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CDP 02-56; WALTERS RESIDENCE; STORM WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN; 2002-11-20
, •. , l' ' ' '~ ~-' • ,,_ STORM WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN For WALTER'S RESIDENCE 5315 Carlsbad Blvd. Carlsbad, CA 92008 APNs: 210-120-27, -31 November 2002 Prepared By: O'DAY CONSULTANTS 5900 Pasteur Ct., Suite 100 Carlsbad, CA 92008 J.N. 021047 /4101,/, Z,CI ?ct:>L,. RCE 32014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section 1. 0 futroduction 2.0 Site Map and Project Description 3.0 Proposed Construction 4.0 Construction BMPs 5.0 Post Construction BMPs 6.0 Monitoring, fuspection & Reporting fusert: Site Map • •- ---' .~-.-:~• --- ·-,~.:,,,_~ I C .... ":,~ . '!';-' .. . '\. i ·: I I • • • Storm .Water Pollution Prevention 1.0 lNTRODUCTION Federal, state and local agencies have established goals and objectives for storm water quality in the region. The proposed project, prior to the start of construction activities, will comply with all federal, state and local permits including the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) from the Regional Water Quality Control Board and the erosion control requirements from the City of Carlsbad grading ordinance. Complianct;: with the NPDES will require the applicant to file a Notice of Intent (NOI) with the State Water Quality Control Board (SWQCB), apply Best Management Practices (BMPs) and develop a storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP). (See the attached Fact Sheet for Water Quality Order 99-08-DWQ) This Storm Water Management Plan will provide guidelines in developing and implementing best management practices (BMPs) for storm water quality. These include both source control BMPs and treatment control BMPs. Source control BMPs prevent contact between the storm water and the pollution source. Treatment control BMPs are those that treat the storm water to r~move the pollutant. ~.O PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION The proposed project can be broken down into two distinct phases: construction and post construction. Construction would be the period when the project is being graded and all improvements shown on the Coastal Development Plan are being installed. These include the graded lot, storm drain system, temporary desilting basin, the site will be landscaped and irrigated. Post construction would occur when all the improvements have been installed. These would include, but not limited to, house, driveway and additional landscaping. 2.1 Phase 1. Construction The greatest potential for short-term water quality impacts to the drainage basin would be expected during and immediately following the grading and construction phases of the project when cleared and graded areas are exposed to rain and storm water run of£ hnproperly controlled runoff could result in erosion and sediment transportation into the existing drainage basin. During construction, the objectives for implementing BMPs as described in the "California Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbook", are for the following: practice good housekeeping, contain waste, minimize disturbed areas, stabilize disturbed areas, protect slopes and channels, control site perimeter and control internal erosion. To mitigate storm water pollution, mostly Sediment, during construction, both BMPs for contractor activities and BMPs for erosion and sedimentation shall be used. Page 1 • • • BMPs for contractor activities include the following: Managing dewatering and. paving operations and structure construction and painting. Management of material delivery, use and .storage. Spill prevention and control. Waste management for solid, hazardous and sanitary waste, contaminated soil, concrete. Vehicle and equipment cleaning, fueling and maintenance; Contractor, employee and subcontractor training. BMPs for erosion and sedimentation control include the following: Vegetative stabilization (landscaping) Physical stabilization such as dust control and stabilized construction entrance. Diversion of run-off using earth dikes, temporary swales and drains. Sediment trapping using silt fence, gravel bag barrier, inlet protection, fiber rolls. 2.2 Phase 2. Post Construction Of the two phases the post construction phases should generate the least amount of urban pollutants, sediment and erosion. The pollutants most likely to be generated during this phase will be hydrocarbons, heavy metals, fertilizers, waste, trash, and oil and grease. The post construction phase begins when grading has been completed, slopes have been landscaped and irrigated and the_storm drain system basins have been installed. During this phase a combination of the following source and treatment control BMP's shall be implemented. Source Control BMPs Street/Storm Drain Maintenance Non storm water discharge to drains Waste handling and disposal Landscaping and grounds maintenance Over watering activities Employee training Treatment Control BMPs Vegetated swales 3.0 CONCLUSION This Storm Water Management Plan has been prepared to define potential Best Management Plan (BMP) options,. or schemes, that satisfy the requirements identified in the following documents: 1) Carlsbad Municipal Code Stonnwater Management and Discharge Control Ordinance. 2) Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction 3) NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction Page2 • • Activity issued by the State Water Resources Control Board, and 4) San Diego NPDES Municipal Storm Water Permit (Order Number 2001-01). Specifically, this report includes the following 1) Preliminary BMP options for the Project, and 2) BMP device information for the concept Project options. This project will consist of one single-family residence on a 1.4 acre site . W:\MSOFFICE\WINWO,RD\021047\SWMP\021120 SWPP.doc Page3 1. 1..:.~ ~-._ .... f. [: :: : .... ! .•_,.· -.