HomeMy WebLinkAbout; Legoland Carlsbad; Final Paleontological Report; 1998-06-01FINAL PALEONTOLOGICAL REPORT
LEGOLAND CARLSBAD
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for:
LEGOLAND CARLSBAD, INC.
5600 Avenida Encinas, Suite 130
Carisbad, California 92008
Prepared by:
DEPARTMENT OF PALEONTOLOGICAL SERVICES
San Diego Natural History Museum
P.O. Box 1390
San Diego, CA 92112
Thomas A. Dem^r^, Ph.D.
Director
June 1998
FINAL PALEONTOLOGICAL REPORT
LEGOLAND CARLSBAD PROJECT
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of the paleontological resource mitigation program
conducted during the excavation portion of construction activities at the Legoland
Carlsbad project site in the City of Carlsbad, San Diego County, Califomia (Figures 1
and 2). This mitigation program included construction monitoring, fossil salvage,
laboratory preparation of salvaged specimens, curation of prepared specimens, and
storage of curated specimens. The mitigation program was a requirement of the grading
permit issued by the City ofCarlsbad. Work was performed for Legoland Carlsbad, Inc.
Construction improvements included mass excavation employing scrapers and
bulldozers. Excavation operations were conducted by Signs and Pirmick of El Cajon,
Califomia.
Personnel
Museiun personnel who participated in the field monitoring portion ofthe paleontological
mitigation program included, in alphabetical order, John Pfaimer, Bradford O. Riney and
Pat Sena. Museum persormel who participated in the laboratory portion of the
paleontological mitigation program included, in alphabetical order, Thomas A. Demere,
Pat Don Vito, John Pfarmer, Bradford O. Riney, and Stephen L. Walsh.
Acknowledgments
Persormel of Signs & Pirmick helped with heavy equipment support of fossil salvage
operations. In some cases persormel customized grading procedures to allow for staged
excavation/fossil recovery schedules.
METHODS
Field Methods
Field activities included monitoring of excavation operations, examination of temporary
and permanent cut slopes and horizontal cut pads, collection of imearthed fossil remains,
collection of matrix samples, and recovery of geologic, stratigraphic, and paleontologic
contextual data. Specific field methods are discussed more fully below.
Monitoring Monitoring of mass grading operations proceeded on an intermittent basis
from May through December, 1997 and involved physically following the earth-moving
equipment and inspecting freshly exposed bedrock for unearthed fossil remains. Ideally,
ORANQE COUNTY
Pacific Beach
SanDfago
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Ocean Bsac^
Point Lonw
MEXICO
Figure 1. Location map for Legloland Carlsbad Project.
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4129.^\ [^4127
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Figure 2. Location map of the Legoland Carlsbad project site showing the distribution of
San Diego Natural History Museum fossil collecting sites (fourOdigit numbers). Scale
1:26,664. Base map taken from San Luis Rey, CA and Encinitas, CA USGS 7.5'
quadrangles.
inspection would have involved examination of every newly exposed surface but this was
operationally impossible. The pace and quantity of equipment in the cut determined how
often monitors could make inspections. When the active excavations were too dangerous
to enter because of a narrow cut, short haul, and/or heavy traffic, an elevated vantage
point provided a secure point from which to observe the progress of grading.
Safety procedures followed by field personnel included the wearing of appropriate
clothing (high-visibility vests, hard hats, and large hand-held flags), securing equipment
operator's acknowledgment before entering an active cut, notifying grading personnel
before beginning a salvage, marking fossil discovery sites with surveyor's flagging, and
using caution when driving on haul roads. Periodic attendance at safety meetings allowed
the paleontological monitors to discuss mutual safety issues with excavation persormel.
Fossil salvage Fossil salvage followed a variety of procedures that included "pluck-and-
run," quarrying, and bulk matrix sampling. The particular salvage procedure employed
depended on a number of factors including: the importance of the unearthed specimen(s),
the size of the specimen(s), whether the specimen(s) was a single isolated element or part
of a dense fossil assemblage, how critical an area the discovery site was to the progress of
the constmction schedule, what type of equipment was being used, and the opinion ofthe
constmction foreman.
