time
0430-0710 hr
0445-0700 hr
0445-0700 hr
1445-1730 hr
Sample
Time
0450-0800 hr
Ash) - Sample N
Sample
A
B
C
D
Sample
E
F
G
H
Sample
I
J
K
L
S amp 1 e
M
Manufactured by Carl Schleicher and Schuell
and Co. #895E Size 24 mm
A-18
Table A-6
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS NORMALIZED TO 100 CUBIC METER SAMPLE VOLUME
Sample
Number
A-l
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-6
A-9
A-10
A -12
B-l
B-2
B-5
B-6
B-9
B-10
B-12
C-l
C-2
C-5
C-6
C-9
Ins/Fil
S/P
S/P
S/A
S/A
S/A
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
S/P
Total
Weight
mg
708.9
1468.3
607.8
611.4
768.1
730.6
720.9
708.1
718.4
719.7
744.3
701.2
715.4
731.7
729.3
730.4
721.9
736.2
729.7
747.2
Irrad.
Weight
mg
354.6
735.6
301.5
300.1
384.3
365.6
360.5
353.8
358.2
361.4
371.8
351.2
358.1
365.8
361.3
364.9
355.6
367.5
366.0
361.0
Sample
Time
Min
465
1008
427
851
745
562
795
620
290
1027
573
970
400
1013
794
543
871
463
995
421
Sample
Volume
M3
316
517
327
651
538
382
585
457
103
305
154
179
113
258
247
500
789
400
817
376
Counts per Minute at Time =
Sm-153
215
117
-- '
356
90
185
149
90
1200
496
1430
642
648
388
315
298
525
225
156
284
Au-198
35
--
20
--
19
7
25
22
39
18
9
27
69
48
41
2
66
17
28
66
La -140
46
23
290
253
55
203
73
35
115
74
306
331
195
143
111
82
185
152
69
39
Ba-131
13
7
--
61
3
5
--
7
10
5
1
17
7
--
2
2
3
2
--
2
Br-82
X1000
10.4
7.1
5.8
11.3
8.6
7.1
11.8
4.8
8.5
11.9
12.1
20.6
14.0
21.7
14.0
5.6
2.5
7.1
6.4
7.0
0 Corrected for Flux and Filter Background
Sb-122
71
24
--
92
65
52
64
35
74
108
405
240
250
237
196
108
69
133
78
87
Sc-46 Zn-
5
5
12
--
6
4
--
1
17
7
14
10
4
5
1
7
4
3
3
4
65 Co-60
7 8
2 5
61
92 3
2 6
7 5
12 4
3 1
8
9
6 19
2 8
4 11
2 8
1 4
2 2
3
1 3
1 2
3 3
££ '-»
288
201
284
381
141
1320
147
77
181
45
177
60
163
47
58
127
25
295
22
529
Cr-51 As-76
..
..
—--
-_
..
..
_.__
_.
..
._
_.
--
__
.___
--
--
Table A-6 (Concluded)
Sample
Number
D-1L
D-1D
D-4L
D-5L
D-4D
D-5D
D-6D
D-7D
D-8L
D-8D
D-9D
D-10L
D-10D
17-3
17-4
T-2L
T-3L
FT-lL
FT-lD
1-1D
14-1D
10-1D
10-2D
Ins/Fil
L/P
D/M
L/P
L/P
D/M
D/M
D/M
D/M
L/A
D/M
D/M
L/A
D/M
G/A
G/A
L/P
L/A
L/A
D/M
D/M
D/M
D/M
D/M
Total
Weight
mg
189.9
50.7
187.4
174.2
50.5
49.4
47.8
49.0
154.9
49.2
48.2
156.1
49.8
3378.5
3323.5
172.7
155.0
154.3
48.9
49.9
50.5
50.5
50.8
Irrad.