· ff .: •,: .. · ' -~ . ,--~ -... . ·~ " --~ •• ' . ~ .. ----=~ f .. , ·---.. :: I • • Site Map and Project Description The existing 1.4± acre site has one existing single-family house and a vacant parcel of land adjacent to it on the south side. The site presently drains toward the ocean and is collected by two 6 inch PVC lines and one 4 inch line at the top of the slope and drains out to the bottom of the slope approximately 8 feet above the beach. The bluff is fully protected by air blown mortar. The proposed site development will be to demolish the existing house, build a new house and consolidate two lots into one. The storm water discharge point will remain the same and the runoff will not be increased. W :\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\021047\SWMP\021120 Descript.doc SITE ©2002 O'Oay Consultants, Inc. CITY OF PACIFIC OCEAN VICINITY MAP ··"""'di p . ' . I VICINITY NO SCALE MAP NOT TO SCALE Gt\JOBS\021047\0247VIC,DVG 11-20-oe 8131130 111'1 EST ,--- 1 I I I I I I I 5 I I -I I ) ----,-,., = -------- _..---------- @2002 O'Day Ccnaultc:arta. Inc. SITE PLAN CU!lA8M> L-.0, (OLO Hiff 1111) -,;' "----,___----------Jr ---, --~i'-----------,--------------~-/ ,,. ,If _____,L. .\' , •• --.. ,,. --- -...,,____ -~ I ' I i ~ I l~ ) _---t , [ / / I_..J / ,--/ ,-- / ,, , -- --------- SCALE: 1 • = 60' .,. --, .. ,_., -: •. -~~~:-:-~ . . .• :~ ~' i' ';'. :'.'. :;.~ ' ! ·, ·: -; • • • Proposed Construction A. Potential pollutants during construction phase 1. Erosion and sedimentation 2. Nutrients 3. Trace metals 4. Other toxic chemicals 5. Miscellaneous wastes (See a summary of construction site pollutants Table 1.1 -Construction Activity-California Storm Water Management Handbooks) B. Potential pollutants during post-construction phase (See Table 1.2 -Municipal Handbooks) L Sediment -Seclin1ent-bome pollutants collie from pavement wear, vehicles, atmospheric deposition. Atmospheric deposition contains appreciable quantities of sulfur, toxic and heavy metals, pesticides, organic compounds, fungi, pollen and soil. 2. Nutrients -Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium come from fertilizer . 3. Heavy metals and toxic chemicals -chromium, copper, lead, zinc, iron, cadmium, nickel and manganese -come from many difft;lrent sources associated with automobiles. 4. Bacteria and viruses -organic material that accumulate and decompose in storm inlets, catch basins, storm drains and drainage channels. 5. Oxygen demanding substances-plant debris (leaves and lawn clippings), animal excrement, street litter and organic matter. 6. Oil and grease-automobile dripping on driveway . W:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\021047\SWMP\021120 Descript.doc • • • TABLE 1.1 CONSTRUCTION SITE POLLUTANTS ·. CATEGO~Y PRODUCT POLLUTANTS Adhesives Adhesives, Giues Phenolics, Formaldehydes Resins, E~xy ~nthetics Phenolics, Fonnaldebp;des Calles, Sealers, uttI, Sealing Agents Asbestos, Phenolics, · orm.aldehydes Coal Tars (Naptha, Pitch)_ _ Benzene, Phenols, Naohthalene Cleanen Polishes, (Metal, Ceramic, Tile) Metals Etching A1::o Metals Cleaners, nia, Lye, Caustic Sodas Acidity/ Alkalinity Bleaching A~eQts · Acidity/ Alkalinity Chromate Sa ts . Chromium Plumbing Solder (J,.ead, Tm~ Flux (Zinc Chloride) Lead, Copper, Zinc, Tin Pi,P.C Fi::f (Cut bavings~ C~pper Galvan· Metals (Nails, nces) Zmc Electric Wiring Coooer, Lead Painting Paint Thinner, Acetone, MEK, Stripper VOC's Paints, Lacquers, V amish, Enamels Metals, Phenolics, Mineral Spirits T~ntine, Gum Spirit, Solvents VOC's Sanainfk~lripping Metals Paints · mentsj, Dves Metals Woods Sawdust BOD Particle Board Dusts (Formaldehyde) Formaldehyde · Treated Woods Coooer, Creosote. Masonry & Concrete Dusts (Bric~~m~nt) Acidity, Sediments Colorei:l Ch . (Pigments Metals Concrete Cunng Compounds Glazing Co~unds Asbestos Cleanina. S aces Acidity Floors & Walls Flash~ Copper, Aluminum ~uttiog (Cermnic -Ousts) Dusts Minerals Adhesives* . · . Remodeling & Demolition Insulation Asbestos Ventinf: Systems Alwninum, Zinc Brick, ement, Saw, Drywall Dusts · Air Conditioning & Heating Insulting Asbestos Coolant Reservoirs Freon Adhesives• YardO&M Vehicle and Machinery Maintenance Oils and Grease, Coolants Gasoline, Oils, Additives Benzene & Derivatives, Oils & Grease Marking Paints (Sprays) Vinyl Chloride, Metals -Grading, Earth Moving Erosion (Sediments) Portable Toilets BOD, Disinfectants (Spills) Fire Hazard Control (Herbicides) Sod~um Arsenite, Dinitro Health and Safe!Y . Compounds Rodenticides, Insecticides Wash Waters (Herbicides, Concrete, Oils, Greases) Landscaping & Earthmoving Planting_, Plant Maintenance Pesticides, Herbicides, Nutrients Excavatwn, Tillipg Erosion (Sediments) Maso\V: & Concrete* Solid astes (Trees, Shrubs) . BOD ExnssinJc Natural Lime or Other Mineral Deposits Acidity/Alkalinity, Metals S01 s A ditives . . Alwninum Sulfat:e, Sulfur Reve2etation of Graded Areas Fertilizers . . Materials Storage Waste Storie {Used Oils, Solvents, Etc.) Spills, Leaks, Polluted discharge Hazardous aste Containment Spills, ~aks, Polluted discharge Raw Material Piles Dusts, Sediments, Polluted discbart(e • Sec above categories. Note: VOC = Volatile Organic Colll)ounds, BOD = Biochemic!ll Oxygen De~d due to the use of oxygen by microorganism decomposing materials. References: USEPA, 1973. Processes, Procedures, and Methods to Control Pollution Resultin_g From Construction Activity. Office of Air and Water Progran11, EPA 430,9-73-007. October, 1973. Meech, Mark L, and M11rgaret Lattin Bazany, 1991. Conslnlction Creates Own Set of Hazardous Wastes. Hazmat World August, 1991. Gosaclin, R.E., Ph.D., R. P Smith Ph.D., and H.C. Hodge Ph.D., 1984. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products, Fifth Ed. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore/London . Construction Handbook l · 7 March, 1993 ' .. t ., • • • '. TABLE 1.2 COMMON SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS IN URBAN RUNOFF Urban Automobile/ Housekeeping/ Non-Storm Atmospheric Landscaping Industrial Construction W~ter Pollutant Deposit Practices Activities Activitj.es Connec,tions SEDIMENTS X X X X NUTRIENTS X X X X X BACTERIA AND X X X VIRUSES OXYGEN X X X X DEMANDING SUBSTANCES OILAND X X X X X GREASE Anti-Freeze X X X X Hydraulic Fluids X X X X X Cleaners and X X X X Solvents HEAVY METALS X X X X X Chromium X X X Copper X X X Lead X X X Zinc X X X Iron X X Cadmiwn X X Nickel X X Manganese X X Paint X X X Wood X x X Preservatives TOXIC MATERIALS Fuels X :x; X X PCBs X X Pesticides X X X X X Herbicides X X X X - FLOATABLES X X X References: Minnesota PCA (1989); Berman, L., et al. (1991); Woodward-Clyde (1990); USEPA (1991); Schueler (1987); Beaton, J., et al. (1972); and Oberts, G. (1986) . Municipal Handbook .1-7 Accidental Spills& Illegal Dumping X X X X X X ' X X X X X X X X X March, 1993 .. ,. l .: i ~.., ... -...:-:'~: ~ . ;-:: -~-~ ~ ;,,~,. ~ .... _:.. 1" •.. -.-i_; . . } -~-.. .:. •• • .