"Pluck-and run" This technique was used when equipment traffic in the cut was heavy
and immediate action was required to remove an isolated specimen frora an active cut so
as not to slow down the progress of the grading operations. "Pluck-and-run" salvage
involved exploratory probing aroimd an unearthed fossil specimen to detennine its
dimensions, application of hardeners (usually a cyanoacrylate glue) to stabilize any
damaged or weakened areas on the fossil, and then removal of the specimen from the
active cut. This last step generally involved excavating around the fossil and plucking it
from the ground in its enclosing block of matrix. The fossil was then labeled with
appropriate field numbers, wrapped in tissue or newspaper, and transported to the
museum.
Quarries Quarry-style salvages conducted for this project were not of the conventional
type employed for archaeological investigations. Instead, the quarry excavations
consisted of site specific "mining" of fossil-rich sedimentary rock layers without
establishment ofa geographic grid network. Such quarry sites were invariably worked by
hand picking into an exposed cut bank to excavate particularly fossil-rich matrix blocks.
Bulk matrix sampling This salvage technique was used at one collecting locality that
appeared in the field to have the potential to produce abundant microvertebrate remains.
This microvertebrate site was sampled by collecting bulk quantities of sedimentary rock
matrix using picks and shovels to loosen material and buckets to transport material. AU
matrix was transported off-site and initially broken into 2-3 cm cubes to facilitate air-
drying. Once dry, the matrix was placed into water-filled 5 gallon plastic buckets to soak
for no less than 15 minutes with stirring. The slurry was then poured onto 30 mesh (0.59
mm) stainless steel screens placed in water-filled troughs. Manual agitation of the
screens forced the fine clays and silts through the mesh and concentrated the coarser sand
and fossil material on the screens. The screens were then placed at a angle facing the sun
to air-dry. Once dry, the coarse concentrate was transferred into plastic, sample bags and
labeled with all pertinent site locality data.
Geologic Mapping Geologic mapping was conducted throughout the course of the
monitoring program. Mapping was done through examination of outcrops exposed in
active cuts and finished slopes. The goal of mapping was to delimit the nature of
sedimentary rock units on the project site; their aerial distribution, lithologic character,
upper and lower contacts and the location of stmctural deformation (faults and folds).
Data collected included lithologic descriptions (color, sorting, texture, stmctures, and
grain size), stratigraphic relationships (bedding type, thickness, and contacts), and
topographic position. Measurement of stratigraphic sections was done with a hand level
and six foot folding engineers mle.
Laboratory Methods
Laboratory activities included mechanical preparation of large fossil specimens, repair of
broken/damaged specimens, microfossil "picking," specimen identification, and specimen
cataloging. This work occurred intermittently between August, 1997 and February, 1998.
Large specimen preparation Small and medium-sized fossil specimens (>2 cm) were
prepared using standard mechanical fossil preparation techniques. Two basic methods
were employed, depending upon the state of preservation of the specimens. Bones and
teeth that were poorly mineralized were initially treated with special hardeners (e.g.,
glyptal and cyanoacrylate) to stabilize them. Once stabilized, the specimens were then
mechanically cleaned of enclosing sedimentary rock matrix using one or more of the
following tools: X-acto knife, pin vise, pneumatic scribe, and air abrasive. Molds and
casts of fossil molluscs were prepared by mechanically separating individual specimens
from the surrounding matrix using X-acto knoves and then stabilizing the specimens with
special hardeners (e.g., vinac and cyanoacrylate).
Microfossil preparation Microfossils (< 1 mm) were prepared using a two-step method.
The first step was to use a heavy liquid (tetrabromoethane) to concentrate screenwashed
materials of equal density. Generally, fossil bones and teeth sank along with heavy
mineral grains, while Ughter quartz and feldspar mineral grains floated. This separation
process produced a very rich concentration of fossils.
The second step was to examine the heavy concentrate under a dissecting microscope and
to manually separate identifiable fossil remains from the mineral grains.
