HomeMy WebLinkAbout; The 4,000 Year Old Lego Crescentic-Hearth Site; National Archaeological Data Base Information; 1998-12-01THE 4,000 YEAR OLD
LEGO CRESCENTIC-HEARTH SITE (CA-SDI-12814)
CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA
Prepared for:
Legoland
1 Lego Drive
Carlsbad, Califomia 92008-4610
Prepared by:
Gallegos & Associates
5671 Palmer Way, Suite A
Carlsbad, Califomia 92008
(760) 929-0055
Project No. 7-96
National Archaeoiogical Data Base Information
Area Covered: 1+ acre
Site Previously Recorded: CA-SDI-12814
USGS 7.5" Quadrangle: Encinitas
Key Words: Data recovery, habitation, lithics, shell, radiocarbon dates, hearths,
crescentics, bifaces
Dennis IC Gallegos
Project Manager
Nina M. Harris
Associate Archaeologist Adella B. Sctiroth
Lithic Analyst
December 1998
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION TITLE PAGE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Description 1 -1
1.2 Environmental Setting 1 -1
1.3 Native American Use of Natural Resources 1-1
1.4 Background - Prehistory 1-5
1.5 Ethnographic Overview 1-7
1.6 Previous Work 1 -9
1.7 Previous Work at CA-SDI-12814 1-9
2 RESEARCH ORIENTATION AND METHODS
2.1 Research Orientation 2-1
2.1.1 Chronology 2-1
2.1.2 Site Type and Setdement Pattem 2-2
2.1.3 Subsistence Strategy 2-5
2.1.4 Lithic Technology 2-5
2.1.5 Trade and Travel 2-6
2.3 Field and Laboratory Methods 2-6
2.3.1 Survey Methods 2-7
2.3.2 Field Methods 2-7
2.3.3 Laboratory Methods 2-8
2.4 Specialized Studies 2-8
2.4.1 Lithic Analysis 2-9
2.5 Curation 2-13
3 CA-SDM2814 FIELD RESULTS
3.1 Surface Collection 3-1
3.2 STPs 3-1
3.3 Backhoe Trenching 3-9
3.3.1 Locus A 3-9
3.3.2 Locus B 3-11
3.3.3 Phase II Trenching 3-14
3.3.4 Summary 3-17
3.4 Unit Excavation 3-18
3.4.1 Locus B 3-18
3.4.2 Locus A 3-78
3.5 Feature Discussion 3-85
3.5.1 Classifying Fire Altered Rock 3-88
3.5.2 Fire Altered Rock Feature Types in San Diego County 3-92
3.5.3 Features at CA-SDI-12814 3-94
3.5.4 Feature Summary 3-117
4 ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE by Adella B. Schroth
4.1 Bifaces and Eccentric Crescents 4-1
4.2 Hake Tools 4-9
4.2.1 Pattemed Flake Tools 4-9
4.2.2 Utilized Rake Tools 4-10
PJ. 7-96 i
DECEMBER 1998
TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED
SECTION TITLE PAGE
4.3 Ground Stone Implements 4-14
4.3.1 Manos 4-16
4.3.2 Ochre Grinders 4-19
4.3.3 Smoothing Stone 4-19
4.3.4 Metates 4-21
4.3.5 Pestles 4-21
4.3.6 Mano/Pesde Combination Implements 4-24
4.3.7 Bowl/Mortar Fragments 4-24
4.3.8 Ground Stone Fragments 4-26
4.4 Core/cobble Tools 4-26
4.4.1 Hammers 4-26
4.4.2 Scraper Planes and Adzes 4-28
4.4.3 Scrapers 4-29
4.4.4 Grinder and Hammer/grinders 4-29
4.4.5 Combination Scraper Planes 4-31
4.4.6 Anvils 4-31
4.5 Miscellaneous 4-31
4.5.1 Quartz Crystal 4-31
4.5.2 Abrader 4-32
4.5.3 Asphaltum 4-32
4.5.4 Pipe Fragment 4-33
4.5.5 Pendent 4-33
4.6 Core 4-33
4.7 Debitage 4-35
4.8 Ceramics and Adobe 4-38
5 RESULTS OF SPECIAL STUDIES
5.1 Vertebrate Analysis of CA-SDI-12814 by Patricia Mitchell 5-1
5.1.1 Methods 5-1
5.1.2 Results 5-4
5.1.3 Food Processing and Preparation 5-10
5.1.4 Summary 5-12
5.1.5 Natural History 5-12
5.2 Invertebrate Remains Analysis by Tracy Stropes 5-13
5.2.1 Introduction 5-13
5.2.2 Methods 5-13
5.2.3 Results 5-14
5.3 Lithic Residue Analysis 5-14
5.4 Micropaleontologic and Paleonbotanical Analyses 5-18
5.4.1 Microfossil Analysis 5-18
5.4.2 Macrofossil Analysis 5-18
5.5 Radiocarbon Dating 5-19
6 SITE DISCUSSION
6.1 Research Questions 6-1
6.1.1 Site Type and Settiement Pattem 6-1
6.1.2 Subsistence Strategy 6-2
6.1.3 Chronology 6-2
6.1.4 Lithic Technology 6-3
PJ. 7-96 ii
DECEMBER 1998
TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED
SECTION TITLE PAGE
6.1.5 Trade and Travel 6-3
6.2 Discussion and Summary 6-3
7 REFERENCES CITED
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
1-1 Regional Location ofProject 1-2
1-2 CA-SDI-12814 as Shown on USGS 7.5' San Luis Rey and
Encinitas Quadrangle 1-3
1-3 CA-SDI-12814, Location of Locus A and B, Areas 1 and 2,
and Overburden Removal Area 1-4
1-4 Map of CA-SDI-12814 Showing Location of STPs and Units 1-11
1-5 Feature 1 at CA-SDI-12814, Units 1 and 2 1-12
3-1 CA-SDI-12814, Location of Locus A and B 3-2
3-2 CA-SDI-12814, Map of Surface Artifact Distribution 3-3
3-3 Location of STPs at CA-SDI-12814 3-6
3-4 Location of Trenches and Units, Locus A, CA-SDI-12814 3-10
3-5 CA-SDI-12814, Map of Locus B, Areas 1 and 2, Trench
and Unit Locations 3-12
3-6 CA-SDI-12814, Map of Locus B, Areas 1 and 2, Trenches,
Block Trenches and Units 3-15
3-7 CA-SDI-12814, Location of Locus A and B, Areas 1 and 2, and
Overburden Removal Area 3-26
3-8 CA-SDI-12814, Locus B, Profile 3-86
3-9 CA-SDI-12814, Map of Locus B, Areas 1 and 2, Units and Features 3-87
3-10 Some Physical Effects of Heat on Rocks 3-90
3-11 Crazed and Pocked Effects 3-91
3-12 Fire Altered Rock Feature Types 3-93
3-13 Photograph of Features 1 and 2, Unit 50 3-95
3-14 CA-SDI-12814, Features 1 and 2, Unit 50, 20-30 cm 3-96
3-15 Photographs of Feature 3, Units 4, 5, 8 and 9 3-98
3-16 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 3 3-99
3-17 Photograph of Feature 4, Units 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16, 17, 18, and 19 3-100
3-18 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 4, Course 1 3-101
3-19 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 4, Courses 2 and 3 3-102
3-20 Photograph of Feature 5, Units 26 and 45 3-104
3-21 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 5 3-105
3-22 Photographs of Feature 6, Units 30, 32, 34 and 36 3-107
3-23 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 6 3-108
3-24 Photographs of Feature 7, Units 37 and 38 3-109
3-25 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 7 3-110
3-26 Feature 8, Units 31, 39 and 40, 0-80 cm 3-112
3-27 Photographs of Feature 9, Units 41, 42 and 43, 0-80 cm 3-113
3-28 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 9 3-114
3-29 Photographs of Features 10, 11 and 12 3-116
3-30 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 10 3-118
3-31 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 11 3-119
PJ. 7-96 iii
DECEMBER 1998
TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
3-32 CA-SDI-12814, Feature 12 3-120
3-33 CA-SDI-12814, Map of Locus B, Areas 1 and 2, Artifact Densities
Per Unit 3-124
4-1 Bifaces from CA-SDI-12814 4-3
4-2 Eccentric Crescents from CA-SDI-12814 4-6
4-3 Pattemed Flake Scrapers from CA-SDI-12814 4-11
4-4 Utilized Flake Scrapers from CA-SDI-12814 4-13
4-5 Mano Grinding Surface Curvatures 4-18
4-6 Miscellaneous Artifacts from CA-SDI-12814 4-30
4-7 Distribution of Debitage, CA-SDI-12814 4-37
6-1 Radiocarbon Dates for Sites Adjacent to Agua Hedionda 6-6
6-2 CA-SDI-12814, Map of Locus B, Areas 1 and 2, Artifact Type
Distribution 6-8
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
1-1 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 1 Summary
1-2 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 2 Summary
3-1 CA-SDI-12814 Summary by Unit Type
3-2 CA-SDI-12814 STPs by Depth
3-3 CA-SDI-12814 STPs by Provenience
3-4 CA-SDM2814 Unit 1 Summary by Deptii
3-5 Unit 2 Summary by Deptii
3-6 CA-SDI-12814 Summary of Cultural Material by Unit
3-7 CA-SDI-12814 Summary of Cultural Material by Depth
3-8 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 4 Summary by Deptii
3-9 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 5 Summaiy by Deptii
3-10 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 8 Summary by Depth
3-11 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 9 Summary by Depth
3-12 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 3 Summary by Deptii
3-13 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 6 Summary by Deptii
3-14 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 7 Summary by Depth
3-15 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 10 Summary by Deptii
3-16 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 11 Summary by Depth
3-17 CA-SDM2814 Unit 12 Summary by Depth
3-18 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 13 Summary by Depth
3-19 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 14 Summary by Depth
3-20 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 15 Summary by Depth
3-21 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 16 Summary by Depth
3-22 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 17 Summary by Depth
3-23 CA-SDM2814 Unit 18 Summary by Depth
3-24 CA-SDM2814 Unit 19 Summary by Depth
3-25 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 20 Summary by Depth
3-26 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 21 Summary by Depth
3-27 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 22 Summary by Depth
3-28 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 23 Summary by Depth
3-29 CA-SDM2814 Unit 24 Summary by Depth
3-30 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 25 Summary by Depth
3-31 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 26 Summary by Depth
3-32 CA-SDM2814 Unit 27 Summary by Depth
PJ. 7-96
DECEMBER 1998
1-13
1-14
3-4
3-5
3-7
3-19
3-20
3-21
3-24
3-27
3-28
3-29
3-30
3-32
3-33
3-34
3-36
3-37
3-38
3-39
3-40
3-41
3-43
3-44
3-45
3-46
3-47
3-48
3-50
3-51
3-52
3-53
3-54
3-56
IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS, CONTINUED
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE
3-33 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 28 Summary by Deptii 3-57
3-34 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 29 Summary by Depth 3-58
3-35 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 30 Summary by Depth 3-60
3-36 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 31 Summary by Depth 3-61
3-37 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 32 Summary by Deptii 3-62
3-38 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 33 Summary by Depth 3-63
3-39 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 34 Summary by Depth 3-65
3-40 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 35 Summary by Deptii 3-66
3-41 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 36 Summary by Deptii 3-67
3-42 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 37 Summary by Depth 3-69
3-43 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 38 Summary by Depth 3-70
3-44 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 39 Summary by Deptii 3-71
3-45 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 40 Summary by Deptii 3-72
3-46 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 41 Summary by Deptii 3-74
3-47 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 42 Summary by Deptii 3-75
3-48 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 43 Summary by Deptii 3-76
3-49 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 44 Summary by Deptii 3-77
3-50 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 45 Summary by Deptii 3-79
3-51 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 46 Summary by Deptii 3-80
3-52 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 47 Summary by Deptii 3-81
3-53 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 48 Summary by Deptii 3-82
3-54 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 49 Summaiy by Deptii 3-83
3- 55 CA-SDI-12814 Unit 50 Summary by Deptii 3-84
4- 1 Bifaces from CA-SDI-12814 4-2
4-2 Eccentric Crescents from CA-SDI-12814 4-7
4-3 Attributes of Flake Tools from CA-SDI-12814 4-8
4-4 Ground Stone Implements by Deptiis, CA-SDI-12814 4-15
4-5 Attributes of Manos, CA-SDI-12814 4-17
4-6 Ochre Grinders from CA-SDI-12814 4-20
4-7 Attributes of Metates, CA-SDI-12814 4-22
4-8 Pestle from CA-SDI-12814 4-23
4-9 Mano-pestie Combination Tools from CA-SDI-12814 4-25
4-10 Bowl or Mortar Fragments from CA-SDI-12814 4-26
4-11 Attributes of Core/cobble Tools from CA-SDI-12814 4-27
4-12 Attributes of Cores from CA-SDI-12814 4-34
4-13 Debitage from CA-SDI-12814 4-36
4- 14 Debitage Analysis Results, CA-SDI-12814 4-39
5- 1 CA-SDI-12814 NISP of Vertebrate Remains Recovered 5-2
5-2 CA-SDI-12814 NISP of Vertebrate Remains by STPs 5-5
5-3 CA-SDM2814 NISP of Vertebrate of Units by Provenience 5-7
5-4 CA-SDI-12814 NISP of Vertebrate Remains of Units by Depth 5-8
5-5 CA-SDI-MNI Totals 5-9
5-6 CA-SDI-12814 Degree of Buming on Vertebrate Remains
by STPs 5-11
5-7 CA-SDI-12814 Shell by Depth 5-15
5-8 Percentage of Identifiable Species by Habitat 5-16
5-9 Litiiic Residue Results 5-17
5- 10 Radiocarbon Dating Results for CA-SDI-12814 5-20
6- 1 List of Radiocarbon Dates for Agua Hedionda Region 6-4
6-2 Comparision of Shellfish from CA-SDI-10965 to CA-SDI-12814 6-1
PJ. 7-96 V
DECEMBER 1998
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE
A Key Personnel Resumes A-1
B Catalogue Sheet B-l
C Trench and Unit Profiles C-1
D Debitage Analysis D-l
E Vertebrate Faunal Catalogue E-1
F Lithic Artifact Residue Analysis F-l
G Paleontological Analyses G-1
H Radiocarbon Dating Results H-l
PJ. 7-96 vi
DECEMBER 1998
ABSTRACT
TITLE: The 4000 Year Old Lego Crescentic-Hcarth Site
(CA-SDM2814), Carlsbad, Califomia.
AUTHORS: Dennis R. Gallegos, Adella Schroth and Nina Harris
Gallegos & Associates
5671 Palmer Way, Suite A
Carlsbad, Califomia 92008
DATE: December 1998
SOURCE OF COPIES: San Di^o State University
South Coastal Information Center
San Diego, Califomia 92182-0136
ABSTRACT:
Site CA-SDI-6133 is located north of Palomar Road, east of 1-5 and south of Agua
Hedionda in the City of Carlsbad, northOT San Diego County. Site CA-SDI-12814 was
tested in 1992 and identified as si^nificantAmportant under CEQA. This initial work
identified an intact cultural deport with a hearth feature tiiat was radiocarbon dated to drca
4500 years ago. The Lego Data Recovery Project included a sample excavation of
prehistoric site CA-SDI-12814 to mitigate construction impacts of L^o development TTiis
program included surface collection of artifacts, excavation of shovel test pits and over 50
square meters using 1x1 meter units, and monitoring of construction to aisure that
significant/important resources were identified and recorded prior to mass grading for Lego
devdopment. This study produced 11,797 artifacts, 53.6 grams of bone and 2,856.2
grams of shell. Artifacts include bifeces, aescentics, flake tools, dd)itage, cores,
core/cobble tools, manos, metates, pestles, bowl ftagmaits, smoothing stone, abrader,
pottery, and a crystal. Unique to this site were the crescaitics, hearth features and
radio<^bon dates identifying occupation from primarily 3000 to 4500 years ago, with an
intrasive hearth dated to ca 2000 years ago.
The rock features included small cooking/heating hearths, larger roasting pits and a heating
platform. Subsistence orientation appears to be more inland, focused on primarily plants
and small game supplemented by medium to large game and shellfish and fish. Animals
sought and processed were primarily rabbits and rodents, and to a lesser extait deer and
coyote. Birds, snakes, fish and shdlfish wae also part of the diet. In addition, the
presence of milling tools identify the processing of plant seeds. Stone tool residue analysis
identified rabbit, deer and prickly pear. The j^deobotanical analysis identified the use of
sugar bush sumac or lemonade bmy, and Califomia sagebrush for heating fuels. Stone
tools were primarily of local materials for cobble and flake based tools. The radiocarbon
samples (charcoal) were primarily taken from the basal levels of hearths, and therefore, all
artifacts are relatively dated to the oldest radiocarbon date of ca 4500 years ago or
younger. This is one of the few sites to date to this period, as sea level was stabilizing and
siltation was overtaking the lagoon, thereby, degrading the lagoonal resources of shellfish
and fish.
Upon completion of the archaeological excavation, the area was mechanically scraped to the
basal marine terrace formation. All grading was monitored by an archaeologist for the
purpose of identifying the presence/absence of additional features. No additional features
were observed, and this phase of work completed the data recovery program.
Vll
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Lego Data Recovery Program was completed with the assistance of Richard Apel
(L^oland Representative); Bret Berry, Charlie Kahr, and Monica Browning (Carltas
Company representatives); and Don Neu (City of Carlsbad Planner) who provided funding
and overall project review. Gallegos & Associates project personnel included Dennis
Gallegos, Adella Schroth, Nina Harris, Larry Tift, Mike Caldwdl, Sinead Ni Ghablain,
Jenn Perry, Kirsten Collins, Julie Gallegos and Tracy Stropes. Backhoe excavation was
completed by Gene Hicks who carefully excavated to locate tiie hearth features.
The following spedal studies were completed by:
Artifact analysis - Addla Schroth, Ph.D.
Feature discussions - Nina Harris
Faunal anal>fsis - Patricia Mitchell
Shell analysis - Tracy Stropes
Paleobotanical analysis - W. Geoffirey Spaulding, Ph.D.
Immunological analysis - Margaret Newman, Ph.D.
This report could not have been completed without the assistance of Katherine Price, Nina
Harris, Tracy Stropes and Larry Tift who pulled it together.
vin
SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Gallegos & Associates was contracted by tiie Carlsbad Ranch to conduct a data recovery
program to mitigate development impacts to prehistoric site CA-SDI-12814. The project
area (site CA-SDI-12814) is located in tiie City of Carlsbad, east of Interstate 5, nortii of
Palomar Airport Road at Legoland, Carlsbad (Figures 1-1, 1-2, and 1-3). The proposed
development is tiie constmction of Legoland in tiie City of Carlsbad. The smdy was
conducted in compliance with City of Carlsbad and CEQA guidelines.
Section 1 provides environmental and cultural setting as well as discussion on previous
work. Section 2 is the research orientation and methods. Section 3 is field results. Section
4 is lithic analysis smdies. Section 5 is special studies. Section 6 provides a site discussion,
and Section 7 is tiie bibliography. Attached appendices include: A - Resumes of Key
Personnel; B - Catalogue; C - Trench and Unit Pofiles; D - Debitage Analysis; E -
Vertebrate Faunal Catalogue; F - Litiiic Artifact Residue Analysis; G - Paleobotanical
Analyses; and H - Radiocarbon Dating Results.
1.2 ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING
The project area is approximately 1.0 acre in size and is characterized by a south sloping
ridge (see Figure 1-3). The ridge has been used for agriculture for over 50 years. Native
plants would have included coastal sage scmb. The geology of tiie project area consists of
Eocene and Pleistocene marine terraces overlain by colluvium.
1.3 NATIVE AMERICAN USE OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Prehistoric inhabitants of tiie region were hunter/gatiierers who relied heavily on natural
resources for subsistence. Probably the most important environment exploited by tiie
inhabitants was the lagoon and associated lagoonal resources. Most importantiy, shellfish
provided a renewable reliable resource and these were exploited extensively. Other
resources from lagoonal environs include rice grass, water birds, and fish, all of which
were exploited by Native Americans.
PJ. 7-96 1-1
DECEMBER 1998
Scate: 10 miles
Mexico
Gallegos & Associates
Regional Location ofProject HGURE
M
0M4;
4 MILS
1 MLE
1000 2000 3000 4000 SOOO 60M 7000 FEET
1 KILOMETER
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814 as Shown on USGS 7.5' San Luis Rey
and Encinitas Quadrangles
FIGURE
1-2
LEGOLAND.
E 3 T A T E 3
January 15, 1999
Mr. Joe Federico
Engineering Inspector
City ofCarlsbad
2075 Las Palmas Drive
Carlsbad, CA 92009
Re: Final Archaeological Report for Mass Grading of LEGOLAND Califomia
Dear Joe:
Please find enclosed one copy of the final archaeological report conducted during the grading of
LEGOLAND Califomia, City Grading Plan No. 333-2Y, for Lots 18 and 19 of CT 94-09
Carlsbad Ranch/LEGOLAND.
This document is submitted as a requirement for bond release for the mass grading of the
LEGOLAND site.
This document also fulfills the archaeological monitoring requirements of the Carlsbad Ranch
Specific Plan Amendment Final Program Environmental Impact Report Mitigation Monitoring
Plan, dated November 1995, SCH # 95051001, EIR #94-01.
Please let me know if you have any questions regarding this material.
Best Regards,
Richard W. Apel
Project Manager
Cc: Don Neu, City of Carlsbad (cover letter only)
David Cattle, LLEAG
LEGOLAND Estates AG
(A Swiss Corporation)
One LEGO Drive • CaHsbad. CA 92008 - USA
Tei: (760) 918-5300 • Fax: (760) 918-5459
November 4, 1998 ner - 7
SD0335
Mr. Richard Cook
City ofCarlsbad
Engineering Inspection
2075 Las Palmas Drive
Carlsbad, CA 92009
RE: As-Built Submittal, 333-2Y and 333-2Z (Legoland)
Dear Mr. Cook:
Attached for the City's review and approval are two sets each of the as-buik plans for site
grading of Legoland/Carlsbad (333-2Y), and Lego Drive improvements (333-2Z). Also
enclosed are copies ofthe as-built soils, enviromnental site monitoring, paleontological,
M^cheological, and gnatcatcher reports for the project. Note that we previously submitted a letter
dated November 7, 1997 regarding substantial completion of grading for the site.
Please initiate the normal as-built process for these plan sets. Upon review by inspectors, we
will apply all as-buiU data shown on these plans to the original mylars. Our client, Legoland
Estates AG requests that 100% of the remaining letters of credit be released by the City, with the
City holding the cash deposit of $340,000.00 as security for completion of planting coverage,
asphalt wearing courses, and striping/signage in the parking lot.
If any required data is missing or if there is any question regarding the as-built data shown in
these plans, please give me a call to resolve as needed. I am available to discuss any questions
you may have regarding the site grading or bonds.
Sincerely,
NOLTE and ASSOCIATES, Inc. j^(,4^ : f\ fxMfi^^
JtS^^.^^^i^f^''^^^ ^^^^^^ VATI-fk-fUi^
c/c: Frank Jimeno
/jamesR.Hettineer -f'MlL^. W.'it SuU^'f tAi if&.uA
NOLTE and ASSOCIATES, Inc. * '
Engineers / Planners / Surveyors
5469 Kearny Villa Road, Suite 305, San Diego, CA 92123 Tel: (619) 278-9392 Fax: (619) 278-4628
Serving Clients Throughout the Western United States
n:\sd0335\admin\Itr\asbuiltcityllr.doc
LEGOLAND.
CARL3BAP
Transmittal
Transmittal to
Name
Company
Richard Cook
City of Carlsbad
Engineering Inspection
Date
2075 Las Palmas Dr, Carlsbad
December 7, 1998
#
Transmittal from
Name Richard Apel, LLEAG
Company LEGOLAND Estates, AG Department
Telephone +1-760-804-8355 Page 1 of 1
Copy to
We are enclosing the foilowing materiais:
r~| For your information only
^ For your review & comment
I I Per your request
• Repiy requested
• Other:
Transmitted via:
• US Mail
• Federai Express
^ Hand Delivery
• Pick up
n Other:
Quantity: Date: Description:
11/3/98
11/3/98
8/14/98
12/3/97
2/10/98
6/98
Redlined As-Builts, City dwg. #333-2Y LEGOLAND Mass Grading Plans.
(NoltG Asso.)
Redlined As-Builts, City dwg. #333-2Z LEGO Drive Improvement Plans.
(Nolte Asso.)
Calif. Gnatcatcher Monitoring Report for LEGOLAND California (Helix
Environmental Planning)
Environmental Site Monitoring During Rough-Grading of LEGOLAND
Carlsbad and Carlsbad Ranch Phase II, Carlsbad CA. (Leighton &
Asso.)
Final As-Graded Report of Rough-Grading, LEGO Family Park, Carlsbad,
CA. (Leighton & Asso.)
Final Paleontological Report, LEGOLAND Carlsbad, Carlsbad CA. (Dept.
Remarks
1
of Paleontological Services, San Diego Natural History Museum).
11/4/98 Letter dated Nov 4, 1998, Nolte Asso.
The enclosed are for City review and approval, pursuant to bonding
release for mass grading of LEGOLAND and LEGO Drive Improvements.
LEGOLAND Carlsbad, Inc.. / n4-Xur^
5600 Avenida Encinas, Suite 130, Carlsbad CA, 92008, USA \JL/<J<i>^
(619) 438-5570. Fax (619) 438-9499
20089-1
0 7 '^995
California Gnatcatcher Monitoring Reports
for
LEGOI-AND California
Carlsbad, CA
I.
HELIX ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING, INC.
8100 La Mesa Blvd., Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
(619) 462-1515
8100 La Mesa Blvd., Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
e-mail: helix@4dcomm.com
fax (619) 462-0552
phone (619) 462-1515
AUG 181997
August 14,1997 LEG-01
Mr. Don Neu
City of Carisbad Planning Department
2075 Las Palmas Drive
Carlsbad, Califomia 92009
Subject: Coastal Califomia gnatcatcher monitoring summary
for July 2 through July 29,1997 for Legoland
Dear Mr. Neu:
No nesting behavior was observed during the monitoring period for
the gnatcatcher pair immediately off site and east of Hidden Valley
Road, and we are certain that the 1997 breeding season has ended
for this pair.
A brief summary of coastal Califomia gnatcatcher monitoring
results for the period July 2 through July 29, 1997 is provided
below.
Date Observations
July 2,1997 Pair observecT foraging with a mature
juvenile (possibly one chased away in
May)
July 9, 1997 Pair observed foraging
July 15,1997 Pair observed foraging
July 22, 1997 Pair observed foraging
July 29, 1997 Pair observed foraging
Per the agreement with the City of Carlsbad, grading was allowed
during the breeding season (February 15 through August 15) with
the proviso that the grading was subject to being halted if
biological monitoring determined that gnatcatcher nesting was
being impacted by noise levels.
Although grading did occur adjacent to occupied habitat prior to
August 15, the last nest that was constructed in late May and
abandoned on June 17 was far away from grading, and
^\ -KTt Letter to Mr. Don Neu Page 2
construction activities were not visible from the nest site. We are
certain that construction noise did not cause the nest to be
abandoned.
According to the Mitigation Monitoring Program Checklist for the
Carlsbad Ranch Specific Plan Amendment, grading can occur in
areas adjacent to occupied gnatcatcher habitat prior to August 15 if
the gnatcatcher pair has successfully fledged young and the
fledglings are out of the ne?t for at least three weeks. It has now
been approximately three riiontiis since the pair has successfully
fledged young and almost six weeks since its last nest was
abandoned. This pair has completed its breeding cycle for this
season, and further biological monitoring is not necessary. This
letter completes our monitoring activitites on this project.
Please feel free to call me if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
Tom Huffman
Senior Project Manager
cc: Richard Apel
Craig Schlumbohm
r
BIOO ia Mesa Blvd., Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
e-mail: helix&4dcomm.com
fax (619) 462-0552
phone (619) 462-1515
July 21, 1997 LEG-01
Mr. Rich Apel
Legoland Carlsbad, Inc.
5600 Avenida Encinas, Suite 130
Carlsbad, CA 92008
Re: LEGOLAND Carlsbad - Coastal Sage Scrub Impacts
Dear Rich:
On June 3, 1997, HELDC Environmental Planning, Inc. (HELIX)
completed mapping of coastal sage scrub habitat along &e easterly
border of the proposed alignment of Hidden Vaiiey Road on
1"=30' scale grading plans. The purpose of the mapping was to
delineate the extent of the habitat along the proposed alignment for
Hidden Vaiiey Road prior to grading for the road.
On July 18, 1997, HELIX mapped the limit of disturbance along
the edge of the coastal sage scrub habitat in order to document the
amount of habitat affected by the grading. It appeared that grading
was for the most part carried out in a sensitive manner that avoided
impacts as much impact as possible. As shown on the enclosed
map, the extent of the disturbance was greatest at thfe southem
portion of the roadway extension.
The total amount of coastal sage scrub impacted by grading
activities is 0.27 acres.
Please call me if you have any questions or require additional
information.
Sincerely,
TomHuf&nan
Senior Project Manager
Enclosure: Grading Plans with CSS Disturbance
r (
envifoiiniiiniiil piaiimng itic
8100 La Mesa Blvd., Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
e-mail: helix@4dcomm.com
fax (619) 462-0552
phone (619) 462-1515
^^L 11J997
July 9,1997 LEG-01
Mr. Don Neu
City of Carlsbad Planning Department
2075 Las Palmas Drive
Carlsbad, Califomia 92009
Subject: Monitoring Summary from Mid May through June
1997 for Legoland Construction
Dear Mr. Neu:
This letter provides a summary of biological and noise monitoring
from mid May through June 1997 for the Legoland project.
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
A brief summary of coastal Califomia gnatcatcher monitoring
results for the period May 13 through June 26, 1997 is provided
below.
Date Observations
May 13. 1997 Male and female observed foraging
with juvenile then chasing it off.
May 16, 1997 Male and female observed foraging
but only briefly.
May 28, 1997 Pair observed beginning to build a
new nest.
May 30, 1997 Pair still building nest.
June 6. 1997 Pair sitting on nest.
June 11,1997 Pair sitting on nest.
June 17, 1997 Nest abandoned. Pair not observed.
June 26,1997 Pair observed foraging together. No
nesting behavior observed.
The nest that was constructed during this monitoring period was
far from construction, and construction activities were not visible
from the nest site. We are certain that construction noise did not
cause the nest to be abandoned.
Efivifannien
r Leuer to Mr. Don Neu
NOISE MONITORING
Page 2
Noise measurements were taken oil May 14, 19, and 22, 1997 at
the edge of the gnatcatcher habitat area located immediately
adjacent to the Legoland project site. Additional measurements
were taken on May 29,1997 near the gnatcatcher nest.
A summary of the noise monitoring results is provided below for
each date.
May 14,1997. The measured average noise level was 63 dB from
11:00 a.m. to noon. However, planes from Palomar Airport
contributed to the measured noise level. Without plane fly-over
noise, the one-hour average noise level associated with the
construction activities was 61 dB. The coristruction equipment
consisted of one Caterpillar track dozer and one water truck. The
equipment was operating in an area approximately 100 to 800 feet
from the sound level meter.
May 19,1997. The measured average noise level was 71 dB from
7:35 a.m. to 8:35 a.m. The construction equipment operating
consisted of six graders, two wheel loaders, one track dozer, one
water truck, and one blade scraper. The graders were operating in
a circular path with the closest point approximately 200 feet from
the sound level meter. Plane fly-overs from Palomar Aitport did
not substantially contribute to the measured noise level.
May 22, 1997. The measured average noise level was 76 dB from
8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. The construction equipment operating
consisted of six graders, one wheel loader, one track dozer, two
water trucks, one blade scraper, one dxrnip truck, and one backhoe.
The graders were operating in a circular path with the closest point
approximately 100 feet from the sound level meter. Plane fly-
overs from Palomar Airport did not substantially contribute to the
measured noise level.
May 29, 1997. During construction activities the sound level
meter was positioned near the gnatcatcher nest located
approximately 800 feet east of the Legoland project site. The nest
site was located on the lower portion of a hill, and there was a hill
between the nest site and the constmction area.
Letter to Mr. Don Neu
(
Page 3
The measured average noise level was 49 dB from 8:35 a.m. to
9:35 a.m. However, several planes from Palomar Airport and
trafflc noise from Palomar Airport Road contributed to the
measured noise level. The construction noise was typically
between 40 dB and 45 dB. The construction equipment that was
operating consisted of six graders, one water truck, one blade
scraper, and one track dozer.