• ,. Phase 1. Construction The greatest potential for short-term water quality impacts to the drainage basin would be expected during and immediately following the grading and construction phases of the project when cleared and graded areas are exposed to rain and storm water runoff. Improperly controlled runoff could result in erosion and sediment transportation into the existing drainage basin. During construction, the objectives for implementing.BMPs as described in the "California Storm Water Best Management Practice Handbook" are the following: practice good housekeeping, contain waste, minimize disturbed areas, stabilize disturbed areas, protect slopes and channels, control site perimeter and control intern.al eros10n. To mitigate storm water pollution, mostly sediment,. during construction, both BMPs for contractor activities and BMPs for erosion and sedimentation shall be used. BMPs for contractor activities include the following: • Managing dewatering and paving operations and structure construction and painting • Management of material delivery, use and storage • Spill prevention and control • Waste management for solid, liquid, hazardous and sanitary waste, contaminated soil, concrete • Vehicle and equipment cleaning, fueling and maintenance • Contractor, employee and subcontractor training • Illicit discharge/illegal dumping reporting • Clear water diversion and encroachment BMPs. for erosion and sedimentation control include the following: • Vegetative stabilization such as hydroseeding, planting or mulching • Physical stabilization such as dust control, geotextiles and mats, and stabilized construction entrances • Diversion .of runoff using earth dikes, tetnporary swales and drains • Sediment filtering using silt fence, straw bale and gravel bag barriers, rock filters, inlet protection, sediment traps and basins · A storm water pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) will be prepared and approved prior to issuance of a grading permit. The approved SWPPP shall be implemented during the construction phase. The SWPPP will consist of the selected BMPs, guidelines and activities to carry out actions which will prevent the pollution of storm water runoff. The SWPPP will also include the monitoring and maintenance of the construction BMPs during the construction phase . W:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\02104 7\SWMP\021120 BMP Construct Phase.doc ,:i" i.-' . ; • 4. BMPs FOR CONTRACTOR ACTIVITIES This chapter describes specific Best Management Practices (BMPs) for ·common construction activities that may pollute storm water. Chapter 2 led you through the steps of identifying activities at your site th.lt .can pollute stonn water, while Chapter 3 provided guidance on BMP selection. 1his chapter will provide a list of BMPs that can be used to fit your site~ s needs. BMP fact sheets are provided for each of the contractor's activities, noted in the box, are consistent with Worksheet 4 in Chapter 2. Each fact sheet contaim a cover sheet with: • A desaiption of the BMP • Approach • Requirements Costs, including capital cost$, and operation and maintenance (O&M) costs Maintenance (including administrative and st~ng) • limitations • References The side bar pre.&ents information on which BMP objective applies, targeted constituents, and an indication of the level of effort and co~ts to implement.: For some BMPs, .further infonnation is provided in additional sheets. Construction Handbook Contractor Activities Constr11ction Practi~s CAI Dcwatering Operations CA2 Paving Operations CA3 Structure Construction and Painting Material Management CAIO · Material Delivery and Storage CAI 1 Material Use CA12 Spill Prevention and Control W~ste Management CA20·. Solid. Waste Management CA21 H87.ardous Waste Management CA22 Contaminated Soil Management --CA23 Concrete Waste Management. CA24 Sanitary/Septic Waste · 'Management Vehicle and Equipment Management CA30 .Vehicle and Equipment Cleaning · CA3 l Vehicle and Equipment :;Fueling CA32 '(ep.icle ~d Equipment · Maintenance Contractor Trainin1 CA40 ~mployee/Subconiractor Tr~ing These BMP fact sheets are suitable for inclusion in many storm water pollution prevention plans for typical contractor activities. The BMPs listed are not an exhaustive list, nor will every BMP be appropriate for every sitllatioli. Therefore, suggested BMPs which are inappropriate "1ay be deleted and additional BMPs for ·specitlc site conditions should be aclded. In addition, your selection and implementation of BMPs should be reviewed on a regular basis to match the changing conditions at constniction sites . 4-1 March, 1993 ; q Ii f a= a. l ~ I w s:: j .... \0 ~ CAOI CA02 CA03 CAlO CAH CA12 CA20 CA21 CA22 CA23 CA24 CA30 CA31 CA32 CA40 ,. TABLE 4.1 CONTRACTOR ACTIVITIES AND BMP OBJECTIVES BMP OBJECTIVF.s PRACTICE PROTECT GOOD Ml,NIMIZE STillLIZE SLOPIS CONTROL CONTROL HOUSE-CONTAIN DISTURBED DIS'J'Uilm AND SD'E INTERNAL BMP CATEGORY KEEPING WASTE AREA AHA CHANNEU PERIMETER EROSION Construction Pracdces Dcwaterin2 Ooeralions ,I ,I ,I ,I Paving Oocrations .I Structure Consttuction and Paiotinf! ,I ,I Material Mana2ement Material Delivery and Storaee ,/ Material Use ,I Spill Prevention and Control .I Waste Manaeement Soll() Waste Manaecmcnt ,I Hazaroous WasceMana!ement ,I Contaminated Soil • • ent ,I ,I ,I Concrete Waste Manal!emeot ,I Sanirarv/Scntic Waste Manaeemcnt ,I Vehicle and Eoulpment Mana2en)ent Vehicle and Equiomcnt Cleanin~ ,/ .I -.I Vehicle and Eouimrumt Fueling ,/ V ~iclc 804 Equipment Maintenance _ ,I Contnctor _T;:!..':!::= ,f.mployee/SubcoQ~ Trainjng ,I .I • • ACTIVITY: DEWATERING OPERATIONS Storm Drain, DESCRIPTION . Prevent or reduce tbe discharge of pollutants to storm water from dewatering operations by 1JSing sediincnt controls and by testing lbc groundwatcr for pollution. APPROACH lbere are two gene:ral classes of pollutanlS tbat may result from dewatering aper.woos; sediment. and IDxic:s and petroleum pmdUCIS. A.high sedim~nt content in dcwatcring discharges is common because of the namre of tbe operation. On the other band, toxics and petroleum products are not commonly found in dcwatering discharges unless, the site or surrounding aiea.lla, been used for light or heavy industrial activities, or the mea bas a history of groundwater contamination. 