Fossil curation Fossil curation involved identification of individual fossil specimens,
assignment of unique specimen catalog numbers, entry of specimen catalog information
into the specimen computer database, printing specimen labels, writing catalog numbers
on specimens using permanent India ink on patches of white acrylic paint, placement of
specimens with their labels into appropriate-sized paper specimen trays, and storage of
trayed specimens in steel geological cabinets in the research collection area of the
museum. A specimen number could represent a single isolated bone, a partial skeleton,
or a series of shells of one moUuscan species. This curation procedure was followed for
all medium-sized specimens (1-20 cm in size), but was modified for smaller specimens.
Microfossils, such as small isolated rodent and primate teeth, were curated by mounting
the specimens on the heads of pins pushed into the bottoms of corks. The corks were
painted on their outer siufaces with white acrylic paint and the specimen catalogue
numbers written on the painted surfaces. The corks were pushed into glass vials, which
were then placed with the specimen labels in either cardboard specimen trays or speciaUy
designed foam bases that allowed storage of multiple vials in an upright position.
Cataloguing, numbering, and labeling followed the procedures described above.
RESULTS
Stratigraphy
Grading operations at the Legoland Carlsbad project exposed a rather complex
stratigraphic sequence of Pleistocene-aged and Eocene-aged sedimentary rock units. The
Eocene-aged deposits are assigned to the Santiago Formation (member C) of Wilson
(1972). This rock unit is unconformably overlain by an imnamed sequence of
Pleistocene-aged fluvial, aeolian, estuarine, and nearshore marine deposits.
Pleistocene fluvial, aeolian, estuarine, and nearshore marine deposits The
Pleistocene sequence exposed during grading at Legoland Carlsbad is here divided into
five distinct subunits (Figures 3 and 4). These subunits are discussed below, from oldest
to youngest.
Unit A This stratigraphic unit consists of approximately UO feet of sandstones,
siltstones, and mudstones all deposited within a Pleistocene paleo-valley eroded into the
underlying Santiago Formation. The lower 50 feet of this unit ("lower Unit A")
accumulated in a non-marine paleoenvironment and consists of bedded sandstones and
siltstones characteristic of stream and river (fluvial) deposition, interbedded with poorly
sorted silty mudstones that represent fossil soil horizons (paleosols). The upper 60-70
feet of this unit ("upper Unit A") was deposited in a nearshore marine and/or
estuarine/bay paleoenvironment and consists primarily of interbedded sandy siltstones
and mudstones. Fossils were recovered from five separate localities in the "upper unit A"
deposits and consisted primarily of intemal molds and casts of several species of bivalve
molluscs (clams and scallops) and disarticulated fish skeletons.
Unit B This stratigraphic unit consists of approximately 20 feet of reddish-orange,
medium- to coarse-grained sandstone and conglomeratic sandstone deposited on an
250
200
B.O. Riney SDNHM 199S
Figure 3. Generalized geology of the Legoland Carlsbad project site showing distribution of
Eocene bedrock (Santiago Formation) overlain by Pleistocene deposits (Units A, B, C, D).
FossU collecting localities indicated by four-digit numbers.
300
B.a Riney SDNHM 1 MS
Figure 4. Generalized stratigraphic section for Legoland Carlsbad project site showing
relationship of Eocene bedrock (Santiago Formation) and Pleistocene deposits
(Units A, B, C, and D). Fossil collecting localities mdicated by four-digit numbers.
elevated marine abrasion platform (sea floor). This abrasion platform, which originally
formed at sea level, now occurs at an elevation of 223 feet and is possibly correlative
with the San Elijo Terrace of Rockwell and Kem (1992) and the BuUmsh Terrace of
Eisenberg (1985). Unit B is interpreted to have accumulated in an open marine
environment, differing significantly from the estuarine-type deposits that occur in the
upper portion of the underlying Unit A channel deposits. No fossils were recovered from
UnitB.
Unit C This stratigraphic unit consists of approximately 70 feet of medium- to coarse-
grained sandstones deposited in a second paleo-valley eroded into Unit A. The lateral
and underlying surface of the erosional contact between units A and C was composed of a
massive, malleable textureless gray claystone, in places up to two feet tiuck. Fragments
of this claystone were observed as "rip-up" clasts within the sediments of Unit C. In the
base of the paleo-valley a dark pyrolusite-stained, cobble conglomerate in a cemented
sandstone was observed. No fossils were recovered from Unit C.