Weight
mg
96.4
50.7
88.3
87.4
50.5
49.4
47.8
49.0
154.9
49.2
48.2
156.1
49.8
362.5
368.1
81.1
155.0
154.3
48.9
49.9
50.5
50.5
50.8
Sample
Time
Min
1070
1067
508
700
502
699
688
794
508-
509
821
713
713
765
555
150
180
190
190
210
443
273
583
Sample
Volume
M3
38.5
23.5
18.5
25.2
10.8
15.4
14.8
17.1
18.3
10.7
17.7
25.7
15.3
1910
1380
8.9
10.8
11.4
6.1
4.8
10.0
6.1
13.1
Counts per Minute at Time =
Sm-153
473
128
1460
333
824
299
723
--
3500
327
328
1000
261
„_
--
1034
6000
5300
443
1500
--
393
191
Au-198
__
9
173
--
--
78
4500
480
1500
1300
345
3500
1460
._
--
-_
1400
--
1260
--
50
820
366
La -140
416
98
443
310
--
--
128
--
1400
224
260
--
--
269
24
382
--
-_
279
3080
--
426
397
Ba-131
--
22
--
--
--
7
18
2350
9
--
1200
--
5
5
45
3700
3700
--
—
--
16
--
Br-82
X1000
17.8
7.7
21.0
15.0
8.3
8.0
7.2
7.8
18.5
7.1
5.5
14.6
6.0
13.0
10.5
4.9
15.7
5.8
4.2
--
8.5
8.2
6.0
0 Corrected for Flux and Filter Background
Sb-122 Sc-46
125 10
106
195 11
135
389
58 6
54
88
600
234
198
500
118
13
15
,.
1300
510
_.
542
800
164
145
Zn-65 Co-60
-_
13
--
8
9 9
--
27
6
540 16
-.
--
540 31
-.
3
23
1640 9
1000
--
21
10
--
Na'24 Fe-59X1000
500
15
681
-.
255
25
318
82
93000
1430
'70
10000
1330
24
9
-_
28000
20000
500
3520
49
600
520
Cr-51 As-76
--
----
--
--
--
1300
--
-_
_-
--
--
—
---"
65 833
--
1800
--
--
246
84
roo
Table A-7
NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS NORMALIZED TO 100 MILLIGRAMS OF TOTAL PARTICULATE
Sample
Number
A-3
A-4
D-8L
D-10L
17-3
17-4
T-3L
FT-1L
Stack
2-B
4-D
4-H
4-L
4-M
Ins/Fil
S/A
S/A
L/A
L/A
G/A
G/A
WA
L/A
--
--
--
--
--
Total
Weight
mg
607.8
611.4
154.9
156.1
3378.5
3323.5
155.0
154.3
--
--
--
--
--
Irrad.
Weight
mg
301.5
300.1
154.9
156.1
362.5
368.1
155.0
154.3
139
105
126
86
91
Tare
Weight
mg
558.5
566.3
151.7
152.5
3253.4
3283.3
154.4
152.6
62
62
62
62
62
Sample
Weight
mg
24.5
22.1
3.2
3.6
13.4
4.5
(0.6)
(1.7)
77
43
64
24
29
Counts per Minute at Time =
Sm-153
--
5250
20500
7200
--
--
Au-198
131
--
8600
24800
--
--
Insufficient
Insufficient
1084
1223
2110
1760
2240
174
69
124
110
45
La-140
1935
3730
7900
--
4100
805
Ba-131
--
905
13600
8300
80
157
Br-82
X1000
38.9
166.5
107.0
104.0
201.2
359.0
0 Corrected for Flux and
Sb-122 Sc -46 Zn-65 Co-60
82 408
1360
3400
3500
194
516
1360
3090
3800
-
-
45
95
222
52
735
Filter Background
Na'24 Fe-59X1000 *
1900
5600
536000
72000
373
291
Cr-51 As-76
..
..