1be following steps will help reduce stomi water · poUution from dewarering discharges: scwmeng Objectives <fCauselc_,,;ng Pnte~ ContainWut. Minimize Dg~ Arau Stabilize Distra1*1Arus Targeted. Pollutants • Sediment 0 Nutrient• '-Toxic M•erf•ls 0 Oil Ir Grease 0 Floatat,,le Materillls 0 Other Construction Waste •• UblytoH..,. Significant Impact 0 Probable Low or Unknown lmpet \. • Use sediment coottols ID iemove ~dimcnt from water generated by dcwatcring (Sec .,... __ _ Sediment Trap (ESC SS) and Sediment Basin (ESC 56) in Chapter S). • Use filtration ro remove sediment from a sediment trap or basin. Filtration can be achieved witb: .-S~ pit and a pcrfmatcd or slit staDdpipc with holes and wrapped in filter fabric. 1be standpipe .is sum>unded by stones which filteis tl,le water as it collects in Ille pit before being pumped oUL Wrapping the standpipe in filter fabric may teqUR an increased suction inlet area to avoid clogging and unac- ceptable pump operation. . Floating suction hose to allow cleaner surface water to be pumped ouL I 01ic;s and PcUnlePPJ Pmdpgs • In areas saspecta1· or having gmundwaler·pollution, sample the groundwater near the excavation site and have tile water tested fa known or suspecu;d poll11tants at a CCl'1ified iabontoly. Check with the Regional Water Quality Control Board and the Q Q Q Q 0 Implementation Requirements Capital Costs O&MCosts Maintenance Training Suitability for S/opes>5" local wastewater trQtment plant for their requirements for dcWatering, additional 1 · e High Q Law water quality tests. and disposal options. - • With a pennit fmD the Regional Wau:r Quality Con1rol Board, you may be able to CA1 recycle/aeuse pump:d groundwater for landscape iaigaf;ioo. or clisch;rge to tbc·storln sewer. With a pennit from the local agency, you may be able to treat pumped groundwater and discharge it to the municipal wastewater tteabilent plant via the sanitary sew.er. • For a quick reference on disposal alternatives for specific wastes, sec Table 4.2, CA40, Employee/Subconttactor Training. Construction Handbook 4-3 Ma,rch, 1993 CONTRACTOR ACTIVITY: DEWATERING OPERATIONS (Continue} REQUIREMF.NTS • CoslS (Capital. O&M) Sediment c:ontrols are low cost measures. Treabllcnt and/or discharge of polluted groundwater am be quite expensive. • Maintaumce Maintain sediment conttols and f"Jlten in good worting order.. (Sec Chapter S for details) Impect excavated areas daily for signs of contaminated water u evidenced by discolor.ition, oily sheen? or odcn. LlMITA 110NS • 1be presence of contaminated water may indicate contaminated soil as welt Sec CA22 (Contaminated Soil Man- agement) in this chapter for more informalion. REFERENCFS Blueprint for a Clean Bay-Constniction-Rela~ Jnduslries: Best Management Practices for Storm Water Pollution Prevention; Sanra Clara Valley Nonpoint Somcc Pollution Control Program. 1992. · Storm Water Management for Construction Activities, Developing Pollution Prevention. Plans and Best Management Practices, EPA 832-R-92005; USEPA. April 1992. CA1 Construction Handbook 4.4 March, 1993 ... ----------------------------------------~---------- -.ACTIVITY: PAVING OPERATIONS Graphic: North Central Texas COG, 1983 DESC.RIPI'ION Prevent or n:duce the discharge of pollutants from paving operation$. using measures to prevent runon and runoff pollution. properly disposing of wastes, and !raining employees · and subcontracton. · At'PROACH • Avoid pavmg during wet weather. • Store macerials away from drainage courses to prevent storm water runon (see CAI 0 Material Delivery and Storage). · • Prou:ct drainage counes, particularly in areas with a grade, by emp,oying BMPs to divett runoff or trap/fdtu sediment (see Chapter S). • Leaks and spills from paving equipment can contain toxic levels of heavy merals and oil and grease. Place drip pans CJI' absorbent ma~s under pav~g equipment when not in use. Clean up spills with abs9rbent materials rather than 1,,urying. See CA32 (Vehicle and Equipment M$nteoance) and CA12 (Spill Prevention and Control) in ~~~ - • Cover catch basins and manholes when applying seal coat, tack coat. slurry seal, fog seal,ctc. . ·• Shovel or vacuum saw-cut slurry and remove from ~ite. Cover or b:micade storm drains ~I saw culling ID contain slurry. • If paving involves portland cement concrete. see CA23 (Conaetc W~te Manage- . menl) in this chapter. • If paving involves aspbaltic c~ follow these steps: po not allow sand or gravel placed over new asphalt to wash into storm drains. str=ts, or creeks by sweeping. Properly dispose of this waste by referring to CA20 (Solid Waste Management) in Ibis chapter. Old aspbalt must be disposed of properly. Collect and remove all broken asphalt from the sire and recycle whenever possible. ttpaving involves on-site mixing plant, follow the storm water~rmitting n:quiremcnts for industrial activities. • Tnin employees and subcontrac:ton. REQUIREMENTS • · Costs (Capital, O&M) All of the above are low cost measures. • Maintenance Inspect employees andsubconllactors to ensure that llieasUl'C$ are being followed. K~ep ample supplies of drip pans or absorbent materials on-site. · LIMffATIONS · • 1bere arc no major limiralions to this best management practice. Constr~tion Handbook 4-S O~jectiv•s ~usekeepingPra~ Contain Waste Minimize Disturbed Areas Stabilize Distu,t:,ed Areas Prot,ct Slapes/Channlls Control Site Perimetsr_ Control lntemal Erosion Targeted Pollutants g Sediment 0 Nutrients Q Toxic Materials " Oil& Grease 0 Floatable Materials 0 Other Construction Waste • Uk•ly to H•• SlgniRcant Impact 0 t:'robab• Low or Unknown Impact Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Costa 0 O&MCosts Q Maintenance Q Training 0 Suitability for Slopes>5% • High O Low CA2 March, 1993 CONTRACTOR ACTIVITY: PAVING OPERATIONS (Continue) . REFERENCES Blueprint for a Clean Bay-Construction-Related llldustties: Best Management Practices for Storm Wau:r Pollution· . Pmventioa;. Santa Clam Valley Noopoint Source Pollution Conlrol Program, 1992. Hot-mix Asphalt Paving Handbook, U.S, Army Corps of Engineers, AC 150/S370-14, Appendix I. July 1991. CA2 Construction ·Handbook 4-6 · March, 1993 - ACTIVITY Objectives . : STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION AND PAINTING ~-1---------------------------------t Housekeeping Practices Graphic: North Central Texas COG, 1993 - l>ESCRIPTION Pn:vent·or reduce the discharge of pollutants to storm water from suuctwe consttuction and painting i:.y enclosing oc covering or henning building material storage an:as. using good housekeeping pracliccs. using safer alternative