Unit D This stratigraphic unit consists of approximately 15 feet of medium- to coarse-
grained, cross-bedded sandstones with a basal cobble conglomerate. The west-dipping
foreset beds in the cross-bedded sandstones suggest deposition in a beach setting. Unit D
was deposited on an elevated marine abrasion platform (sea floor). As was the case for
the abrasion platform associated with Unit B, the Unit D platform was originally formed
at sea level. However, it now occurs at an elevation of 158 feet above sea level and is
possibly correlative with the Guy Fleming Terrace of Rockwell and Kem (1992) and the
Magdalena Terrace of Eisenberg (1985). No fossils were recovered from this unit.
Unit E This stratigraphic unit consists of approximately 40 feet of cross-bedded
sandstones with a basal cobble conglomerate. West-dipping foreset beds in the cross-
bedded sandstones suggest deposition in a beach setting. Unit E was. deposited on an
elevated marine abrasion platform (sea floor). As was the case for the abrasion platforms
associated with units B and D, the Unit E platform was originally formed at sea level.
However, it now occurs at an elevation of 122 feet above sea level and is possibly
correlative with the Stuart Mesa Terrace of Rockwell and Kem (1992) and the Palomar
Terrace of Eisenberg (1985). An apparent shoreline buttress slope approximately 20 feet
high and striking N30°W was observed along the eastem margin of Unit E. No fossils
were recovered from this unit.
Eocene fluvial deposits (Santiago Formation) Eocene-aged sedimentary deposits were
exposed in the deeper canyon cuts and in the cuts along Palomar Airport Road.
Approximately 200+ feet of stratigraphic section was exposed during constmction and
consisted of at least four fining upward (graded) sequences of light gray, fine-grained
sandstones and light gray sandy siltstones followed by dark brown mudstones in
sedimentation units approximately 50 feet thick. Fossil vertebrates were recovered from
one locality in the top of one of the graded units in a medium-grained to coarse-grained
sandstone containing numerous siltstone rip-up clasts and fragmented bone. The Eocene
sequence is tilted and dips approximately 15° to the west.
Paleontological Collecting Localities
A total of 6 paleontological collecting sites were discovered during the monitoring and
salvage phases of the mitigation program. Formal descriptions of the six localities are
included in the Appendix along with lists of the catalogued fossil specimens recovered
from each locality. Five of the six localities were discovered in the Pleistocene
estuarine/bay facies of Unit A (Figures 3 and 4). The sixth locality was recovered from
Eocene-aged fluvial deposits of the Santiago Formation (Figures 3 and 4). The location
of these fossil localities is illustrated on Figure 2. Localities that produced significant or
unusual fossil remains are discussed more fully below.
Pleistocene
SDSNH locality 4126 Fossils representing marine invertebrates and vertebrates were
recovered from gray siltstones that overlie a dark gray waxy mudstone near the base of
the estuarine stratigraphic sequence (upper Unit A). The site was discovered at an
elevation of between 158 and 160 feet. Invertebrate fossils consisting of intemal molds
and casts representing 10 species of bivalve molluscs were recovered from this locality.
Two species of fossil fish were also recovered from this locality, including a partial
skeleton of a halibut {Paralichthys sp.).
SDSNH locality 4127 This locality was discovered at an elevation of 155 feet in gray to
yellow, silty sandstones near the base of the estuarine stratigraphic sequence (upper Unit
A). This stratigraphic position is approximately three feet above the contact between the
non-marine deposits (lower Unit A) and the estuarine/bay deposits (upper Unit A) and
was six feet stratigraphically below SDSNH locality 4126. Intemal molds representing
four species of bivalve molluscs were recovered from these deposits.
SDSNH locality 4128 This locality was discovered at an elevation of 157 feet in orange-
yellow, fine-grained, massive sandstones near the base of the estuarine stratigraphic
sequence (upper Unit A). Intemal molds representing three species of bivalve molluscs
were collected from these sandstones, which directly overlie a bed with abundant dark-
stained scallop molds and casts (referred to as the "Argopecten bed" in the field; SDSNH
locality 4130).