--
--
--
--
sample for accurate analysis
sample for accurate analysis
130
716
1170
1300
1190
14
26
33
29
34
0.5
2.2
0.4
0.6
2.0
--
63
378
3260
6 19 70
104 29 146
7 2300
525
158
906
858
1310
1230 39
349 70
2360 26
1900 30
1240 140
13 23900
14 9440
22 40000
13 26000
1960 48600
Table A-8
PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION DATA
Sample
Number
A-3
A-4
A-7
A-ll
B-3
B-4
B-7
B-8
B-ll
B-1G
C-4
C-7
C-1G
C-ll
C-12
D-7L
D-8L
D-9L
D-10L
D-11L
D-2G
D-3G
17-1
17-2
17-3
17-4
T-3L
FT-IL
Instrument
and Filter Da
Sampling
Period
te Start Stop
S/A 18 1151 1858
S/A 18 1902 (0913)
S/A 20 0705 1759
S/A 22 0651 1924
S/A 18 1053 1806
S/A 18 1810 (0815)
S/A 20 1015 1720
S/A 20 1722 (1003)
S/A 22 1004 1845
G/A 22 1232 1845
S/A 18 1728 (0719)
S/A 20 0935 1615
G/A 20 0935 1615
S/A 22 0855 1801
S/A 22 1807 (0900)
L/A 20 1927 (0842)
L/A 21 0842 1810
L/A 21 1830 (0756)
L/A 22 0810 2003
L/A 22 2018 (0632)
_ G/A 18 1410 1932
G/A 18 2007 (0620)
G/A 17 1735 (1216)
G/A 19 0645 1907
G/A 19 1915 (0800)
G/A 20 2315 (0828)
L/A 21 0842 1810
L/A 22 1305 1630
Total
Time
(min)
427
851
654
755
433
845
425
1001
921
373
831
400
400
546
833
795
568
806
713
539
322
613
1,121
742
765
553
568
190
Air Flow
(L/min)
764.6
770.3
736.3
736.3
325.7
344.1
297.4
249.2
249.2
2,373.2
863.8
906.2
2,407.2
863.8
877.9
36.0
36.0
36.0
36.0
33.4
2,274.1
2,330.7
2,064.5
2,514.8
2,489.3
2,514.8
60.0
60.0
Total
Flow
(min)
326.5
655.5
481.5
555.9
141.0
290.8
126.4
249.4
229.5
885.2
717.8
362.5
962.9
471.6
731.3
28.6
20.4
29.0
25.7
18.0
732.3
1,428.7
2,314.3
1,866.0
1,904.7
1,390.7
34.1
11.4
Weight
Gain
(mg)
58.74
54.95
68.01
92.74
14.19
25.66
9.76
18.47
25.40
94.49
63.90
21.11
120.74
87.05
64.35
1.42
4.39
5.21
5.05
2.11
137.04
179.63
191.02
228.32
155.12
47.23
1.45
2.70
Particulate
Concentration
(M.R/M3)
180
85
141
166
99
88
78
74
187 .
107
88
56
125
184
88
49
215
180
198
116
187
126
83
122
81
34
42
237
A-22
Table A-9
SULFATE CONCENTRATION DATA
S amp 1 e
Number
A-3
A-4
A-ll
B-3
B-4
C-4
C-ll
D-2G
D-3G
17-1
17-2
Stack
3(c)
3(G)
Total
Flow,
M3
327
656
556
141
291
718
472
732
1429
2314
1866
--
—
Total
Sulfate
mg
5.93
4.50
6.42
1.02
1.98
6.04
6.12
20.98
13.18
12.35
22.91
3.58
3.05
Sulfate
Concen-
tration
fig/M3
18.2
6.9
11.6
7.2
6.8
8.4
13.0
28.7
9.2
5.3
12.3
--
— —
Percentage
Sulfate*
10.1%
8.2
6.9
7.2
7.7
9.5
7.0
15.3
7.3
6.5
10.0
20.2
27.3%
Weight of sulfate divided by total weight of collected
particulate matter or weight of washable particulate
in the case of the stacks samples.