pro4udS, and training employees and . subcontractors. APPROACH . • Keep tho worlc site clean and orderly. Remove debris in a timely fashion. Sweep the area. • Use soil erosion control techniques if bare ground is expQSCd (See Chapter 5). · • Buy recycled or less b.aDrdous products to the maximum extent practicable. • Conduct painting opcradons consistent with local air quality and OS~ regulatio~- • Properly storc paints and solvcncs. See CAl0 ~~DcUvery and Storage) in.this cbaptcr. ; t Properly store and dispose waste materiais generated from the activity. See the waste manqcmcnt BMP$ (CA20 to CA24) in this chapter. • Recycle residual paints, solvcnrs. lumber, and other materials to tbe maximum extent practicable. • Make sun: tbat nearby stonn drains ,lie well marked to ininimit.e tbc cllancc of· inadvertent disposal of residual paints and olbcr liquids. • Clean the storm drain system in the immediate constructionareaafterconsuuction is completed. · • Educate employees who are doing the work. • Inform subcontractors of c:ompany policy 011 thesc_mauez:s and incl~dc app,-opriate provisions in tbcir·coottact JO mate certain popcr housekeeping and disposal practices are implemented. • For a quick reference on disposal alternatives for specific wastes. see Table 4.2., CA40, Employee/Subcontractor Training • . REQUlllEMENTS • Costs (Capilal, O&M) These BMPs are generally of low to moderate coSL • Maintepance -MamtcoaDce should be minimal. LIMITATlONS • Safer alternative products may not be available, suitable, or effective in-~very case. • Hazamous waste that cannot be re-used or recycled must be disposed of by a licensed bazardQus waste hauler. Comtruction Handbook 4-7 -Contain Waste · Minimize Disturbfld Ar11;,s <:ebillza Disturbed A~ Pro.tect Slopes/Channels ControlSUaPerim11ter Control Internal Erosion Targeted Pollutants 0 Sediment· · ;: 0 Nutrient• · Q Toxic Materials 0 OIi & Gi'e~" • Floatable Materials e · Other Construction Waste • Ukllly to H.w• () Slgnllic:a_nl lm~t Probabl• Low or Unknown Im ~t Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Costs 0 O&MCosts 0 Maintenani:e ~ Training 0 Suitabillty for Stope•>5% • High O Low CA3 March,1993 ACTIVITY: STRUCTURE CONSTRUCTION AND PAINTING {Continue) • Be certain tbat actions to help storm water quality arc consistent with Cal-and Fed-OSHA and air quality regula- tions. · Construction and painting activities can generate.pollutants that can reach storm water if proper care is not' taken. Th~ sources of tb~ conraminants may be solvents, paints, paint and varnish removers, ·.nnisbing residues, spent UliQners, soap cleaners, kerosene. asphalt and concrete materials, adhesive residues.. and old asbestos insulation. For specific information on some of these wastes sec tbe foHowing BMPs in this cbaptcr: CA20 Solid Waste, CA21 Hazardous Waste, and CA23 Concrete Waste. More specific information on structure construction practices is listed below. ~iog and SesJimentC01,1qp1 If the work involves exposing large area of soil or if old buildings· are being tom down and not replaced in the near future, employ tbe appropriate soil erosion and control techniques described in Chapter S. StonnJSan;,uy smr Connections Carefully install all plumbing and drainage systems. Cross connections between the sanitary and storm drain systems, as well as any other connections into the drainage system from inside a building, are ille~. Color code or flag pipelines.on the project site to prevent such connections. and ttain construction personnel. Paintina Local air polludon regulations may. in many areas of tbe stare, specify painting procedures which if properly camed out are us~y sufficicat to protect stonn water quality. These regulations may require tbat painting operations be properly enclosed or covered to avoid drift. Use temporary scaft'olding to bang drop cloths or draperies to prevent drifL · Applic tion eqmpmi:llt tbatminimizes ovcrspmy also helps. When using sealancs on wood, pavement. roofs, etc, quickly clean up spills. Remove excess liquid with absorbent material or rags. If painting requires saaping or sand blasting of the existing surface. use a drop cloth to co.llect most of the chips. Dispose the residue pmpedy. If the paint contains lead or tributyl tin. it is cQDsidered a buardous waste. Refer to the waste manaaeinentBMPs in tb.is chapter CCII' more information. Mix paint indoors, in a containment area. or in a Hat unpaved area not subject to significant etosion. Do so even during dry weatbar' because cleanup of a spill will never be 1009& effective. Dried paint will erode ftom sloped surfaces and be wasbc:d away by stmns. If using water based paints, clean lbc application equipment in a sink that is connected to the sanitary sewer or in a containment area wbere tbe dried paint can be readily removed. Properly store leftovc;r paints if they are to be kept for the next job, or dispose of properly. Roofwprlc When working on roofs, if small particles have accumulated in the gutter, either sweep out the gutter or wash the gutter and trap the particles at the outlet of the downspouL A sock or 1eofabric placed over the outlet may effectively trap the materials. If die downspout ~ lined light, place a temporary plug at die first convenient point in tbe storm drain and pump out the water with a vactor truck, and clean the catch basin sump where you placed the plug. REFERENCES Blueprint foe a Clem Bay-Construction-Related Industries: Best Management Practices for Storm Water Pollution Pre'lention; Santa Cara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Control ,Program, 1992. CA3 Construction Handbook 4-8 March, 1993 . ACTIVITY: MATERIAL DELIVERY AND STORAGE Objectives .,__. __________________________________________ -t CE.