SUMMARY
Coastal Califomia gnatcatcher monitoring was conducted on eight
occasions from May 13 through June 26, 1997. The gnatcatcher
pair of east of the Legoland project site constructed a nest and
abandoned it during this monitoring period. The abandonment was
not due to construction activities.
Noise monitoring was conducted on three occasions at the edge of
the gnatcatcher habitat immediately east of the Legoland project
site. The measured average noise level from construction activities
at this location ranged from 61 dB to 76 dB.
Noise monitoring was conducted on one occasion near the
gnatcatcher nest. The measured average noise level from
constmction activities ranged from 40 dB to 45 dB. The EIR
requirement that construction activities not exceed 65 dB at the
location of nesting gnatcatchers was met'.'
Please feel free to call me ifyou have any questions.
Sincerely,
Tom Huffrnan
Senior Project Manager
cc: Richard Apel
Craig Schlumbohm
en'jifiiiifnefilal plannifig. inc.
8100 La Mesa Blvd.. Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
e-mail: belix@4dcomm.com
fax (619) 462-0552
ph6ne (619) 462-1515
(
MAY 191997
May 15,1997
Mr. Don Neu
City of Carlsbad Planning Department
2075 Las Palmas Drive
Carlsbad, Califomia 92009
Subject: Monitoring for Legoland Constmction Activities
Dear Mr. Neu:
This letter is to confirm the type of biological and noise monitoring
that will occur as part of the construction activities for the
Legoland Project. As discussed at the meeting with you on May 2,
1997, HELIX Environmental Planning will be monitoring noise
and gnatcatcher activity for the habitat areas located immediately
east ofthe project site. Specifically, HELIX will be implementing
Option # 2 outlined in our May 1, 1997 letter to you.
MONITORING PROGRAM
Under the agreed to monitoring plan, HELIX is providing close
monitoring of grading activities consisting of noise and biological
monitoring twice per week for the first two weeks, and once per
week after that. The monitoring schedule may be modified if
necessary depending on the results of the monitoring. The purpose
ofthe monitoring is to determine the presence ofany nesting
gnatcatcher pairs, establish the noise levels at the edge ofthe
habitat area during constmction activities, establish the ambient
noise levels for the area from offsite noise sources, and observe
any change in behavior of gnatcatchers utilizing this area. Ifthe
monitoring observations indicate that significant impacts to
gnatcatchers would occur, then grading will be stopped and/or
located to another area of the project site.
efivifoomenlal planoiiig, inc.
(
Letter to Mr. Don Neu
May 15,1997
BIOLOGICAL MONITORING
Page 2
A brief summary of monitoring activities conducted through May
12, 1997 is provided below:
Date Observations
4/23/97 Male and female seen on first hill
near'Hidden Vaiiey Road
Female seen and male heard on
second hill
5/1/97 No birds seen or heard
5/7/97 One bird heard from second hill.
One bird seen on first hill
5/12/97 Male and female seen together on
first hill east of Hidden
Valley Road
A nest has not been located, although our biologist feels it is highly
possible that there is one in the area.
NOISE MONITORING
Noise measurements were taken on the moming of May 7,1997.
During the constmction noise test, the sound level meter was
positioned at the edge of the gnatcatcher habitat area located east
of Hidden Valley Road. The construction equipment used during
the noise test consisted of a caterpillar Model 824c wheel loader
and a water tmck. The noise measurement was made while the
loader graded the eastem edge of the development site
approximately 100 feet from the sound level meter. The measured
average noise level was 74 dB. The maximum noise level was 80
dB. The noise test was stopped after seven minutes so that the
one-hour average noise level would not exceed 65 dB. However, if
the test were to have continued for the full hour, the one-hour
average sound level would have been 74 dB.
eovifonnisiilal plaiiniog. im
(
Letter to Mr. Don Neu
May 15,1997
(
Page 3
Also, ambient noise measurements were conducted between 7:30
am to 10:00 am prior to the construction equipment noise test.
Noise measurements were made ofeach plane departure from
Palomar Airport. The measured hourly average noise level
associated vwth the aircraft flights was approximately 60 dB. The
maximum noise level was 80 dB. However, the hourly average
noise level during other time periods of the day is most likely
higher than the measured hourly average noise level because
louder planes such as commercial planes and corporate jets were
not well represented during the ambient noise measurements. The
average noise level associated with Palomar Aiiport Road is less
than 50 dB at the edge ofthe habitat area closest to the
development site.
In summary, there have been four days of biological monitoring
completed as of May 12,1997. A pair of gnatcatchers has been
observed on a hill just east of the site, although a nest has not been
located. Initial noise monitoring has begun and will be continued.
HELIX is working closely with William Boyd Intemacional to
coordinate monitoring with constmction activities.
Please call if you have any questions.
Sincerely,
Tom Huffman
Senior Project Manager
cc: Richard Apel
Craig Schlumbohm
ir;iiG!iiReiitai plaiiniog
8100 La Mesa Blvd.. Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
e-mail: helix@4dcomm.com
fax (619) 462-0552
phone (619) 462-1515
(
May 1,1997
Mr. Don Neu
City of Carlsbad Planning Department
2075 Las Palmas Drive
Carlsbad, California 92009
Subject: Biological Monitoring for Legoland Construction Activities
Dear Mr. Neu:
As you are aware, HELIX Environmental Planning, Inc. (HELIX) is providing
biological monitoring of construction activities related to grading for the Legoland
Project in Carlsbad. This letter is to provide an update on monitoring activities to
date and to provide recommendations for future actions that will allow the project
to proceed in accordance with the adopted mitigation monitoring program.
BACKGROUND
The EIR for the Carlsbad Ranch project noted that development in the eastem
sector of the site would occur adjacent to habitat that at the time of the EIR
preparation was occupied by a pair of coastal Califomia gnatcatchers. It was noted
in the EIR that grading activities on Legoland could have an indirect impact on the
pair of birds. However, the EIR concluded that the impact on the offsite nesting
pair was not significant because it was thought at that time that the proposed
future golf course project on the adjacent property would result in elimination of the
habitat. Since the golf course project is progressing slower that originally
anticipated, there is a potential impact on the birds, and HELIX is conducting
biological monitoring of the site to determine is a nesting pair is present that could
be potentially impacted by construction activities. The EIR requires that during
the breeding season (February 15 through August 15), noise levels during grading
shall not exceed 65 decibels, averaged over a one-hour period on an A-weighted
decibel (dBA), measured at the edge of Diegan coastal sage scrub habitat that is
occupied by the coastal Califomia gnatcatcher. •
FIELD MONITORING
During our field monitoring, HELIX biologists located a male and female
gnatcatcher occupying patchy coastal sage scrub habitat located approximately 200
feet east of the proposed edge of grading. These gnatcatchers have been observed in
three locations as noted on the exhibit provided under separate cover. The exhibit
also provides the location of coastal sage scrub in which the birds were observed,
and a rough boundary of their territory in the vicinity of the project.
r Letter Don Neu
May 1,1997 r Page 2
ISSUE
Grading for the project is scheduled to begin on May 5, 1997 for the entire site,
including areas located less than 200 feet from the habitat observed to contain the
gnatcatchers. Helix Acoustician Mike Komula has preliminarily identified a
distance of 450 - 500 feet from the edge of grading activities that would be expected
to exceed the 65 dBA noise level. This assumption is basdd on the use of 2 D-9
bulldozers and one 637 scraper per minute.
We have worked to identify a solution to this problem that would allow grading
for the project to proceed but still provide protection or mitigation for the pair of
gnatcatchers. Based on our observations in the field and discussions with the
project proponent, we are proposing the following recommendations:
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Temporarily restrict grading activities in the noise sensitive area
Under this course of action, grading would be restricted to an area located outside of
the noise sensitive area (500 feet surrounding the occupied habitat) in the
immediate future to allow grading on the remainder of the site to occur as scheduled
(See exhibit under separate cover). This would provide the time needed to either
determine that grading can occur in this area without any impacts on nesting pairs,
or to implement one of the mitigation options noted below.
It is noted that an actual nest for the gnatcatchers has not yet been located,
although it is likely that one will be found based on the behavior of the birds
observed to date. Field monitoring will continue during fhis temporary grading
restriction period in order to better determine the extent of nesting activities.
If gnatcatcher breeding activities occur, implementation of one of the following
mitigation options would be required to allow grading in the grading sensitive area
prior to end of the breeding season.
2. Proceed with grading of the entire site, but closely monitor nesting
activities and gnatcatcher behavior and halt grading activities unlil three weeks
after the fledgling pair has vacated the nest if necessary to avoid impacts.
Under this option, grading of the entire site could occur as plarmed, however, this
would likely result in subjecting any nesting gnatcatcher pairs to noise levels in
excess of 65 dBA. Because of the existing airport and roadway noise (from Palomar
Airport Road), it may be possible to allow construction activities in proximity to
the nesting gnatcatchers and not have an impact on them. Noise monitoring can be
also be added to the monitoring efforts to determine the actual noise levels.
However, this option could result in interruptions to grading activities on short
notice if necessary to avoid disturbance of the nesting birds.
LetterC Jon Neu
May 1,1997 r Pages
3. Assume a temporary take of gnatcatchers and provide up front mitigation
Under this option, mitigation would be agreed to up front that would compensate
for any impacts that may occur to the nesting gnatcatchers. Because the impact is
short term (only during the breeding season) and the habitat in question is not
planned for long term preservation, a mitigation ratio of 0.25:1 would be
appropriate. This option has been implemented on other similar projects as an
acceptable mitigation measure for the ''temporary take" of gnatcatchers. It is
estimated that the amount of occupied habitat potentially impacted by noise is
approximately 1.5 - 2 acres (see exhibit). The amount of required mitigation
acreage would be less than 0.5 acres. This option would mitigate impacts to the
nesting pair and would allow grading to occur without the need for any follow up
monitoring.
We look forward to our meeting with you to discuss these options.
Sincerely,
Tom Huffman
Senior Project Manager
cc: Rich Apel, Legoland Carlsbad
Barry Jones
enyiioiii^Hlal planning iiic
^ 8100 La Mesa Blvd.. Suite 290
La Mesa, CA 91941-6476
e-mail: heliyM4dcomm.com
fax (619) 462-0552
phone (619) 462-1515
f (
AprU 28,1997
Mr. Richard Apel
Legoland Carlsbad
5600 Averuda Encinas, Suite 130
Carlsbad, Califomia 92008
Dear Mr. Apel: ^
I'm writing to confirm that HELIX Envirorunental Plaiming, Inc. (HELIX) has been
retained by your company to conduct biological monitoring at Carlsbad Ranch in
support of the Legoland construction activities. Per our letter agreement dated
April 17, 1997, our work will be comprised of weekly monitoring at the site of
coristruction noise and the coastal Califomia gnatcatcher during the species'
breeding season. Reports of our activities will be prepared and filed witii you and
the City. These activities are being conducted in accordance with the project's
approved Mitigation Monitoring Program (November, 1996).
Please call me if you have any questions.
Since,
, AICP
President
I60N/60W
Gallegos & Associates
I60N/60E
AREA2
ms/QE
LOCUS B
20 meters
1S0S/20E
Palomar Airport Road
CA-SDI-12814, Location of LocusAandB,
Areas 1 and 2, and Overburden Removal Area
FIGURE
1-3
The Native Americans of San Diego County depended upon stone for tools and utensils,
and natural resources for food and clothing. The Eocene and Pleistocene marine
formations provide terraces above the flood and tidal limits, and cobbles from the
conglomerates were sought for materials to make heating/cooking features (i.e., hearths,
heating platforms), core/cobble tools, and for cores to make flake tools.
Coastal chaparral was probably the dominant plant community, with pockets of Coastal
Sage Scrub along some ridges, and riparian plants along fresh water streams leading to the
lagoon. Riparian resources known to have been used protohistorically include willow bark
and branches, tule, rice grass, and mosses as well as numerous roots and tubers.
1.4 BACKGROUND - PREHISTORY
The body of current research of prehistoric occupation in San Diego County recognizes the
existence of at least two major cultural traditions, discussed here as Early Period (Archaic)
and Late Period, based upon general economic trends and material culture. Within San
Diego County, the Early Period (Archaic) generally includes the period from 10,000 to
1,300 years ago, while the Late Period includes from 1,300 years ago to Spanish contact.
Early Period (Archaic)
The Early Period (Archaic), for this discussion, includes the San Dieguito
Complex/Tradition and La Jolla complex, which are poorly defined, as are the
interrelationship between contemporaneous inland, desert, and coastal assemblages
(Gallegos 1987). Initially believed to represent big game hunters, the San Dieguito are
better typified as a hunting and gathering society. These people had a relatively diverse and
non-specialized economy in which relatively mobile bands accessed and used a wide range
of plant, animal, and Uthic resources. Movement of early groups into San Diego County
may have been spurred by the gradual desiccation of the vast pluvial lake system that
dominated inland basins and valleys during the last altithermal period. This hypothesis is
supported by the similarity between Great Basin assemblages and those of Early Archaic
sites in San Diego County. Several researchers recognized the regional similarity of
artifacts and grouped these contemporaneous complexes under the nomenclature of either
the Westem Pluvial Lakes Tradition or the Westem Lithic Co-tradition (Bedwell 1970;
Davis et al. 1969; Rogers 1939; Warren 1967, Moratto 1984).
PJ. 7-96 1 -5
DECEMBER 1998
The origin of coastal populations and subsequent interaction between the coastal population
and Great Basin/desert groups is a subject of some debate (SDCAS 1987). Whatever their
origin, the first occupants immediately exploited the coastal and inland resources of plants,
animals, shellfish, and fish (Moriarty 1967; Kaldenberg 1982; Gallegos 1991).
The development of a generalized economic system indicates that the San Dieguito and
related groups can be placed within tiie general pattem of the Archaic. Archaic cultures
occur within North America at slightiy different times in different areas, but are generally
correlated with local economic specialization growing out of the earlier Paleo-Indian
Tradition (Willig et al. 1988). Archaic cultures are often represented by more diverse
artifact assemblages and more complex regional variation than occur in Paleo-Indian
traditions. This is generally thought to have resulted from the gradual shift away from a
herd-based hunting focus to a more diverse and area specific economy.
The eartiest sites are found in the northern portion of San Diego County. These sites are
tiie Harris Site CA-SDI-149, Agua Hedionda Sites (CA-SDI-210/UCU-M-15 and CA-
SDI-10695), Rancho Park North (CA-SDI-4392/SDM-W-49), and tiie Remington Hills
site dating 8,000 to 9,500 years ago. The northem San Diego County coastal lagoons
supported large populations, circa 6,000 years ago, as shown by the numerous radiocarbon
dated sites adjacent to these lagoons. After 3,000 years ago, there is a general absence of
archaeological sites associated with lagoons to circa 1,500 years ago. This reduction in
number of archaeological sites can be attributed to the siltation of coastal lagoons and
depletion of shellfish and other lagoon resources (Warren and Pavesic 1963; Miller 1966;
Gallegos 1985). Archaeological sites dated to circa 2,000 years ago are found closer to
San Diego Bay, where shellfish were still abundant and may well represent what can be
considered the end of the La Jolla Complex (Gallegos and Kyle 1988a).
The traditional chronology identifies the La Jolla and Pauma complexes foUowing tiie San
Dieguito complex (Warren 1968). Inland La Jolla/Pauma occupation sites have been
reported in transverse valleys and sheltered canyons (Tme 1959:225-263; Warren et al.
1961:1-108; Meighan 1954:215-227). These non-coastal sites were termed "Pauma
Complex" by Tme (1959), Warren et al. (1961), and Meighan (1954). Pauma Complex
sites by definition have a predominance of grinding implements (manos and metates), lack
shellfish remains, have greater tool variety, seem to express a more sedentary occupation,
and have an emphasis on both gathering and hunting (True 1959; Warren et al. 1961;
Meighan 1954).
PJ. 7-96 1 -6
DECEMBER 1998
Archaic sites from 9,500 to 1,300 years ago within San Diego County include coastal
habitation sites, inland hunting and miUing camps, and quarry sites. Material cultural
assemblages during this long period are remarkably similar in many respects. These
deposits may well represent a process of relative terrestrial economic stability and
presumably slow cultural change from 9,500 to 3,500 years ago. Though various culture
traits developed or disappeared during the long span of 9,500 to 1,300 years ago, there is a
clear pattem of cultural continuity during this period.
By 2,000 years ago, Yuman speaking people occupied the Gila/Colorado River drainage
(Moriarty 1969). Based on evidence from the Spindrift site in La Jolla, Moriarty (1965,
1966) suggests that a preceramic Yuman culture had established itself along the San Diego
coastiine as early as 2,000 years ago. Between 1,200 and 800 years ago, the technology of
ceramic manufacture had been introduced from the eastem deserts and was established as
part of the Late Period artifact assemblage.
1.5 ETHNOGRAPHIC OVERVIEW
The region which includes the study area was populated by either the Native Americans
caUed the "Luiseno," an Anglo name given to those native populations associated with
Mission San Luis Rey or by the Kumeyaay/Diegueno (Kroeber 1925) also known as tiie
Ipai (Luomala 1978). The language of the Luiseno is part of the Cupan group of the Takic
subfamily, a member of the Uto-Aztecan family. Otiier Cupan group languages were
spoken by the Cupeno, Cahuilla, and Gabrielino, Native American groups to the north and
east (Bean and Shipek 1978). Luomala (1978) uses "Ipai" to refer to those Native
Americans formerly designated as the Northem and Coastal Diegueno. The language of the
group is classified as part of the Yuman language family. This family is considered to be
part of the Hokan stock.
According to Bean and Shipek (1978), the territory of tiie Luiseno stretched from Agua
Hedionda Lagoon in tiie south, inland along Agua Hedionda Creek to include Mount
Palomar and the northem tip of the valley of San Jose, then northward just east of Elsinore
Valley, tuming toward the coast at Santiago Peak, and following Aliso Creek, Orange
County, to the coast. According to Luomala (1978:592), the territory of the Ipai extended
along the coast from the San Luis Rey River in the north to San Diego Bay in the south,
with San Felipe Creek marking the eastem boundary.
PJ. 7-96 I -7
DECEMBER 1998
White (1963) estimated that at the time of contact (the late 1700s), the Luiseno population
totaled about 10,000 persons. The introduction of European diseases decimated the
population, especially for those native peoples forced to live at the missions. Although
many of the coastal natives were taken to San Juan Capistrano, the poUcy of Mission San
Luis Rey encouraged the natives to maintain their own settiements and subsistence
practices, although Christianity was introduced along with horticulture. When the missions
were secularized in 1834, many of the natives tumed to the Mexican ranchos for
employment, although those Uving in wilderness areas were able to maintain their life style.
When Califomia became part of the United States, and homesteaders moved into tiie area,
many of the open ranges were fenced off, and the areas traditionaUy used for hunting and
gathering were no longer available. Although the reservations were established to offset
this encroachment, instead, they forced many natives to adopt a more sedentary Ufe style
based on Anglo economics as an altemative to moving to the reservations.
The settiement pattem of the Luiseno (and probably also the Ipai), prior to Anglo
interference, was described by Bean and Shipek as:
sedentary and autonomous viUage groups, each with specific hunting, collecting,
and fishing areas,located in diverse ecological zones. Typically, these were in
valley bottoms, along streams, or along coastal strands near mountain ranges [Bean
and Shipek 1978:551].
It has been suggested tiiat the pattem included two or more permanent base camps with a
number of associated special purpose sites such as quarry sites, hunting Minds, and milUng
sites (True et al. 1974; Tme and Waugh 1982). The winter base camp, occupied four to
six months of a year, was the location where most of the ceremonies took place. The
summer-fall camp was the acom-collecting, hunting camp, usually located near an oak
grove.
During the spring, tiie vUlage group was divided into smaller family groups, with each
group occupying a small area where fresh vegetal resources could be procured or where
coastal shellfish could be collected. The small group size compensated for the lack of
resources after the depletion of the winter stores and prior to tiie harvest of the next year's
crop. The summer-fall camps reflected a coalescence of the kin-group with the large winter
camp composed of the total population (Bean and Shipek 1978; Tme et al. 1974; Tme and
Waugh 1982).
PJ. 7-96 1 -8
DECEMBER 1998
Both the Luiseno and Kumeyaay/Diegueiio cultures were geared to simple hunter/gatiierer
economies but were rich in oral traditions and rituals (Strong 1929). The multiple
environmental zones insured that in time of scarcity in one zone could be supplemented
with products from another vegetal zone. Shellfish, fish, acoms, grass seeds, herbs, and
game provided a rich and varied diet (Bean and Shipek 1978; Luomala 1978).
References on San Diego County Native Americans include Barrows (1900), DuBois
(1908), Sparkman (1908), Gifford (1918), Hooper (1920), Spier (1923), Kroeber (1925),
Strong (1929), Wolcott (1929), Woodward (1934), Dmcker (1937), Priestly (1937),
UnderhiU (1941), Tibesar (1955), Rudkin (1956), Heizer and Whipple (1957), Pourade
(1960), Spicer (1962), White (1963), Keneally (1965), Burms (1967), Cuero (1968),
Robinson (1979), Langdon (1970), Heizer and AUnquist (1971), Bean (1972), Bean and
Saubel (1972), MeniU (1973), Ahnstedt (1974), Shipek (1977, 1980, 1986a, 1986b,
1987, 1988, 1989a, 1989b, 1991, 1993), Harrington (1978), Hedges (1986), and Carrico
(1993).
1.6 PREVIOUS WORK
The review of site record information from tiie South Coastal Information Center at San
Diego State University and tiie San Diego Museum of Man identified 52 cultural resource
sites witiiin a one-mUe radius of tiie Carlsbad Ranch. Previous studies include: APC
(1979, 1980); BisseU (1990); BisseU and Raschke (1985); Carrico and Phillips (1981);
Chase (1981); Cheever and Gallegos (1987); EIP (1974); Elfend Associates (1984); Fink
(1974, 1976); Gallegos (1995); Gallegos and Kyle (1988b, 1988c, 1992); Gallegos and
Pigniolo (1989); Gallegos and Stmdwick (1992); Gross and BuU (1973); Hector (1985,
1988a, 1988b); Kaldenberg (1975, 1976); Koerper (1986); Michael Brandman Associates
(1983); Polan (1981); Soule (1984); SRS (1982a, 1982b, 1983); Ultra Systems (1983);
Wade and Hector (1988); WESTEC (1982, 1987); Whitehouse and Hector (1990); and
Woodward (1985). Noticeable for this area are tiie large number of shell middens (which
also include habitation/occupation sites), shell midden/processing stations, and shell/artifact
scatters located within the region. This reflects the proximity of tiie sites to tiie open coast
and to Agua Hedionda Lagoon where marine shell was used as a major food resource.
PJ. 7-96 1 -9
DECEMBER 1998
1.7 PREVIOUS WORK AT CA-SDI-12814
Testing included tiie excavation of 33 STPs and two 1x1 m units. The STPs were
excavated on one north-south Une (17 STPs) and two east-west lines (16 STPs) to a
maximum depth of 80 cm. Artifacts recovered from STPs included 9 angular waste
fragments, 27 flakes, 1 core, 2 manos, 167.7 g of shell, and 2.6 g of bone (Figure 1-4).
Unit 1 was placed adjacent to STP S90/E0 where a rock cluster was encountered during
excavation of tiie STP. This unit temiinated at 90 cm and included a heartii feature
(Feature 1) within the 60 to 100 cm levels (Figure 1-5). Artifacts recovered from Unit 1
include 20 angular waste fragments, 26 flakes, 2 manos, and 21.2 g of shell (Table 1-1).
Unit 2 was opened adjacent to the south edge of Unit 1 to further expose Feature 1. This
unit was excavated to 80 cm below the surface and the feature was expanded within tiie 60
to 80 cm levels. Artifacts recovered from Unit 2 include 20 angular waste fragments,
22 flakes, 1 core, and 9.9 g of sheU (Table 1-2).
Feature 1, located in Units 1 and 2, was composed of approximately 200 fu^-affected
rocks that extended between 60 and 100 cm below the site surface (see Figure 1-5). The
majority of the rocks were of volcanic material, with a few sandstone fragments. All of tiie
rocks were fu-e-affected and no artifacts were recovered from tiie feature. Charcoal was
present in tiie 40 to 50 cm, 50 to 60 cm, and 60 to 70 cm levels. A charcoal sample,
collected from tiie 60 to 70 cm level, provided a radiocarbon date of 4440± 90 years before
present (BP) (Appendix D). The upper level (40 to 50 cm) of the feature was disturbed and
extended outside the units in aU directions. The feature in tiie remaining lower levels was
tightly compacted, and the lower portion of the feature appeared to have been dug into tiie
subsurface.
Site CA-SDI-12814 was newly recorded as part of tiie Gallegos and Kyle (1992) survey
and test program to identify and evaluate cultiiral resources within the Carlsbad Ranch.
Initially noted to contain shell and artifacts over a 66,430 sq. m area, subsurface testing
identified the significant/important site area as approximately 33,200 sq. m (see
Figure 1-3).
PJ. 7-96 1-10
DECEMBER 1998
A Datum
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CA-SDI-12814 Showing Location of STPs and Units, Test Phase FIGURE
1-4
Feature 1 at 50 cm View to East
Gallegos & Associates Feature 1 at 80 cm View to South
Feature 1 at CA-SDI-12814, Units I and 2 FIGURE
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manufacturing error. The last margin fragment, specimen 1872 from the 70-80 cm level of
Unit 40, is also a fine-grained green metavolcanic material. It is an altemate flake and
appears to be a purposeful removal of a margin with cortex partially along one face with the
purpose of reshaping the lateral margin.
The four eccentric crescents include two complete specimens and two fragments
(Table 4-2; Figure 4-2). Using Jertberg's (1978) classification, both complete crescents
and one fragment (12814-438) would be classified as Type II and the second fragment,
12814-1376, would probably have been a Type IIL Using Fenenga's (1985)
classification, tiie Type II specimens become Type 5A and tiie Type III fragment becomes
eitiier a Type lA or IB. Because the lateral notches differ in measurements, on Table 4-2,
the r' and 2"'' lateral notches are separated into the left and right. Altiiough the sample is
too small for statistical determination, it appears that there are significant differences in tiie
lateral notches; thus, it is suggested that aU notches should be measured. Measurements
were taken using the system suggested by Fenenga (1985) whereas terminology
(spur/notch/etc) follows that of Jertberg (1978).
Specimen 12814-204, from tiie 20-30 cm level of Unit 44, is made of Bedford Canyon
metasedimentary lithic material. It has two lateral notches on each side and in opposition to
each other. That is, one large axial notch is present on the center of the base, with two
notches in tiie base next to the axial notch and angled in the same direction. On the
opposite side (top), two small notches appear directiy opposite the notches along side ofthe
axial notch. The lateral margins are convex and unnotched. This thick specimen was
shaped by pressure flaking, but lacks pressure flake scars for thinning; none of tiie
pressure flake scars extend past the edge of the specimen. The notches also appear to be
formed by the removal of small pressure flakes rather than by notching flakes.
Specimen 12814-437, from 31 cm in Unit 35, is made from a volcanic material. It also has
a large axial notch in the base, but is less symmetrical. The lateral notch on the left is
angled from the comer where the lateral margin and the bottom margin intersect. The 2"''
left iateral notch is angled from the intersection of the lateral margin and the top margin. On
the right side, the 1" lateral notch is angled from the center of tiie lateral margin and tiie 2"''
lateral notch is at right angles and is formed in the top margin near tiie intersection of tiie
top margin and the right lateral margin. As with specimen 12814-204, pressure flake scars
only occur along the edge of the item, where they were used for shaping the specimen
rather than thinning. On this specimen, the T' lateral notches on both sides were formed by
PJ. 7-96 4-5
DECEMBER 1998
SECTION 2
RESEARCH ORIENTATION AND METHODS
2.1 RESEARCH ORIENTATION
Research questions important in the archaeological community include: chronology, site
type and settiement pattem, subsistence, Utiiic technology, and trade and travel. The
research questions posed for this study are addressed below.
2.1.1 Chronology
• When was the site occupied?
Because sites within tiie region often contain residual marine shell, it may be possible to
obtain sufficient shell for an absolute radiocarbon date. AdditionaUy, charcoal and bone or
bone artifacts, albeit rare on archaeological sites within the area, may also be radiocarbon
dated to provide absolute chronological infonnation regarding site occupation. Materials
for absolute dating are collected from subsurface excavations during both the test and data
recovery programs. Surface material recovered during a survey are possibly contaminated
and are not suitable for radiocarbon assessments.
Relative chronological dating may be possible using point types, the presence of Native
American ceramics, or the presence of otiier temporaUy diagnostic artifacts. Obsidian,
traded from distant sources, may also be relatively dated using hydration rates since
obsidian absorbs water at slow and somewhat constant rates. Obsidian from sources such
as Obsidian Butte in the Imperial VaUey was available during the late Holocene whUe
obsidian from the Coso Range of the central valley was available throughout the Holocene.
Shell specie preference or availability may also be used to place sites within a relative order.
For example, marine shell, if present, can be identified by species to determine shell habitat
and, therefore, suggests strategies used by site occupants to gather the shell. Along with
radiocarbon dates for an absolute date of site occupation, the variety of shell species may
vary by strata, suggesting environmental change and a change in shellfish habitat over a
period of time.
PJ. 7-96 2-1
DECEMBER 1998
2.1.2 Site Type and Settlement Pattern
• Does the site contain sufficient information to determine the type of
habitation and the duration of stay? Can tiie site be placed within a temporal
settiement system for contrast with other earlier or later settiement systems?
It has been suggested that the pattem during the Late Period included two or more
permanent base camps with a number of associated special purpose sites such as quarry
sites, hunting blinds, and milling sites (Tme et al. 1974; Tme and Waugh 1982). The
winter base camp, occupied four to six months of a year, was the location where most of
the ceremonies took place. The summer-fall camp was the acom-collecting, hunting camp,
usually located near an oak grove.
During the spring, tiie vtilage group was divided into smaller famUy groups, witii each
group occupying a smaU area where fresh vegetal resources could be procured or where
coastal shellfish could be collected. The smaU group size compensated for tiie lack of
resources after the depletion of the winter stores and prior to the next year's harvest. The
summer-fall camps reflected a coalescence of tiie kin-group with the large winter camp
composed of tiie total population (Bean and Shipek 1978; Tme et al. 1974; Tme and
Waugh 1981).
In order to discuss settiement pattems, it is first necessary to define the specific sites within
a region. The question then becomes:
• What type of cultural resource site is represented?
Major types of cultural resource sites are artifact scatters, habitation sites, historical sites,
isolates, Utiiic scatters, milUng stations, quarries, rock art sites, rock shelters, and sheU
middens (Gallegos et al. 1992). As each site represents a locale where ecofacts and/or
artifacts are present, they can be more accurately identified on the basis of cultural material
or in comparison with other sites. Placement of sites into a framework using defined site
types as detemiined by subsurface investigation provides a more accurate determination for
the purpose of site patterning on a regional basis.
PJ. 7-96 2-2
DECEMBER 1998
Site Classifications
Within the body of San Diego County archaeological literature there is a persistent tendency
towards the abuse of site nomenclature. Apart from ambiguities resulting from inconsistent
site boundary definitions, there also exists tiie widespread practice of labeling deposits as
"camps," "viUages" and "processing sites" simply on tiie basis of surface surveys.
Inasmuch as tiiese labels are merely descriptive of the size and nature of tiie surface scatter,
tiiey have some value. From the standpoint of settiement pattem studies, however, these
descriptions may poorly define archaeological sites due to the minimal data base used to
determine site type. The definitions given below are adapted from those discussed by
Gallegos et al. (1992).
Artifact Scatter: This site type contains a light surface scatter of artifacts, such
as cores, debitage, bifaces, ground stone (miUing) implements, and/or pottery. Artifact
scatters may represent a stopping place on a long journey, an area where a task force
accomplished some specific activity, or a special purpose site. Ecofacts such as bone and
shell are not present on sites of this type or are minimally represented.
Habitation: A habitation site or camp contains a variety of artifact types and
ecofacts (i.e., shell and/or bone), and may contain bedrock milling features, suggesting that
various activities were conducted. Habitation sites may have been occupied for a short
period of time (short-term camp), seasonaUy over hundreds of years (long-term camp), or
may represent a village site occupied tiiroughout most of the year. In addition to a well-
defined subsurface deposit, other indications of habitation sites are tiie presence of features
such as fire-hearths or rock-lined ovens and bumed bone indicating tiiat cooking occurred.