A-23
; ? ' \ }
4. /-] ;" \_SQRFQUATE
TV-^J
Appendix B
A SURVEY OF VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY
OF THE ENCINA POWER PLANT OF THE SAN DIEGO GAS
AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
by
Dr. Harris M. Benedict and Dr. Robert E. Inman
Appendix B
A SURVEY OF VEGETATION IN THE VICINITY
OF THE ENCINA POWER PLANT OF THE SAN DIEGO
GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY
INTRODUCTION
The Encina power plant of the San Diego Gas and Electric Company
is located about two miles south of the center of Carlsbad, California,
on Carlsbad Boulevard. The plant is located between U.S. Route 5 and
Carlsbad Boulevard and the property extends from Cannon Road north to
the Agua Hedionda Lagoon, which is adjacent to the south end of the
property and extends for about a half mile. About a mile and a half
south and slightly east of the plant is a mobile home development, with
accompanying ornamental plantings. Adjacent to the plant grounds and
extending to the east and southeast for about a mile and a half are ex-
tensive irrigated agricultural lands on which tomatoes are grown. To
the north and northeast across the lagoon lies the city of Carlsbad.
The closest residences are about 0.6 miles north of the power plant.
The Pacific Ocean lies to the west of the plant. No other large indus-
trial operations are within many miles of the power plant. Within the
city of Carlsbad there are commercial greenhouses in which carnations
and ferns are grown for wholesale distribution. The power plant lies
within both a residential and an agricultural area.
There have been complaints that emissions from the power plant have
deleterious effects on vegetation in the area, especially just south of
the plant. It has also been claimed that a black sticky material, as
well as inorganic materials, fall out of the air; and that these materials
have corrosive properties that might effect vegetation. Since the power
plant burns fuel oil, its emissions could include sulfur dioxide, sul-
furic acid aerosols, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and some particu-
late material. The heavy automobile traffic along Route 5 could add to
these materials in the atmosphere in the vicinity of the power plant.
The objective of the present survey was to inspect vegetation in
the area for effects or symptoms that might be ascribed to emissions
from the power plant, and, if any were found, to outline the area over
which they occurred. Another objective was to describe effects of other
B-l
factors that might be ascribed to air pollutants, but were actually the
result of plant diseases, insect pests, herbicides, faulty nutrition, or
adverse climatic conditions.
Photographs of conditions found during these visits are reproduced
in Figures B-l through B-12.
PROCEDURES
The area within a two-mile radius of the power plant was toured by
car and specific locations, displaying a great many species of plants,
were selected for careful inspection. Two separate surveys were made,
one on December 17 and 18 and one on January 13. The surveys were con-
ducted by Dr. Robert E. Inman, plant pathologist and Manager of Plant
Biology at Stanford Research Institute and Dr. Harris M. Benedict, plant
physiologist and consultant to SRI.
At each location, attention was paid to markings on the leaves of
the plants to determine whether they were caused by air pollutants, in-
cluding sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid aerosols, oxides of nitrogen,
ozone, and peroxy-acetyl-nitrate (PAN), the latter two are reaction prod-
ucts of oxides of nitrogen and hydrocarbons. Markings ascribable to other
factors, such as plant diseases, insect pests and adverse climatic condi-
tions, were also recorded. Observations were also made of the amount
and nature of any unusual accumulations of particulate matter on or in
the axils of the leaves. During the January visit, microscopic examina-
tions were made of the leaf surfaces or material removed from the leaves
to verify whether the symptoms observed were simply dust depositions on
the leaves, fungal growths swellings, markings due to insect stings, or
possibly pesticide applications. Photographs were also taken of some
of the more frequent markings.
Weeds are often sensitive to particular air pollutants and thus
are excellent indicator plants for such pollutants; for example, nettle-
leaf goosefoot (Chenopodium murale). cheeseweed or bull mallow (Malva
parviflora), and annual bluegrass (Poa annua) are sensitive to oxidant
pollutants such as ozone and PAN. These species were examined wherever
found.
Wherever possible, owners of the observed sites were asked to comment
on any effect they felt plant emissions were having on their plantings.