SDSNH-locality 4129 This locality was discovered at an elevation of 155 feet in light
yellowish-green, blocky siltstones near the base of the estuarine stratigraphic sequence
(upper Unit A). Fossils consisting of intemal molds and casts of three moUuscan bivalves
including Argopecten were recovered from this locality.
SDSNH locality 4130 This locality was discovered at an elevation of 145 feet in gray,
fine-grained, massive siltstones containing cobbles and claystone "rip-up" clasts. This
locality was referred to as the ''Argopecten bed" in the field and occurred stratigraphically
directiy beneath locality 4128 near the base ofthe estuarine stratigraphic sequence (upper
Unit A). Fossils consisting primarily of intemal molds of Argopecten were common in
10
this bed with numerous specimens occurring in single blocks, which gave this bed a very
characteristic appearance in the field.
Eocene
SDSNH Locality 4131 Fossil vertebrate remains were recovered from this single
locality in the Santiago Fonnation at an elevation of 75 feet. The fossil vertebrates were
recovered from a white, medium- to coarse-grained sandstone containing siltstone "rip-
up" clasts and bone fragments. A single cranial element of a crocodile and identifiable
partial dentitions of eight mammalian taxa were recovered from this bed. Examination of
the screenwashed concentrate yielded isolated teeth of rodents and primates.
Paleontology
Fossil remains collected during the monitoring and salvage phases of this mitigation
program were recovered from the Pleistocene-aged estuarine/bay deposits and Eocene-
aged continental deposits of the Santiago Formation. The following paleontology section
combines taxonomic records from all collecting localities and discusses them within the
context of higher taxa (e.g., molluscs, crustaceans, and vertebrates). Fossil identifications
were supplied by Thomas A. Demere, Pat Don Vito, Mark A. Roeder, and N. Scott Rugh,
Hugh M.. Wagner, and Stephen L. Walsh.
Mollusca (clams and snails) Remains of fossil molluscs were coUected from 5 localities
on the project site in the Pleistocene-aged estuarine^ay deposits (Unit A). Locality 4126
produced the most diverse moUuscan assemblage containing 11 identifiable species,
while the other localities yielded assemblages with lower diversity (see Appendix for a
complete listing of moUuscan species). All of the invertebrate specimens were preserved
as intemal or external molds of bivalve molluscs. A composite faunal list for all five
localities includes: arc shell {Barbatia sp.), oyster {Ostrea sp.), scallop {Argopecten
aequisulcatus), lucine clams {Luscinisca nuttalli, cf Parvilucina sp.), cockles
(Laevicardium elatum and L. substriata), Venus clam {Chione sp. cf C. undatella), duck
clam {Raeta undatella), telline clam {Macoma nasuta), razor clam {Tagelus
californianus), and false mya clam {Cryptomya californica).
Osteichthves (bony fish) Fragmentary remains of bony fish were collected from the
Pleistocene-aged estuarine/bay deposits at locality 4126 and included a partial skeleton of
a halibut {Paralichthyes sp.) and an unidentified partial skeleton of a small species,
possibly an anchovy or sardine.
Reptilia (reptiles) A single dermal cranial element of a crocodile, here assigned to the
genus Tomistoma was recovered from the Eocene-aged Santiago Formation at SDSNH
locality 4131.
Mammalia (mammals) Remains of fossil mammals were recovered from the Eocene-
aged Santiago Formation at SDSNH locality 4131. The mammalian fossils include teeth
and/or fragmentary bones of large and small mammalian taxa. An unidentified
11
insectivore of moderate size is represented by a single left dentary with cheek-teeth. The
primitive rhinoceras, Triplopus sp. is represented by a single left dentary fragment with
fragmental p3-4. One.lower cheek-tooth of the small primitive horse Epihippus sp. was
recovered. Artiodactyls are represented by a right dentary fragment with ml-3, of the
primitive oreodont Protoreodon sp. The screenwashing and picking of the concentrate
from this deposit yielded significant dental specimens of small mammals including three
species of rodents, Simimys sp., Microparamys, and a large unidentified eomyid rodent.
Isolated teeth of an imidentified omomyid primate were also identified in the concentrate
from this locality.