Historic: According to the State Office of Historic Preservation definition, a
historic site contains stmctures or remains of historic activities older than 45 years.
Isolate: As defined by tiie State of California, the occurrence of less than tiiree
artifacts witiiin close proximity does not constitute a site. Prior to the acceptance of tiiis
definition, some isolates were assigned State of Califomia site numbers.
Flaked Stone Scatter: A flaked stone scatter contains a surface scatter of only
flaked stone such as cores, debitage, and bifaces that may have been created by multiple
lithic reduction episodes ("flake scatter") or through a single event or occurrence ("chipping
PJ. 7-96 2-3
DECEMBER 1998
station"). If there is no subsurface deposit, it may be termed a "surface Utiiic scatter."
Raked stone scatters are simply areas where lithic reduction occurred, eitiier for tiie
production of flake tools, core/cobble tools, or milling implements and lack evidence of
habitation. This descriptive term is confusing in tiiat ground stone implements are also
made of Utiiics, yet are not included in "lithic scatters."
Bedrock Milling Station: This is a locality where tiie principle activity
consisted of milling and the majority of artifacts are miUing tools such as manos, metates,
mortars and pesties. A bedrock milling feature is present, and a light subsurface deposit of
pottery and/or tools may be present.
Quarry: This is a locality where the principle activity consisted of procuring rock
for litiuc tools and implements. Quarry sites may be extensive and involve acmal mining of
litiiic material (quarries), or tiiey may be areas where cobbles from outcrops are tested for
suitability (raw material prospects). Major quarry sites may contain pottery, bedrock
miUing tools/features, or faunal material from support camps. Raw material prospects are
occasionally misnamed as Utiiic scatters, when tiiey are more accurately described as smaU
quarry sites where occasionally, raw material was tested for quality. These raw material
prospects will not contain support activity artifacts which will be present at large, extensive
quanies (Wilke and Schroth 1989).
Rock Art: Sites containing rock art are usually Umited to pictographs or
petroglyphs in tiie southem CaUfomia region. Petroglyphs are "pecked rock" drawings
and "pictographs" are painted panels created with a combination of various pigments and
emulsifiers such as water or animal fat. Intaglio sites consisting of rock alignments are
usually Umited to tiie desert region. Rock art sites are generally considered to be areas
where ceremonies took place.
Rock Shelter: Often a small cave or overhang was used prehistoricaUy for
protection from inclement weather. Rock shelters usually contain a cultural deposit from
the occupation and sometimes have pictographs or petroglyphs.
Shell Midden: A site tiiat contains ecofactual remains of primarily shellfish is
indicative of a special processing area. A small amount of lithic artifacts or midden may be
present.
PJ. 7-96 2-4
DECEMBER 1998
2.1.3 Subsistence Strategy
• What subsistence strategies are represented at the sites?
Because different types of artifacts and ecofacts are found in varying quantities at sites,
they represent differing aspects of the ultimate goal of subsistence: procurement and
processing of food, materials, and the tools to process them. The presence of marine sheU
may or may not indicate that shellfish were used for food, since shell such as Olivella sp.
(oUve shell) and Haliotis sp. (abalone) were used for omamentation (i.e., beads,
pendants). However, sheUs such as Chione sp. (cockle), Argopecten sp. (scallop) and
Ostrea sp. (oyster) are evidence of a subsistence strategy based upon the coUection of
marine shellfish. The presence of ammal bone may also represent the range of animals
taken and the degree that animals contributed to tiie overall diet. The identification of faunal
material to species, when possible, is important because certain species are known to
frequent specific habitats and this enables tiie archaeologist to understand hunting and
gathering strategies. Bone can be identified and dated, thereby providing both diet
information and absolute date of the hunting/trapping activity.
Artifacts such as grinding implements (e.g., manos, metates, mortars, and/or pesties) infer
a subsistence strategy based on plant and seed gathering. Different environmental habitats
and time periods are suggested when manos are more abundant than pesties, and it is
generally believed that pestles are more numerous on Late Period sites than on Early Period
sites. The presence of points used to tip arrows, darts, and spears can serve to indicate
hunting, as weU as providing a relative date of occupation based on point type. A
functional analysis of lithic artifacts can aid in determining the material being procured
and/or processed. The relative number of artifacts by functional class can support these
interpretations.
2.1.4 Lithic Technology
• How does the assemblage reflect the technological trajectories used by the
prehistoric inhabitants? Which reduction strategies were in use? Does the
site contain a sufficient sample of debitage and cores of various Uthic
materials to define the technological trajectories used to form the tools? Are
tools made from local materials or imported materials? What ground stone
implements are present and are they formed or expedient tools?
PJ. 7-96 2-5
DECEMBER 1998
Very Uttie is known about tiie Utiiic technology of southem California. For the southem
Califomia region, small blade core reduction, split cobble core reduction, biface reduction,
Topaz Mountain cobble reduction, and bipolar reduction have been identified. The
reduction trajectory selected was dependent on (1) tiie material being reduced (flakeabUity
and form) and (2) the purpose of the reduction (hammer stone production, point
production, ground stone implement production, etc.).
2.1.5 Trade and Travel
• To what extent are trade and travel evidenced at the site? Does tiie site
contain Unported or traded Uthic materials such as steatite, obsidian, red
bead material, chert, chalcedony, and/or jasper? Can these materials be
sourced to specific locales?
It has been proposed that early trade networks for the southera Califomia coastal area were
to tiie north witii later networks primarily to the east or desert regions (Hughes and Tme
1985; Ericson et al. 1989). This may be valid for obsidian, but otiier trade items need to be
traced to their source for verification or test of this assumption. The red bead material
quarry sites are in southera Orange County, near Casper Regional Park. The lithology of
the material is under investigation but is currentiy believed to be a welded tuff (S. WiUiams,
Personal Communication, 1995). Beads made from tiiis material have been found
exclusively in MUling Stone Horizon sites. In San Diego County, they have been
recovered from Carlsbad Car Country sites CA-SDI-6134 and CA-SDI-10672 (Schrotii et
al. 1990) and from CA-SDI-5130, located along the San Luis Rey River, where tiiey occur
in association with radiocarbon dates between 5,000 and 6,000 years ago.
2.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS
The foUowing presents the data recovery program for site CA-SDI-12814. The data
recovery program included a sample excavation of each site, artifact cataloging and
analysis, special studies, and a report of finding. The purpose of the data recovery
program was to address questions concemed with chronology, site type and settiement
pattem, lithic technology, and trade and travel.
PJ. 7-96 2-6
DECEMBER 1998
2.3.1 Survey Methods
The project area was surveyed on foot using a 10 m interval between survey transects.
Ground visibility was good to excellent. Disturbance within the study area included
agricultural activity, grading for dirt roads.
2.3.2 Field Methods
Field work included surface coUection of artifacts, and excavation of 25 STPs and 50
1x1 m units. Units were excavated in 10 cm levels following tiie natural surface contour
to the basal marine terrace formation or sterile horizon. Sterile is defined as a sediment
layer void of cultural remains. AU excavated material was screened through 1/8-inch
hardware mesh. Cultural material retained in the screen was separated and bagged by class
(bone, shell, debitage, and tools), with appropriate provenience and transported to
Gallegos & Associates' Cultural Resource Laboratory for washing (where appropriate) and
cataloguing. Prior to backfilling, unit sidewalls were photographed and illustrated. Field
notes record the results of each 10 cm level including culmral material recovered, sediment
type and disturbances observed.
Surface Collection
Surface artifacts were grouped within 20x20 m collection cells and were mapped and
collected. AU artifacts were placed in resealable plastic bags and marked with the artifact
group provenience.
STPs
Twenty-five STPs were placed on a grid system and excavated in 10 cm levels. Artifacts
were collected, bagged and taken to Gallegos & Associates' Cultural Resource Laboratory
for washing and cataloguing.
Unit Excavation
Fifty 1x1 m units were excavated at CA-SDI-12814 using both random sample and block
exposures. The units were excavated in 10 cm levels, measured from the natural surface
contour, until a sterile subsurface horizon was confinned. AU soil was screened through
PJ. 7-96 2-7
DECEMBER 1998
1/8-inch mesh screen, and artifacts and ecofacts were coUected by 10 cm levels. Prior to
backfiUing, unit sidewalls were illustrated and photographed. AU recovered cultural
material was placed in resealable plastic bags, and labeled by site number, unit number,
level, and date. Field notes included recording tiie results of each 10 cm level identifying
cultural materials recovered, disturbance, and other coniments. AU ecofacts an artifacts
recovered were taken to Gallegos & Associates' Cultural Resource Laboratory for cleaning,
cataloguing and analysis.
2.3.3 Laboratory Methods
Gallegos & Associates' standard laboratory procedures include cleaning, restoration if
necessary, and separating artifacts and ecofacts by material class for each unit-level prior to
cataloguing. Items from subsurface deposits tiiat might be appropriate for special residue
analyses were not washed, thereby preserving possible microbotanical or protein residue.
Each item or group of similar items (such as faunal remains, debitage) was counted,
weighed, and/or measured and then given consecutive catalog numbers using the site
number as the accession number. The catalog number was written on the artifact where
appropriate in permanent black ink. Additionally, each item or group of items (bone, shell,
debitage) was placed in an acid-free plastic bag with an attached foil-backed label
containing accession-catalog number, item classification, provenience, measurements,
weight and material. The cataloged material was separated by typological categories for
analysis, and after analysis, were placed in appropriately labeled acid-free boxes for
curation. In-depth analysis of artifactual and ecofactual material was performed including
appropriate special analyses (e.g., radiocarbon dating, Uthic and shell analysis). The
catalog was completed in a Microsoft Access database file on an IBM-compatible computer
and is available on disk. A hard copy is attached in Appendix B.
2.4 SPECIALIZED STUDIES
Specialized studies include lithic analysis, faunal analysis, Uthic artifact protein residue
analysis, radiocarbon dating, flotation and pollen analysis. Litiiic analysis methods are
discussed below.
PJ. 7-96 2-8
DECEMBER 1998
2.4.1 Lithic Analysis
The Uthic analysis combines morphological, functional, and technological attributes for an
in-depth perspective on the similarities and differences between tiie assemblages. The
analysis was geared to addressing the research questions concemed with chronology,
subsistence, and technology. Exotic materials will be identified along with then- probable
place of origin. Artifact types present in the project area range from esoteric objects such as
steatite oraament, discoidals, and crescentics to everyday work tools, i.e., manos and
metates.
Lithic cultural remains can be interpreted in at least three different ways (Binford and
Binford 1969): as temporally-sensitive artifacts; as functionally-defined tools; and as
debris or discards. The first interpretation, temporally-sensitive artifacts, is imposed by the
archaeologist on the collection. This is not to say that temporally-sensitive artifacts had no
function in the prehistoric society, but rather that their greatest value, to tiie researcher, Ues
in their placement within the regional chronologies.
In the second interpretation, ftinctionaUy-defined tools, the artifacts are separated into
related task-specific groups to determine the activities taking place at the site. The informa-
tion derived from the last class, manufacturing debris, relates to tiie procurement of Utiiic
materials, their relative importance, and the methods of producing the tools needed for
subsistence.
Lithic analysis of tools was based primarily on a functional analysis. Functional analysis is
concemed with the technology of prehistoric peoples. It is an attempt to define the types of
activities that took place at a site and is especially important when looking at artifacts from
special purpose sites. Numerous activities leave no trace in the archeological record except
by tiie tools used in those activities. Thus, defining tools used for flint-knapping, seed-
grinding, etc., as weU as those whose functions were socio/religious (e.g., shell beads,
ochre, quartz crystals, etc.) is of major importance in detemiining what activities were
being performed by the prehistoric occupants and the relative importance of those activities
(Binford 1965).
The functional analysis of prehistoric artifacts is dependent on the use-wear present as tiie
resuU of utUization of the tool in some task or from tiie manufacturing of tiie item. In a
functional analysis, the morphological attributes of a tool, as seen by tiie analyzer, are
PJ. 7-96 2-9
DECEMBER 1998
given secondary consideration. That is, form as it applies to a template or norm is not
considered. Instead, those attributes that result from use are given priority in determining
tiie class in which the artifact belongs. By using such an approach, tiie preconceived ideas
of the analyzer are not superimposed on that of the prehistoric use of the tool (Spaulding
1960; Doran and Hodson 1975).
It is recognized that technology is not a static phenomenon, but that through time, one in
which innovations and changes occur. These are discemible in the archaeological record as
they affect different Utiiic tool types. The preference in the Late Period for the use of
ceramic vessels for storage and cooking in place of basketry is one such technological
change. When such a change occurs, the object becomes, for the archaeologist, a time
marker. Artifacts, then, along with a functional interpretation, can have the added value of
indicating a temporal period.
Some items were not used but were merely by-products of manufacturing other tools.
These are of importance in determining what manufacturing took place and to what degree.
The information derived from manufacturing debris relates to the procurement of Utiiic
materials, their relative importance, and the methods of producing the items.
The Utiiic artifacts, then, were divided into two primary categories: Uthic tools and Uthic
debitage. The method involves scanning aU items with a 10X-16X magniflcation, either a
jeweler's loupe or a microscope. Use-wear or manufacturing marks observable under
magnification then determines the major category and type within that category. In the
class of functionally-defined tools, the artifacts are separated into related task-specific
groups to determine the activities that once took place at the site.
Major classes include ground stone tools (manos, metates, pesties, mortar/bowls), flaked
stone tools (including points and bifaces), core/cobble tools, debitage, and misceUaneous
items. Chipped stone tools were further subdivided into points and flake tools (scrapers,
cutting tools, drill/reamers, engravers, or combinations thereof).
Projectile Points
Certain lithic items are of importance to tiie regional chronology of the area. These are
items whose shapes are as much a product of a culturally-defined "right" template (Binford
and Binford 1969) as they are a product of function. Generally, the projectile points found
PJ. 7-96 2-10
DECEMBER 1998
in the region (e.g., Desert Side-notched, Cottonwood Triangular) are assumed to represent
specific time periods; however, the chronology for this specific area is incomplete and
relies on those from nearby areas. Projectile points that have been detemiined to be time-
sensitive artifacts were described and compared to the regional chronology. Additional
time-sensitive items include discoidals, cogged stones, steatite and slate omaments, and
other social/religious items.
Flake Stone Tools
Flake stone artifacts include those (excluding bifaces and points) formed from flakes, items
usually classified as scrapers, knives, drill/reamers, gravers, or multiple tools combining
two or more of these. Flake tools are those used in tasks where force was of secondary
importance and where control was of more importance (e.g., drilling a hole in a bead, final
shaping of an incised line, dehairing a pelt, etc.). The wear-pattern of these tools along
with angle and shape of the utiUzed edge aid in determining the material upon which the
tool was used, and possibly the specific task.
Witiun the flake tools, four major types are present with identification relying on use-wear
rather than edge modification, although edge modification was also considered. They can
be classified as flakes used for:
(1) scraping ~ having primarily unifacial wear and/or edge modification,
(2) cutting - having primarily bifacial wear and/or edge modification,
(3) drilling/reaming ~ having primarily use-wear around and/or on a tip, and
(4) engraving denoted by use-wear, generally unifacial, on a small (< 1.0 cm)
straight edge.
The edge-modified flakes form a separate category in that the type of modification exhibited
on them may be the result of any one of several causes. These are flakes that have no use-
wear present. They may have been pressure-flaked for shaping or dulling (as in backed-
cutting tools to protect the hand). The retouch may be the result of platform-preparation
and hence, the flake would be debitage rather than a tool. The perceived modification may
be the result of "trampUng." That is, a flake may have been inadvertently walked on or a
tool dropped on it, or it may have hit a hard surface during the flaking process. This latter
explanation is the least likely, but has been known to have occurred during replicative flint-
knapping by the author.
PJ. 7-96 2-11
DECEMBER 1998
Ground Stone Tools
These tools were used primarily for vegetal processing; however, ethnographic records
indicate that bone, clay for pottery, and pigments for paint were also ground with these
implements (Gayton 1929; Kroeber 1925; Spier 1978). Ground stone tools were first
separated into four groups: manos, metates, pesties, and mortar/bowls, recognizing, of
course, that manos and metates as well as pestles and mortars are in actuality complex tools
having two primary parts. The attributes selected for discussing ground stone tools are
those most amenable to comparisons with similar artifacts from other sites in the region.
Manos: Attributes of importance in the classification of manos include cobble or shaped,
number of used faces (bifacial or unifacial to detemiine extent of usage, end-battering
(presence/absence resulting from roughening grinding surfaces), outiine, and cross-
section. Form can aid in identifying tiie type of metate used with the mano. Shaping is of
importance in deterniining tiie length of site occupation; the time to shape a mano would not
be taken if the user only meant to use the mano for a day or two and then discard it.
Shaping denotes an unnecessary amount of time expended to make an object aestheticaUy
pleasing.
Metates: Ground stone fragments were identified as metate fragments on the presence of
at least one concave ground surface. Both slab (thin and very portable) and block (thick
and heavy) metates are present. Some were used unifacially and others bifaciaUy, denoting
the amount of time spent grinding seeds.
Pestles: In addition to the universal attributes, attributes of importance in the
classification of pesties include shaped or cobble. Shaping of pestles, as with manos,
suggests an extended stay on a site by the prehistoric inhabitants. Pesties for this study
were identified on the basis of end use-wear.
Core/cobble Tools
Core/cobble tools are those in which the parental mass rather than the removed flake
becomes the tool. These are expedient tools that may have served more than one function
during their use-life. Typically, they are classified as hammer stones, scraper planes,
cores, or choppers. In reality, they probably were used for more than one task and were
PJ. 7-96 2-12
DECEMBER 1998
cycled unilaterally tiirough several tasks. They are expedient tools, easy to manufacttire
from the nearby river cobbles, and discarded when the occupants moved to a new location.
Manufacturing Debris
For flaked stone, manufacturing debris or debitage consists of unworked flakes stmck off
purposefully during the sharpening of both core/cobble tools and flake tools, and shatter
resulting from the work. An analysis of the debris can define the technologies practices by
the prehistoric knappers.
Miscellaneous
MisceUaneous artifacts includes those items that are more esoteric in nature and those items
that cannot be placed in the above categories. These generaUy denote economic status (as
in beads, pendants) or ritual/ceremonial activities (as in shaman crystals, hematite or red
paint stone, discoidals). Other items classified under the miscellaneous category include
tarring pebbles, boiling stones, and manuports.
2.5 CURATION
Field notes, level forms, field maps, and photographs are curated at Gallegos &
Associates. Slides were placed in acid-fi:ee plastic slide sleeves and photographs in acid-
free plastic photograph sheets, and labeled by roll, frame, and subject. Artifacts were
processed using standard archaeological methods including packaging in acid-free plastic
bags with foil-backed labels. These artifacts are temporarily curated at Gallegos &
Associates Laboratory until funding is provided for long-term curation.
PJ. 7-96 2-13
DECEMBER 1998
SECTION 3
CA-SDI-12814 FIELD RESULTS
To facilitate the surface collection and excavation program, a metric grid system was set up
over CA-SDI-12814, Locus A and Locus B. The grid system and datum shown on
Figures 3-1 and 3-2 were used for the mapping of surface collection cells, STPs, trenches
and excavation units. The grid cells measured 20x20 m. Primary datum for the site
(OS/OE) was placed at Locus A and located on top of the south edge of tiie knoll and
approximately 200 m north of Palomar Airport Road. Elevation for Locus A units were
taken from this datum. Elevations for Locus B were shot in from a central secondary
datum located along the north-south central grid Une at lOOS/OE, north of the saddle (see
Figure 3-1).
3.1 SURFACE COLLECTION
A surface survey and coUection was conducted by Sinead Ni Ghabhlain and Larry Tift.
The grid system was used to create 20x20 m coUection cells. Artifacts coUected within a
ceU received the cell's designation as a location (see Figure 3-2). The surface coUection
included 129 pieces of debitage, 13 flake tools, 3 bifaces, 20 cores, 26 core/cobble tools,
6 ground stone fragments, 13 manos and mano fragments, 3 mano/pesties, 7 metate
fragments, 2 pestie fragments, and 2 bowl fragments (Table 3-1).
3.2 STPs
Twenty-nine STPs were placed on the grid oriented north-south and east-west at both
Locus A and Locus B (Figure 3-3). The STPs were excavated to aid in determining the site
boundary and the stratigraphy. Most were shallow at Locus A and temiinated in hard
sandstone. At Locus B several were deeper to 80 cm. The stratigraphy at Locus B
exhibited three soil layers including a midden soil or cultural layer across the central
portion. This layer tapered significantiy towards the margins of the saddle. A total of
36 debitage, I core, 1 mano/pestle, 1 ochre grinder, 2.6 g of bone and 169.6 g of shell
were recovered from the STPs (Table 3-1, 3-2, and 3-3).
PJ. 7-96 3-1
DECEMBER 1998
I60N/60W
Gallegos & Associates Airport Road
CA-SDI-12814, Location of Locus A and B, FIGURE
3-1
160N/60W 60N/60E
LEGEND
BF
H
B GS
= Biface
= Hammerstone = Bowl
= Groundstone CCT = Core/Cobble Tool
C = Core
= Flake Tool
= Debitage
= Negative Unit
Locus Datum
FT
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A =
180S/20W
20 meters
Gallegos & Associates
Palomar Airport Road
SURFACE ARTIFACTS NOT PROVENIENCEDTO GRID CELLS IN
LOCUS A DUE TO LIGHT DENSITY
CA-SDl-12814, Map of Surface Artifact Distribution FIGURE
3-2
Table 3-1
CA-SDI-12814
Summary by Unit Type
Artifact Trench STP Surface Unit Total Percent
Debitage 82 36 129 11160 11407 96.69%
Flake Tool 2 0 13 35 50 0.42%
Crescentic 0 0 0 4 4 0.03%
Biface 1 0 3 5 9 0.08%
Core 5 1 20 21 47 0.40%
Core/Cobble Tool 5 0 26 15 46 0.39%
Ground Stone 1 0 6 47 54 0.46%
Mano 8 0 13 67 88 0.75%
Mano/Pestle 1 1 2 2 6 0.05%
Metate 3 0 7 49 59 0.50%
Pestle 0 0 2 7 9 0.08%
Ochre Grinder 0 1 0 5 6 0.05%
Bowl 1 0 2 1 4 0.03%
Anvil 0 0 0 2 2 0.02%
Smoothing Stone 0 0 0 1 1 0.01%
Abrader 0 0 0 1 1 0.01%
Crystal 0 0 0 1 1 0.01%
Ceramic 0 0 0 3 3 0.03%
Bone* 8.7 2.6 0.6 41.7 53.6
SheU* 0.0 169.6 2200.1 486.5 2856.2
Total** 109 39 223 11426 11797 100.00%
Percent 0.92% 0.33% 1.89% 96.86% 100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Not including bone and shell
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jallegos & Associates
Location of STPs at CA-SDM2814
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3.3 BACKHOE TRENCHING
Trenching was conducted in two phases. Phase I was conducted to understand the site
stmcture. Phase II was conducted after aU hand excavation of feature and random sample
units were excavated to identify and record additional features.
The trenching was used to quickly assess tiie stratigraphy across tiie site as well as to
expose any cultural features that may lay in the trench lines. Trenching at CA-SDI-12814
Loci A and B was completed on May 14,1996 using a backhoe with a 24 inch bucket The
backhoe operator was Gene Hicks and Field Crew consisted of Dennis Gallegos, Nina
Harris, Larry Tift, and Mike Caldwell who monitored the operation, collected artifacts, and
photographed trench profiles (Appendix C).
Trench lines were located approximately on the north-south and east-west gridtines at
Locus A and Locus B. Five trenches at Locus A were oriented along the four cardinal
directions with one placed radiating SW from site datum (Figure 3-4). Cross trenches were
excavated north-south and east-west at Locus B to assist in detennining tiie Locus B
subsurface boundary. These trenches gave excellent results, exposing stratigraphy, and
identifying two small and two large fire-affected rock (FAR) concentrations (see Table 3-2
for Trench Results). Placement of 1x1 m units was based on previous work, trench
results, and random sampling.
3.3.1 Locus A
Trench 1 was 9 m long and orientated east-west just west of tiie primary damm (see
Figure 3-4). The trench exposed three stratigraphic layers (Appendix C) including a
loosely compacted loamy sand over a medium compacted slightiy darker sandy loam.
Sandstone was exposed at 25 cm. One piece of debitage was exposed in the sidewall.
Trench 2, placed at a 45 degree angle southwest of primary datum was 6 m long, showed a
similar pattem to Trench 1 but with sandstone exposed at 40 to 50 cm. One shell (Astrea)
fragment, two unidentified shell fragments and one piece of a core/cobble tool fragment
were collected.
Trench 3, about 8.5 m in length, revealed a loamy sand over sand with some loam and
chunks of sandstone. This ti-ench was excavated to 75 cm and was placed south of tiie
PJ. 7-96 3-9
DECEMBER 1998
LEGEND
• = Primary Datum
• = Positive 1x1 m Unit
= = Trench
Gallegos & Associates
10 m
Location of Trenches and Units, Locus A, CA-SDI-12814 FIGURE
3-4
datum and orientated north-south. One core/cobble tool, one ground stone and 15 faunal
remains were collected.
Trench 4, 7 m long, showed three strata, a loamy sand over mottied loam and sand, over
hard sand at the west end foUowed by a chunky hard sand mixed with sandy loam over
hard sands at the east. This trench was 60 cm deep and was placed east of tiie site datum,
on an east-west orientation. One piece of debitage was collected.
Trench 5 revealed two FAR clusters in tiie east wall. This trench was placed north of the
datum and was 65 cm deep. An orange sand lay over and under the dark sandy loam
sunounding tiie rocks. It appears tiiat the overburden of sandy soil had capped tiie
features. Fifteen artifacts were coUected: two cores, two core/cobble tools, two mano
fragments, five pieces of debitage, and four faunal remains.
3.3.2 Locus B
Trenches 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 were located witiiin Locus B, Area 1 (see Table 3-1 and
Figure 3-5). Trench 6 was located about 15 m nortii of the secondary damm (lOOS/OE)
and was orientated east-west, beginning 1 m east of tiie datum line. The trench was placed
on the slope just before the saddle to the soutii. The trench had a shallow, gray brown
sandy loam layer (10 cm) foUowed by a hard lighter brown sand mottied with sandy loam
(to 45 cm at the north end and 70 cm at the south), underiain by a gray sandy silt. The
change in the depth of the mottied light brown sand from tiie north portion to the southem
portion suggests the sediments were mixed and redistributed down slope. This trench was
70 cm deep and 7 m long. No artifacts were coUected from this trench.
Trench 7. located from 80 to 97 m south of datum was orientated north-south. The trench
was 90 cm deep at the south end. This trench had three stratigraphic levels which were
brown sandy loam over brown sand with stit, and this over light brown sand with clay. At
the south end, FAR in a charcoal stained sandy stit was encountered. A feature (Feature 3)
was noted in the west side waU. Four pieces of debitage were collected.
Trench 8, 12 m long, was located at 100 m south on the grid, orientated east-west between
5 and 20E. This trench exhibited 5 stratigraphic layers, which were loamy sands over
coarse sands with loam, with color grading into a darker brown and then to a yellow
PJ. 7-96 3-11
DECEMBER 1998
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brown. Below this was a mixed sandy clay which was yellow brown at 90 cm. One mano,
one pendent, two metate fragments, and two pieces of debitage were collected.
Trench 9, located east of the secondary datum, was 5 m long orientated east-west. This
trench had three stratigraphic layers with sandy loam over a harder compacted sand with
loam and then a sandy clay basal. This ti-ench encountered a fire altered rock feature
(Feature 4) at about 80 cm which was a dark brown sand with loam. Six pieces of debitage
were recovered.
Trench 10 was located 10 m east of Trench 9 and was 9 m long. This tirench encountered a
sandy clay matrix at 60 cm, overlain by a sandy stit and clay with sand beneath. No
artifacts were recovered.
Trench 11 was located at tiie south edge of tiie site between grid coordinates 140S and
160S and was orientated north-south. This trench was about 16 m long and was 70 cm
deep. Three stratigraphic layers were revealed which were a loosely compacted sandy loam
over hard compacted sandy loam, and this over hard compacted sand with clay and
sandstone rocks. This mixture of sandstone rock fragments and sandy clay may be the
result of plowing. One mano, one flake tool, one biface, and four pieces of debitage were
collected.
Trenches 12, 13 and 14 produced tiie most artifacts and were placed in Area 2 (see
Figure 3-5). Topsoils appeared darker and midden was deeper in this area.
Trench 12, located between 116S and 140S, was orientated north-south along tiie OE
datum Une. This trench was 90 cm deep and 24 m long. One distinctive FAR
concenti*ation was exposed in the sidewall and the sandy loam "cultural" layer had a depth
of 70 cm over sandy clay in the north half The "cultural" layer tapered to 50 cm above a
Ught gray sandy silt at the south end. Given the depth and orientation it appeared that the
"cultural" layer is relatively level. One mano, one metate fragment, one bowl fragment,
two cores, one flake tool, and 35 pieces of debitage were recovered from this trench and
collected.
Trench 13, located at 120S/2E, was orientated east-west down slope about 15 m. The
depth was between 90 cm at the west end and 50 cm at the east end. Three stratigraphic
layers were exposed at the west end: Layer 1 - disturbed sand with loam; Layer 2 - sand
PJ. 7-96 3-13
DECEMBER 1998
with silt and loam; Layer 3 - a compacted dark brown sand with charcoal stain. The east
portion of the ti-ench exposed sand with sUts and loam dUectiy overlying a Ught orangish-
tan sandstone. Two core/cobble tools and nine pieces of debitage were collected.
Trench 14 was a continuation of Trench 13 west of the datum line at 120S. This trench
exposed three FAR clusters (including features 7 and 9) and was temiinated when the
largest FAR concenti^tion (Feature 9) was encountered. The trench had tiiree layers, a
loose compacted gray brown sand with loam and silt over a more compacted sand with
loam and charcoal stains, and this over a hard compacted light tan sand witii silt. The FAR
concentrations were located in the dark grayish-brown second layer. Several artifacts were
recovered from this trench including one core, three manos, one mano/pestie, and 14 pieces
of debitage.
Trench 15, 11 m long, was a continuation of Trench 14 and began about 1 m west of
Trench 14. This trench had three stratigraphic layers with a loosely compacted brown sand
and loam over medium compacted sand with loam which gradually tightened in color at
depth. This turaed to a Ught gray sand with a small amount of silt. No distinctive
"cultural" layer was noted and no artifacts were recovered from this trench.
3.3.3 Phase II Trenching
On Monday, April 28, 1997 pregrade ti-enching and grading using a backhoe excavated
nine ti-enches and seven ti-ench blocks at CA-SDI-12814 (Figure 3-6). After tiie excavation
of 1x1 m units, this additional excavation was conducted to obtain additional information
about subsurface features before the constmction mass-grading of the area for Legoland
was to take place.
Trench 16 was located between 105 and 135 m south of site datum. The ti-ench was 30 m
long and was oriented north-south. This trench revealed two subsurface features
(features 10 and 11).
Trench 17 was oriented parallel to Trench 16, located to the east about 3 m, and extended
from 115 m south to 132 m south. This trench did not reveal any features and clay was
encountered at about 50 cm depth.
PJ. 7-96 3-14
DECEMBER 1998
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Trench 18 began at 115 m south and extended south at 170 degrees for approximately
18 m. This trench was relatively shallow and did not expose a cultural layer.
Trench 19 was oriented east-west and began about 1 m south of Unit 15, extending about
8 m. This trench had no culturally rich layer.
Trench 20 was placed to intersect the center of Feature 10 and to provide a feature profile.
The trench was 21 m long extending west. No additional features were exposed in tiiis
trench.
Trench 21 was parallel to Trench 20 about 4 m to tiie south, beginning about 3 m west of
the datum line and was 13 m long. While several smaU FAR concentrations were exposed
none were significant enough for further investigation at this time.
Trench 22 was paraUel to Trench 21 and began at Unit 33 extending west 6 m. No
substantial cultural layer was exposed.
Trench 23 was located parallel to Trench 22 about 10 m to the south, beginning 5 m west
of the datum line. This trench was about 10 m long and exposed no culmral layer.
Trench Blocks
Seven Trench Blocks were excavated to the depth of tiie cultural layer. The first Trench
Block exposed Feature 11 and tiien extended west 4.5 m and was about 3 m wide. No
other features were exposed, but the bone associated with Feature 11 was collected.