B-2
RESULTS
The area surveyed has been divided into four sections for convenience
in describing the results:
(a) Locations in the residential area south and south
southeast of the power plant.
(b) Locations in the agricultural area east and southeast
of the plant.
(c) Locations in Carlsbad north and northeast of the power
plant: This area includes residences, commerical
greenhouses, and public areas.
(d) Todd Memorial Park in Oceanside: This park is about
five miles northeast of the power plant and usually
upwind. This area was considered to be beyond the in-
fluence of any emissions from the power plant and hence
served as the control area.
A. Residential Area South of the Power Plant
The location of the various sites observed are listed below:
Distance, Direction,
Description Feet Degrees
1. West side Carlsbad Boulevard 600 180
2. Park just south of SDG&E grounds 800 170
3. Los Robles road residences 1500-2000 150
4. Johnson residence, Los Robles Road 2600 146
5. Bollman residence, Carlsbad Boulevard 3600 160
6. Carlsbad Nursery 6200 140
7. Solamar Mobile Homes Area 7400 155
8. Denny's Restaurant area 7600 140
Observations were made in this area as near as 600 feet and
as far as 7600 feet from the power plant- On none of the ornamental
plants or weeds examined were any markings found that could be ascribed
to an air pollutant. Among the different kinds of plants observed were
various species of pines, fig, citrus, oleander, several species of
palms, hydrangea, oxalis, lantana, hibiscus, avocado, wild mustard,
B-3
annual blue grass, cheeseweed, nettleleaf goosefoot, fuchsia, agave,
New Zealand flax, petunias, celery, eucalyptus, chrysanthemums, and
marigolds. These offer a wide range of sensitivity to the various pol-
lutants to which special attention was being paid.
Several plant diseases were observed. One of the most common
was sooty mold on leaves of many species. This disease develops on both
the upper and lower leaf surfaces. It is black and closely resembles a
deposit of heavy soot. This disease was especially prevalent on the
oleanders at Site 1, above. However, it was found throughout the area,
even in Site 8. Other diseases noted were blackspot on roses and leaf
spots of various types on palms and agave. Markings due to such insect
pests as aphids were noted on oleander, and leaf hoppers were common on
some garden plants, especially cheeseweed. Marginal and tip necrosis
was quite common on eucalyptus and palm leaves. This seems to be due to
the desiccating effects of the winds with their high salt content from
the Pacific Ocean.
The operator of the Carlsbad Nursery said he had seen no effects
of power plant emissions on the wide variety of plants he was growing.
The owner of one of the mobile homes in Solamar said he had seen no ef-
fects on plants, but that occasionally there was sooty fallout that he
felt produced some corrosion on the bumpers of his auto; however, he was
unable to show us any such deposit at the time.
At some locations within a mile of the power plant there did
appear to be a noticeable amount of dust accumulated in the axils of
leaves. Under microscopic examination, this material seemed to be
mostly sand and soil that might be found anywhere in a windy area. How-
ever, some dark sooty-like particles could have come from the power plant
or auto exhausts. The amount of this material was not sufficient in any
event, at least in our opinion, to have any effect on vegetation.
Photographs of some markings observed in this area are shown in
Figures B-l through B-6.
B. Agricultural Area East and Southeast
of the Power Plant
The location of the various sites visited in this area are
as follows:
B-4
Distance, Direction,
Description Feet Degrees
1. Cannon Road 2400 116
2. Cannon Road and Paseo Del Norte 3200 95
3. Terramar Road 4000 150
4. Paseo Del Norte Auto Area 4900 132
5. Palomar Airport Road 7500 130
6. Water Tower 8200 115
The only plants at these sites found were either tomatoes or weeds, plus
a few additional species at Site 4, which was in a slough where water
accumulated. In December we could only examine the peripheral areas of
this site, but in January it had dried sufficiently so that we could
wander at will.