DISCUSSION
Introduction
The following section is limited to a general discussion of the results of the
paleontological mitigation program conducted during grading of the Legoland Carlsbad
project site. Although academic research questions dictated the field methods and types
of data recorded, the overall goal of this mitigation program was not to produce a
research paper, but rather to discover and salvage significant fossil remains, record
relevant stratigraphic and taphonomic data, and curate and permanently house the
salvaged fossil remains. The fossils recovered from the Legoland Carlsbad project site
are in a condition that scholarly research can now be done. The important distinction is
that the discovery, recovery, and conservation of the fossils are separate endeavors from
their study.
Geology
General The Legoland Carlsbad project site is on the north side of a large east-west
trending coastal valley.' This coastal valley was originally formed during the early
portion of the Pleistocene Epoch when lower global sea levels resulted in extensive
stream and river erosion in the southem Califomia coastal area. As global sea levels rose
and fell with the retreat and advance of vast continental ice sheets, the coastal plain in our
region was altemately flooded by the sea and elevated above the sea.
The fossiliferous rocks exposed in the excavations at the Legoland Carlsbad project site
include the continental white to light gray, brown conglomeratic sandstones, fine-grained
sandstones, siltstones, and brown mudstones of the Eocene-aged Santiago Formation
overlain by a complex sequence of Pleistocene-aged sedimentary rocks that varies from
an older sequence of non-marine and estuarine^ay deposits to younger nearshore beach
deposits that accumulated on wave-cut platforms (Figures 3 and 4).
Pleistocene The Pleistocene deposits exposed during grading at Legoland Carlsbad
represent a minimum of five separate episodes of erosion and deposition. Exposed on the
eastem and westem portions of the project were channel deposits that accumulated in
12
paleo-valleys less than 100 feet deep that were eroded into the underlying Uplifted and
tilted sedimentary rocks of the Santiago Formation. The oldest Pleistocene deposits (Unit
A) consist of a sequence of fluvial non-marine sandstones and siltstones overlain
conformably by estuarine^ay sandstones and siltstones. A limited assemblage of fossil
bivalve molluscs was recovered from these sedimentary rocks. Deposition of Unit A
ceased when sea level stabilized and began to cut a marine abrasion platform (the San
Elijo Tenace). First nearshore marine sandstones were deposited on this abrasion
platform, but then as sea level began to drop rivers flowing from the. east deposited a
capping of sands and silts (Unit B). Sea level continued to drop for some time, but
eventually stabilized and began to cut a second marine abrasion platform (the Guy
Fleming Terrace). Again, nearshore marine sandstones were deposited first, but as sea
level began to drop for a second time westward-flowing streams deposited a sheet of
fluvial sands (Unit D). Eventually, sea level again stabilized and began to erode a third
abrasion platform (the Stuart Mesa Terrace). Once again, the first deposits on this
abrasion platform were nearshore marine sandstones, but as before renewed dropping of
sea level initiated deposition of river-bome sands and silts. This time a series of coastal
sand dunes also contributed deposits to the Pleistocene record, which contains well-
preserved cross-bedded aeolian sandstones.
Eocene The fining upward sequences of sedimentary rocks in sedimentation units
approximating fifty feet in thickness observed in the strata of the Santiago Formation
indicate episodic depositional events suggestive of the development of a large alluvial fan
complex. These graded sequences on the project often begin as conglonieratic sandstones
that grade up into fine-grained sandstones. The sandstones then grade into light gray
siltstones capped by brown mudstones. These brown mudstones resemble ancient soils
(paleosols). More than 200 stratigraphic feet of Santiago Formation was exposed at the
Legoland Carlsbad project site, but tenestrial vertebrates were only discovered at one
location. This Eocene sedimentary sequence, which was originally deposited
horizontally, is now tilted to the west with a dip of 15°. This tilting is the result of
tectonic activity that affected this region sometime between Eocene and Pleistocene time.
. Paleontology
Previous Work Valentine (1961), Kem (1977), Demere (1980), and Kem and Rockwell
(1994) have provided summaries of previous paleontological work on the Pleistocene of
coastal San Diego County. These studies have focused on diverse and well-preserved
nearshore marine invertebrate assemblages collected from locally well-exposed marine
tenace and estuary/bay deposits. The age, geologic setting, and sedimentology of the
Pleistocene terrace deposits have been studied by several authors (Eisenberg 1985; Kem
and Rockwell 1994). The Pleistocene estuary/bay deposits have received less attention,
but include reports by Kem (1971) and Dem^r^ (1980). To date no reports have been
published on the occurrence of Pleistocene estuary/bay deposits in the Carlsbad-
Oceanside area.