Trench Block 2 was located about 1 m west of Trench Block 1 and was adjacent to
units 47 and 46. This block was 4.5x2.5 m and exposed no additional features. One
biface was recovered from this block.
Trench Block 3 was located east of Unit 33 and north of units 41 and 43. This block was
3x2 m. No features were exposed.
Trench Block 4 was located just east of Unit 25 extending north to Unit 5 and west for
about 5 m. There was no significant cultural material exposed.
PJ. 7-96 3-16
DECEMBER 1998
Trench Block 5 was located adjacent to units 15, 16, 17 and 19 and extended south 3 m
and east 1.5 m and then north along units 15, 12 and 7. No additional intact features were
exposed but some rock was encountered.
Trench Block 6, began at Units 45 and 23, was 2.25 m wide to tiie east and 5 m north-
south. No cultural layer was exposed.
Trench Block 7 was located west of Feature 10 beginning at about 103 m south of site
datum and extending approximately 6 m south and 8 m west. This block exposed
Feature 12 which was a FAR concentration about 2 m in diameter.
3.3.4 Summary
Archaeological STP excavation and trenching revealed a stratigraphy which generaUy
includes a grayish-brown silt sand with loam overburden over a yellow-brown sandy
matrix. This overUes a thin layer of sand with some clay followed by the basal sandstone.
The clay in the sand is probably deposited by sifting through the overlaying colluvial soils.
A dark grayish-brown charcoal stained "cultural" deposit is sandwiched between tiie
disturbed top sandy silt and the sand/sandstone layer across Locus B, particularly in the
southem portion. This midden deposit is a sandy silt with loam.
The topsoUs have been disturbed by plowing and other agricultural activities as well as
bioturbation by roots, ground squirrels and otiier rodents. The plow zone tends to be
moderately compacted while the cultural layer is hard compacted. Both shallow and deep
plowing occurred, however the deep plowing was infrequent and disturbed less of the
subsoil. The sandy soU below the cultural deposit is moderate to loosely compacted.
Broken and fire-affected round cobbles were found in heavy concentrations in the cultural
levels where the hearths and roasting pits were encountered. The cobbles were locally
available and were brought in for building the hearth features. The cobbles are part of tiie
conglomerate formation exposed on the west portion of the site.
The site sediments were exposed to slope wash and agricultural activities which affected the
distribution of tiie topsoils and sandy loam strata. Locus A appeared to have relatively
shallow (20 to 30 cm) sandy loam and sand layers compared to the south portion of
PJ. 7-96 3-17
DECEMBER 1998
Locus B (70 to 80 cm). The north portion of Locus B, however, had sandy loams and
sands to depths of 90 cm or more. This portion of the locus was located at the base of the
slope where sediments had accumulated.
WhUe tiie "cultural" dark layer was evident throughout Locus B, the northem portion
exhibited sediments which were a lighter yellowish gray brown. This layer in the southem
portion was a dark gray brown and had much more charcoal and charcoal stained soils.
In all, 12 features were exposed during trenching operations. Hand excavation of 1x1 m
units in blocks (i.e., 1x2 m, 2x2 m) were used to expose and document the features.
3.4 UNIT EXCAVATION
Units 1 and 2 were excavated and reported by Gallegos and Kyle (1992). The data
recovery excavation of an additional 48 1x1 m units was conducted in 1996. Crew
members included: Dennis Gallegos, Project Director; Nina Harris, Field Director; Larry
Tift, Crew Chief; Jenn Perry, Associate Archaeologist; MUce Caldwell, Senior Field
Technician; and Sinead Ni Ghabhldin, Technical Advisor.
Unit excavation was based on the results of backhoe trenching and random sample
placement to address the previously discussed research questions. The excavations began
by placing 1x1 m units over features which had been exposed in the backhoe trenches.
These 1x1 ra units were then expanded as needed to fiiUy expose features. The random
1x1 m units were placed to provide additional site information to compliment tiie feature
excavation information (see Figure 3-5). Tables 3-4, 3-5, 3-6, and 3-7 provide excavation
results by units and level.
3.4.1 Locus B
This locus or secondary datum is located on a saddle 100 m dUectiy south of Locus A and
about 100 m nortii of Palomar Airport Road. Block datums were estabUshed to facUitate
mapping and vertical measurements of strata, features and artifacts. It should be noted that
the units were excavated in arbitrary 10 cm contour levels and that depths for the units are
from surface level taken from the secondary datum (see Figure 3-6).
PJ. 7-96 3-18
DECEMBER 1998
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Prior to Locus B excavations, the backhoe removed approximately 50 cm of overburden
from Area 1 of Locus B (Figure 3-7). It had been detemiined upon inspection that this
matrix was disturbed, and in order to expedite excavation the soil was removed. This area
measured 15x16 m between 96S/5E and 96S/11W to 110S/14E and 110S/4W. The
purpose of removing tiie overburden was to faciUtate the identification and documentation
of features.
Units 4, 5, 8 and 9 were placed to fully expose Feature 3, which had been discovered in
Trench 7 during backhoe trenching. Unit 4 was placed at 96S/3W from primary datum,
with units 5, 8, and 9 used to expose the bumed rock concentration (Feature 3) shown in
Trench 7.
During excavation only the matrix with dark charcoal staining was removed and a sample
of soil (Sample 4) and charcoal were taken. Removing aU of the rock exposed the shape
of the feature depression and aUowed for an examination of the surrounding matrix, and in
addition, helped to detemiine whetiier the surrounding soils had been modified to
accommodate the feature.
On the north side of the depression lay a sand and clay basal soil whereas on the south half
the depression was sunounded by the sandy matrix which had been encountered
throughout Unit 4. Since excavating the sandy soil down to the basal on the south side
would have destroyed the shape of the depression, this was left in situ. A control soU
sample (Sample 5) was taken from this sandy matiix at the level of the feature. Units 4 and
5 were excavated to 20 cm and two stratigraphic layers were exposed, a medium compacted
gray-brown sand with some charcoal stairung over a yellowish-brown coarse sand with
charcoal flecks. Unit 4 exposed a sandy clay matrix at 20 cm. Units 8 and 9 were
excavated to 30 cm to expose the feature, and terminated on a hard compacted basal
sandstone.
Twelve pieces of debitage, two mano fragments, two metate fragments, and 0.4 g of shell
were recovered from Unit 4 (Table 3-8). Unit 5 had five pieces of debitage (Table 3-9) and
Unit 8 had four pieces of debitage (Table 3-10). Unit 9 had one metate fragment
(Table 3-11).
Units 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 16, 17, 18, 19 were opened to fully expose and
document Feature 4 (see Figure 3-5). The sti-atigraphic layers were similar for these units
PJ. 7-96 3-25
DECEMBER 1998
I60N/60W
20 meters
msfOE I80S/20E
Gallegos & Associates Palomar Aiiport Road
CA-SDI-12814, Location of Locus A and B,
Areas 1 and 2, and Overburden Removal Area
FIGURE
3-7
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Table 3-9
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 5 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage 1 4 5 100.00%
Total
Percent
1
20.00%
4
80.00%
5
100.00%
100.00%
Table 3-10
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 8 Summary by Depth
Depth (cm)
Artifact 0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage 2 2 4 100.00%
Shell* 0.2 0.0 0.2
Total** 2 2 4 100.00%
Percent 50.00% 50.00% 100.00%
*Weight in grams
**Not including sheU
Table 3-11
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 9 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
10-20 Total Percent
Metate 1 1 100.00%
Total
Percent
1
100.00%
1
100.00%
100.00%
with a medium compacted gray-brown sand over a hard compacted gray-brown sandy clay,
except where noted. Units 6, 7, 10 and 13 were fuUy excavated to the sandy clay basal to
expose a cross-section through the feature. The other units were excavated to delineate tiie
intact feature. Unit 3 was opened at 4S/2E from secondary datum. This unit was excavated
to the clay and sand basal level and was about 50 cm deep in undulating clay at the deepest
point. Three sti^atigraphic layers were exposed. Upper sti^ta included a medium
compacted dark gray-brown sandy silt, overlaying a medium compacted yellowish-brown
coarse sand with some charcoal flecks. These lay over a hard compacted, Ught gray-brown
clay with sand. Artifacts include two cores, two core/cobble tools, 36 pieces of debitage,
one ground stone fragment, one metate fragment, and 0.7g of sheU (Table 3-12).
Unit 6 had been partly cut by tiie backhoe (Trench 9) where it had encountered tiie
concentrated FAR (Feamre 4). Disturbed soils, loose cobbles and FAR were removed m
the soutiiem half to expose an undisturbed portion of tiie feature. This unit was excavated
to tiie basal soil as part of the feature section profile. AU rock and FAR were mapped and
removed revealing three rock layers (courses) and a soil sample was coUected.
A heavy charcoal concentration was encountered in the south central wall between courses
2 and 3. The charcoal was removed and bagged separately. Below the last rock course
(3) it was apparent that tiie rock lay directiy on the clay and sand basal where tiie rocks left
impressions in the clay. The clay itself was a blueish-gray showing it had been subjected
to fire alteration. Stratigraphic layers include a yellow-brown sandy siU over the "cultural"
layer, a medium compacted sand with charcoal. This lay on a hard compacted sandy clay,
in this case a bumed blueish-gray. Artifacts recovered from Unit 6 include two metate
fragments, one biface fragment, one ground stone fragment, and 9 debitage (Table 3-13).
Unit 7 was excavated by removing rock layers. The feature was very discreetiy confined to
the westem half of the unit. Concentrations of rock increased towards tiie west and three
layers of rock were removed with similar rock layers in Unit 6. The increase in rock layers
at depth on the west side of this unit exemplifies the bowl shape of the feature. Very Uttie
charcoal was noted in this unit. This unit was terminated at 40 cm and exposed a
yellowish-brown sandy layer over the gray-brown sandy clay. Some burned clays were
exposed in the westem portion of the unit. Two mano fragments and 37 pieces of debitage
were recovered (Table 3-14).
PJ. 7-96 3-31
DECEMBER 1998
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Table 3-13
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 6 Summary by Depth
Artifact 0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage
Biface
Ground Stone
Metate
Shell*
4
0
0
0
0.0
5
1
1
2
1.7
9
1
1
2
1.7
69.23%
7.69%
7.69%
15.38%
Total**
Percent
4
30.77%
9
69.23%
13
100.00%
100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Nol including shell
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Unit 10 was placed to examine tiie northem boundary of tiie intact feature. This unit had
also been disturbed by the backhoe. The feature was discreetiy located in the soulhem
quarter of the unit and had two rock courses which were removed to the clay sand basal at
40 cm. The clay in the southem quarter was similar to the bumed clay in Unit 6 and this
was limited to the very southem portion of the unit. Statigraphic layers were similar to
Unit 7. Artifacts include one core, 15 pieces of debitage, one mano fragment, and 2.9 g of
SheU (Table 3-15).
Unit 11 was excavated to only 20 cm exposing tiie top intact course of rock and FAR. This
was left in situ. Artifacts recovered include two cores, 27 pieces of debitage, and 0.4 g of
SheU (Table 3-16).
Unit 12 was excavated to 30 cm with tiie rock and FAR pedestaled and left in situ. The
sandy clay basal became a prominent feature in the south portion were the sandy clay began
about 8 cm below the surface and dropped off to 25 or 30 cm to the south side of tiie unit.
This unit had 45 pieces of debitage, one flake tool, one ochre grinder, and 0.3 g of shell
(Table 3-17). A reddish smear (possible ochre) was present in the unit.
Unit 13 had an extension of tiie in situ rock elements in the eastem half These were
pedestaled and tiien removed aU at once. Much of tiie rock in tiie westem half was
disturbed and scattered. Two courses of rock generally were exposed and removed. The
basal was sandy clay and sloped upwards towards the west. This unit had a deptii of
30 cm. Artifacts include one metate fragment, one ochre grinder, 15 pieces of debitage,
and 0.1 g of SheU (Table 3-18).
Unit 14 was excavated to 30 cm with a basal undulating clayey sand predominant in tiie
south half The few rocks, generally throughout the north half, were pedestaled and left in
place. Artifacts include 1 mano, 1 metate fragment, 24 pieces of debitage, and 0.4 g of
SheU (Table 3-19).
Unit 15 had heavy clayey sand throughout most of the unit beginning at about 15 cm with a
basal at 30 cm. This unit yielded 17 pieces of debitage and 0.8 g of shell (Table 3-20).
Unit 16 encountered clayey sand at about 10 cm and undulating clayey sands were exposed
on the eastem half Between these 'bumps' rodent activity had filled the pockets with
sandy loam. Some FAR and rocks had been distributed throughout the rodent mns.
PJ. 7-96 3-35
DECEMBER 1998
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Table 3-16
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 11 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage
Core
Shell*
16
0
0.4
11
2
0.0
27
2
0.4
93.10%
6.90%
Total**
Percent
16
55.17%
13
44.83%
29
100.00%
100.00%
*Weight in grams
**Not including shell
*Weight in grams
**Not including shell
Table 3-17
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 12 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage
Flake Tool
Ochre Grinder
Shell*
29
1
1
0.2
12
0
0
0.1
4
0
0
0.0
45
1
1
0.3
95.74%
2.13%
2.13%
Total**
Percent
31
65.96%
12
25.53%
4
.51%
47
100.00%
100.00%
Table 3-18
Artifact
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 13 Summary by Depth
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage
Metate
Ochre Grinder
Shell*
2
1
0
0.1
0
1
0.0
5
0
0
0.0
15
1
1
0.1
88.24%
5.88%
5.88%
Total**
Percent
3
17.65%
9
52.94%
5
29.41%
17
100.00%
100.00%
*Weight in grams
**Not including shell
Table 3-19
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 14 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage
Mano
Metate
Shell*
7
1
1
0.4
7
0
0
0.0
10
0
0
0.0
24
1
1
0.4
92.31%
3.85%
3.85%
Total**
Percent
9
34.62%
7
26.92%
10
38.46%
26
100.00%
100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Not including shell
Table 3-20
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 15 Summary by Depth
Depth (cm)
Artifact 0-20 20-30 30-40 Total Percent
Debitage 8 4 5 17 100.00%
Shell* 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.8
Total** 8 4 5 17 100.00%
Percent 47.06% 23.53% 29.41% 100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Not including shell
Deptiis of the rodent pockets were to 37 cm. Artifacts recovered include 21 pieces of
debitage, and 0.3 g of shell (Table 3-21).
Unit 17 showed the same general pattem with clay at 10 cm and undulating clay mounds
being exposed. Rodent disturbance was obvious in tiie floor and throughout tiie
sediments. Depths in the pockets were to 51 cm. Artifact counts included one metate
fragment, 29 pieces of debitage, 0.2 g of bone, and 1.8 g of shell (Table 3-22).
Unit 18 was shallow, encountering a clayey sand basal at 25 cm. The clay continued
sloping upwards and west from Umt 14. The depth of tiie unit was about 40 cm. Artifacts
recovered include two mano fragments, 27 pieces of debitage, and 0.1 g of shell
(Table 3-23).
Unit 19 also encountered the basal clay at 40 cm. Artifacts recovered include one metate
fragment, 26 pieces of debitage, and 0.1 g of shell (Table 3-24).
Units 20 (104S/2.5W), 21 (102S/2.5W), 22 (100S/2.5W) (Primary Damm), 23 and 24
were selected by visual assessment and excavated within the mechanically cleared area in
tiie hopes of locating additional features. Units 22 (100S/2.5W) and 23 (lOOS/lE)
revealed discreet small rock clusters, but these appeared not to have been particularly fire
affected.
Unit 20 was very shaUow (30 cm) as was Unit 21 (40 cm) suggesting the sandy clay basal
continued to slope upwards to the northwest away from Feature 4. Unit 20 had a scatter of
FAR. The stratigraphic layers for these units were similar and exposed a medium
compacted Ught brown sand with silt over a medium compacted light yellowish-brown
coarse sand. Below this a medium compacted dark brown sand lay over a hard compacted
gray-brown clay with sand. Two metate fragments, 28 debitage, and 0.4 g of shell were
recovered from Unit 20 (Table 3-25).
Unit 21 was shallow with a rock scatter between 10 to 20 cm and 1 core, 52 debitage and
0.2 g of shell, were recovered (Table 3-26).
Unit 22 had a rock concentration in the southeast comer of level 30 to 40 cm. The total
depth was 55 cm. Stratigraphic layers included a loosely compacted medium brown sandy
loam over a yellowish-brown coarse sand. Below this a medium compacted dark brown
PJ. 7-96 3-42
DECEMBER 1998
•Weight in grams
••Not including shell
Table 3-21
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 16 Summary by Depth
Depth (cm)
Artifact 0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage 10 6 5 21 100.00%
Shell* 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3
Total** 10 6 5 21 100.00%
Percent 47.62% 28.57% 23.81% 100.00%
Table 3-22
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 17 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage
Metate
Bone*
Shell*
16
1
0.0
1.7
13
0
0.2
0.1
29
1
0.2
1.8
96.67%
3.33%
Total**
Percent
17
56.67%
13
43.33%
30
100.00%
100.00%
•Weight in grams
••Not including bone and shell
Table 3-23
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 18 Summary by Depth
Artifact 0-10
Depth (cm)
10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage
Mano
SheU*
11
0
0.0
16
0
0.0
4
2
0.1
27
2
0.1
81.82%
6.06%
Total**
Percent
11
33.33%
16
48.48%
6
18.18%
33
100.00%
87.88%
•Weight in grams
••Not including shell
•Weight in grams
**Not including shell
Table 3-24
Artifact
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 19 Summary by Depth
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage
Metate
SheU*
16
1
0.1
10
0
0.0
26
1
0.1
96.30%
3.70%
Total**
Percent
17
62.96%
10
37.04%
27
100.00%
100.00%
Table 3-25
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 20 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage
Metate
Shell*
3
1
0.3
18
1
0.1
7
0
0.0
28
2
0.4
93.33%
6.67%
Total**
Percent
4 19 7 30 100.00%
13.33% 63.33% 23.33% 100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Not including shell
Table 3-26
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 21 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage
Core
Shell*
28
0
0.2
20
1
0.0
4
0
0.0
52
1
0.2
98.11%
1.89%
Total**
Percent
28 21 4
52.83% 39.62% 7.55%
53 100.00%
100.00%
•Weight in grams
•*Not including shell
sand with some loam lay over a Ught brown sand with silt over gray-brown sandy clay.
Artifacts include one metate fragment, 51 debitage, one core, 0.1 g of bone, and 8.0 g of
shell (Table 3-27).
Unit 23, excavated to 80 cm, had a rock concenti*ation in the southwest comer of tiie unit
between 40 and 50 cm. Unit 26 was opened in order to better expose the rock
concentation. Four stratigraphic layers were exposed; a loosely compacted medium brown
sandy loara, over a dark gray-brown sand with loam, with a yellowish-brown coarse sand,
over a hard compacted gray-brown sand. Artifacts recovered for Unit 23 include one flake
tool, 88 pieces of debitage, and 2.4 g of shell (Table 3-28).
Unit 24 was excavated to 80 cm. A small cobble cluster was encountered in the northwest
comer, at 50 to 60 era, but these rocks were not flre altered. The rocks lay in a very sandy
raatiix suggesting that a water course may have existed in the vicinity and the cobbles
deposited naturally. Three sti-atigraphic layers were exposed. The fu'st is a medium to
loosely compacted yellowish-brown sandy loam to about 65 cm. This is over a medium
compacted, light yellowish-brown coarse sand on a sandy clay basal. This unit had
48 pieces of debitage and 0.8 g of shell (Table 3-29).
Unit 25 revealed no substantial rock concentration. Artifacts recovered include
37 debitage, one abrader, one crescentic, one clear quartz crystal, and 3.2 g of sheU
(Table 3-30). Four sti-atigraphic layers were exposed. Upper strata included a loosely
compacted medium brown sandy loam over a dark gray-brown sand with loam over a gray-
brown sand with silt. These lay on a gray-brown clay with sand.
Unit 26 (lOlS/OE) was opened to expose the sraall rock cluster continuing from Unit 23.
This excavation revealed a rock cluster located in the eastem half of tiie unit between 10 to
30 cm which did not appear to be a continuation of tiie rock cluster in Unit 23, since this
rock cluster was in tiie level directiy above tiiat of the cluster in Unit 23. Unit 26 was
excavated to 40 cm and had three stratigraphic layers. The first was loosely compacted
raedium brown sandy loam, over a darker gray-brown sandy loam, covering a gray-brown
sand with silt. One biface, one ground stone, 37 pieces of debitage, 0.4 g of bone, and
0.9 g of shell were recovered (Table 3-31).
To the south of Feature 4, between grid points 115S/0W and 125S/0W and between 5E
and lOW, six units were selected at random on the grid. Surface soils in this area appeared
PJ. 7-96 3-49
DECEMBER 1998
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darker than in the northem section of Locus B. Trenching revealed several FAR
concenti-ations in the sidewalls and raore artifacts were coUected from the ti-enches in tiiis
area than ft-om the other areas.
Unit 27 located at 119S/4W revealed an FAR scatter and charcoal stained soils at 40 to
50 cm. Again tiie rocks between 0 and 40 cm appeared to have been disturbed by
plowing. At 40 to 50 cm the rock cluster became more concentrated, suggesting less
disturbance. This concentration terminated at the 50 to 60 cm level under which tiie
charcoal stained soils give way to a sandy soil. The unit was excavated to 80 era. Four
stratigraphic layers were encountered. The first was a loosely compacted dark gray-brown
sandy loara over a hard compacted very dark gray-brown sand with loara and sorae silt.
The FAR concenti^tion was so compacted in this layer that excavation was difficult.
Below this a medium compacted Ught gray-brown sand with silt lay over hard compacted
light gray-brown sand with clay. Artifact counts from this unit were high and include
615 debitage, three mano fragments, one core/cobble tool, one ground stone fragment, one
mano/pestie, one smoothing stone, one flake tool, one anvU fragment, 1.0 g of bone, and
9.5gofsheU (Table 3-32).
Unit 28 was opened at grid 117S/4E and was excavated to 65 cm. This unit had high
numbers of debitage but lacked any rock clusters or charcoal in any great amount. Four
sti-atigraphic layers were exposed including loosely compacted dark gray-brown sandy
loam over medium compacted dark gray-brown sandy loam. These were over hard
compacted very dark gray-brown sand with loam and silt and this over a medium
compacted medium gray-brown sand with silt. Artifacts recovered include 454 debitage,
two cores, one core/cobble tool, one mano fragment, three metate fragments, 0.4 g of
bone, and 11.2 g of shell (Table 3-33).
Unit 29 (118S/4W) was opened adjacent and north of Unit 27 and revealed the sarae
pattem as Unit 27. No boundary was defined for the FAR cluster however, suggesting
that the scatter continues in aU directions except to the south where the concentiation does
not appear in Trench 14. This unit was excavated to 80 cm and had the same sti-atigraphic
profile as Unit 27. Artifacts include 799 debitage, one flake tool, one core, three ground
stone fragments, five mano fragments, three metate fragments, 1 Native American ceramic,
l.l g of bone, and 8.1 g of sheU (Table 3-34). Soil sample (A) was taken at tiie 40 to
50 cm level.
PJ. 7-96 3-55
DECEMBER 1998
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Unit 30 was opened at 123S/9W and revealed an FAR cluster at 30 to 40 cm in tiie
southwest corner. This was further investigated in units 32, 34, and 36. Unit 30 was
eventually excavated to a depth of 80 cm terminating on a sandstone basal layer. Four
stratigraphic layers were exposed. Loosely compacted dark gray-brown sand with loam
lay over hard compacted, very dark gray-brown sand with loara and silt. This is the
"cultural" layer. Below this was a medium compacted light gray-brown sand with silt, on
hard compacted light gray-brown clay with sand. Artifacts include 538 pieces of debitage,
two flake tools, two cores, three ground stone fragments, two mano fragments, two metate
fragments, one bowl fragment, 1.2 g of bone, and 4.9 g of shell (Table 3-35).
Unit 31 (124S/1E) revealed an FAR concentration in the southeast comer between 28 and
54 era. Some charcoal was noted throughout the unit. Four sti-atigraphic layers began with
loosely compacted dark gray-brown sandy loam over hard compacted, very dark gray-
brown sand with loam and stit. The FAR concentration was in this layer. Below this is a
medium compacted, Ught gray-brown sand with silt overlying hard compacted Ught gray-
brown sandy clay. Artifacts include 731 pieces of debitage, six flake tools, one pipe
fragment, one core/cobble tool, five ground stone fragments, three mano fragments, one
mano/pestie fragment, five metate fragments, 3.1 g of bone, and 16.1 g of sheU
(Table 3-36).
Unit 32 was opened adjacent and west of Unit 30 at 124S/10W. This unit had a FAR
concentration (Feamre 6) in the southeast comer extending from Unit 30. Unit 32 was
eventually excavated to 70 cm exposing a sandstone basal layer. The stratigraphic layers
are tiie sarae as Unit 30. This unit had 494 pieces of debitage, one core/cobble tool, three
ground stone fragments, five mano fragments, five metate fragments, one pestle fragment,
and 8.1 g of shell (Table 3-37).
Unit 33 was opened at 117S/I0W and had a small scatter of cobbles and broken cobbles
between 20 to 30 cm. This unit terminated at 70 cm. Four stratigraphic layers included
loosely compacted medium brown sandy loam over medium compacted yellow-brown
coarse sand with loam and charcoal flecks. These were over medium compacted medium
to light gray-brown sand with silt, followed by a mediura compacted light yellowish-brown
coarse sand basal. Artifact totals include 496 pieces of debitage, one crescentic, tiiree
cores, one core/cobble tool, two metate fragments, one ground stone fragment, 0.1 g of
bone, and 7.2 g of shell (Table 3-38).
PJ. 7-96 3-59
DECEMBER 1998
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Unit 34 was placed adjacent and south of Unit 30 at 124S/9W to continue exposing the
FAR cluster noted in units 30 and 32. Unit 34 was excavated to a sandstone basal at
70 cm. The sti-atigraphy was tiie same as units 30, 32, and 36. Artifacts include
369 debitage, one flake tool, one core, one core/cobble tool, two ground stone fragments,
two mano fragments, 0.4 g of bone, and 4.8 g of shell (Table 3-39).
Unit 35 was opened at 122S/3W. This unit had a crescentic at 31 cm just above the darker
"culmral" soils. A soil sample (B) was taken from the level below tiie crescentic. A
crescentic fragment was also found in the 60 to 70 cm level below the dark soils. The unit
was excavated to 80 cm and had four stratigraphic layers. The upper level is loosely
compacted dark gray-brown sandy loam followed by a medium compacted dark gray-
brown sand witii loam, and medium compacted light gray-brown sand with silt, with a
basal hard corapacted gray-brown sandy clay. Cultural raaterials recovered include
809 pieces of debitage, two flake tools, two crescentics, one ground stone fragment, one
mano fragment, 2.1 g of bone, and 7.3 g of shell (Table 3-40).
Unit 36 was opened at 123S/10W, west of and adjacent to Unit 30 expanding tiie
excavation of Feamre 6. This unit had heavy charcoal concentrations in and around the
cobbles which were exposed at the 30 to 40 cm level. A charcoal chunk was excavated and
removed whole for analysis. A soU sample (C) was taken frora tiie 30 to 40 era level as a
control for Feature 6 and soil saraple (D) was taken frora the feature matrix. The rest of the
feature was removed to 40 cm and Unit 30 was then excavated to 82 cm and termrnated on
a sandy clay subsoil basal. Sti-atigraphic layers were tiie same in units 30, 32, 34 and 36.
Artifacts from Unit 36 included 350 debitage, two flake tools, one core, one metate
fragment, one pestle fragment, 0.2 g of bone, and 8.3 g of shell (Table 3-41).
Unit 37 was placed at 119S/3W next to and directly east of Unit 27 to expose tiie FAR
concenti-ation (Feature 7) continuing from Unit 27 and Unit 29. This concentration appears
to have been disturbed to about 30 cm possibly by plowing, but is more intact at 40 cm.
The concentration in this unit is very heavy witii many cracked rocks and lots of small
spalls from tiie rocks making excavation difficult and slow. The rock cluster gave way to a
sandy matrix at 50 cm where the FAR rock became less concenti-ated but discreetiy located
within a charcoal stain. The stain and rocks were located in the east centi-al portion of tiie
unit. A large chunk of charcoal was removed from this stained area. The unit was
excavated to the sandy clay basal. Stratigraphy included a loosely compacted dark gray-
brown sandy loam over hard compacted very dark gray-brown sand with loam and some
PJ. 7-96 3-64
DECEMBER 1998
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silt. The FAR concentration was dense within this layer. Below this, a raedium compacted
light gray-brown sand with silt lay over hard compacted Ught gray-brown sand witii clay.
The bowl shape of the feature was clear in the sidewall profile. Artifacts from this unit
include 496 debitage, three flake tools, one biface, one core/cobble tool, two ground stone
fragments, six mano fragraents, one metate fragment, one pestie fragment, one ochre
grinder, 0.9 g of bone, and 7.0 g of sheU (Table 3-42).
Unit 38 was placed at grid coordinates 119S/2W, adjacent and east of Unit 37, and
measured 100x50 cm with Trench 12 the east unit edge. Trench 12 exposed a bowl shaped
FAR cluster in the west sidewall at this location. Unit 38 exposed the reraaining portion of
Feature 7. The unit was 50 cm deep at the feamre level and stratigraphy remains the same
as Unit 37. Artifacts include 185 debitage, one ground stone fragment, one metate
fragment, and 5.6 g of sheU (Table 3-43).
Unit 39 was located south and adjacent to Unit 31 at I25S/1E, where a cobble cluster had
been exposed in the southeast comer. Unit 39 exposed a continuation of this cluster and a
concenti-ation at at the 30 to 40 cm level (Feamre 8) which was not evident in Unit 31.
This concentiation seemed very simUar to Feamre 7 with some heavUy burned rock and
many small spalls. Unit 40 was opened west of Unit 39 and revealed the same
concenti-ation continuing to the east. Stratigraphic layers for this unit are the same as
Unit 31. No more units were opened in this area since the rock concentration did not
appear to be particularly discreet or have unusual characteristics. Artifacts from this unit
include 718 debitage, one flake tool, one core, one core/cobble tool, four ground stone
fragments, five mano fragments, three metate fragments, 2.4 g of bone, and 12.2 g of sheU
(Table 3-44).
Unit 40 had 672 pieces of debitage, one flake tool, one biface, one core, three ground stone
fragments, seven mano fragments, three metate fragments, one pestie fragment, one anvU
fragment, 4.2 g of bone, and 5.2 g of shell (Table 3-45).
Unit 41 was placed 120S/6W adjacent and north of Trench 14 where a rock concentration
(Feature 9) with charcoal showed in the sidewall. The unit exposed a light rock scatter
through levels 0 to 40 cm. Below this the scatter became more concentiated through the
dark "cultural" layer to 60 cm. Here, as the soils tumed to sand, a dark patch with rocks
was exposed, concentrated in the southwest comer of the unit. This dark soil with rock
was excavated separately and the dark soils and rock removed. This revealed a bowl
PJ. 7-96 3-68
DECEMBER 1998
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shaped pit with the rocks imprinted into the bottom. Soil frora tiie feamre was bagged and
taken to the laboratory.
Upon investigating the tt-ench profile of tiie feature it was noted that the feature extended
west and southwest into tiie trench. Trench excavation uncovered a distinctiy dark and
compact raatiix with charcoal at the bottom. Unit 41 was excavated to 80 era and four
stratigraphic layers were exposed. The first is a loosely compacted sandy loam, medium
dark gray-brown. The second is similar to the first except that it is hard compacted and
graduates to a dark gray-brown at depth. The third is a yellowish-brown silty sand which
appears distinctiy at 60 cm and is limited to the north half of the unit outside the "bowl."
The forth is the feamre matrix: a very dark brown sandy loam with charcoal. Artifacts
include 362 debitage, three flake tools, two ground stone fragments, four mano fragments,
two metate fragments, one pestie fragment, 0.7 g of bon, and 6.3 g of sheU (Table 3-46).
Unit 42 was established over the ti-ench and is a 100x50 cm unit. This unit was excavated
to expose the centi^al portion of the feamre. Only about 10 cm of soil was excavated in this
unit since the backhoe had removed the matrix above the feature. Saraples of this charcoal
rich soU were coUected for C14 and floatation. Eighty-five pieces of debitage and two flake
tools were recovered (Table 3-47).