£us,keeping Prac~ DESCllJP110N Prc"Yellt or Rduce the discharge of pollutants to storm water f'rolll matel:ial delivery and storaae by minimizing the storage of bazardous materials on-sire, storing materials· in a . ~ignab:d mm. ·installing secondaly conrainment, conducting regular ~pcctions., and trainina employees and subcontncton. lbis best manaaement practice covers only material delivery .and storage. For otbct information on materials, see CAI 1 (Material Use), or CA12 (Spill ~vention and Control). For information on wastes, see the waste management l3MPs in Ibis chapter. APPROACH lbe following materials are commonly stcred on constructio~ sites: • Soil.. • Pesticides and berbicides. . ~ • Derergcnts, • Pluter or other products, • Peaoleum products such as fuel. oil. and grease, and • Otberbazardous chemicals sucb as acids. lim~ glues, paints, solvents, andcuring _ compounds. Storage of lhese materials on-site can pose tbe following ·risks: • Stonn water pollution, -• Injury to worms or visiron, • Groundwater pollution, and • Soil contamination. Therefore, the following steps should be ·taken to inmimize your risk: • Designate~ of the conslrUCdon site for material delive:ry·and storage. -Place near tbc consrruc:lion enuances. away from waterways Avoid transport near drainage padls or warerways Surround with eartb ·bams (see :ESC30, Barth Dike.) Place in an area wbich will be paved - • Stomge or reactive, ignitable, or flammable liquids m.ust co~ply with the fli'C codes of your area. Contact tbe local Fm:~ 10 review site materials; quantities. and proposed storage area to detmmine specific requirements. See the Flammable and Combusbbk: Liquid Code, NFPA30. • For a quick reference on disposal alternatives for specific wastes, see Table 4.2, CA40, Employee/Subcontractor Training. • Keep an aa:urare, up-to-date· inventay of materials delivered:and stored on-site. • Keep your inventory down~ Comttuctlon Handbook · 4-9 Contain Waste Minimize Oistutbed Areas Stabilize Disturbed Arwas Protect SlopflSIChann•ls Control Sit• Perimeter Cantrol lntamal Erosion Targeted Pollutants Q Sediment Q Nutrients Q Toxic Materials ~ OIi & Grease Q Floatable Materials 0 Other Construction Waste • . Likely to Hav• Significant Impact 0 P"2babl• Low or Unknown Impact Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Costs 0 O&MCost• . 0 ·Maintenance ~ Training 0 Suita~illty for Slopes>5" ! e High O Low .CA10 Marcht 1993 ACTIVITY: MATERIAL DELIVERY AND STORAGE (Continue) ,t-------------------------------.--~--------~11 ' 1 • Minimize hazardous materials on-site storage. • • Handle hazardous materials as infe,qucntly as possible • • During the rainy season, consider storing materials in a covered area. Store materials in secondary containments such as an earthen dike, horse trough, oc even a-children's wading pool for non-~ti.ve materials sucb as det.ergcnu. oil, grease, and paints. Small amounts ofmatmal may be secondarily contail)ed in .. bus boy" trays or concrete mixing ttays. ,. Do not store chemicals, drums. or bagged materials directly on the gro1D1d. Place these items on a pallet arid. when possible, in secondary containmenL • If drums must be kept uncovered, store lbcm at a slight angle to reduce ponding of rainwater on the lids and to ,. • reduce COll'OSiOD. Try to keep chemicals in their original containers. and keep them well labeled. Tmin employees and subcontractors • • Employees llaincd in emergency spW cleanup procedures should be pn:sent when dangerous materials or liquid chemicals are unloaded.· · 1 • If significant iesidual materials tcmain on the ground after coosttuctioa is complete, properly remove materials and any contaminated soil (See CA22). If the area,is to be paved, pave as soon as materials are removed to smbili7.e the I SOiJ. , REQUIREMENTS • Cost (Capital, O&M) -All of the above an: low cost measures. • Maintenance -Keep tbe designated storage area clean and well organized. , -Conc_luct toutine weelcly inspeClions and check for external corrosion of material containcn. -Keep an ample supply of spill cleanup materials near the storage area. ,LIMlf ATIONS • Stomp sheds often must meet buildin: and fire code·n:quirements. : REFERENCES ! Best Management Pmc:tices and Erosion Control Manual for Consuuclion Sites; Flood Control Disttict ofMaricopa . County, AZ September 1992. l:llueprintfor a Clean Bay-Construction-Related Industties: Best Management Practices for Storm Watr:r Pollution ~vend.on; Santa Oara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program. 1992; Santa Clam Valley Nonpoint Soun:e ~llution Control Program. 1992. : Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Program Development and Approval Guidance, Working Group Working Paper, USEPA. April 1992. -- , Storm WBll:r Management for Construction Activities; Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best Management Practices. EPA 832-R-92005; USEPA, April 1992. CA10 Construction Handbook 4-10 Maret-, 1993 • ' • I I ! ( ACTIVITY: MATERIAL USE Objectives 1-------------------------------------1 ~OUSlkHping Pracfces Graphic: . No,th Cenlral Texas COG, 19913 -----~ 1111 1111 1111 -~- DESCRIPTION Prevent or reduce the discharge of pollura.us to storm water from material use by using alternative products, minimizing .bazudous material use on-site, and training employees and subcontractots. · APPROACH The following materials are cOUIDlonly used on construction sites: • Pesticides and herbicides. • Fertilizers. • Oetergents, • Plaster and other products. • Petroleum products such as fuel, oil. and grease. and · • , Other hazardous c:bemicals Slicb as acids. lime. glues, paints, solvents, and curing compounds. , Use of these maraials on-sire can pose the following risks:· · • .Sto111l water pollution. • Injury to worlcers or visitors. • Groundwaf.el' polluti°' and • Soil contamination. . Therefore. the following steps should be taken. to minimize your risk: • Use lc;ss bm:ardous. alremative materials as mum as possible. • Minimize use of hazardous matl:rials on-site. • Use .materials only where and wbe:D needed ro complete the coostruction activity. • Follow manufacturer's instructions regarding uses. protective equipment, ventilation, flammability,. and. mixing of chemicals. ~ Personnel who use pesticides should be lrained in their use. T:be California Depart- ment of Pesticide Regulation and county agricultural ·CCJOlmissiC>DerS license pesticide · dealers. c:enify peslici.de applicators. and condu~ on-site inspections. • Do not over-apply fenili'ZCIS, herbicides. and pesticides. Prep~ only the amount n~. FQllow the recommended usage insttuctions. Over-application is expensive and environmentally harmful. Unless on steep slopes, till fertilizers into the soil rather tban hydrosccding. Apply surface dressings in several smaller applications. as opposed to one large applic:ad.on, to allow lime for infiltration and to avoid excess ~ being camcd off-site by runoff~ Do not apply these,chemicals just before it rains. • Triin employees and subcontractors in proper inalerial use. Comtr11c:tion Handbook 4 -11 Stabilize DistudHKI Arus Protect Slopes/ChiMels Control Sit• Perfmtter Control lntemal Erosion Targeted Pollutants 0 ·Sediment Q Nutrients Q toxic Matetials Q Oil & Grease Q FloatalJle Ma,terfals 0 Other Construction Waste · • Uke'Y._ to Have Sls,n,'tlc:ant Impact 0 Probable I.ow (I( -Unknown lmp~t Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Costa 0 O&MCosts 0 Maintenance Q Training 0 Suitability far Sfopes>5% • High O ·Low CA11 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: MATERIAL USE (Continue) REQt:JIREMF.NTS • Costs (Capital, O&M) • All of the above 11C low cost measures. • Mainteaaor.c • Mainraaance of this best management practice is minimal. LIMITATIONS • Altemative materials may not be •vailable. suitable. or effeclivc in evrr, case. REFERENCES ' Blueprint fOI" a Clean Bay-Construction-Related Industries: Best Management ~ces for Storm W&ll:r Pollution Prevention; Santa Clara Valley Nonpoint Soun:e Pollution Control Program,. 