13
Golz (1976), Golz and LiUegraven (1977), Demere and Boettcher (1985), and Walsh
(1991) have published reports on the Eocene paleontology of northem San Diego County.
The majority ofthis earlier work has focused on vertebrate paleontology, primarily fossil
land mammals.
Paleoenvironment
Pleistocene. Environmental components of the moUuscan fauna indicate a protected
estuarine/bay habitat for the Pleistocene deposits exposed at the Legoland Carlsbad
project site. The fossil assemblage recovered from Unit A includes intemal and extemal
molds of bivalve moUuscan species known today to inhabit sand and mudflats in
protected portions of bays and estuaries. This assemblage is characterized by the
common oyster, Ostrea lurida, the common scallop, Argopecten aequisulcatus, the giant
cockle, Laevicarium elatum, the cancellate lucine clam, Lucinisca nuttalli, the mud lucine
clam, Parvilucina sp., and the common Venus clam, Chione sp. Infaimal, suspension-
feeding pelecypods in this assemblage include Lucinisca, Tagelus, Cryptomya, and
Chione. Epifaunal suspension-feedmg pelecypods include Ostrea. Free-swimming
suspension feeding pelecypods include Argopecten. Infaunal deposit-feeding pelecypods
include Macoma. The relatively low faunal diversity of the Unit A moUuscan assemblage
suggests deposition in the restricted environment of an estuary or bay. This low diversity
coupled with the occunence of paired valves of Laevicarium elatum, suggests that shells
were transported only a short distance to the site of deposition.
Eocene The sparse vertebrate assemblage recovered from the Santiago Formation on the
Legoland Carlsbad project site was collected from a single locality, SDSNH locality
4131. The assemblage includes the crocodile, Tomistoma sp., which suggests close
proximity to a permanent body of fresh water, such as an estuary, and a more tropical
environment than is present in this area today. The mammals in the fossil assemblage
include insectivores, primates, rodents, perissodactyls, and artiodactyls, suggestive of a
tropical, forested region.
Paleoclimate
Pleistocene The fossil moUuscan assemblage recovered from the Legoland Carlsbad
project site contains several moUuscan species {Laevicardium elatum and Raeta
undatella) that are locally extinct. These species live today well south of San Diego
County in protected regions along the Baja Califomia coastline. Their occunence in the
Pleistocene deposits at Carlsbad is evidence for warmer sea surface temperatures in the
past. Conservative estimates indicate that average summer and winter water temperatures
may have been 73 and 68 degrees, respectively. Compare this to modem average
summer and winter water temperatures at San Diego of 68 and 57 degrees.
Eocene The fossil vertebrates recovered from the Santiago Formation on the Legoland
Carlsbad project site are comparable to those recovered from early late Eocene faunas
from the interior of North America best assignable to the late Duschesnean Mammal Age.
The presence of the crocodile suggests a warm climate typical of modem subtropical
environments. Eocene mammal faunas from the interior of North America contain taxa
14
that are considered to have a subtropical aspect to them. The similarity of the taxa
recovered from the Santiago Formation at Legoland Carlsbad with those from the interior
of the North American Eocene suggests that a warmer, more tropical environment existed
during early late Eocene time in this region of North America.
Geologic Age
The absolute age of the Pleistocene deposits exposed at the Legoland Carlsbad project
site is imprecisely known. The occunence of at least two southem extralimital moUuscan
species clearly indicates that deposition of these sandstones took place during a warm
interglacial period, but which one of the many that are known from the Pleistocene? The
best possibility for determining the geologic age of these Pleistocene rocks will probably
come from study of the "stair-step" series of three elevated marine abra3ion platforms at
the site. Tentative correlation of these tenaces with the sequence of elevated marine
abrasion platforms described by Rockwell and Kem (1992) for the metropolitan San
Diego area suggests the following: Unit B is possibly conelative with the San Elijo
Tenace (estimated at 510,000 years old). Unit D is possibly conelative with the Guy
Fleming Terrace (estimated at 345,000 years old), and Unit E is possibly correlative with
the Stuart Mesa Terrace(estimated at 222,000 years old).