Unit 43 was located west and adjacent to Unit 41. This unit exposed the rest of Feamre 9
which continued to be a discreet FAR filled pit with dark charcoal stained soil. This feamre
was exposed and left in situ. Artifacts from this unit include 314 debitage, three flake
tools, one ground stone fragment, two mano fragments, three metate fragments, two cores,
0.6 g of bone, and 5.0 g of shell (Table 3-48)
Unit 44 was located south of Unit 35 and was excavated to 84 cm. This unit had a similar
pattem to Unit 35 with a brown sandy loam to 30 cm where the "culmral' layer was
encountered which was a gray brown sandy loam with a minor rock and FAR scatter. One
crescentic was found just above tiie "cultural" layer at about 25 cm. The stiatigraphic
layers were the same as Unit 35. Artifact counts include 818 debitage, one crescentic, one
point, four flake tools, one biface, two mano fragments, 5.3 g of bone, and 20.4 g of shell
(Table 3-49).
Unit 45 was located adjacent and east of Unit 26 to expose the rock scatter located in tiie
east half of the unit. The cluster appears to be discreet being comprised of two courses of
PJ. 7-96 3-73
DECEMBER 1998
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CA-SDI-12814
Unit 42 Summary by Deptii
Artifact
Depth (cm)
60-70 70-80 Total Percent
Debitage
Flake Tool
22
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63
2
85
2
97.70%
2.30%
Total 22 65 87 100.00%
Percent 25.29% 74.71% 100.00%
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rock. The rock did not appear to be fire affected and lay directiy on the sandy clay basal.
Stiatigraphy is the same as in Unit 26. Artifacts include 69 debitage, l.l g of bone, and
1.1 g of SheU (Table 3-50).
Units 46 and 47 were opened adjacent to, and west of Unit 35 and Unit 44, respectively.
These units were excavated to 80 cm and revealed the same pattem generally as the adjacent
units with an FAR concentration between 25 and 40 cm and sti-atigraphic layers being the
same. Unit 46 had 431 debitage, two core/cobble tools, two ground stone fragments, four
mano fragraents, one raetate fragraent, one pestie fragment, 1.0 g of bone, and 4.7 g of
sheU (Table 3-51).
Unit 47 had 519 debitage, three flake tools, three core/cobble tools, one scraper, six
ground stone fragraents, five mano fragments, four raetate fragments, one pestie fragment,
one ochre grinder, 0.6 g of bone, and 7.7 g of shell (Table 3-52).
3.4.2 Locus A
Initial mitigation excavations were at Locus A, located on a knoU approximately 300 m
north of Palomar Airport Road, 300 ra east of Arraada Road, and 100 m north of Locus B
(see Figures 3-4 and 3-7).
Three 1x1 m units were placed in Locus A, Unit 48 at 5N/5E and Unit 49 at 5N/5W and
Unit 50 along the edge of Trench 3 to expose rock concenti-ations which were evident at 10
to 30 cm in the sidewall of Trench 3.
Unit 48 located at 5N/5E and Unit 49 at 5N/5W had debitage, shell and bone and were
excavated to 20 and 30 cm, respectively. The stiatigraphy in the sidewalls of the units
revealed two layers, a loosely corapacted medium brown sandy loam over a hard
compacted Ught orangish-tan sand. Artifact counts from Unit 48 were 3 debitage, 1.7 g of
bone, and 78.5 g of sheU (Table 3-53). Unit 49 yielded 40 debitage, two ground stone
fragments, 5.5 g of bone, and 78 g of shell (Table 3-54).
Unit 50 was placed adjacent to Trench 5 to expose a possible feature. An old agriculmral
pipe and trench ran northwest to southeast in the unit, between 5 cm and 20 cm. This unit
exposed one FAR concentration (Feature 1) which had one ground stone fragment,
25 debitage, one mano, 48.9 g of shell, and 0.7 g bone (Table 3-55). The soils
PJ. 7-96 3-78
DECEMBER 1998
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CA-SDI-12814
Unit 48 Summary by Depth
Artifact
Depth (cm)
0-10 10-20 Total Percent
Debitage
Bone*
Shell*
2
1.1
34.2
1
0.6
44.3
3
1.7
78.5
100.00%
Total**
Percent
2
66.67%
1
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3
100.00%
100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Not including bone and shell
Table 3-54
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 49 Summary by Depth
Depth (cm)
Artifact O-IO 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage 13 11 16 40 95.24%
Ground Stone 2 0 0 2 4.76%
Bone* 0.6 4.3 0.6 5.5
SheU* 38.7 47.2 51.8 137.7
Total** 15 11 16 42 100.00%
Percent 35.71% 26.19% 38.10% 100.00%
*Weight in grams
**Not including bone and shell
Table 3-55
CA-SDI-12814
Unit 50 Summary by Depth
Depth (era)
Artifact 0-10 10-20 20-30 Total Percent
Debitage 12 6 7 25 92.59%
Ground Stone 0 1 0 1 3.70%
Mano 0 0 1 1 3.70%
Bone* 0.3 0.4 0.0 0.7
Shell* 30.4 15.9 2.6 48.9
Total** 12 7 8 27 100.00%
Percent 44.44% 25.93% 29.63% 100.00%
•Weight in grams
**Not including bone and shell
surrounding the rocks were stained with charcoal. Samples of soil (Sample I) and
charcoal were taken from the feature. The artifacts were numbered in sequence, mapped
and coUected. One control soil sample (3) was taken from the 20 to 30 cm level. To the
south and at a 20 cm depth a second rock concentration (Feature 2) was exposed in
Unit 50. This feamre had similar characteristics to Feature I. A soil sample (2) was
collected from the feature matrix. The unit was terminated at a 32 cm depth where a hard
compacted sandy basal substiata was encountered. Two sti-atigraphic layers were exposed
which were the same as units 48 and 49.
Unit Summary
The units at Locus A revealed two hearth features with no apparent dark soils representing
midden. The features were shallow and the artifacts were sparse.
Units at Area 2, Locus B varied in depth, sti-atigraphy and artifact densities, but generaUy
higher artifact counts were present in the 30 to 50 cm levels. Figure 3-8 shows the original
surface (thicker line) across Locus B with the secondary damm at lOOS/OE remaining at the
surface. In Area 1, the overburden was mechatucally removed.
Dismrbance including rodent activity, and rodent "mns" are evident in the 1x1 m unit
floors, as well as in the sidewalls. This may also explain the presence of glass and plastics
which appear in sraall amounts at depth. Plastic, glass and metals from modem agricultural
activities were present in all the units from 0 to 35 cm in moderate amounts, and below this
in some units.
The excavation of 50 excavation units identifled nine rock features and produced
11,564 artifacts, 41.7 g of bone, and 486.5 g of sheU. These artifcts and features
demonstiate that a range of acitvities were conducted including rmlUng of plant seeds,
hunting, fishing, collecting and processing shellfish, and cooking.
3.5 FEATURE DISCUSSION
Two rock features were found at Locus A and 10 at Locus B, CA-SDI-12814 (Figure 3-9).
In order to understand how these features were used and the results found archaeologically,
a review of previous research geared to explaining the processes was undertaken. For
example, Wandsnider (1997) compared pit hearths and the temperatures needed to cook
PJ. 7-96 3-85
DECEMBER 1998
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buffalo meat in large amounts. She considered different foods which need different
cooking processes to produce an efficientiy digestible product. Heating foods can detoxify
or process food, removing or neutializing ti-oubling pathogens, microorganisms, and
toxins. The cooking process can include boiUng, frying, parching, spit roasting and
baking, stewing, and braising. Hydrolysis (forcing moismre into food) of foods changes
the pH and makes foods more easily digested (Wandsnider 1997). These different cooking
needs warrant differing techniques and differing heats. The cooking raethods varied feature
types and affected rock differently.
3.5.1 Classifying Fire Altered Rock
Nuraerous variables are involved in typing fire altered rock feamres including feamre size,
stmcture, rock size, the degree of firing, and the amount of rock involved in a heating
episode. In understanding which feature is used and what temperature raay have been
attained, it may be possible evenmaUy to begin to model these features and begin to
recognize the prehistoric processes that led to their fonnation.
In an experimental study on the effects of temperatures and number of firings on rock.
White and Hannus (1983) used fine grained granite and coarse grained diorite to show that
rocks need to be heated and cooled two or three tunes before they show any alteration or
what was called "weathering." The procedure includes weighing the rock and then heating
it after which the rock would be dropped onto the floor from 3 m height. The remains were
sifted through a 0.63 cm mesh screen and weighed. At 300 degrees C, tiie fue affect is
minimal whereas at 500 degrees C, the rock fell apart readily when dropped to the ground
thus loosing much of it's original weight. White and Hannus concluded that tiie
distribution of rock at their site, Oakwood Lakes Site 39BK7, was instmctive in that tiie
heavily fired rock associated with roasting and other hearth types differed from tiie boiling-
rock tiiat was distributed randomly. The boiling-rock had more "weathering" than tiie
natural rock in the area (White and Hannus 1983).
White and Hannus described "weathered" rock as having the characteristic of "mineral
grains tiiat readUy separate from each other if pressure is applied" (1983:54). They also
discussed a rind effect for naturally weathered rock where "rocks normally weather inward
from the edge, layer by layer, so that a weathering rind surrounds a relatively unweathered
core" (White and Hannus 1983:54). They stated that due to the mechanical tiiermal
contraction and expansion, breaking bonds between mineral grains would effect the interior
PJ. 7-96 3-88
DECEMBER 1998
of tiie rock as well as the exterior. The exterior visual description is "hair Une fracmres"
which is probably the same as our "crazed" category (see below). They also incorporated
tiie term "disintegrating"; the criteria for tiie rock weight reduction when dropped to tiie
floor during the study.
In considering the fire altered rock features, we have established several visual criteria for
the identification of relative amounts of alteration of the rocks, which possibly reflect tiie
temperamres attained and the number of times tiie rock was heated. Eventually, replication
studies wiU be used to test our assumptions.
The fu-st criteria for identification is color. Blackened exterior verses blackened interior and
reddened exterior verses reddened interior are suggestive of rock types with associated
minerals and their reaction to heat. Very intense heat discolors tiie interior of the rock and
leaves the exterior bleached. Discoloration on the exterior only raay be the result of natiiral
weathering, rather than reflective of use in a heating simation. Conversely, discoloration of
the interior with a bleached exterior appears to be the result of heating to a high
temperature. Various degrees of discoloration may be reflective of various temperamres,
when comparing rocks of sinular size and lithic material.
Otiier criteria involve the physical effect of tiie heat on the rock witii terms borrowed from
ceramics and geology (Figures 3-10 and 3-11). "Spalled" is tiie effect of creating pot lids
on tiie rock (i.e., fragraents of rock breaking away in a potiid shape) or tiie breaking away
of the cortex (i.e., lUce an orange peal). "Crazed" is tiie term used to describe an exterior
that has become cracked all over with hairline fractures, but the rock surface does not break
away and is often caused when water comes in contact with rock as in boiling or streaming.
"Heat rind" is the effect of creating an exterior color ring tiiat penetrates the rock several
centimeters towards tiie interior. "Decomposing or disintegration" of the integrity of tiie
rock is the cmmbling of the softer matiix leaving tiie harder impurities as disassociated
grains. In place of this criterion, we used "pocked," described as exfoliation of feldspars
as the matrix decomposed, leaving a visual pocked effect on the surface of the rock.
"Friable" is a term used to describe heavily decomposition or disintegration of the entke
rock where chunks of the rock can be easily broken off and may tum to sand.
PJ. 7-96 3-89
DECEMBER 1998
Heat Rind
Heat Rind
Gallegos & Associates
Some Physical Effectsof Heat on Rocks FIGURE
3-10
Pocked
Crazed
Gallegos & Associates
Crazed and Pocked Effects FIGURE
3-11
3.5.2 Fire Altered Rock Feature Types in San Diego County
Rock features in southem Califomia prehistoric sites have received only minimal attention
in the archaeological literature, yet tiiey are probably one of the most important finds for
answering questions concemed with subsistence and prehistoric lifestyles. They often
provide the charcoal and charcoal-rich soil used for radiocarbon dating. They provide
samples for macrobotanical and microbotanical studies as well as direct evidence of
prehistoric activities. The study as well as previous studies at rock features provides a data
base for categorizing features in terms of feature types, use and temporal considerations.
Smith and Moriarty's work at SDM-W-20, located next to Los Penasquitos Lagoon at Del
Mar, identified five fire altered rock hearth types: a communal hearth, an oven hearth, a
platform hearth, a trough hearth, and a ring heartii (Figure 3-12). Dates on these hearths
range from 2355 to 7140 years BP (Smitii and Moriarty 1985).
An agave roasting pit excavated by May (Gallegos and Cheevers 1988) is described as a
rock platform at the bottom of a pit which measured 200 cm in diameter and 60 cm deep,
and fire affected cobbles up the side of the pit. May also notes these pits may not be stone
lined. These pits are found locally on tiie eastem slopes in tiie mountain regions where
agave occurs. A sunUar pit feamre was excavated by Westec and had a date of
770+60 BP. This appears to be an earlier date for these features.
While some of the FAR feamres at CA-SDI-12814 reflect tiiese types, new categories were
created to encompass tiie range found at the site. Excavations at CA-SDI-12814 revealed
12 features. These are categorized into three types:
Type 1 is a shallow pit with FAR and is appears to have been used only once (a single
event bum). These types of hearths may have been used for cooking sraall game or simply
for light and heat. This may be similar to Smith and Moriarty's ring hearth.
Type 2 is a circular pit approximately 30 cm deep and 1 m in diameter. Fire altered rock is
found throughout, placed in a jumbled fashion suggesting reuse of the rock. Uses for this
type of feamre raay include heating of rock for boiling or steaming, or for
roasting/processing. These appear to be multiple event bums.
PJ. 7-96 3-92
DECEMBER 1998
Type 3 is a larger circular stone lined pit up to 2 ra in diaraeter and 40 cm deep. Stone
lining reflects heat back onto the item roasting or cooking. Large game or agave may have
been roasted this way. This is similar to Smith and Moriarty's communal hearth.
Type 4 is ovoid, at least three rock courses deep and up to 2 m long. The feamre is
constiucted to be level, with the heat source below the rock perhaps for contiolUng heat.
This suggests a heating platform for slow roasting of plant or animals, but otiier uses
cannot be mled out such as a sweathouse or other ceremonial activities.
3.5.3 Features at CA-SDM2814
Due to partial excavation of most of the features, weights were taken only when
appropriate.
Feature 1
Feature 1 was a FAR concenti-ation located in the north-western portion of Unit 50 at
Locus A (Figures 3-13 and 3-14). This FAR concentration lay in a bowl shaped pit with
dark gray brown charcoal stained sandy loara. It measured 45x20 cm and was about
23 cm deep. It had two courses of rock which were removed to expose the bowl shaped
depression. AU of the rocks appeared to be fire altered. The rocks were between 7 and
13 era long and were all rounded cobbles. The FAR weighed 3.17 kg. The rocks varied
in type and appeared to be volcanic and metavolcanic. Two ground stone items were
collected. This feature was cut vertically by Trench 5, as well as disturbed by plowing and
an agricultural pipe trench to about 10 cm. This is a Type 1 feature.
Feature 2
Feamre 2 was also exposed in Unit 50 in tiie south-western comer. This was an FAR
concentration but appeared only between 20 and 32 cm depth. The rock size was about
7 cm in length and total rock weight was 0.81 kg. Much of this feamre may have been
destroyed by the backhoe trench. This is a type 1 feature.
PJ. 7-96 3-94
DECEMBER 1998
CA-SDI-12814, Featiires I and 2, Unit 50,0-10 cm
Gallegos & Associates
Photograph of Features 1 and 2, Unit 50 FIGURE
3-13
Trench 5 Feature 1 50
Feature 2 20-30 cm
= Fire Affected Rock
I
North
10 cm
CA-SDI-12814, Features 1 and 2, Unit 50, 20-30 cm FIGURE
3-14
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 3, Units 4 and 5, 0-20 cm. View to South
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 3 Profile, Units 8 and 9, 0-30 cm. View to West
Gallegos & Associates
Photographs of Feamre 3, Units 4, 5, 8 and 9 FIGURE
3-15
Units
0-20 cms
Feamre 3
PLAN VIEW Unit 4
0-20 cms Block datum
D 0
^ ^ ^ RJ
1 <^ rv ^ /^o \ Edge of Trench
1 ,'' c
Charcoal Stain ^ \
K
1
Trench 7
i
Units
0-20 cm Unit 9
20-30 cms
Datum Level'
Feamre 3
Profile A-A
WEST VIEW
Block Damm
Unit 4
Units
55 cm
from block datum
Gallegos & Associates
22 cm
from block datum
Charcoal Stain
North
10 cm
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 3 FIGURE
3-16
Feature 3
Feature 3 was exposed by backhoe tienching (Trench 6) and by units 4 and 5 on Locus B
(see Figure 3-9). The feature had about four courses and was about 30 cm deep
(Figures 3-15 and 3-16). All but two rocks appeared fire altered and ranged between 4 to
12 era in size. These were aU fire altered, broken, rounded cobbles. The FAR weighed
41.73 kg. Three metate fragraents and two mano fragments were recovered from the
matrix. The rock courses and charcoal stained soils were removed to reveal a bowl shaped
depression, the north half laying in a sandy clay and tiie south half in a sUty sand matrix.
Due to depth of the feature in relation to the sandy clay it may be that the bowl shape was
hollowed out of the sandy clay matiix. The radiocarbon date is 4190+80 BP. This is a
Type 1 feature.
Feature 4
Feamre 4 located between 3 and 6W and 103 and I06S was also exposed by backhoe
trenching (Trench 9). This feature proved to be a substantially larger cobble and FAR
concenti-ation than Feature 3 (Figures 3-17, 3-18 and 3-19). Thkteen units (3, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 and 19) were used to expose the central and outiying
areas. The main buUc of the intact feamre measured 2.10 m north-west to south-east and
1.50 ra north-east to south-west. Centially the feature was excavated east-west to expose a
vertical proflle. Units 3, 6, 7 and 13 generally revealed the cross-section profile (see
Figure 3-17, bottom).
The feamre had three intact courses of cobbles and FAR in the central area while in tiie
surrounding areas the courses progressively decreased to two and then to one course
moving away from tiie central area. The size of tiie rocks varied but were generally 7 to
15 cm long but a few were up to 20 cm. The rock from the top layers appeared to be more
complete and had only miniraal spalling and fracturing affecting thera. The deeper courses
appeared to be more heavily fire altered evidenced by rock which was very bumed and
friable. Additionally there was an inordinate amount of charcoal sandwiched between and
around the lower courses including large chunks in Unit 6. This area of the feature was
intact. All very dark soil from the feature (Samples 1-7), as well as charcoal was collected.
After completing the illustrations and photo documentation, much of the feature was
removed to examine tiie basal level to better understand feature construction. The feature
PJ. 7-96 3-97
DECEMBER 1998
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 4 Intact, 0-40 cm. Looking West
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 4 Profile, 0-40 cm. Looking South
Gallegos & Associates
Photograph of Featiire 4, Units 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,
16,17,18. and 19
FIGURE
3-17
Feature 4
COURSE 1
Unit?
10-20 cms
Unit 12
10-20 cms
Unit 15
2040 cms
Mano Fragment
Block datum
O
C
<3C
Unit 10
10-20 cms
Unit 13
20-30 cms
North
50 cm <7 X)
Unit a
10-20 cms
O
Unit 14
10-30 cms
5%i
(?0
O
& Q
O
O
Unit 16
20-30 cms
O
O
Unit 17
O 10-30 cms
(3
9 ^ ^
Q
Units
10-20 cms
Unit 18
10-20 cms
Unit 19
10-30 cms
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 4, Coursel FIGURE
3-18
Unit 7
20-30 cms
Feature 4
COURSE 2
Metate Fragn ent
Mano Fragment O
Block datum ^.
Unit 10
20-30 cms
Unit 12
10-20 cms
Unite
20-30 cms
Unit?
30-40 cms
Unit 11
10-20 cms
Unit 12
10-20 cms
Feature 4
COURSES
Meta
Block datum ^.
Unit 10
30^ cms
Unite
30-40 cms A
Unit 11
10-20 cm.s
Unit 12
Feature 4
VIEW SOUTH Unit 11 A
North
Area with charcoal concentration 50 cm
Area with charcoal stain
jallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 4, Courses 2 and 3
HGURE
3-19
was reraoved to the basal soUs (sand with clay) in units 3, 6, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18 and
19, while units 14 and 11 were left intact. Units 7 and 10 were excavated to 50 cm. In
Unit 10 base soils were exposed in the south half and in Unit 7 the basal sloped
downwards away from the cential feature area to the east.
Units 6 and 13 were excavated to the basal as part of the cross section. In Unit 6 it was
clear that the deepest rock course was constmcted directiy on the clay. This was evidenced
by rocks laying in the clay and tiie clay itself being charcoal stained and probably burned.
Unit 6 showed this clearly, while in Unit 13 the rocks seemed suspended in the sandy
soils. In other areas, the rock also tended to be suspended in the sand matrix about 8 cm
above the sandy clay basal soil (units 3,13, 17, 18 and 19). The clay in the area tended to
slope at about a 30 degree angle to the east-north-east whUe the feature, which presented
itself in a shallow bowl shape in profile, tended to remain relatively level. This suggests
that a shaUow pit may have been excavated to accommodate the building of the feature.
Moving away from the central and intact area, the rock scatter became raore randora and tiie
rock itself appeared to be less fire affected. More randomly scattered cobbles and FAR
that lay away from the cenb-al area and also at a lesser depth, appeared to have been
disturbed by plowing. Plow marks exposed both in the soils during excavation and in the
clays at the basal level show that the rock was disturbed in a Unear fashion in units 18 and
11.
While some debitage was recovered from aU tiie units, only two mano fragments and two
raetate fragments were found within the feature matrix. These were fire affected,
suggesting that they had been coUected and became incorporated into the feature much as
the otiier rocks.
Weights of FAR were taken from units 6, 7 10, 13 and 14 which reflects the major portion
of the feature were removed and totaled 261.27 kg. The wood type appears to have been
sagebmsh (Appendix G). The radiocarbon date is 4510+70 BP. This is a Type 4 feature.
Feature 5
Feature 5 was exposed by the excavation of units 23, 26 and 45. This feature was a
concentration of cobbles that exhibited no flre affects (Figures 3-20 and 3-21). Rock size
ranged frora 7 to 15 cm. It is suggested tiiat this feature may have been built to
PJ. 7-96 3-103
DECEMBER 1998
CA-SDI-12814, Featiare 5, Units 26 and 45, 0-50 cm, Looking North
Gallegos & Associates
Photograph of Feamre 5, Units 26 and 45 FIGURE
3-20
Feamre 5
PLAN VIEW
Unit 26
30-40 cms
Unit 45
30-50 cms
t
North
25 cms
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDL 12814, Feamre 5
HGURE
3-21
accommodate cradling of a raetate on a level surface or platforra for a storage container
(Schroth, personal communication). This feature was lefl in situ.
Feature 6
Feature 6 was fully exposed by the excavation of units 30, 32, 34 and 36. This feamre is a
FAR concentration about 90x130 cm (Figures 3-22 and 3-23). Rock sizes varied between
5 and 20 cm. Larger cobbles predominate in the feamre and the FAR did not appear to
have been heavily fired. There were a few small heavily fired rock fragraents and no dense
rock scatter. A large charcoal chunk (4x15 cm), excavated from the central area and
removed whole was identified as sumac (Appendix G). The feamre appears to have
possibly been a single event heartii since there was Uttie FAR scatter associated with this
concentration and the rock appeared to have been minimaUy fire affected. Weight of FAR
was 11 kg. The radiocarbon date for this feature is 2090+40 BP. This is a Type 1 feamre.
Feature 7
Feamre 7 was first exposed in units 27 and 29 as an FAR concenti-ation with charcoal
stained sandy loam at 40-50 cm (Figure 3-24 and 3-25). The rocks appeared to be highly
fire altered with size ranging frora 4 to 12 era, and many rock spalls due to reuse and high
heat made excavation slow. The rocks did not lay neatiy arranged as in Feamre 4, but
appeared jumbled and randomly placed. Sorae patches of darker charcoal stained sand
appeared but did not have any real concentration. Below 60 cm, the FAR gave way to a tan
sandy matrix which yielded many pieces of debitage. Rodent activity was evident and
much of the debitage may have been redistributed.
Unit 37 was opened adjacent and east of Unit 27 to expose the concentiation. The pattem
in this unit was similar to the others, but encountered a discreet charcoal stain and FAR
concentiation at 40 to 50 cm. A large intact sample of charcoal was removed whole from
the 50 to 60 cm level. Since FAR concentiation had been exposed in the trench (12) profile
on tiie west side. Unit 38 was opened adjacent and east of Unit 37 and halfway into the
trench above the concentration. The unit exposed a heavy FAR concentiation in the 40 to
50 cm level. This was left in situ, and only Unit 37 was fully excavated to expose the
sidewall profile of the feature at about the mid section. This showed very nicely the bowl
shape of the feature and the density of the FAR. The bottom of the bowl shape measured
80 cm below ground level and the feature as exposed in the half section was 1 m north-
PJ. 7-96 3-106
DECEMBER 1998
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 6, 0-35 cm, View to South
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 6 Removed and Unit 36,40-50 cm, View to West
Gallegos & Associates
Photographs of Feamre 6, Units 30, 32, 34 and 36 FIGURE
3-22
Unit 30
30-40 cms
Feature 6
PLAN VIEW Unit 36
30-40 cms
Block datum ^
A
Gallegos & Associates
Heavy charcoal slain
Cliarcoal
#1
^ -^hL-^ Pestle
Light charcoal stain
Unit 32 Unit 34
30-40 cms 30-40 cms
Feature 6
Profile A-A
Unit 30 EAST VIEW Unit 36
1
Heavy charcoal stain North
50 cm
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 6
HGURE
3-23
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 7, Fire Altered Rock Scatter, Unit 38, 0-40 cm
View to West
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 7Profile, Unit 37, 0-58 cm. View to East Gallegos & Associates ^
Photographs of Feature 7, Units 37 and 38 FIGURE
3-24
Feature 7
PLAN VIEW
Unil 37
40-50 cms Block datum r Unit 38
40-50 cms
O 0
0 a.
Charcoal stain
Trench 12
Feature 7 -
Profile A-A
EAST VIEW Unit 38
0-85 cms ^
I
North
50 cm
Charcoal stain
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 7 HGURE
3-25
south and at least 1.30 m east-west. The original scatter above and around tiie pit had at
least a 2.5 m radius. Weight for tiie first course du-ectiy associated with tiie pit, 50 to
60 cm in west half of Unit 37, equaled 10 kg.
This feamre appears to be raulti-event, reflecting re-use of rock. The jumbled rock raay be
FAR removed from a feamre and scattered at random, but the pit with intact charcoal
suggests tiiat tiie FAR was reused for at least tiie last event. The pit may have been dug
specially for tiie final event. The radiocarbon date is 3790±120 BP. This represents a
Type 3 feature.
Feature 8
Feature 8 was first exposed in Unit 31 where a substantial FAR scatter and charcoal stained
soils were encountered at the 30 to 40 cm level (Figure 3-26). This level had very
compacted soUs, and small spalls from the fued rock were dense throughout. Below this,
the soil became sandy and lighter in color. This unit was excavated to basal. Uiut 39 was
opened to the south and this revealed the same pattem with dense rock and a FAR scatter.
Darker soils appeared throughout the unit except in the nortiiwest comer suggesting an
edge of the feature. Rock sizes were small, between 5 and 12 cm.
Unit 40 was then opened to the east to further expose the concentration. Again the pattem
was repeated with a dense FAR concenti-ation at tiie 30 to 40 cm level. This concentration
continued into the 40 to 50 cm level in tiie south portion. No discreet charcoal
concenttations or particular horizontal patterning was observed and units 39 and 40 were
fully excavated, but no further investigation of the scatter was considered.
This feature appeared to be a scatter of used FAR with no particular pattern. It is possible
tiiat any pit raay simply not have been encountered despite the attempt. Also this
concentiation may represent a spoil pile from past events.
Feature 9
This feature was first noted in the north sidewall of Trench 14. Unit 41 was placed
abutting the ti-ench to the north at 120S/6W in order to assess the feature. An FAR
concentiation was noted in the south half of Unit 41 at the 40 to 50 era level (Figures 3-27
and 3-28). In the 50 to 60 cm level charcoal blackened soils and FAR were noticeable in
PJ. 7-96 3-111
DECEMBER 1998
CA-SDI-12814, Units 31, 39, and 40 Featin-e 8, Showing
Verticle and Horizontal Distribution of Rock, View to Northeast
CA-SDI-12814, Units 31 and 39, Feamre 8
Gallegos & Associates Shovring Rocks in Sidewall, View to South
Feamre 8, Units 31, 39 and 40, 0-80 cm FIGURE
3-26
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 9, Sidewall Profile Unit 41, 0-80 cm. View to West
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 9Shovnng Pit and Fire Altered Rock,
Gallegos & Associates Units 41, 42 and 43, 0-80 cm. View to Northwest
Photographs of Feamre 9, Units 41, 42, and 43, 0-80 cm FIGURE
3-27
Unit 42
60-80 cms
Feature 9
PLAN VIEW Umt 43
60-80 cms
A
Feamre 9
Profile A-A
WEST VIEW
Unil 42
Unit 41
50-80 cms
Block datum
Unit 43 ^
Unit 41
North
50 cm
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814. Feamre 9
HGURE
3-28
the southwest comer. The feature level was mapped and the FAR along with three artifacts
were removed. This procedure was continued to the basal 70 to 80 cm level.
The soU interface was exposed by tiie FAR removal revealing a bowl shaped contour. The
exposed light brown sandy soils had been heavily imprinted by the reraoved rock showing
that the feamre was constiucted directiy on the sandy soU
Further investigation of Feamre 9 was continued with the excavation of Unit 42 which was
placed on the trench floor over a compacted FAR concentration with dark and dense
charcoal smeared soils. Unit 42 measured lOOx 60 cm due to the width of the trench.
Given the trench disturbance and unit size, it was decided to remove the upper overburden,
much of which had been dismrbed by the backhoe. At 60 to 70 cm, an intact row of rocks
became visible and was left in situ. The next level, 70 to 80 cm, corresponded witii the
same feature level in Unit 41. This level revealed a dense and linear rock concentration
defining the feature edge. Lighter brown soils lay to the west and the dark charcoal stained
soils occured amongst the FAR to the east. The dark soils were partiaUy removed along
with three larger fue altered rocks to expose the shape of the stmcture. AU soils frora the
feature were coUected as a soil sample.
Unit 43 was opened north of Unit 42 and west of Unit 41. Due to tiie irregular wall of the
trench the unit was placed along the edge skewing the alignment of the unit by about 15 cm
to tiie south. At the 40 to 50 cm level, rocks became concentrated in the eastem central
portion of the unit arcing down to the south-west suggesting the bowl shape. Three metate
fragments, one ground stone fragment, one mano fragment, one core, and one tool were
collected from this level. The 50 to 60 cm level revealed a relatively dense rock cluster
occupying the southeast portion of the unit. Feature 9 was not removed. The radiocarbon
date for this feamre is 3790 ± 120 BP. This is a Type 2 feature.
Features 10, 11 and 12 were exposed during pregrade tienching and were excavated to
identify size, shape, and to provide materials for radiocarbon dating.
Feature 10
Feature 10 was exposed at 111 m south in Trench 16. This was an intact FAR feamre
about 1.5 ra in diameter and appeared to have about 3 courses of rock (Figure 3-29 and
PJ. 7-96 3-115
DECEMBER 1998
CA-SDI-12814, Feature 10, View to Northwest
CA-SDM2814, Feature 11, View to Northwest
Gallegos & Associates CA-SDI-12814, Featiu-e 12, View to West
Photographs of Feamres 10,11 and 12 FIGURE
3-29
30). This feamre appeared to be similar to Feature 8 with many fire cracked and spalled
rocks in a concentiated cluster representing FAR re-use and discard.
Feature 11
Feamre 11 was located during pregrade tienching (Trench 16) at about 128 m south of
primary datura. The feamre was a scattered FAR concentration and had about three
courses of rock (Figures 3-29 and 3-31). The diameter is unknown, but appeared to be
more than 1 m and may be an extension of Feature 8. This feamre may represent re-use of
FAR or a discard pile. This feamre had bone associated with it located on tiie west side.
The bone concentration had very Uttie bumed bone and appeared to represent raultiple
species of small and medium mammals.