1992; Santa Clara Valley Nonpoint Source . Pollution Conuol Propam. 1992 • . Coasral Nonpoint Pollution Control Program: Program Dcveiopment and Approval Guidance. Woddng -Group Working Paper; USEPA. April 1992. ; Stoim Watrz Management for Construction Activities; Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best Management Pmctic:es. EPA 832·R-92005; USEPA. April 1992. CA11 Construction Handbook 4-12 March, 1993 • ACTIVITY: SPILL PREVENTION AND CONTROL .. Objectives 1------------,----------------~ <::HEuselcaeping Prac~ Contain Wast• I •~~~mrbedmas Stabili~ Disturt,,,d Artas Protect $1opa/Chann,ls / DESCRIPI'ION ~~nt or n=ducc tbc di.scbargc of pollutants to sionn water"from.leaks and spills by reducing die cbaDc:e for spills. stopping the souic:e of spills. amraining and cleaning up spills, properiy ~sposing of spill materials, and ~g employees.. 'Ibis best management practice covers only spill pevenUon and control. Howe~. CAlO (Marcrial Delivery and Storaae) and CAU (Material Use), also contain useful inf~a- tion. particularly 011 spill preventi011. For infonnation on wastes, sec the waste manage- m~nt BMPs in this cbaprer. ·APPROACH 1be followmg steps will help reduce tbe storm· water impacts of leaks ·and spills: Pcflue "Simiflc;anl Spill" • Diffen:nt materials pollute in different amounts. Make sure tl;lat each employee knows wbat a "sipwlcant spW" is foe each material they use, and what is lbe appro- priate response for •significant• and "insiP,ificant" spills. Gent;mIMcmnvea • Huardous ~als and wastes should be:stored in covered containers and ·protected from vandalism. • Place a scockpile of spill cleanup materials where it wW be readily accessible. • Tram employees in spill pre~onand deanup. • I>esignate responsible individuals. CJcapug • Clean up leaks and· spills immediately. • On paved surfaces, clean up spills with as little water as possible. Use a rag for small spills. a damp m~ for general cleanup, and absorbent material for larger spills. If the spilled malerial is hazardous, then the used cleanup materials arc also bazardous an4 must~ a;nt to eitber a cerlified laundry (rqs) or disposed of as ha:,r;ar~s waste. • Never hoae down or bury dry malaial spills. Clean up as much of the material as possible and dispose of properly • ..See the waste management BMPs m this .chapter for specillc informapon. Beportinr • Report significant spills to local agencies. sucb as the Fire Deparbilent; they c;m assist in cleanup. • Federal egulatiom requim that any signifi~t oil spill into a water body or onto an adjoining sbm:eline be reported to the National Response Center (NRC) at 800-424- 8802 (24 hour). Construction Handbook 4 ~ 13 Control Sit• Perim,t,r Control lntemal Erosion Targeted Pollutants 0 Sediment 0 .Nutrients Q Toxic Materials Q Oil & Grease 0 Floatabl• Materials 0 Other ConstnJction Waste • Uk-,YtoHan $lgnltican_t Impact 0 Probable Low or µnlinown lm'tla:t · lmplemenb,t~on Requirements 0 ,Capital Costs Q O&MCosts 0 Maintenance· Q. Training 0 Suitability for Slopes>5" I e High Q. Low CA12 March,1993 ijiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.il : . ACTIVITY: SPILL PREVENTION AND, CONTROL (Continue) Use the following measures related to,spccific activities: Vehjcle nnd F.guipment Maintenance • If maintenance must occur ·on-sire, use a desi&oatcd area and/or a sccoudary containment, located away from drainage courses. to prevent the runoo of storm water and lbe runoff of spills. • Reaularly inspect on-site vehicles and .equipment for leaks, and repair immediately •. • Check incoming vehicles and equipment {including· delivery trucks. and employee and subcontractor vehicles) for leaking oil and fl~ds. Do not allgw leaking vehicles or equipment on-site. • Always ~ secondary containment, such as a drain pan or drop cloth, to catch spills or lcalcs when removing or changing. fluids. • Place drip pans or amorbent materials under paving equipment wben not in use. • Use adsorbent marerials on small spills rather than hosing down or burying tbe spill. Remove tbe adsorbent mareri- als promptly and dispose of properly. • Promptly transfer used fluids-to tbc proper waste or recycling drums. Don't leave;. full drip pans or other open coafainem lying aroullli • Oil fdren disposed of in trash cans or dumpsters can leak oil and pollute storm water. Place lhe oil filter in a funnel over a waste oil ,recycling drum to drain excess oil befon: dis~. Oil nla:rs can also be recycled. Ask your oil supplier or recycler about recyclin1 oil filtt:rs. • Store cracbd baUcries in a non-leaking secondary container. Do this with all cracked batteries, even if you think all tbe acid bas drained ouL If you drop a battery, lrl;at it as if it is cracked. Put it into lhe containment area; until. you an: sure it is not leaking. YebidG and Eqnimncor E0clipe • If fuelin1 must occur on-site, use designa~d areas. loca~d away from drainage courses. to prevent tbe ~~on of ; storm water and Ille runoff of spills. • Discouraac .. topping-off' of fuel tanb. · ~ Always use secondary containment. such as a dra,in pan, when fueling to carcb spills/leaks. REQUIREMENTS • Costs (Capital, O&M) -Prevention of leaks and spills is inexpensive.: Treatment and/or disposal of contaminated soil or water can be quite expensive. • Maincenance -K~ ample supplies of spill control and cleanup materials on-site. near storage. unloading. and maintenance areas. -Update your spill prevention and conlrol plan and stock cleanup materials as c~ges occur in the types of chemicals on-site. ' LJMirATIONS • If necessary, use a private spill cleanup company. REFERENCES Blueprint for a Clc:aa Bay-Construction-Re.lD.ted Industries: Best Management Practices for Storm Water Pollution Pre'YCDtion; Santa Clara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, 1992; Santa Clara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Co'1110l Program, 1992. SIOJm W111:r Management for Construction, Activities, Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best Management J'ractlces. EPA 832-R-9200S; USEPA. April 1992. CA12 Construction Handbook 4. 