The absolute age of the Santiago Formation conglomeratic sandstones, sandstones and
mudstones exposed at the Legoland Carlsbad project site is also not precisely known.
However, certain vertebrate fossils, specifically the mammalian taxa Simimys sp.,
Microparamys sp., and a large unidentified eomyid rodent, suggest conelation with the
Duchesnean North American Land Mammal Age (approximately 40 million years old).
The presence of one tooth of the primitive horse, Epihippus, represents only the second
known record of this genus in Califomia. Epihippus is very common in Uintan-aged
rocks of the westem interior and suggests that the Santiago Formation as exposed at
Legoland Carlsbad may be either earliest Duchesnean or latest Uintan in age (40-42
mUlion years old).
CONCLUSIONS
The paleontological resource mitigation program conducted for the Legoland Carlsbad
project site was successfiil in terms of the quality of recovered fossil remains. The
discovery and documentation of 6 fossil collecting localities and the recovery ofa limited
assemblage of Pleistocene marine molluscs and early late Eocene land mammals
preserves a representation of the paleontological resources of this area of Carlsbad for
future research projects including studies of systematics, paleoenvironments,
biostratigraphy, and local sea level history. The marine invertebrate fossils obtained from
the Pleistocene deposits are particularly important because of the general scarcity of
fossils in these deposits in the North County. The fossil vertebrates recovered from the
Santiago Formation fiirther support a late Eocene, Duschesnean age, for this unit in San
15
Diego County and include remains of land mammals that are very rare in southem
Califomia.
REFERENCES
Demere, T. A. 1980. A late Pleistocene moUuscan fauna from San Dieguito Valley, San
Diego County, Califomia. San Diego Society of Natural History, Transactions
19:217-226.
Demere, T.A., and R.S. Boettcher. 1985. Paleontology and biostratigraphy of middle
Eocene nearshore marine sedimentary rocks, Leucadia, San Diego County,
Califomia. In, P.L. Abbott (ed.). On the Manner of Deposition of the Eocene
Strata in Northem San Diego County. San Diego Association of Geologists,
fieldtrip guidebook, pp. 49-53.
Eisenberg, L.I. 1985. Pleistocene faults and marine tenaces, northem San Diego County.
In, P.L. Abbott (ed.). On the Manner of Deposition of the Eocene Strata in
Northem San Diego County. San Diego Association of Geologists, field trip
guidebook, pp. 87-91.
Golz, D.J. 1976. Eocene Artiodactyla of southem Califomia. Natural History Museum of
Los Angeles County, Science Bulletin 26:1-85.
Golz, D.J., and J.A. LiUegraven. 1977. Summary of known occunences of tenestrial
vertebrates from Eocene strata of southem Califomia. University of Wyoming,
Contributions to Geology 15:43-65.
Kem, J.P. 1971. Paleoenvironmental analysis ofa late Pleistocene estuary in southem
Califomia. Joumal of Paleontology 45:810-823.
Kem, J.P. 1977. Origin and history of upper Pleistocene marine terraces, San Diego,
CaUfomia. Geological Society of America, Bulletin 88:1553-1566.
Kem, J.P. and T.K. RockweU. 1994. Chronology and deformation of Quatemary marine
shorelines, San Diego County, Califomia. In, CH. Fletcher, III and J.F.
Wehmiller (eds.). Quatemary Coasts of the United States: Marine and Lacustrine
Systems, SEPM Special Publication 48, pp. 377-382.
Valentine, J.W. 1961. Paleoecologic moUuscan geography of the Califomia Pleistocene.
University of Califomia Publications in Geological Sciences 34:309-442.
Walsh, S.L. 1991. Eocene mammal faunas of San Diego County. In, P. L. Abbott and J.
A.. May (eds.). Eocene Geologic History San Diego Region. Pacific Section,
Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, 68, pp. 161-178.
16
APPENDIX
LOCALITY DESCRIPTIONS
AND
LISTS OF CATALOGED SPECIMENS
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