Feature 12
Feamre 12 was located during tiie excavation of Trench Block 7 at about 107 ra south of
primary datum. This feature was a sparse concentiation of FAR with a charcoal stain
(Figure 3-29 and 3-32). This feature was not investigated due to time consti-aints but can
be noted as a medium sized communal heartii.
3.5.4 Feature Summary
The rock features at CA-SDI-12814 have provided some distinctive characteristics and
coraponents. Locus A revealed an area with a surface scatter and small FAR concenttations
with dark soils and charcoal suggesting smaU hearths representing Type 1 features.
Locus B seems to have several distinctive features. The first, Feature 3, appears as a
discreet FAR concentiation witii charcoal suggestive of a reused heartii and representing a
Type 1 feature.
Feature 4 is large and appears to be intact. This feamre seems unique for several reasons.
The stmcture is in a shallow pit which was level. The rocks closest to tiie charcoal center
are more bumed, and raoving up and outwards becorae less fire affected. The multiple
courses of rock suggest that the roasted materials would lie on hot rock rather than coals,
the rock acting as a grate or grill. Very few tools (two metate fragments and two mano
PJ. 7-96 3-117
DECEMBER 1998
(7
0 /\oR
TRENCH 20
0 ^7 O
Carbon Stain
0 0 o
PLAN VIEW
10 cm
Gallegos & Associates PROFILE
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 10 FIGURE
3-30
TRENCH BLOCK #1 TRENCH 16
Q
o
0
Co
0
PLAN VIEW
10 cm
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 11 FIGURE
3-31
TRENCH BLOCK #7
Charcoal Smear
/
/
/ O
17
\
N
PLAN VIEW
Q =FAR
10 cm
Gallegos & Associates
CA-SDI-12814, Feamre 12 FIGURE
3-32
fragments) were associated directiy with this feature and flakes and debitage were few in
number.
The size and stmcture of this feamre is suggestive of a large, single event roasting pit
similar to an agave roasting pit, but descriptions of agave roasting pits generally describe a
concave stone lined pit with tiie fuel being placed above the rock, tiie item placed on this
and then covered with dui or rocks. Altematively this stmcture raay have been used in a
large sweat house where again the rocks act as a grid or screen from the ashes where water
would have been thrown onto the rocks to create steam. Another possibility is as a pit for
the female adolescent puberty rimal as noted by Kroeber (1925:674) which describes "a pit
that had previously been lined with stone, heated, and then carpeted with tussock grass and
sage." This in tum was covered with sand forming a platforra on which the adolescent girl
would lay for several days. This is a Type 4 feature.
Feamre 5 appears as a discreet broken cobble cluster but does not appear to be fire altered.
This is suggested as being a cradle or platforra for a metate, for a food storage vessel, or
may be a cache of rock.
Feature 6 is a distinct FAR cluster, most lUcely a hearth. Sorae of tiie rocks in this cluster
are large (up to 20 cm), but the average size was smaller (from 10 to 15 cm). This is a
single event bum and represents feature Type 1.
Feamre 7 appears to have a lot of FAR associated with and covering the pit. This suggests
tiiat this pit may have been cleaned out and some of the FAR reused in multiple burns.
Reuse of FAR rnay suggest a desire to attain a medium temperamre rapidly not requking
moisture to be forced out as would new cobbles. This is a Type 2 feature.
Rocks in Feature 8 appear to be very bumed, they also appear disturbed in that they did not
Ue neatiy pattemed and fltting together. This raight suggest this feamre to be a spoil heap
of wasted FAR or a multiple use platform hearth.
Feature 9 had many interesting components. This feature had been created by excavation
of a pit which was then lined with rocks two courses deep following the curve of the pit. A
lip was evident on the pit edge. The rocks in the upper levels were larger (to 17 cm) and
remained more whole than in Feature 7 or 8, but not as complete as in the upper courses of
Feature 4. Smaller FAR is located nearer the bottom of the pit. This feature appears to be a
PJ. 7-96 3-121
DECEMBER 1998
single event bum but uses FAR in part of the stmcture. Again this may be to attain
temperamres rapidly with the more coraplete rock on the sides reflecting heat back towards
the pit center. This is a Type 3 feature.
Rock types for tiiese features included metavolcanics, quartzites, and granitics, aU rounded
cobbles. Rock size varied somewhat depending on the feature type and whether rocks
were broken or not seemed to depend on fke alteration. Rocks which appeared to have
been heavily fired were very friable. Features 7 and 8 had FAR in heavy concenttations
and the spalling frora the heated rock was extensive. Rock sizes for whole cobble were
between 12 and 15 era, but due to breakage the average size was smaller. Feattire 4 had
similar rock types but rocks in the upper intact levels were slightiy larger on average, 15 to
17 cm and less fire affected.
Most of the fire affects on rock at this site reflect spalled or simply cracked rocks but also
pocked and crazed rocks are present. A few highly bumed rocks with blackened and friable
interiors were represented.
The rock and size and featiire types raay reflect a desire to attain differing heats for specific
purposes. Feature 4 may represent an example where heats conttoUed by layering of rock
over the fuel produced a long, slow, low heat. Feature 7 may reflect a reusing of already
broken FAR for maintaining a high heat for a medium length duration. Feature 9 may
represent a raore moderate roasting or processing atmosphere but the size and depth of tiie
pit may suggest a desire to maintain the fire for a long period. Features 3 and 6 represent a
hearth possibly for quick roasting of small items and for warmth.
Artifact distributions associated with the feamres reveal a consistent pattem across Features
6, 7, 8 and 9 where higher artifact counts (449.5, 433, 725.3 and 348 average per unit,
respectively) correlate with the cultural layer surrounding the feamres (whereas at Feamre 4
artifact counts are minimal (26 average per unit) (Figure 3-33). Unit 42 of Feature 9 was
not considered in the artifact count since the backhoe had removed much of the feature.
Feature 3 was also disturbed by the backhoe and artifact counts maybe skewed.
Given the high number of artifacts per unit at Feature 8 and no located centtal pit or hearth
this feature may represent a spoil heap where both FAR and artifacts were discarded.
Much of the bone (59.7%) recovered from Feature 8 also suggests a spoil heap.
PJ. 7-96 3-122
DECEMBER 1998
The concentiation of unbumed bone near Feature 11, 578 bones were identified as small
and medium mammal and five bones were identifled as coyote (Canis latrans)
(Appendix E). These bones seem to have been deposited at a later date and are intmsive
into the feature.
PJ. 7-96 3-123
DECEMBER 1998
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SECTION 4
ARTIFACT ASSEMBLAGE
by Adella B. Schroth
The artifacts from site CA-SDI-12814 are primarily litiiic items although some clay objects
are also present. The Uthic artifacts include 9 bifaces, 4 crescents, 10 pattemed flake
scrapers, 40 utiUzed flake tools, 88 fragmentary and complete manos, 6 ochre grinders,
1 smoothing stone, 59 raetate fragments, 9 pesties, 6 combination mano and pesties,
4 bowl/mortar fragraents, 54 unclassiflable ground stone fragments, 15 hammer stones,
13 scraper planes, 5 adzes, 8 core/cobble scrapers, 2 hammer/grinders, 1 grinder, 2 scraper
plane combination tools, 2 anvils, 1 quartz crystal, I abrader, 1 piece of asphaltum,
1 steatite pipe fragment, 1 possible pendent, 47 cores, and 11,407 pieces of debitage. The
non-lithic artifacts include three sherds of Native American ceramics, four pieces of daub,
and anotiier adobe-like clump that may also be daub.
4.1 BIFACES AND ECCENTRIC CRESCENTS
Nine bifaces and four crescents were recovered. Three of the bifaces, (numbers 12814-
220, -221, and -222) came from tiie surface and one, number 12814-208, came from
Trench 11. The remaining bifaces and the crescents were recovered from tiie subsurface
deposit (Table 4-1).
The nine bifaces include one complete specimen (12814-222), one basal comer (12814-
765), two tips (12814-220 and 12814-221), one base (12814-208), one midsection,
(12814-2357), and three margin fragments, specimens 12814-515, -1872, and -2037. The
complete specimen, 12814-222 recovered from the surface, is a metavolcanic preform tiiat
appears to have been discarded after efforts to thin it failed (Figure 4-1). The biface has
straight lateral margins with percussion flaking on both faces. The extteme tip is missing
with a bending fracture, and both sides of the base exhibit stacks where efforts to thin tiie
base failed. No pressure flaking was attempted. This specimen could have been used as a
knife, although use-wear is lacking on the lateral margins.
The basal corner, specimen 12814-765, is a quartz biface fragment that appears to have
been subjected to heat (Figure 4-1). The iron oxide in the quartz has turned red, suggesting
heating in an oxidizing situation. Most purposeful heat-tteatment is in a reducing
atmosphere (in sand under a fire), and quartz rarely improves with heat-treatment;
PJ. 7-96 4-1
DECEMBER 1998
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Scale = lx, Drawn by: AS^4Ly ^^^'..i^*-/
Bifaces from CA-SDI-12814
FIGURE
4-1
therefore, it is most Ukely that the biface fragment was accidently fire-altered. The comer is
square with an expanding lateral margin and straight base. The fragment is from an eariy
stage biface; the lateral margin is sinuous and thinning is incomplete. It may have been
accidentiy removed during attempts to tiiin the base. It was recovered from the 0-10 cm
level of Unit 26.
The base, specimen 12814-208, is also quartz, but does not appear to have been heat
altered (see Figure 4-1). It is the thick stem of a late stage biface that exhibits some shaping
by pressure fiaking. The base broke off with a bending fracture that removed a burination
along the lateral margin, suggesting breakage frora impact. This specimen was found in
Trench 11.
The two tips are from projectile points (late stage bifaces). Specimen 12814-220, from
surface grid unit 40S/40W, is Piedra del Lumbre (FDL) chert and has finely serrated lateral
margins (see Figure 4-1). The multiple-fracture breakage appears to be frora
impact. Specimen 12814-221, from surface grid 40S/20E, is a metavolcanic tip witii a
lateral margin stack where attempts to thin the point failed (see Figure 4-1). The point,
however, appears to have been used; it broke with a bending fracture that initiated two
small flutes on one face, a type of fracture that generally occurs with impact.
The midsection, specimen 12814-2357, is a tan chalcedony with a bending fracture on one
end and two perverse fractures on the other. One margin exhibits bifacial pressure flaking
and the other exhibits unifacial pressure flaking; however, only a small section of the
second margin is present. Transverse pressure flaking covers one face with the opposite
face exhibiting the detachment flake scar. A small unpact flute is present in the center of
one face, initiated by the bending fracture. This flake scar, along with the perverse
fractures, suggests that tiie biface was a completed point broken by impact, probably
during use.
The three lateral margin fragments are from late stage bifaces, possibly projectile points.
Number 12814-2037, from the 60-70 cm level of Unit 44, is made from Monterey chert.
The fragment is damaged by heat; numerous potiids and a crenelate fracture are present (see
Figure 4-1). The damage occurred after the biface was completed. The remaining two
lateral margin fragments appear to be the result of manufacturing. Specimen 12814-515,
from the 10-20 cm level of Unit 6, is a fine-grained green metavolcanic biface thinning
flake that tore off one margin of the biface (Figure 4-1). This was probably a
PJ. 7-96 4-4
DECEMBER 1998
manufacturing error. The last margin fragment, specimen 1872 from the 70-80 cm level of
Unit 40, is also a fine-grained green metavolcanic material. It is an altemate flake and
appears to be a purposeful removal of a margin with cortex partially along one face with the
purpose of reshaping the lateral margin.
The four eccentric crescents include two complete specimens and two fragments
(Table 4-2; Figure 4-2). Using Jertberg's (1986) classification, both coraplete crescents
and one fragment (12814-438) would be classified as Type II and the second fragraent,
12814-1376, would probably have been a Type III. Using Fenenga's (1985)
classification, the Type II specimens become Type 5A and the Type III fi-agment becomes
either a Type 1A or IB. Because the lateral notches differ in measurements, on Table 4-2,
the r' and 2"'' lateral notches are separated into tiie left and right. Altiiough tiie sample is
too small for statistical determination, it appears tiiat tiiere are significant differences in tiie
lateral notches; thus, it is suggested that aU notches should be measured. Measurements
were taken using tiie system suggested by Fenenga (1985) whereas terminology
(spur/notch/etc) follows that of Jertberg (1986).
Specimen 12814-204, from tiie 20-30 cm level of Unit 44, is made of Bedford Canyon
metasedimentary lithic material. It has two lateral notches on each side and in opposition to
each other. That is, one large axial notch is present on the center of the base, with two
notches in the base next to the axial notch and angled in the same direction. On the
opposite side (top), two sraall notches appear directiy opposite the notches along side of the
axial notch. The lateral margins are convex and unnotched. This thick specimen was
shaped by pressure flaking, but lacks pressure flake scars for thinning; none of tiie
pressure flake scars extend past tiie edge of the specimen. The notches also appear to be
formed by the removal of small pressure flakes rather tiian by notching flakes.
Specimen 12814-437, from 31 cm in Unit 35, is made from a volcanic material. It also has
a large axial notch in tiie base, but is less symmetrical. The 1" lateral notch on the left is
angled from the comer where the lateral margin and the bottom margin intersect. The 2"*^
left lateral notch is angled from the intersection of the lateral margin and the top margin. On
the right side, the 1" lateral notch is angled from the center of the lateral margin and the 2"*'
lateral notch is at right angles and is formed in the top margin near the intersection of the
top margin and the right lateral margin. As with specimen 12814-204, pressure flake scars
only occur along the edge of the item, where they were used for shaping the specimen
rather than thinning. On this specimen, the 1" lateral notches on both sides were fonned by
PJ. 7-96 4-5
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-2
Eccentric Crescents from CA-SDI-12814
Catalog Number: 204 437 438 1376
Portion Complete Complete Spur Spur/notch
Type according to Jertberg (1986) II II prob II prob III
Type according lo Fenenga (1985) 5A 5A prob 5 A lAor IB
Lithic Material Metasediment Volcanic Metavolcanic Volcanic
Axial Notch Breadth 20.11 19.73 ---
Depth 8.15 10.62 ~ -
L.eft: 1st Lateral Notch Breadth 7.01 6.15 5.86 10.18
Depth 3.27 3.6 2.38 3.96
Stem 7.22 7.72 ~
2nd Lateral Notch Breadth 5.76 6.28 ---
Depth 2.69 3.42 ---
Stem 13.1 8.48 --
Right: 1st Lateral Notch Breadth 9.01 8.83 -~
Depth 4.08 6.14 -~
Stem 6.21 8.83 ~
2nd Lateral Notch Breadth 5.41 5.21 -~
Depth 3.28 3.02 ~
Stem 12.14 7.69 ~ -
Length in mm 56.8 41.6 >20.8 >33.1
Width in mm 24.2 27.7 >20.0 >20.3
Thickness in mm 9.6 6.7 4.6 6.7
Weight ing 10.3 6.8 >1.8 >4.1
Unit Unit 44 Unit 35 Unit 35 Unil 33
Depth 20-30 cm 31 cm 60-70 cm 00-10 cm
12814-204
Bedford Canyon metasedimentaiy
12814-437
Volcanic
^ 12814-438
<l///U Metavolcanic
12814-1376
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Eccentric Crescents from CA-SDI-12814
FIGURE
4-2
Table 4-3
Attributes of Rake Tools from CA-SDI-12814
Pattemed Utilized Rake Tools
Depth (cm) Scrapers Engraver Teshoe Scr Knife/Saw Scraper Combination Total Percentage
0-10 I 0 0 0 4 0 5 10.0%
10-20 1 0 0 0 3 1 5 10.0%
20-30 2 1 0 0 5 0 8 16.0%
30-40 1 1 0 0 3 0 5 10.0%
40-50 0 0 2 0 1 1 4 8.0%
50-60 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 4.0%
60-70 2 0 0 1 1 0 4 8.0%
70-80 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 4.0%
Trenches 1 0 0 0 1 0 2 4.0%
Surface 2 0 2 1 8 0 13 26.0%
Total 10 2 5 2 29 2 50 100.0%
Percentage 20.0% 4.0% 10.0% 4.0% 58.0% 4.0% 100.0%
Chert „ ~ 1 -1 2.0%
Metasediment (BC) --2 1 4 2 9 18.0%
Metavolcanic (SP) 9 1 1 1 10 -22 44.0%
PDL 1 1 ~ -4 6 12.0%
Quartz ~ " ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 2.0%
Quartzite ---4 ~ 4 8.0%
Volcanic ~ 2 ~ 5 — 7 14.0%
Angle Angle Length Widlh Thickness Weighl
Minimum Maximum in ram in mm in mm ing
Pattemed Scrapers (n=10)
Maximum 70 80 50.8 52.7 19.5 26.3
Minimum 45 60 23.4 19.4 12.1 8.5
Average 59 72 39.1 31.8 14.3 19.1
Ulilized Flake Tools
Engraver (n=2)
12814-1582 3.0 mm(a) 50 21.3 16.3 9.3 3.3
12814-1892 3.7 mm(a) 45 55.4 19.3 15.3 13.2
Teshoe Flake Scrapers (n=5)
Maximum 65 80 110.7 89.6 33.9 350.4
Minimum 55 65 57.3 53.4 21.7 116.2
Average 59 71 72.94 74.84 26.28 184.04
Knife/Saw (n=2)
12814-402 50 65 38.5 52.4 12.1 26.0
12814-1858 30 40 28.7 22.3 7.4 3.9
Scraper Cn=29)
Maximum 70 80 102.7 87.4 28.9 30L1
Minimum 40 45 20.9 14.1 4.4 2.5
Average 56 64 46.3 37.9 13.9 44.7
Combination {n=2)
12814-1971 65 70 83.5 70.8 23.6 201.1
12814-2002 40 50 59.6 48.4 10.5 33.9
(a) widlh of working elemeni of engraving lools
notching flake removal whereas the axial notch and 2"'' lateral notches were formed by the
removal of small pressure flakes.
The two fragments are spurs from the lateral margins. Specimen 12814-438 is a fine-
grained green Santiago Peak metavolcanic material. It appears to be similar to 12814-204
in having notches on opposing sides. One face exhibits potiids suggesting that the item had
been subjected to intense heat with rapid cooling. Specimen 12814-1376 is made from a
reddish brown volcanic material. It also appears to have been subjected to intense heat. It
is only partially formed and may have broken during manufacture. On both of these
specimens, small pressure flakes were used to shape the item but no bifacial thinning
pressure flake scars are present. Specimen 12814-438 has a notching flake scar on the one
notch present, whereas the notch on specimen 12814-1376 was produced through the
removal of several small pressure flakes.
4.2 FLAKE TOOLS
The 50 flake tools include 10 pattemed flake scrapers and 40 utiUzed flake tools. These
were recovered primarily from the surface (n=13; 26.0% of the total) and the top 40 cm of
tiie deposit (Table 4-3). Witiiin tiie deposit, eight tools (16.0%) were recovered from the
30-40 cm level and five tools (10.0%) from the 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, and 30-40 cm levels.
4.2.1 Patterned Flake Tools
The 10 pattemed flake scrapers are predominately metavolcanic (n=9) with one of PDL.
The metavolcanic consists of the fine-grained green material, possibly from the quarries
near Questhaven, just east of the site. Four of the metavolcanic tools exhibit cortex; three
have weathered cortex indicative of quarried material and one, a lighter, more tannish tool
(CA-SDI-1891), has incipient cone cortex indicative of creek/river bed cobble material.
Two of the metavolcanic tools are made from partially cortical flakes with natural
platforms, two from non-cortical flakes with single-facet platforms, one frora a non-cortical
flake with the platform removed during tool configuration, and on the rest as well as the
PDL and volcanic tool, the flake attributes have been removed during tool manufacturing.
PJ. 7-96 4-9
DECEMBER 1998
AU of the tools exhibit unifacial percussion and pressure flaking for shaping the tool and
the working element.
Four tools (metavolcanic specimens 12814-1891, -299, and -1255 and PDL specimen
12814-1112) are truncated ovals (Figure 4-3). The working element on these tools is tiie
convex edge with chipping and rounding use-wear. The edge angles vary from 45° to 80°,
depending upon tiie degree of pressure flaking. Speciraen 12814-1987 is similar, except
the flat end exhibited by the other specimens has been worked to a slight concavity that may
have been used as a spokeshave (see Figure 4-3).
Two tools, specimens 12814-2208 and 12814-380, have been shaped to ovoid tools with
continuous use along both lateral margins and both ends. Edge angles on these tools range
from 55° to 60° and 60° to 80° respectively. Specimen 12814-1541 has been shaped to a
trapezoidal configiu-ation with opposing sides concave and stiaight lateral margins. Use-
wear occurs primarily within the concavities.
Speciraen 12814-2004 is worked corapletely around the periraeter with used edges
including concave, convex, and sttaight (see Figure 4-3). Edge angles on this tool range
from 60° to 80°. The last pattemed scraper, specimen 12814-1569, is the only one tiiat may
have been hafted (see Figure 4-3). The tool has been shaped into an elongate ovoid and tiie
narrow end is ground on tiie high spots, suggesting smoothing for insertion into a socket
haft. The wide end has been shaped into a convex working edge with edge angles ranging
from 60° to 70°.
4.2.2 Utilized Flake Tools
The 40 utilized flake tools include 29 scrapers, five teshoe flake scrapers, two engravers,
two knife/saws, and two combination tools used for more than one task (see Table 4-3).
As with the pattemed flake tools, the majority are made from fine-grained green
metavolcanic material (n=l3) with a substantial number from the dark Bedford Canyon
metasedimentary rock (n=9). One tool is chert, five are PDL, one is quartz, four are
quartzite, and eight are volcanic. Incipient cone cortex from creek/river bed cobbles is
present on all of tiie Bedford Canyon metasedimentary tools, three of the metavolcanic
tools, three of the quartzite tools, and five of the volcanic tools. Weathered or geological
cortex is present on the chert tool and two of the metavolcanic tools. The small amount of
quarried material used for tiie utilized flake tools suggests that material from quarries was
PJ. 7-96 4-10
DECEMBER 1998
(a) 12814-299
Metavolcanic
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(d) 12814-2004
Metavolcanic
Gallegos & Associates Scale = lx
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(e) 12814-1569
Metavolcanic
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Pattemed Flake Scrapers from CA-SDI-12814
FIGURE
4-3
used only for special tools such as the pattemed scrapers or bifaces. The tools range in size
from small to very large. In Figure 4-4, tiiree side-scrapers are drawn to scale. These
indicate the variation in size found in the assemblage.
Scrapers are defined by the occurrence of unifacial modification with unifacial use-wear or
unifacial use-wear without modification. The 29 scrapers include five end scrapers,
21 side scrapers (with two used on both lateral margins), two with use-wear on one lateral
margin and the distal end, and one with use on both lateral margins and the distal end. Two
of the tools are early stage biface thinning flakes, two are completely cortical flakes with
single-facet platforms, 16 are non-cortical flakes (1 natural platform, 2 platform-missing,
and 13 single-facet platforms), six are partially cortical flakes with single-facet platforms,
and three are Topaz Mountain flakes. Overall, the tendency is to use cobble core reduction
to procure the flakes for the tools. This sttategy may be embedded in the manufacture of
core/cobble tools in tiiat preparing a simple cobble for a speciflc tool would result in the
removal of numerous flakes of the type and size needed for flake tools.
Twelve of tiie scrapers were furtiier modified with percussion flaking along tiie working
eleraent, one element was shaped with both percussion and pressure flaking, and four had
elements shaped by pressure flaking. The rest were simply used as they were formed in
the reduction process. Working element shapes include 4 concave, 13 convex, 12 sttaight,
and 1 sttaight and concave. Edge angles range from 40° to 70° with an average of 56°.
This range is similar to that of the pattemed flake scrapers (see Table 4-3).
The five teshoe flake scrapers include two specimens found on the surface, two from the
40-50 cm level, and one from the 70-80 cm level. Two of these are raetasedimentary, two
are volcanic, and one is metavolcanic; aU exhibit incipient cone cortex. These tools are
larger than the other flake tools and thus larger edge angles with ranges from 60° to 80°.
The working elements on these tools have been formed using unifacial percussion flaking.
Working element configurations include two convex, one straight, one convex and sttaight,
and one convex and concave. The lateral margin was used for the working element on
three tools, both lateral margins on one tool, and both lateral margins and the distal end on
one tool. These appear to be scrapers used when force rather than control was needed.
Two tools were recovered that exhibit bifacial use-wear and were probably used for cutting
and/or sawing; the working elements on these tools were not modified. One, specimen
12814-402, is a Topaz Mountain flake of Bedford Canyon metasedimentary material with
PJ. 7-96 4-12
DECEMBER 1998
12814-211
Metavolcanic 12814-894
Metavolcanic
GaUecos & Associates
12814-267, Volcanic
Scale = lx Drawn by: ^C^^^ di^s^l.^
UtUized Flake Scrapers from CA-SDI-12814
FIGURE
4-4
incipient cone cortex. The convex distal end exhibits bifacial rounding and polish. The
edge angle is high for a cutting tool, 50° to 65°, and it may have been discarded when it
became too wom for efficient cutting. The second tool, specimen 12814-1858, is a small
partiaUy cortical flake of fine-grained green metavolcanic raaterial that exhibits weathered
cortex. One lateral margin exhibits bifacial chipping and rounding. The edge angles of this
tool, 30° to 40°, are witiiin the range for normal cutting tools. Specimen 12814-402 came
from the surface and specimen 12814-1858 was found in the 60-70 cm level of Unit 40.
Two flakes have small sttaight edges that exhibit unifacial use-wear. On specimen 12814-
1582, the edge has a width of 3.0 mm and an angle of 50°. On specimen 12814-1892, tiie
edge has a width of 3.7 mm and a similar angle (45°). Specimen 12814-1582 is a non-
cortical PDL flake with a single-facet platform recovered from tiie 20-30 cm level of
Unit 36. The working element is located at tiie intersection of the lateral margin and tiie
distal end. It was isolated by pressure flaking along the margins next to the edge.
Specimen 12814-1582 is a metavolanic flake fragment recovered from the 30-40 cm level
of Unit 41. The working eleraent is the distal end which terminates in the small sttaight
edge.
The two combination tools include a scraper/hammer and a scraper/knife; both made from
Bedford Canyon metasedimentary material. The scraper/hammer, specimen 12814-1971,
is a Teshoe flake with incipient cone cortex recovered from 40-50 cm level of Unit 43. The
unifacial scraping wear and angular hammering wear occur along the entire perimeter which
has been shaped by unifacial percussion flaking. This shaping, however, may be the result
of hammer attrition (of using the tool for pounding). The scraper/knife is a partiaUy cortical
flake with a single-facet platfonn tiiat exhibits incipient cone cortex. One straight lateral
margin exhibits unifacial use-wear and the other sttaight lateral margin exhibits bifacial use-
wear.
4.3 GROUND STONE IMPLEMENTS
The ground stone implements recovered from site CA-SDI-12814 inciude 88 fragmentary
and complete manos, 6 ochre grinders, 1 smoothing stone, 59 metate fragments, 9 pestles,
6 combination mano and pesties, and 4 bowl/mortar fragments. An additional
54 fragments with small ground areas were recovered that lack attributes necessary to
assign them to type. Most of the ground stone implements (70.5%) were recovered within
the upper 50 cm of the deposit (Table 4-4). Only 14.5 percent were found during the
PJ. 7-96 4-14
DECEMBER 1998
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surface coUection and only 6.2 percent were recovered from the ttenches. Thirty-six of tiie
specimens (15 manos, 11 metate fragments, 4 pesties, 2 ochre grinders, and 4 ground
stone fragments) were incorporated into the stone features. These are, for the most part,
fire-altered fragments.
4.3.1 Manos
The 88 manos include 14 complete or nearly complete specimens and 74 fragraents;
however, two of the fragments fit together leaving a total of 87 manos represented by the
coUection. One of the fragraents, number 12814-2167, came from tiie 20-30 cm level of
Unit 47 and tiie co-joining fragment, nuraber 12814-2189, came from the 40-50 cm level
of the same unit. Because these fragments are from different levels, they retain separate
catalog numbers even though they flt together.
The 87 raanos include 70 used bifaciaUy, 7 used urufacially, and 10 witii only one face
remaining precluding faciality detennination (Table 4-5). Most of tiie irapleraents are
simple cobbles, used with Uttie or no shaping of the edges; only 13 of the bifacial manos
(14.9%) and one of unknown faciality (1.1%) exhibit shaping of the outer edges. Granitic
cobbles were selected for the majority of the implements (70.1%). Other Uthic materials
include volcanic (n=17, 19.5%); sandstone (n=3, 3.4%); two each (2.3%) of Bedford
Canyon raetasedimentary cobbles and breccia; and one each (1.1%) of quartz and
quartzite.
The majority exhibit fire-alteration (n=60; 69.0%) suggesting tiiat use of tiie fragraents in
fire-rings, rock-lined ovens, etc. was a common practice. End battering was present on 22
of tiie implements (25.3%). This included one end of 3 manos with both ends present,
both ends of 4 manos with both ends present, and 15 end fragments. For 45 of tiie
fragments, the ends were missing or only a portion remained, and end battering could not
be confirmed. Pecked faces occur on 32 implements (36.8%).
Fifty of the manos had faces complete enough to measure cross-section curvature. The
measurements fall into tiiree groups: high, moderate, and low or fiat (Figure 4-5). The
manos witii high curvature would have been used with deep basined metates; those with
moderate curvature in basined metates; and those with low or flat curvature would have
been used with flat grinding surfaces or slicks. Each of these would have been created
using a different grinding pattern, suggesting that at least three different tasks were
PJ. 7-96 4-16
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-5
Attributes of Manos, CA-SDI-12814
Mano Type Total Percentage
Lithic Bifacial Bifacial Bifacial Unifacial Unknown Unknown
Material Cobble Shaped Interior Cobble Cobble Sh/unk*
BC Metasediment 1 I 2 2.3%
Breccia 1 — -1 " -2 2.3%
Granitic 37 U I 5 3 4 61 70.1%
Quartz 1 " -~ " 1 1.1%
Quartzite 1 ~ " — — 1 1.1%
Sandstone 1 1 " 1 -3 3.4%
Volcanic 13 1 1 -2 ~ 17 19.5%
Total 55 13 2 7 6 4 87 100.0%
Percentage 63.2% 14.9% 2.3% 8.0% 6.9% 4.6% 100.0%
Fire-altered 37 9 2 4 4 4 60 69.0%
Not Fire-altered 18 4 -3 2 — 27 31.0%
MEASUREMENTS** Length Width Thickness Weight
Bifacial Cobbles (n=ll)
Maximum 15.9 12.2 7.2 1979.3
Minimimi 9.9 7.9 3.0 362.0
Average 12.7 10.0 4.7 929.4
Bifacial Shaped (n=2)
12814-1126 12.2 9.1 4.1 751.6
12814-2118 9.5 8.3 5.1 596.8
Unifacial Cobble (n=l)
12814-1469 12.4 7.4 4.2 570.9
includes one shaped and three interior fragments; unknown faciality
BC = Bedford Canyon
* only complete or nearly complele implements
associated with grinding. These may have been stages of rough grinding or fine grinding
of the same material, or could have been grinding of different materials.
4.3.2 Ochre Grinders
Six small raanos were recovered that have been termed "ochre grinders" (Table 4-6). These
are small grinding stones that were probably used to grind medicinal plants, tobacco,
hematite and/or limonite for ochre, and herbs for seasoning. Their small size precludes
efficient use as food-processing tools, although they could have been toy manos.
Specimen 12814-148 is a small oval granitic pebble with a semi-circular cross section.
Grinding wear is located on both faces. It was recovered from the 30-40 cm level of
Unit 1. Specimen 129, from tiie 70-80 cm level of an STP, is oval in both outiine and
cross-section form. It also has grinding use-wear on both faces. Neither of these two have
battering on the ends or edges.
Specimen 12814-2209 is a sraall cUcular granitic pebble with a diaraeter of 3.8 cm. It was
recovered from the 60-70 cm level of Unit 47. Both faces exhibit smootiiing by grinding
and one end exhibits battering. Specimen 12814-1643 has oval outiine and cross-section
forms. It was recovered from the 30-40 cm level of Unit 37. One face exhibits use-wear
and one edge exhibits battering.
Specimens 12814-829 and 12814-846 are small sandstone pebbles with ochre smears on
the faces. The presence of ochre on these items supports the interpretation of ochre
grinders. These two are exttemely small in comparison to the other items. Specimen
12814-829 came from the 0-10 cm level of Unit 12, and specimen 12814-846 came from
the 10-20 cm level of Umt 13.