On none of the tomatoes in any of the fields examined were any
markings ascribable to air pollutants observed. The tomatoes had been
sprayed with ethrel to stop vine growth and hasten the ripening of the
fruit. Some effects of this spray were noted on annual blue grass and
cheeseweed in, or next to, the tomato fields. Leaf hoppers and white
fly were often present in the tomato fields. Both the field foreman and
the general manager of the farm informed us that they observed no effect
of emissions from the power plant on their crops. They did state that
their crops were injured by smog, but that this was a general event
throughout the whole coastal plain area and was not related to the power
plant.
Site 4 was interesting because moisture accumulated in the
center of fallow ground and native plants and weeds made excellent growth.
In this area a rust was found on annual blue grass, powder mildew on es-
caped barley, and spider mites on the cheeseweed. Some spotting of cheese-
weed resembling smog damage may have been present but it was more likely
related to the presence of leafhoppers.
Because Site 4 was in the middle of a fallow field, considerable
dust from the field had accumulated on or in the axils of the leaves.
Careful scrutiny of this dust indicated some particles that may or may
not have been from the soil and could have come from other sources; how-
ever, the amounts were too small to have any effect on the plants.
B-5
C. Residential Area in Carlsbad North and Northeast
of the Power Plant
The locations of the various sites visited in this area are
as follows:
Description
1. Buest residence, Olive Road
2. New condominium
3. Commercial greenhouse (Ferns)
4. A. Monteleone residence
5. Pohanska residence
6. Carnation house, Chestnut Vally
7. High school, Chestnut Valley
Distance,
Feet
3400
3900
4600
500
7500
9300
9500
Direction,
Degrees
340
12
0
28
50
20
20
These locations lie in an arc around the north of the power plant. At
some of the sites a very large number of plant species were being grown.
Sites 1, 4, and 7 especially had had vegetable gardens, backyard fruit
trees, and many ornamentals. The species observed include the following:
Vegetables
Chicory
Artichoke
String beans
Horse beans
Broccoli
Zucchini
Peas
Chinese cabbage
Onion
Garlic
Swiss chard
Leaf lettuce
Head lettuce
Radish
Beets
Carrots
Cucumber
Squash
Fruits
Tomatoes
Apricot
Olives
Avocado
Peach
Fig
Orange
Lemon
Strawberries
Trees and Shrubs
Bird of Paradise
Eucalyptus
Pines
Ferns
Euonymus
Bougainvillea
Palms
Flowers
Poinsettia
Gladiolus
Sweet pea
Calla lily
Carnation
Orchid
Petunia
B-6
Even though all these plants were being carefully tended, no
markings were observed on any of them that could be ascribed to any of
the air pollutants that were receiving special attention. However, at the
time of the December visit at Site 4, markings were observed on apricot
leaves that would be ascribed to atmospheric fluorides. At the time of
the January visit, the leaves on this tree had been shed. The sooty
mold disease seen elsewhere was also found in this area, as were the in-
sect pests and other plant diseases mentioned in other areas. We talked
with the owners of two commercial greenhouses and of two of the residences.
None of them had any complaints about emission from the power plant ef-
fecting their plants.
D. Todd Park in Oceanside
This park is about five miles from the power plant in a north-
easterly direction and is believed to be beyond the influence of emis-
sions from the Encina plant. However, it is located in a residential
area similar to those in Carlsbad and not too far from a well travelled
highway. In this area sooty mold was found on various species, especially
toyon. Leaf spots of various sorts similar to those seen south of the
power plant were found on palms. Tip and marginal necrosis due to desic-
cation were observed on eucalyptus. There was some dust accumulation in
the axils of the leaves but not as much as in the residential area south
of the power plant, but about the same as that found in Carlsbad north
of the power plant.
DISCUSSION
The results presented in the previous sections are summations of
much more detailed notes and descriptions made at each of the sites
visited. The detailed notes for each location will be found in SRI Note-
book No. 4874, pages 20 through 42.