4.3.3 Smoothing Stone
One smoothing stone was recovered from the 50-60 cm level of Unit 27. This small
quartzite pebble is very thin (thickness = 1.3 cm) with dimensions of 7.1x5.8 cm and a
weight of 96.3 g. One face is slightiy concave and the other is slightiy convex; both exhibit
a small degree of wear and one edge is battered. The tool may have been used to smooth
the outer and inner (convex and concave) surfaces of grinding implements such as bowls,
metates, and manos.
PJ. 7-96 4-19
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-6
Ochre Grinders from CA-SDI-12814
Cat. No. Provenience Level Lithic Length Width Thickness Weight
CA-SDI-12814 (cm) Materiai (in cm) (in g)
129 STP 90S/0E 70-80 Granitic 8.5 6.0 4.1 2974
148 Unit I 30-40 Granitic 5.3 4.0 3.0 88.6
829 Unit 12 0-10 Sandstone 2.2 1.5 0.9 2.9
846 Unit 13 10-20 Sandstone 2.1 1.5 0.7 2.0
1643 Unit 37 30-40 Granitic 6.8 5.3 3.3 169.7
2209 Unit 47 60-70 Granitic 3.9 3.8 2.3 50.5
4.3.4 Metates
No complete metates were recovered; aU 59 are fragmentary. One of the counted metates
consists of two fragments, one from Unit 14 and one from Unit 13, both from tiie 0-10 era
level. Of tiie total 59 represented raetates; 49 (83.1%) are fire-altered suggesting last use in
a heat situation (Table 4-7). Granitic is tiie preferred Uthic material with a total of 28
fragments (47.5%); however, volcanic (andesites, rhyolites) were also commonly used
(n=21; 35.6%). Otiier Utiiic materials include breccia (n=4; 6.8%) and tiiree each (5.1%)
of quartzite and sandstone.
Most ofthe fragments (n=34; 57.6%) are interior fragments and shaping of tiie outer edge
could not be ascertained. Of tiie fragments that include part of the outer edge, 11 do not
exhibit any shaping attiibutes, 8 have been ground sraooth, 6 exhibit botii pecking and
grinding for partial shaping, and 1 is pecked and not yet ground smootii. Only eight of tiie
working surfaces have been rejuvenated through pecking.
Eight of the fragments were defined as metates on the basis of a concave ground surface.
For these, faciality could not be determined. Of tiie remaining fragments, tiie majority are
unifaciaUy used (n=26; 44.1%) witii only 7 (11.9%) used on both faces. Block metates
predominate (n=36; 61.0%) suggesting use of the locality over a period oftime.
4.3.5 Pestles
Nine pestles were recovered (Table 4-8); four are complete, one is nearly coraplete; and
four are tip fragraents. Lithic raaterials include five granitic, two quartzite, and one each of
sandstone and volcanic. Four are shaped to ovate cylinders and five are simple cobbles,
used without modification. Of the complete or nearly complete specimens, two are used on
both ends and three are used on only one end. Along with pestle facets, end battering is
present on three of the pesties. Three of the tips are pointed, one is flat and circular, two
are ovals, and five are conical, suggesting use in different types of mortars, and possibly
use in different tasks. Five pestles are fire-altered (55.6%) and were probably last used in
a heat situation.
PJ. 7-96 4-21
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-7
Attributes of Metates, CA-SDI-12814
Metate Type
Lithic Bifacial Bifacial Unifacial Unifacial Unknown Concave
Material Block Siab Block Slab Block Fragment Total Percentage
Breccia I I 2 „ 4 6.8%
Granitic 4 I 6 5 6 6 28 47.5%
Quartzite ~ -1 ~ ~ 2 3 5.1%
Sandstone — --1 2 -3 5.1%
Volcanic I I 11 I 7 21 35.6%
Total 5 2 19 7 n 15 59 100.0%
Percentage 8.5% 3.4% 32.2% 11.9% 18.6% 25.4% 100.0%
Fire-altered 5 1 18 5 8 12 49 83.1%
Not Fire-altered " 1 1 2 3 3 10 16.9%
Shaping
57.6% Uriknown* 5 2 8 2 7 10 34 57.6%
Pecking -~ ~ -I -1 1.7%
Gnnding I -4 I I 1 8 13.6%
Peck & Grind ~ — 2 -1 3 6 10.2%
None — ~ 5 4 1 I 11 18.6%
* Interior fragment; edge attributes unknown
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4.3.6 Mano/Pestle Combination Implements
Six implements with both mano and pestie use-wear were recovered (Table 4-9). Three
were found during the surface grid collection, one in Trench 14, one from the 20-30 cm
level of STP 130S/0E, and one from tiie 0-10 cm level of Unit 27. Five are complete or
nearly complete and one is an end fragment.
Four exhibit bifacial mano use-wear and two exhibit unifacial mano use-wear. Mano
curvatures include three high and three moderate with four faces partially missing. Three
have one end missing, two are used as pesties on both ends, and one is used on only one
end. Pestie tip types include four with battering, four with faceting, and one with both
battering and faceting. The shapes of the pestle tips are similar to those of the pesties, with
four oval, two conical, one pointed, and one circular and flat.
4.3.7 Bowl/Mortar Fragments
Four possible bowl or mortar fragments were recovered, three rims and one base portion
(Table 4-10). Bowl and mortar fragments are differentiated from metate fragraents by tiie
curvature of the base in comparison to the basin and by the high degree of curvature parallel
to the rim. Generally, bowls and mortars are differentiated by the thickness of tiie wall of
tiie item. Bowls tend to be thinner than mortars. Mortars need to be thick to witiistand
constant pounding by tiie pestie. The four items could not be separated into bowls and
mortars because of the smaU size of the fragments. The possible exception is tiie granitic
base, number 12814-310; with a thickness of 11.9 cm, it is most likely from a mortar. It
was recovered from the surface in grid number 20S/0E.
One exceptionally thick granitic rim, nuraber 12814-1110, may also be a mortar fragment.
The rim has a thickness of 6.7 cm which occurs within 6 cm of the rim edge. The rim type
is a "comma", with the thickest portion towards the exterior. The exterior has been
finished with smoothing, grinding, and polish. This fragment was recovered from an
unknown depth in Trench 12.
Rim number 12814-416 was found during the general surface collection. It is breccia and
could be from either a bowl or mortar. The maximum thickness of 5.2 cm occurs within
5.9 cm of the rim edge and the sides are still expanding at that point. The rim type is a
simple curvature.
PJ. 7-96 4-24
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-9
Mano-pestle Combination Tools from CA-SDI-12814
Cat. No. Lithic Width Weight Unit
CA-SDI-12814 Material Port. Length (in cm) Thick (in g) Type Level
117 Sandstone Com 13.0 6.6 6.1 680.3 STP 130S/0E 20-30
296 Sandstone NCom 15.1 7.3 5.1 814.5 S.G. 120S/0E Surface
320 Sandstone end 7.5 8.9 6.6 653.7 S.G. 40S/0E Surface
388 Granitic Com 10.6 9.8 6.5 868.6 Trench 14 0-999
458 Granitic NCom 14.5 10.3 5.3 822.3 S.G. 120S/6W Surface
868 Granitic NCom 10.6 6.4 5.7 477.5 Unit 27 O-IO
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The rim for specimen 12814-1037 has a square edge. This volcanic fragment could also be
from either a bowl or mortar. The maximum thickness of 4.9 cm occurs within 5.0 cm of
the rim edge. The thickness of the square edge is 3.5 cm. Although the sides are thick,
they are not expanding at a great rate. This fragment was recovered from the 20-30 cm
level of Unit 30.
4.3.8 Ground Stone Fragments
The 54 fragments with grinding wear that are too sraall to classify are primarily fu-e-altered
rock (n=4l; 75.9%). Most have flat grinding surfaces and could be either mano or raetate
fragments (n=34; 63.0%). Thkteen (24.1%) have slightiy convex surfaces and could be
from manos or pesties. Lithic materials include tiie same types as tiie ground stone
implements, witii similar ratios. Granitic predominates witii a total of 29 (53.7%),
followed by volcanic material (n=12; 22.2%). Otiier Utiiic materials include sandstone
(n=61; 11.1%), Bedford Canyon metasedimentary (4; 7.4%), quartzite (n=2; 3.7%), and
breccia (n=l; 1.9%).
4.4 CORE/COBBLE TOOLS
The 46 core/cobble tools include those items where the parental rock rather tiian a removed
portion forms the implement. They include 15 hammer stones, 13 scraper planes, 5 adzes,
8 scrapers, 2 hammer/grinders, 1 grinder, 2 scraper plane combination tools, and 2 anvils
(Table 4-11). The majority (56.5%) were recovered frora tiie surface although
10.9 percent came from the trenches and 10.9 percent were found in tiie 40-50 cm level.
Levels 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm, 30-40 cm, 50-60 cm, and 60-70 cm, each yielded two
specimens (4.3% of the total).
4.4.1 Hammer Stones
Ofthe 15 hanuner stones, 6 came from the surface, I from the trench, and the rest from tiie
subsurface deposit. In the subsurface deposit, 6 were found between 30 and 60 cm. One,
number 12814-482, was found in Feature 4 and two others are numbered items but not
associated with features. Ten are angular hammers, perhaps used to roughen or refurbish
ground stone utensils. Two have been purposefully shaped with bifacial percussion
flaking (see Renniken et al. 1994). One tool, number 1249, is a combination angular and
spherical hammer, and the other four are spherical hammers.
PJ. 7-96 4-26
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-11
Attributes of Core/cobble Tools from CA-SDI-12814
Depth (cm)
Adze Hammer Scraper Scraper
Plane
Hammer/
grinder (a)
Scraper Plane
Combinations Tolal Percentage
0-10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.0%
10-20 0 1 0 1 0 0 2 4.3%
20-30 I 1 0 0 0 0 2 4.3%
30-40 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.3%
40-50 0 2 2 0 1 0 5 10.9%
50-60 0 2 0 0 0 0 2 4.3%
60-70 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 4.3%
Trenches 0 1 2 2 0 0 5 10.9%
Surface 4 6 4 9 I 2 26 56.5%
Total 5 15 8 13 3 2 46 100.0%
Percentage 10.9% 32.6% 17.4% 28.3% 6.5% 4.3% 100.0%
Granitic __ 8 „ „ 1 9 19.6%
Metasediment (BC) 1 -1 5 2 __ 9 19.6%
Metavolcajiic (SP) 1 1 2 1 — 5 10.9%
Quartz -~ -1 -— 1 2.2%
Quartzite I -1 — 2 4.3%
Sandstone -1 — __ __ 1 2.2% Volcanic 2 5 4 6 ~ 2 19 41.3%
Angle Angle Length Width Thickness Weight
Minimum Maximum in cm in cm in cm ing
Adze (n=5)
ing
Maximum 75 80 9.3 7.5 3.5 277.3
Minimum 60 70 7.3 5.5 27 169.5
Average 69 78 8.8 6.6 3.1 224.6
Hammer (n=15)
Maximum N/A N/A 11.9 10.1 5.3 630.3
Minimum N/A N/A 5.8 4.4 1.4 72.2
Average N/A N/A 8.1 6.1 3.5 258.5
Scraper {n=8)
Maximum 90 100 13.3 7.6 5.5 412.9
Minimum 60 70 5.0 2.9 2.3 40.3
Average 72 81 8.0 5.4 3.6 202.9
Scraper Plane (n=13)
Maximum 85 90 9.5 8.3 5.3 369.9
Minimum 60 70 4.7 1.9 2.3 48.6
Average 72 83 7.0 5.6 3.6 184.1
Hammer/grinder (n=3)
12814-207 N/A N/A 7.7 6.2 5.0 308.1
12814-1467 N/A N/A 7.5 5.8 4.6 249.7
12814-2209 N/A N/A 3.9 3.8 2.3 50.5
Scraper Combinations {n=2)
12814-254 70 80 7.6 5.8 5.0 252.6
12814-323 80 85 8.0 5.3 4.6 296.7
(a) one grinder (12814-2209) and Iwo hammer/grinders (12814-207 and -1467)
(b) includes 12814-254. scraper plane/grinder and 12814-323. scraper plane, hammer, grinder cornbinalion
An unusually high proportion of the hammers are granitic (n=8; 53.3% of the hammers).
Generally, granitic hammers are recycled mano fragments but none of these hammers
appear to have been used as grinding tools. Five are volcanic with one each of sandstone
and metavolcanic. None of the hammers exhibit facets from use in biface reduction.
Battering occurs on tiie edges of four of the hammers, on the ends of seven of tiie
hammers, on the faces of one of the hammers, and on both the faces and ends of three of
the hammers. AU of the hammers exhibit incipient cone cortex, suggesting the use of
creek/river bed cobbles for the tools.
4.4.2 Scraper Planes and Adzes
The scraper planes and adzes exhibit similar use-wear; unifacial rounding, polish, and/or
stiiations along a working element and polish and/or stiiations on the high points of a
contiguous plane. The difference between the two, as deflned herein, is in the morphology
and is purely subjective. Adzes are circular or semi-circular in outiine form and have a low
proflle for frontal view. Scraper planes have a higher reUef and may be any outiine form.
Although it is suggested that these tools served different purposes, this has not yet been
verified by objective criteria such as protein analysis, in-depth microscopic use-wear
analysis, or phytolith analysis.
The 13 scraper planes include nine from the surface, two from tienches, and one each frora
tiie 10-20 era and 50-60 era levels. These are raade frora harder raaterial than the hammers,
with six from volcanic cobbles, five metasedimentary, and one each of metavolcanic and
quartz material. One of the tools, number 12814-333, exhibits weathered geological
cortex; the rest exhibit incipient cone cortex. Ten have cortex covered on the adjacent plane
and five are interior to the cobble. Use-wear includes seven with chipping and rounding,
four with rounding and polish, and two with chipping, rounding, and polish. Three of the
working elements are convex, five are denticulated convex, three are denticulated stiaight
edges, one is concave, and one is both concave and convex. Edge angles of the working
elements are high and range from 60° to 90°.
The flve adzes are similar, with two volcanic and one each of metasedimentary,
metavolcanic, and quartzite. Four were recovered from the surface and one from the
20-30 cm level of Unit 32. The tool from the subsurface deposit, number 12814-1330, is
made from fine-grained green metavolcanic and is smaller than the other items
PJ. 7-96 4-28
DECEMBER 1998
(Figure 4-6a). It exhibits weathered cortex and probably is made from quarried material.
The other four tools have incipient cone cortex from creek/river bed cobbles.
Use-wear and shape of the working element are similar to those of the scraper planes.
Three of the tools exhibit chipping and rounding use-wear, one exhibits chipping,
rounding, and polish, and one exhibits chipping, rounding, and battering. Working
element shapes include two convex, one denticulate convex, one straight, and one
concave/convex with a protuberance. Edge angles are somewhat smaller than those of tiie
scraper planes with a range from 60° to 80°.
4.4.3 Scrapers
The eight scrapers are similar to the scraper planes, but lack the wear on the contiguous
planes. AU have been shaped with unifacial percussion flaking. Four came frora ttie
surface, two from trenches, and two from the 40-50 cm level. Four are volcanic, two
metavolcanic, with one each of metasedimentary and quartzite. Six exhibit incipient cone
cortex from cobbles, and two have no cortex.
The use-wear and shape of the working elements are similar to those of the scraper planes.
The shapes of tiie working elements include two convex, three denticulated convex, two
concave, and one denticulated straight. Use-wear includes chipping and rounding on five
speciraens and one each with chipping only, rounding only, and rounding and polish.
Edge angles appear to be higher and closer to those of the scraper planes with a range from
60° to 100°.
4.4.4 Grinder and Hammer/grinders
One grinder, number 12814-2209, and two combination hammer/grinders (numbers
12814-207 and 12814-1467) were recovered from 60-70 cm level of Unit 47, tiie surface,
and the 40-50 cm level of Unit 34, respectively. The grinder is a small granitic cobble that
differs from the manos and ochre grinders in that only high spots are affected and the
surface is uneven, i.e., it has not been ground or worked to a smooth even plane. The
hammer/grinders are both made from metasedimentary cobbles with incipient cone cortex.
Number 12814-1467 has battering on one edge and grinding on the high spots of a plane.
Number 12814-207 battering on a shaped bifacial edge and grinding on a different edge.
These latter two may be recycled scraper planes or adzes.
PJ. 7-96 4-29
DECEMBER 1998
Working
Edge " (a) Adze
12814-1330
Metavolcanic
_WOTkiiig
Edge
i
(b) Quartz Crystal
12814-752
Platform
(c) Pendent
12814-1109
Tourmaline (?)
Scale - lx
Frontal View
(Gallegos & Associates
Basal View
(d) Small Blade Core
12814-1432
Chalcedony
Drawn by:
4tUUy^ £i4eJ<^-^
Miscellaneous Artifacts from CA-SDI-12814
FIGURE
4-6
4.4.5 Combination Scraper Planes
The two combination scraper planes exhibit the same use-wear as the scrapers, but have
addition use-wear indicative of secondary functions; both were recovered from the surface.
The two tools are made from split volcanic cobbles with incipient cone cortex present.
Specimen 12814-254 is a combination scraper plane and grinder. One edge exhibits polish
and striations perpendicular to the edge which has been wom to a facet. Specimen 12814-
323 is a combination scraper plane, hararaer, and grinder, with use-wear indicative of each
present. The hammer use-wear consists of battering on the ends which also exhibit
grinding use-wear. The scraping element is convex with an angle range of 80° to 85°.
4.4.6 Anvils
Two anvils were recovered; both are oval granitic cobbles with oval cross-sections and no
shaping of the outer edges. Both tools were used bifaciaUy as manos, and on both tools,
tiie center of the faces have been pecked fonning small cupules that were probably used to
hold items such as acoms or walnuts during hulling. Number 12814-1840 is a smaU
cobble with dimensions of 6.7x6.0x3.2 cm and a weight of 186.9 g. Battering is present
on both of the long edges of this tool. Specimen 12814-869 is larger with dimensions of
9.7x7.9x4.0 cm and a weight of 454.2 g. Battering occurs almost aU tiie way around the
outer circumference of this tool. The occurrence of ttie battering suggests that ttie
indentations may be finger-holds, to insure grips on the tools while tiiey were used as
hammers.
4.5 MISCELLANEOUS
The miscellaneous artifacts are those that do not fit into any of the above categories. They
include a quartz crystal, an abrader, a piece of asphaltum, a pipe fragment, and a possible
pendent.
4.5.1 Quartz Crystal
One quartz crystal was recovered, specimen 12814-752 (Figure 4-6b). Many CaUfomia
groups considered crystals to have magical powers and used them in curing rituals, for
calling or warding off evil spirits, and for good-luck charms (Kroeber 1925). Crystal tips
were hafted on the Luiseno shaman wands (Dmcker 1937:38). At the Luiseno village of
PJ. 7-96 4-31
DECEMBER 1998
Molpa, the Native American consultant identified a worked crystal tip as an insert for a
shaman's wand. Crystals also served as decorative items and have been found on bone
pins (Orr 1947:119, 131).
Specimen 12814-752 was recovered from the 20-30 cm level of Unit 25. It is a small item,
with measurements of 13.4x5.4x5.8 mm and a weight of 0.7 g. AU six natiiral facets are
present, and these terminate at one end where they form a tip. The opposite end is flat, and
appears to have been worked. It would fit into a socket haft.
4.5.2 Abrader
One fragment of sandstone, (12814-753) interpreted as an abrader, was recovered from tiie
20-30 cm level of Unit 35. Abraders were necessary for finishing wood, bone, and otiier
items as well as used to remove caUouses. The small fragment was used bifaciaUy and has
measurements of 2.2x2.1x0.9 cm and a weight of 5.3 g.
4.5.3 Asphaltum
Asphaltum or tar was used extensively as an adhesive to glue tools in hafts, omaments on
objects, broken bowls and containers, and any other curcumstance where an adhesive was
needed. The use of asphaltum as an adhesive has a long history along the San Diego coast.
At the Harris site, with a time depth of about 9,000 years, asphaltum was found on the
bases of two bifaces (Ezell 1977).
Tarring pebbles were also used to apply asphaltum to the interior of baskets or woven
water botties. The tar was melted in a container and the small pebbles were heated. The
pebbles were dropped into the tar and when coated with asphaltum, they were then dropped
into the basket or water bottie and swirled around until the interior was coated with
asphaltum. This water-proofed the container. The occurrence of asphaltum suggests that
basketry was produced at the site, although other functions are also possible. Asphaltum
was collected from local beaches (Sparkman 1908; Kroeber 1925; Dmcker 1937).
The one piece of asphaltum from the site (12814-1807) is a small chunk with a weight of
I g. It was recovered from the 10-20 cm level of Unit 40.
PJ. 7-96 4-32
DECEMBER 1998
4.5.4 Pipe Fragment
One pipe fragment of steatite (12814-1225) was recovered from the 0-10 cm level of
Unit 31. It has measurements of 11.9x18.1x11.1 mm and a weight of 1.3 g. The
fragment is bumed and only a sraall amount of the original surface remains. The exterior is
highly polished and tiie interior has been drilled to a conical shape.
4.5.5 Pendent
A possible pendent was recovered from Trench 8. The pendent is a long, rectangular item
with measurements of 53.3x7.8x4.8 mm and a weight of 2.6 g (see Figure 4-6c). It
appears to be a four-sided crystal that has been ground sraooth. Striations from the
smoothing process are present perpendicular to the long axis. The material could be
obsidian but is more likely to be tourmaline. It has been submitted for X-ray fluorescence
analysis to determine tiie composition. If obsidian, ttie parental source or quarry wiU be
determined.
Tourmaline crystals are not mentioned speciflcally as having magical powers, but they have
been found at a number of sites, including CA-SDI-5130 along the San Luis Rey River
(Schroth 1994), CA-SDI-6134 and SDI-10672 along Batiquitos Lagoon (Schroth et al.
1990), CA-SDI-13986 (Schroth et al. 1996) and at Avocado Highlands near El Cajon
(Cardenas 1986:69).
4.6 CORES
The 47 cores were recovered primarily from the surface (n=20; 42.6%) with five (10.6%)
from tiie tienches (Table 4-12). In tiie subsurface deposit, ttie highest frequency was
found in the 10-20 cm level (n=9; 19.1% of ttie total). They were, however, found
throughout the deposit, with two found in features, specimen 12814-819 in Feature 4 and
specimen 12814-431 in Feature 1. The core types include 38 spUt cobble cores, 7 bipolar
cores, I possible small blade core, and 1 tested cobble. The 38 split cobble cores further
divide into 16 reduced unidirectionally, 10 bidirectionally, 6 multidirectionally, and 6
using the Topaz Mountain technique.
Twenty-seven of the cores have patches of incipient cone cortex, three have
geologic/quarry cortex, and the rest lack cortex. Most were probably discarded when they
PJ. 7-96 4-33
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-12
Attributes of Cores from CA-SDI-12814
Split Cobble
Depth (cm) Unidirect Bidi rect Multidirect Topaz Bipolar Other (a) Total Percentage
O-IO 2 1 1 0 0 0 4 9.1%
10-20 1 1 0 3 2 1 8 18.2%
20-30 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 6.8%
30-40 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 4.5%
40-50 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2.3%
50-60 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 2.3%
Trenches 3 0 1 0 0 1 5 11.4%
Surface 8 8 1 2 1 0 20 45.5%
Total 16 10 6 6 4 2 44 100.0%
Percentage 36.4% 22.7% 13.6% 13.6% 9.1% 4.5% 100.0%
Chert ., „ „ 1 1 2 4.5%
Metasediment (BC) 3 4 2 3 12 27.3%
Metavolcanic (SP) 2 I 1 — — _ 4 9.1%
Fossil Wood 1 — — 1 2.3%
Quartz 6 3 1 -3 -13 29.5%
Quartzite 1 -1 ~ — — 2 4.5%
Volcanic 3 2 1 1 ~ 1 8 18.2%
Length Width Thickness Weight
in cm in cm in cm ing
Unidirectional (n=I6)
Maximum 13.0 7.9 8.0 1004.2 19.5 26.3
Minimum 4.2 3.3 2.5 56.8 12.1 8.5
Average 6.8 5.2 4.0 203.7 14.3 19.1
Bidirectional (n=10)
Maximum 9.8 8.1 5.3 446.0 9.3 3.3
Minimum 4.0 3.1 2.8 48.9 15.3 13.2
Average 5.9 4.8 3.8 140.9
Multidirectional (n=6)
Maximum 7.3 5.8 4.3 160.6 33.9 350.4
Minimum 3.9 2.7 2.5 37.2 21.7 116.2
Average 4.9 4.2 3.5 89.7 26.28 184.04
Topaz(n=6)
Maximum 9.1 6.9 6.1 359.7 12.1 26.0
Minimum 5.9 5.1 4.2 172.2 7.4 3.9
Average 7.9 6.3 4.8 287.5
Bipolar (n=4)
Maximum 4.1 3.4 2.8 37.7 28.9 301.1
Minimum 1.9 1.8 1.3 4.6 4.4 2.5
Average 2.7 2.3 1.7 14.6 13.9 44.7
Other
Tested Cobble 9.6 4.9 4.2 220.2 23.6 201.1
Bladelette 2.4 2.2 1.8 9,0 10.5 33.9
(a) I chalcedony blade core (12814-1432); I volcanic leslcd cobble (12814-1129)
became too small to easily and efficientty produce flakes or to produce large flakes.
Although most of the cores were made from a variety of lithic materials, the bipolar cores
are restricted to three quartz and one chert specimens.
Six cores of non-local material were recovered. These include five chert cores and one
from fossil wood. The chert cores include four small bipolar cores (specimens 12814-819,
-2328, -2330, and -2350) and ttie possible small blade core, speciraen 12814-1432 (see
Figure 4-6d). The bipolar core 12814-819 appears to be from heat-tieated Monterey chert,
possibly found to the north near tiie mouth of ttie Santa Margarita River where tiie
Monterey formation is exposed. It has quarry cortex present. The other three are tan
chalcedony tiiat may be from that formation, but lack definitive attributes. The small blade
core is a tan-white chert-chalcedony ttiat could also be from the Monterey formation;
however, it lacks cortex. The fossil wood core (12814-951) is a small unidirectional core
with a pyramidal shape that appears to have been heat tieated. It also exhibits geological
cortex. FossU wood is found witiiin the San Luis Rey River drainage, alttiough an actual
quany area is unknown (Pigniolo personal communication, 1996).
4.7 DEBITAGE
A total of 11,543 pieces of debitage were recovered from site CA-SDI-12814 (Table 4-13).
Although most of it was local lithic material, some raay have come from quarry areas and
some raay be trade items. Of the total, 1,415 pieces are probably imported and are grouped
into tiie chert/chalcedony classification. This group includes chert, Monterey chert,
chalcedony, Piedra del Lumbre "chert" (PDL), and fossil wood. In all, tiie PDL consists
of 766 specimens with the cryptocrystalline siUcates (cherts, fossil material, and
chalcedonies) comprising the rest of the total. Another import, obsidian, is represented by
nine pieces.
Most of ttie debitage (73.3%) was recovered between 20 and 60 cm (Figure 4-7) with
levels 30-40 cm (18.0% of tiie debitage) and 40-50 cm (17.7% of the debitage) containing
the largest amounts. The largest amounts of the Bedford Canyon metasedimentary, quartz,
quartzite, and volcanic debitage were found in the 30-40 cm level, and the highest
frequency of chalcedony, metavolcanic, and PDL debitage occurred in the 40-50 cm level.
Obsidian occurred as low as 80 cm, and no granitic debitage (indicative of ground stone
implement shaping) was found below 50 cm.
PJ. 7-96 4-35
DECEMBER 1998
Table 4-13
Debitage from CA-SDI-12814
Lithic Total Percent Sample Percent
Material Site of Total Selected of Sample
Metavolcanic 3778 32.7% 3716 32.9%
Volcanic 3125 27.1% 3067 27.2%
Metasediment 1837 15.9% 1785 15.8%
Chert/chalcedony* 1418 12.3% 1396 12.4%
Quartz 1101 9.5% 1052 9.3%
Quartzite 259 2.2% 243 2.2%
Granitic 16 0.1% 13 0.1%
Obsidian 9 0.1% 9 0.1%
11543 100.0% 11281 100.0%
* includes chert, Monterey chert, Piedra de Lumbre "chert",
chalcedony, and fossil wood
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Only debitage from units with good provenience were used in the debitage technological
analysis (Table 4-14). The sample included 11,281 pieces of debitage (97.7% of the total).
Within that sample, incipient cone cortex indicative of river/creek bed cobbles was found
on 1071 pieces (9.5% of the sample) and weathered and/or geological cortex, indicative of
quarried material, was found on 461 pieces (4.1% of the sample).
Most of tiie debitage consisted of flake fragments and shatter (n=8557, 75.9% of ttie
sample). SpUt cobble core reduction was represented by 1154 pieces of debitage (10.2%
of the sample). Other core reduction tiajectories include Topaz Mountain with 7 pieces of
debitage, and teshoe flakes with 4 pieces of debitage. Biface reduction accounts for
1,541 pieces of debitage (13.7% of the sample) with only 8 flakes representative of bipolar
reduction. An additional 10 pieces of debitage represent attrition flakes from hammer
stones.
4.8 CERAMICS AND ADOBE
Two wall sherds of Native American ceramics were recovered; both are the mediura to dark
brown utility ware common to the coast of southem Califomia and probably are from the
same pot. The sherds could be from any one of a number of vessels such as oUas, cooking
pots, storage pots, serving bowls, etc. Specimen 12814-1145, from ttie 0-10 cm level of
Unit 29, has raeasurements of 10.6x4.6x3.7 mm and a weight of 0.4 g. Specimen 12814-
1287, from the 50-60 cm level of Unit 31, has measurements of 15.6x12.3x4.1 mm and a
weight of 0.4 g. Ceramics were not used until ttie Late Period, circa AD 1300, and ttieir
occurrence on the site suggests an ephemeral Late Period component.
Two pieces of adobe or daub were recovered. These are pieces of the clay used to chink
the openings in grass and bmsh huts, and theu occurrence in ttie deposit suggests that
some stmcture may have been present. Specimen 12814-977, from the 30-40 cm level of
Unit 28, consists of four pieces with a combined weight of 2.9 g. Specimen 12814-1779,
from the 50-60 cm level of Unit 39, is a larger piece with a weight of 6.9 g.
PJ. 7-96 4-38
DECEMBER 1998
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SECTION 5
RESULTS OF SPECIAL STUDIES
Special studies include vertebrate analysis, invertebrate analysis, lithic residual analysis,
micropaleontologic and paleobotanical analyses, obsidian sourcing and hydration analyses,
and radiocarbon dating.
5.1 VERTEBRATE ANALYSIS OF CA-SDI-12814 by Patricia Mitchell
The animal bone recovered from site CA-SDI-12814 consists of 990 bones weighing
125.9 g (Table 5-1 and Appendix E). An additional 14 bones weighing 7.2 g were also
recovered, however, these bones were detemiined to be intrusive to the prehistoric deposit
and are not included in the data tabulations. This determination was based on several
criteria such as fragile, whole elements; bones with an oily texture indicating the presence
of collagen; saw-cut bones indicating historic or modem butchering practices. These
vertebrate specimens from the cultural deposit were recovered from the 0 to 80 cm levels of
22 test units and 3 STPs, and Feature 11. All vertebrate specimens were identified to class,
order, family, or when possible to genus and species. Animal species identified to the
genus and species level includes Canis latrans (coyote), Neotoma fuscipes (dusky-footed
woodrat), Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer), Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia
sheephead), Spermophilus beecheyi (Califomia ground squirrel), Sylvilagus audubonii
(desert cottontail rabbit), Sylvilagus bachmani (bmsh rabbit), and Thomomys bottae
(Botta's pocket gopher). Ottier categories used to identify specimens include bird, snake,
teleostei (bone fish), small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal (Table 5-1).
Buming and butchering was observed on a small portion of the coUection and has aUowed
for some interpretation of the processing and preparation of the meat diet at site CA-SDI-
12814.
5.1.1 Methods
Each bone was examined to determine:
• element
• right or left side
• genus and species or highest taxominic category
PJ. 7-96 5-1
DECEMBER 1998
Table 5-1
CA-SDI-12814
NISP of Vertebrate Remains Recovered
Specimen STPs Units Feature 11 Total Percent
Canis latrans 0 0 5 5 0.51%
Neotoma fuscipes 0 1 0 1 0.10%
Odocoileus hemionus 0 1 0 1 0.10%
Semicossphys pulcher 0 3 0 3 0.30%
Spermophilus beecheyi 0 2 0 2 0.20%
Sylvilagus audubonii 0 11 0 11 1.11%
Sylvilagus bachmani 0 2 0 2 0.20%
Thomomys bottae 0 1 0 1 0.10%
Bird 0 6 0 6 0.61%
Snake 0 1 0 1 0.10%
Teleostei 0 1 0 1 0.10%
Small Mammal 2 335 5 342 34.55%
Medium Mammal 0 12 573 585 59.09%
Large Mammal 3 26 0 29 2.93%
Total 5 402 583 990 100.00%
Percent 0.51% 40.61% 58.89% 100.00%
• evidence of burning, and if so, what degree of oxidation
• evidence of butchering, and if so, what method of butchering
Comparative skeletal collections used in this analysis included those from private
collections. Bone atiases (Lawrence 1951; Olsten 1985; Sandefur 1977; Schmid 1972)
were used as supplements during the identification process.
Categories used for this analysis include:
Burned: Bone elements or fragments that show color change from exposure to heat or fire
(oxidation):
• brown = exposure to heat, but littie or no exposure to open flames.
• black = direct exposure to open flames (i.e., roasting or discard in a fire).
• blue/white = calcined bone; direct exposure to a flre hotter than 800 degrees
Celsius (Ubelaker 1978:34). This may represent bone that was severely
bumed during preparation, in which case, if flesh was present on the bone
during exposure to ttie fire the bone would exhibit signs of shrinking and
warping (Ubelaker 1978:34). Calcined bone may also be tiie result of bone
that has been discarded in a flre hearth (Wing and Brown 1979:109).
Unburned: No evidence of buming or oxidation.
Butchered: Bone that has marks made by sUcing or chopping motions:
• sUcing marks are thin and shallow, and are V-shaped in cross-section.
• chopping marks are wider and deeper than slicing marks, and often show
signs of chips of cortical bone removal due to the chopping impact to tiie
bone surface.
Small Mammal: AU non-diagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are between a
mouse and a jackrabbit.
Medium Mammal: All non-diagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are larger than
a jackrabbit but small than a deer.
Large Mammal: All non-diagnostic vertebrate fragments, whose sizes are deer-size or
larger.
PJ. 7-96 5-3
DECEMBER 1998
Teleostei: Funnel-shaped vertebra or other cranial or post-cranial skeletal element ttiat is
from a boney fish.
Snake: Vertebra with ball and socket features that has a domed-shaped vertebral foramen.
Bird: A bone ttiat has thin walls in cross-section, is hollow and light in weight. Bird
bones are often distinguishable from mammal bones because they contain large cavities
and, which in life, are filled with air (Davis 1987:60).
The quantification of faunal material can be studies with several methods. The methods
used in individual studies are usually determined by the sample size and tiie type of site
being investigated. The size of this collection allows for two of those mettiods to be used:
the nuraber of identified specimens per taxon (NISP), and when possible, the minimum
number of individuals (MNI). The NISP represents ttie total number of speciraens
possible within a category or genus and species, and the MNI represents the least number
of animals present within a genus and species.
5.1.2 Results
STPs
Five bone fragments were recovered frora the 0 to 40 era levels of three STPs (Table 5-2).
The bone fragments lacked the morphological features ttiat would have allowed them to be
identified to the genus and species level. They are identified as small mammal
(NISP=2/40%), and larger mammal (NISP=3/60%).
Units
The animal remains recovered from unit excavation consists of 402 bone fragraents or
elements. Seven animal species were identified from 21 of tiie 402 bones and includes
Neotoma fuscipes, Odocoileus hemionus, Semicossyphus pulcher, Spermophilus
beecheyi, Sylvilagus audubonii, Sylvilagus bachmani, and Thomomys bottae. The
remaining 381 bones lacked the morphological features that would have allowed them to be
identified to the genus and species level. They were identified as bird, snake, teleostei,
small mammal, medium mammal, and large mammal.
PJ. 7-96 5-4
DECEMBER 1998
Table 5-2
CA-SDI-12814
NISP of Vertebrate Remains by STPs
Provenience Small Mammal Large Mammal Total Percent
STP 0N/30E
STP ON/lOE
STP 1 OS/OE
20.00%
40.00%
40.00%
Totai
Percent
2
40.00%
3
60.00%
5
100.00%
100.00%
Depth
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
30-40 cm
20.00%
40.00%
20.00%
20.00%
Total
Percent
2
40.00%
3
60.00%
5
100.00%
100.00%
The horizontal distribution of vertebrate remains show that the majority of bones were
recovered from Unit 40 (22.9%), then Unit 39 (19.9%), Unit 31 (16.9%), Unit 44
(12.7%), Unit 35 (7.5%), and the remaining 17 units contributed less than 4 percent each
(Table 5-3). The vertical distribution of vertebrate remains show that the majority of bone
was recovered from 40 to 70 cm levels (over 70%) (Table 5-4).
Table 5-3 and 5-4 show the most abundant animal identified to genus and species was
Sylvilagus audubonii (NISP=11), then Semicossyphus pulcher (NISP=3), Spermophilus
beecheyi, and Sylvilagus bachmani (NISP=2 each), and Neotoma fuscipes, Odocoileus
hemionus, and Thomomys bottae (NISP=1 each). The small mammal remains
(NISP=335) are probably representative of the Sylvilagus audubonii, Spermophilus
beecheyi, Sylvilagus bachmani, Neotoma fuscipes, and Thomomys bottae bones identified
in the collection. Likewise, ttie large mammal remains (NISP=26) are probably
representative of tiie Odocoileus hemionus bone identified in tiie collection. Medium
mammal remains (NISP=12) are the next greatest in frequency, tiien bird (NISP=6), and
snake and teleostei (NISP=1 each). The one (1) teleostei bone raay be representative of the
Semicossyphus pulcher bones identified in the collection.
The MNI totals were determined for animals identified to the genus species level. Elements
used for each animal are Usted in Table 5-5. Consistent with the NISP totals, Sylvilagus
audubonii had tiie greatest MNI (2), and the remaining species had an MNI of one (1) each.
Feature 8
Animal bone recovered from Feature 8, units 31, 39 and 40 comprise 59.7% (n=240) of
the bone recovered from unit excavation. Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead),
Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail), Sylvilagus bachmani (bmsh rabbit), Teleostei
(boney fish), as well as small, medium, and large mammal bone were recovered.
Feature 11
The animal bones recovered from Feature 11 consists of 583 bone elements and fragments
(see Table 5-1). One animal species {Canis latrans) had an NISP of 5 from the 583 bones.
The remaining 578 bones lacked the morphological features that would have allowed them
PJ. 7-96 5-6
DECEMBER 1998
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Table 5-5
CA-SDI-12814
MNI Totals
Specimen Element Used MNI NISP
Canis Latrans right distal humerus 1 5
Neotoma fuscipes right mandible 1 1
Odocoileus hemionus tooth 1 1
Semicossyphus pulcher tooth 1 3
Spermophilus beecheyi left distal tibia 1 2
Sylvilagus audubonii right proximal calcaneum 11
Sylvilagus bachmani right distal humerus 1 2
Thomomys bottae left proximal ulna 1
to be identified to the genus and species level and were therefore identified as small and
medium mammal. Small mammal had an NISP of 5, and the medium mammal had an MNI
of 573. The medium mammal remains are probably representative of the Canis latrans
identified in this collection. The MNI for Canis latrans was one (1) (see Table 5-5).
5.1.3 Food Processing and Preparation
One Canis latrans bone fragment exhibited signs of butchering. Two knife marks were
observed on the distal end (tronchlea) of the right humems. The knife marks, tiiin and
shallow and V-shaped in cross-section, suggests that the humems was one of the points of
disarticulation. Canis latrans remains have been found in other San Diego County
archaeological sites (CA-SDI-9243 [Can-ico et al. 1994] and CA-SDI-13206 [Cooley et al.
1996]), thereby suggesting that they were sometimes a food source and possibly a pelt
source.
Evidence of buming was present on a small portion of the collection (18.7% of the
vertebrate remains) (Table 5-6). Of ttie 185 bones bumed 74.1 percent (n=137) were
bumed brown in color, which indicated exposure to heat but not to a direct flame, therefore
suggesting that these animals were probably cooked in some type of container. Containers
used for cooking might include those made of pottery, basketry, or stone. Throughout
Califomia watertight baskets were once used for cooking by placing hot stones in them to
cook the food (Elasser 1978:637). The anunal bones bumed brown in color includes
Spermophilus beecheyi, Sylvilagus bachmani, small, medium, and large mammals.
The bones ttiat were bumed black in color present 6.5 percent (n=12) of ttie bumed
specimens, which suggests that they were eittier bumed during roasting or tiiey were
discarded in a fire heath. Wing and Brown (1979:109) suggested that this type of charring
is usually confined to the exposed ends of bone. This type of chamng was not identified
on any of the burned specimens, therefore, it is Ukely that the bones were probably
discarded in a fire hearth. Small mammal bones were bumed black in color.
The specimens that were calcined (19.5%/n=36 of the bumed elements) were exposed to a
direct flame at extremely high temperatures (greater than 800 degrees Celsius). None of the
bones exhibited signs of shrinking or warping. These are attributes that indicate ttie
presence of soft tissue on the bone at the time the bones were exposed to an open flame.
PJ. 7-96 5-10
DECEMBER 1998
Table 5-6
CA-SDI-12814
Degree of Buming on Vertebrate Remains by NISP
Specimen Brown Black Calcined Total Overal! Percent Specimen
Bumed Total Bumed
Canis latrans 0 0 0 0 5 0.00%
Neotoma fuscipes 0 0 0 0 1 0.00%
Odocoileus hemionus 0 0 0 0 1 0.00%
Semicossyphus pulcher 0 0 0 0 3 0.00%
Spermophilus beecheyi 1 0 0 1 2 50.00%
Sylvilagus audubonii 4 0 0 4 11 36.36%
Sylvilagus bachmani 1 0 0 1 2 50.00%
Thomomys bottae 0 0 0 0 1 0.00%
Bird 0 0 0 0 6 0.00%
Snake 0 0 0 0 1 0.00%
Teleostei 0 0 0 0 1 0.00%
Small Mammal 117 12 31 160 342 46.78%
Medium Mammal 5 0 0 5 585 0.85%
Large Mammal 9 0 5 14 29 48.28%
Total 137 12 36 185 990
Percent 74.05% 6.49% 19.46%
The calcined bones were probably discarded in a fire hearth. Calcined bones included
small and large mammals.
5.1.4 Summary
Overall, it appears that the majority of animals hunted at this site were small-sized animals
(rodents and rabbits), and to a lesser extent medium-sized (coyote) and large-sized
mammals (deer). Birds, snakes, and fish were also present in the coUection and represents
a small portion of the collection. The burned fragments suggest that the preferred method
of cooking was by boiling or stewing the meat in some type of container.
5.1.5 Natural History
Two members of the Leporidae family were identified during this analysis: Sylvilagus
audubonii (desert cottontail rabbit) and Sylvilagus bachmani (bmsh rabbit). The cottontail
can be found in open plains, foothills, low valleys, and coastal areas, and are easily caught
with a rabbit stick or bow and anow (Christenson 1986). They are most active in the early
moming, late aftemoon, and at night. Their diet consists of green vegetation and fmit
(Russo and Olhausen 1987:25). Bmsh rabbit is a common native rabbit, and can be found
in areas ranging from sea level to the mountains, and in tiiick bmsh along the Pacific coast
area (Bond 1977:234). They are most vulnerable in the moming, when tiiey are out in tiie
open, and tiie least active at mid-day, however, tiiey wUI feed on vegetation at any tirae
(Russo and Olhausen 1987:23). Like the cottontail, the brush rabbit is also easily caught
with a rabbit stick. Both were probably hunted for food as well as for tiieir pelts (Schroth
and Gallegos 1991).
Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) are native to ttie westem half of the United States, most
of Canada, and northem Mexico. They feed on shmbs, twigs, grasses, and herbs in
several types of habitats, such as coniferous forests, desert shrubs, chaparral, and
grasslands with shrubs. Mule deer are most active in the moming and ttie evening, and
occur singly or in smati groups (Burt and Gossenheider 1976:216). Ethnographic data
states that hunters would disguise themselves with ttie head and fur of a deer (Ashby and
Winterboume 1929:39; Chrinstenson 1981:69), and the usual weapon used to kill deer was
the bow and arrow. The killed deer was useful for items such as meat, hide, and hoof (for
ratties).
PJ. 7-96 5-12
DECEMBER 1998
Canis latrans (coyote) is native to most of the United States (Booth 1950:159), and is
found in San Diego County in the Upper and Lower Sonoran life-zones (Bond 1977:242).
Coyotes are primarily nocturnal, but can be active at any hour. Their dens are usually
located along river banks, canyons, and gulches. They are omnivorous, but their diet
consists mostly of smati mammals (Russo and Olhausen 1987:81).
Semicossyphus pulcher (Califomia sheephead) can be found from Cape San Lucas in Baja
Califomia to Monterey, Califomia. They can be 3 feet long and weigh up to 36 pounds.
They occur from the surface to 180 feet (Miller and Lea 1972:168).
Three rodent species were identified in this collection. These species, Neotoma fuscipes
(dusky-footed woodrat), Thomomys bottae (Botta's pocket gopher), and Spermophilus
beecheyi (Califomia ground squirrel) are native to San Diego County and can be found in
areas ranging from the mountains to the coast (Bond 1977:235-236). Both the squirrel and
gopher are burrowing animals, and the woodrat is common in areas where there is heavy
chaparral and water nearby (Bond 1977:241).
5.2 INVERTEBRATE REMAINS ANALYSIS by Tracy Stropes
5.2.1 Introduction
Invertebrate remains recovered from ttie excavation at CA-SDI-12814 totaled 431.75 g. In
all, 45 of ttie 50 units contained sheU which was speciated. A total of five species and
three orders, and two classes of invertebrate remains were identified within the analyzed
units. These shellfish species are representative of tiiree marine environments:
bay/lagoon/estuary, bay/outer coast, and rocky shore/outer coast. Shell from the surface
and excavation trenches were not included in this analysis.
5.2.2 Methods
Each shell was weighed and examined to identify genus and species and indications of
burning. AU sheU was speciated in order to determine habitat exploitation pattems and
obtain paleo-environmental data (Appendix I).
PJ. 7-96 5-13
DECEMBER 1998
5.2.3 Results
A total of 431.75 g of invertebrate remains were recovered from excavation units at CA-
SDI-12814. The majority were from Locus A, Unit 49 (26.8%), Unit 48 (18.18%), and
Unit 50 (11.09%). The remaining 41 units, all in Locus B, contributed less than 5 percent
each (Table 5-7).
Table 5-7 illustrates that the majority of shellfish remains were recovered frora the 10 to
40 cm levels of the site (90.3% combined). Approximately 75 percent of tiie invertebrate
remains were recovered from the 10 to 30 cm levels, and from 40 to 80 cm continues a
gradual decline. None of the shell analyzed appeared bumed.
Table 5-8 Usts the species identified and their habitats. It appears tiiat the majority of
invertebrate remains were gathered from the bay/outer coast environment (81.9%). The
next greatest marine enviromnent exploited was tiie bay/lagoon/estuary environment
(16.8%), followed by a small percentage of rocky shore/outer coast envUonment species
(1.3%). It should be noted ttiat these numbers may be misleading as the shell recovered
shows a high degree of weathering. Certain species such as Chione sp. would naturally
survive longer in the archaeological record due to the thickness of their shell. This would
give the appearance of one species being dominant over others which may have not been
the case in prehistory.
The shellfish analysis suggests ttiat ttie inhabitants of ttie site Ukely exploited the sheU
habitats nearest the site. There may have been a much larger dependence on shellfish than
is evidenced by the shell represented within the current study. High soil pH in addition to
farming, and open weathering conditions may have lead to the intense weathering visible
on the majority of the shell surfaces and the low volume of shell currentiy represented by
this study.
5.3 LITHIC RESIDUE ANALYSIS
Eight artifacts were submitted to Margaret Newman for plant and animal residue analysis
(Appendix F). Positive results were received for two bifaces (Cat. No. 82 and Ca. No.
Lego 2), deer and prickley pear, respectively; and for two crescentics (Cat No. 204 and
1376), rabbit and deer, respectively (Table 5-9).
PJ. 7-96 5-14
DECEMBER 1998
Table 5-7
CA-SDI-12814 Shell by Depth
Depth (cm)
Unit Overburden 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Total Percent
3 0 0.2 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.16%
4 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.09%
6 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7 0.39%
7 0 0 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.05%
8 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.05%
10 0 1.9 0.9 O.l 0 0 0 0 0 2.9 0.67%
11 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.09%
12 0 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.07%
13 0 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 0.12%
14 0 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 0.09%
15 0 0.7 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0.19%
16 0 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3 0.07%
17 0 1.7 o.l 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 0.42%
18 0 0 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 O.l 0.02%
19 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O.l 0.02%
20 0 0.3 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.35 0.08%
21 0 0.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 0.05%
22 0 5.9 2 0 0.1 0 0 0 0 8 1.85%
23 0 0.8 0.7 0.05 0 0.8 0 0 0 2.35 0.54%
24 0 0.7 0 0 0 0.05 0 0 0 0.75 0.17%
25 0 2.3 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.2 0.74%
26 0 0.5 0.8 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 1.8 0.42%
27 0 3.2 3.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0 0 0 9.5 2.20%
28 0 2.8 6.1 1.9 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 0 11.2 2.59%
29 0 2 0.8 3.7 1.6 0 0.2 0 0 8.3 1.92%
30 0 0.9 1.8 1.8 0.3 0 0 0 0 4.8 1.11%
31 0 1.2 0.7 1.9 4.1 5.5 2.7 0 0 16.1 3.73%
32 0 4.3 3 0.5 0.3 0 0 0 0 8.1 1.88%
33 0 1.8 4.6 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 7 1.62%
34 0 0.1 1.7 2.7 0.3 0 0 0 0 4.8 1.11%
35 0 1 0.6 5.2 0.2 0.3 0 0 0 7.3 1.69%
36 0 5.3 1.8 0.2 0.05 0 0 0 0 7.35 1.70%
37 0 3.4 1.2 1.9 O.l 0.4 0 0 0 7 1.62%
38 0 0.8 0.8 3 0.9 0 0 0 0 5.5 1.27%
39 0 3.2 6.6 2.1 0.3 0.7 2.4 0 0 15.3 3.54%
40 0 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 0,2 0 0 5.1 1.18%
41 0 2.2 1.6 1.1 1.1 0.3 0 0 0 6.3 1.46%
43 0 0.8 1.8 0.8 1.2 0 0.4 0 0 5 1.16%
44 0 4.3 5 0.9 8.1 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.5 20.4 4.72%
45 0 0.5 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 l.l 0.25%
46 0 0.7 2.5 0.5 1 0 0 0 0 4.7 1.09%
47 0 2 2.3 1.7 1.3 0.05 0 0 0 7.35 1.70%
48 0 34.2 44.3 0 0 0 0 0 0 78.5 18.18%
49 0 38.7 47.2 29.8 0 0 0 0 0 115.7 26.80%
50 0 30.4 15.9 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 47.9 11.09%
Total 0.6 162 163.35 64.95 22.75 10.7 6.5 0.4 0.5 431.75 100.00%
Percent 0.14% 37.52% 37.83% 15.04% 5.27% 2.48% 1.51% 0.09% 0.12% 100.00%
Table 5-8
Percentage of Identifiable Species by Habitat
Bay/Lagoon/Estuary
Argopecten sp. (Pecten) 41.85 16.82%
Bay/Outer Coast
Chione sp. 197.6 79.41%
Ostrea luridia (Oyster) 6.2 2.49%
Rocky Shore/Outer Coast
Mytilus sp. (Mussel) 2.7 1.08%
Crepidula sp. (Slipper shell) 05 0.20%
248.85 100.00%
Table 5-9
Lithic Residue Results
Catalogue
Number Artifact Positive/Negative Unit Level/Feature
437 Crescentic Negative 35 30-40
438 Crescentic Negative 35 60-70
204 Crescentic Rabbit 44 20-30
1376 Crescentic Deer 33 0-10
Lego 2 Biface Pickley Pear
Lego 3 Flake Tool Negative
Lego 4 Flake Tool Negative
Lego 5 Biface Deer
5.4 MICROPALEONTOLOGIC AND PALEOBOTANICAL ANALYSES
Microfossil and macrofossil analyses were conducted by Dr. Frederick Bachhuber and Dr.
W. Geoffrey Spaulding (Appendix G). The goal of this study was to identify plant
remains for the purpose of reconstmcting the paleoenvironmental setting, and identifying
fuels used for fire and plant foods. The analysis included extiaction and microscopic
examination for siliceous microfossils, the identification of carbonized wood, and flotatton
analysis.
5.4.1 Microfossil Analysis
For tiie microfossil study, two samples (Unit 6, 20 to 30 cm and Unit 11, 20 to 30 cm)
were exti-acted for pollen and siliceous microfossils. The samples were largely barren with
one undetermined and Ambrosia (ragweed genus) from Unit 11. It was presumed tiiat ttie
lack of microfossU in these sediments was due to poor preservation in tiie soils
environment. The four samples are only very slightiy acidic pH=6.8 for both Unit 11
samples, and pH=6.7 for both Unit 6 samples.
5.4.2 Macrofossil Analysis
A large piece of carbonized wood from units 32 and 36 (Feattu-e 6, 30 to 40 cm was
identified as possible sugar bush sumac {R. ovata) or of lemonade berry {R. integrifolia).
Rotation analysis was conducted for tiiree samples (Feature 6, units 32 and 36, 30 to
50 cm; Feature 4, Umt 6, 20 to 30 cm; Feature 4, Unit 11, 20 to 30 cm). Featiire 6
yielded charcoal, no seeds and two chaned termite fecal pellets.
Feature 4, Unit 6 produced charcoal, suggestive of Califomia sagebmsh {Aremisia
califomica), and no seeds. Sample, Feature 4, Unit 11 produced charcoal, two charred
leaves of Califomia buckwheat {Eriogonum faciculatum), a charred grass stem (Poaceae
undet.), a charred termite fecal pellet, and one seed (unknown type).
In summary, the absence of seeds and seed fragments from the samples analyzed, is more
likely due to the absence of seed parching at features 4 and 6. The three plant taxa (sugar
bush sumac or lemonade beny; Califomia sagebrush; and Califomia buckwheat) are
PJ. 7-96 5-18
DECEMBER 1998
common coastal plants today, and therefore, the paleoenvironmental when this site was
occupied may have been similar to the environment of today (see Appendix G).
5.5 RADIOCARBON DATING
Eight samples were submitted for radiocarbon dating. These samples were all charcoal and
were submitted to date the use of the hearth features. The dates range frora roughly 2,000
to 4,500 years ago (Table 5-10). The 2,090 (Beta 107752) year-old date probably
representing a single individual or small group using a small heating or cooking fue
(Feature 6). The remaining radiocarbon dates cluster from circa 3,000 to 4,500 years ago.
PJ. 7-96 5-19
DECEMBER 1998
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SECTION 6
SITE DISCUSSION
6.1 RESEARCH QUESTIONS
The importance of a site is determined by the information that can be derived from ttie
cultural material recovered from the site. The following addresses the research questions
posed conceming subsistence, chronology, Uthic technology, and tiade and travel.
6.1.1 Site Type and Settlement Pattern
• Does the site contain sufficient information to detennine the type of
habitation and the duration of stay? Can the site be placed within a temporal
settiement system for contiast with other earlier or later settiement systems?
Given the range of artifacts and features this site is a habitation site occupied circa 4,000
years ago. For site CA-SDI-12814, the presence of primarily Chione sp., Argopecten sp.,
Ostrea sp., Mytilus sp., and Crepidula sp. may well represent the time when sea level
stopped rising and sedimentation fiUed the coastal lagoons, thereby degradating ttie
shellfish and fish lagoonal habitat. An example of the shellfish habitat is shown in the
difference in shellfish species for the Windsong shores site (CA-SDI-10965) dated to
8,000 years ago (Gallegos 1991) and site CA-SDI-12814 (Table 6-1). The excellent
lagoonal habitat is weU demonstrated by the numerous shellfish species, the quantity of
shellfish remains and the high amount of fish vertebrae recovered from CA-SDI-10965.
The degraded lagoon is demonsti-ated by the few shellfish present, and the small quantity of
shell given in weight recovered from CA-SDM2814 (Table 6-2).
Table 6-2
Comparison of Shellfish from CA-SDI-10965 to CA-SDI-12814
No. of Shellfish Units (1 x 1 m) Total Shell Temporal Range
Species Excavated Weight (Years Ago)
CA-SDI-10965 "26 " " 71,899.3 7,000"-8,000^
CA-SDI-12814 4 50 248.85 2,000-4,500
PJ. 7-96 6-1
DECEMBER 1998
6.1.2 Subsistence Strategy
• What subsistence strategies are represented at CA-SDI-12814?
Subsistence strategies are demonstrated by the types of features present, faunal remains and
stone tools. The hearth features include small cooking hearths, large roasting pit and a
heating platform. Animals sought and processed were primarily small-sized (rabbits and
rodents) and to a lesser extent deer and coyote. Birds, snakes, fish and shellfish were also
part of the diet. In addition, the presence of milling tools identified the processing of plant
seeds and one biface tool showed evidence of use on prickley pear.
Fuels used in the hearths included sugar bush sumac R. ovata or lemonade berry {R.
integrifolia) fora small hearth (Feature 6) dated to circa 2,000 years ago. And, Califomia
sagebmsh {Artemisia califomia) in ttie large heating platform (Feature 4) dated to circa
4,500 years ago. No identifiable seeds were noted in features 4 (small hearth) and 6
(heating platforra). However, no samples were processed for ttie larger roasting pits
(features 7 and 9).
Subsistence orientation appears to be more inland focused on primarily plants and smati
game supplemented by medium to large game and shellfish and fish.
6.1.3 Chronology
• When was tiie site occupied?
Eight shell and charcoal samples were submitted for radiocarbon assay. The result
produced dates between 2,000 and 4,500 years ago (Appendix H). One temporally
diagnostic artifact type, a biface fragment, also supports Middle Holocene (Early Period)
occupation.
The radiocarbon dates range from circa 2,000 to 4,500 years ago. The circa 2,000 year old
date at Feature 6 (small cooking/heating hearth) appears to represent a short-term
occupation by an individual or a small number of people. The remaining features (features
3, 4, 9, 10, 11 and 12) have been dated circa 3,000 to 4,500 years ago and represent a
range of activities from small cooking/heating hearths, to large roasting pits to heating
platforms. The radiocarbon dates and diagnostic artifacts (i.e., large bifaces and
crescentics) support a Middle Holocene (Early Period) occupation.
PJ. 7-96 6-2
DECEMBER 1998
6.1.4 Lithic Technology
• How does the assemblage reflect the technological trajectories used by the
prehistoric inhabitants? Which reduction strategies were in use? Does the
site contain a sufficient sample of debitage and cores of various Uttiic
materials to define the technological ti-ajectories used to form tiie tools? Are
tools made from local materials or imported materials? What ground stone
implements are present and are they formed or expedient tools?
Given ttie use of primarily local materials, it appears that tools were manufactured at ttie
site, with cobble based industries predominating. Two reduction stiategies are present;
split core/cobble and biface reduction.
Lithic technology is represented by the use of local cobbles for the majority of cores,
core/cobble tools, railUng tools and flake tools. Fine-grained metavolcanic and
cryptocystallines were used for bifaces and crescentics.
6.1.5 Trade and Travel
• To what extent are trade and tiavel evidenced at the site? Does the site
contain imported or tiaded lithic materials such as steatite, obsidian, red
bead material, chert, chalcedony, and/or jasper? Can these materials be
sourced to specific locales?
AU material is of local origin. Cobbles for mUUng and core/cobble tools are from local
stieam beds or from the coast; fine-grain metavolcanic material for bifaces and flake tools
are from a source within 10 miles to tiie east; and Piedra del Lumbre chert is from Camp
Pendleton to the north. Cryptocrystallines and petrified wood were also available from ttie
San Luis Rey drainage or from Orange County.
6.2 DISCUSSION AND SUMMARY
The locality is a habitation site primarily occupied from 3,000 to 4,500 years ago. The site
is unique in the period of time covered and the presence of a range of hearth features and
crescentics. Few sites at Agua Hedionda or in northem San Diego County date to this time
period, given the sedimentation of the lagoons and the loss of the lagoonal resources during
this period (Table 6-1 and Figure 6-1). This loss is demonstrated in tiie subsistence
PJ. 7-96 6-3
DECEMBER 1998
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orientation which focused on small game and plant foods, supplemented by medium to
large game, shellfish and fish.
The rock features are unique in that three types of rock features are present. The small rock
hearth was probably used for open cooking and for heat. The larger pits, filled with highly
burned rock, were probably roasting pits where plant parts and/or meat were roasted. For
Feature 4, a pit was first dug and then rocks were placed to cover the pit, a fue was
constmcted over the rock base, and after the fire had heated the base rocks, a second and
third tier of rocks were constmcted to hold ttie heat, and release ttie heat more slowly.
These types of features are not common. The large heating platform (Feature 4) may have
served as ttie base to a sweathouse or perhaps used for a young woman's puberty
ceremony (see Section 3).
Also unique to this site are ttie crescentics, which are more common to tiie Early Holocene
post 7,000 years ago and not to the time circa 4,000 years ago. This date for crescentics is
a relative date, and given that nearly aU of the dates are basal heartii dates, then aU of ttie
artifacts date equal to the radiocarbon dates or are younger.
The site stmcture and horizontal patteming is generally shown on Figure 6-2. In Area 1,
fewer artifacts and faunal remains were recovered. Area 1 features included ttie small
cooking hearth and heating platform, and the site was somewhat shallow. Radiocarbon
dates for Area 1 ranged frora 4,050 to 4,510. Area 2 is characterized by a darker midden,
more artifacts, more bone, and contains both the small cooking hearth and the large
roasting pit. Feature 6 on the southwest edge of Area 2 dated to cuca 2,090 years ago.
Radiocarbon dates for Area 2, exclusive of Feature 6, ranged from 3,070 to 3,790.
PJ. 7-96 6-7
DECEMBER 1998
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SECTION 7
REFERENCES
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Archaeological Planning Collaborative
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Ashby, G.E. and J.W. Winterboume
1939 A Study of Primitive Man in Orange County and Some of its Coastal Areas.
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Barrows, David Prescott
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Bean, Lowell J. and Katherine Siva Saubel
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Bissell, Ron and Rod Raschke
1985 Culmral and Scientific Resource Assessment: Evans Point Project,
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Bond, S.I.
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PJ. 7-96 7-1
DECEMBER 1998
Booth, E.S.
1950 How to Know the Mammals. Wm. C. Brown, Duburque, Iowa.
Burrus, Emest, J.. S. J.
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Burt, W.H. and R.P. Gossenheider
1976 A Field Guide to Mammals of America North of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin
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Cardenas, Sean D.
1986 Avocado Highlands: An Inland Late La JoUa and Preceramic Yuman Site
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Carrico, Richard
1993 Ethnohistoric Period, Draft Report, Febmary 1993. In Historic Properties
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Chapter 5. Ms. on file, Brian F. Mooney & Associates, San Diego,
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Canico, R.L. T.G. Cooley and B.K. Glenn
1994 East Mission Gorge Interceptor Pump Station and Force Main Project
Cultiiral Resources Data Recovery Report for Site CA-SDI-9,243 San
Diego County, Califomia. On file. South Coastal Information Center, San
Diego State University, San Diego, Califomia.
Carrico, Richard and Roxana Phillips
1981 Archaeological Salvage at W-132A, Carlsbad, Califomia. Ms. on file.
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Chase, Paul G.
1981 An Archaeological and Paleontological Survey of Occidental Land, Inc.
Ms. on file, South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University,
San Diego, CaUforaia.
Cheever, Dayle and Dennis R. Gallegos
1987 Archaeological Survey for a Road Detour and Storm Drain on a Portion of
Palomar Airport Road. Ms. on file. South Coastal Information Center, San
Diego State University, San Diego, California.
Christenson, L.E.
1981 Mammalian Faunal Butchering Techniques ofan Inland La Jollan Site, San
Diego County, California. Coyote Press, Salinas, Califomia.
1986 Kumeyaay Economic Optimization: A Linear Programming Analysis.
Paper presented at the Annual Meeting Society for Califomia Archaeology.
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