It should be pointed out that these surveys were made in December
and January, during an unusually dry period for that time of year; there-
fore, the observations represent the conditions of the plants at that
time only and cannot be extrapolated to indicate conditions that might
exist at other times of the year or under different climatic conditions.
Similarly, the results cannot be used of themselves as indication of
background conditions or as conditions prior to the operation of a much
enlarged plant; however, the results could serve as a part of such back-
ground determination.
B-7
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Native, ornamental, and crop plants were carefully examined at 21
locations within two miles of the SDG&E Encina power plant. These plants
were carefully examined for markings or other effects ascribable to air
pollutants, but especially to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid aerosol,
oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and reaction products from these, es-
pecially ozone and PAN. At the same time, markings ascribable to other
factors, such as plant diseases, insect pests, pesticides, and adverse
climatic and edaphic factors, were also recorded. Attention was also
paid to dust or particulate accumulation on leaf surfaces. Included in
the survey was an additional site about five miles from the power plant
and beyond the range of emissions from the plant. This survey was con-
ducted in two parts on December 17 and 18, 1975 and on January 13, 1976
by Robert E. Inman and Harris M. Benedict, a plant pathologist and plant
physiologist, respectively.
No markings ascribable to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid aerosol,
oxides of nitrogen or hydrocarbons were found on any of the 40 to 50
species observed at any of the locations visited. Markings ascribable
to ozone and PAN may have been observed on certain sensitive weeds, but
these pollutants can arise from such sources .as automobile exhausts.
Furthermore, there was doubt in the observers' minds that such symptoms
were the result of ozone and PAN, since other plants sensitive to these
compounds were not marked. We could not be sure the markings observed
were not caused by leafhoppers or some other insect; however, character-
istic markings ascribable to fluorides were found on one apricot tree.
Just south of the power plant there appeared to be an accumulation
of dust on the leaves of the various plants that contains a slightly
higher proportion of a black, sooty-like deposit than seen at other lo-
cations. However in no case was dust accumulation, regardless of the
type, heavy enough to effect vegetation.
Several markings due to plant diseases, insects, and pesticides
were observed. However, neither the intensity of these markings nor
the types found were greater or different in the vicinity of the power
plant than five miles away in the control location.
One disease, sooty mold, develops a black sooty and oily appearance
on the surface of the leaf and could easily be confused with fallout of
similar appearing material from the atmosphere.
As a result of this survey, it is concluded no effect on vegetation
had occurred as a result of emissions from the Encina power plant, at
least at the time the survey was conducted.
B-8
Figure Bl. Sooty mold on oleander leaf collected on west side of
Carlsbad Boulevard about 600 feet south of the power
Figure B21 Sooty mold on lantana leaf collected about 7600 feet
southeast of the power plant.
B-9
Figure B3. Brown markings on shrub believed to be due to the heavy
infestation of leafhoppers found.
Figure B4. Leaf spot on agave collected about 2000 -feet south of the
plant. Under the microscope this turned out to be fungal
in nature and not accumulation of fallout particles.
B-10
../v."
Figure B5. Another fungal leaf spot on agave: This was collected
in the Solamar Mobile Home area about 7500 feet south
of the power plant.
Figure B6, Black leaf spot on palm leaf: The cause of this could
not be ascertained even with the use of'the microscope,
This was found in the park just south of the power
plant grounds„
B-ll
Figure B7- Sooty mold on lemon leaf about 3200 feet north of the
power plant.
Figure B8. Fungal leaf spot on palm frond found in Todd Park about
five miles north northeast of the power plant.
B-12
Figure B9» Sooty mold on upper and lower surfaces of toyon leaf collected
in Todd Park in Oceanside0
Figure BIO.Sooty mold on upper and lower surfaces of toyon leaf
collected in Todd Park in Oceanside.
B-13
Figure Bll. Leaf spot on palm frond found in Todd Park in Oceanside.
Figure B12.Marginal necrosis on eucalyptus leaf due to salt
accumulation in the leaves and drying winds, found in
Todd Park in Oceanside.
B-14
,