14 March, 1993 • .-----------------------------~-------- . ACTIVITY: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT Graphic: Nqt1h Central Texas COG, 1993 l)ESCRIPrION Pre-,entor reduce tbe discharge of pollutants to stcrm water fro,n solid or ~tion wute b7 providin1 designated wute collection areas and containers. arnmging for regular disposal, and llaining employees and subcontractors. APPROACH Solid waste is one of lbe major pollutants resulting from construction. Construction debris includes: · • Solid waste generated from u=s and shrubs removed during land clearing, demolition -of existing structures (rubble). and building construction; • PadalginJ materials includjng wood, paper and plastic; • Saap or surplus building marerials including saap metals, rubber, plastic, glass p~ and masonry produc;U; and - • Dcmestic wastes including;food containers sucb as beverage ems, coffee cups, paper hap. and plastic wrappel'S,-and cigarettes. lbe following stepS will belp keep a~ site and red11cc storm water pollution: • Select designated waste collection areas on-site. • Infmm trash hauling contractors tbal you will accept only water-tight dumpsters for OIHite use. Inspect dumpsters for l=-ks and repair any dumpster that is not warer tight. • Locate containers in a covered area and/or in a sccon~ containmenL • Provide an adequate number-of containers with lids or covers-that can be placed over tbc container to keep rain out or to prevent l~s of wastes wb~ it's windy. • P-lat for additional containers and more frequent pickup during tbe demolition phase of construction. • ColJ,ect site trash daily, especially during rainy and windy conditions • • Objectives Housekaep.-ng Practic,s ~ Minimize Oisturbad ArNS St.abiliz• Disturbed Atwas Protect Slopes/ChanMls Control Sit• Perimeter Control Internal Erosion Targeted Pollutants Q Sediment 0 Nutrients 0 Toxfc Mat,efi11/s 0 Oil & Grease e Floatable Materials e Other Construction Waste • Uk•ly to Haiti• -Slgnitk:ant Impact 0 Probable Law or Unknow11 lmpaf:t Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Costs 0 O&ilCosts Q Maintenan_ce Q Training ·O Suitability far Slopes>5% Erosion and scdim_ ent control devices tend to collect litter. Remove this solid waste pm:npdy. f e -Htgh O Low · • • • • Make sure lhat toxic liquid wastes (used oils, solvents, and paints) and chemicals (acids, peslicides, additives, curing compounds) me not disposed of in dumpsters CA2Q designated for consuuction debris. Salvage or recycle any useful mat.erial. For example,. trees and shrubs from land clearing am be used as a brush barrier (see ESC53), or converted into wood chips, dim used as mulch on graded areas (see ESCl 1). Do not hose out dumpsters on the construction site •. Leave dumpster cleaning to ttasb balling conuactor. Arrange for regular waste collection before containers overflow . Comtniction Handbook 4-1S . March, 1993 • • • ACTIVITY: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT {Continue) If a c::011tainet docs spill, clean up immediately • Make swe that construction wute is collec::ted, removed, and disposed of only at authorized disposal ~- Train employees and subconaactors in proper solid waste manaaemenL • For a quick refcrcnce on disposal alternatives fOI' specific wastes, sec Table 4.2, CA40, Employee/Subcontractor Tramm&. REQUJllEMENTS • Costs (Capital, O&M) All of the above an= low c::ost measures. • MainteDaDce Collect site trash daily. Inspect construction waste area regularly. Arrange.for rcauJar waste oollcction. LIMITATIONS • l'heie are no major lbnitad.ons to this best management practice. REFERENCU BestManqemmt Practices and Erosion Control Manual fot Construction Sites; Flood ConttQl Diistrict of Maricopa County. AZ September 1992. · Processes. ProcedUi:'es, and Mctbods ID Control Pollution Resulting from all CODSll'UCtie>n Activity; USEPA, 430/9-73- 007, 1973. . Stmm Wat« M.iaagemcnt rcr C~tructioia Activities, Developing Pollution Pn:ves:ui~: Plans.and.Best Management Practlc:es. EPA 832-R-9200S; USEPA, April 1992. CA20 Construction Handbook 4-16 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT Graphic: Ncnh Central Texas COG, 1993 DESCRJPl'ION Pre-wnt or n:duc:c the discharge of pollulantS to storm water from hrwdous waste ~ugh proper marcrial use, waste disposal. and lraining of employees and subcoocractors. APPROACH Many of the c::bemi~s used on-site can be hazardous materials which become ba7.ardous waste upon disposal. These wastes may include: • Paints and solvents; • • • _., Petroleum products such as oils. fuels, and grease; He.rbicides and pesticides; A.cids for deaning masonry; and c~ curina a,mpounds. Objectives Housekeeping Practices @ntailr wasj> MiniiniZtl Disturbed Areas Stabilize Disturbed Areas Protect Slopes/Channels . Conlrol Site Peri1Mter Control lntemal Erosion Targeted _Pollutants 0 Sediment 0 Nutrients g Toxic Materials 0 Oil& Grease 0 Floatable Materials: 0 Other Construction Waste • U=toffav•· SI, 'll~t Impact 0 Proba.bla Low.or Unknown.lmp~t · In addition, sites with existin& struclllreS may contain wastes whitb m.ust be disposed of in .,_ ___ _ accordance with Federal, Stale, and local regulations. lbc:se w;JStes include: • Sandblasting grit mixed with lead-, cadmium-. or chromium-based paints; • Asbestos; and • PCBs (particularly in older transformers)·, . The following sreps will' belp reduce storm warer pollution from hazardous wastes: Material Use · • UscaU of the product before disposing of tbe container. · • Do not remove the original 'product label. it contains important safety and disposal information. · · • Do not over-apply herbicides and pesticides. Prcpam,only the amount needed. FoJlow the RCOmmendc:d 115'ge instructions. Over-application -is expensive· and environmentally hannful Apply sud'ac::e-dressings in several.smaller applications, ~ opposed to one Jarge applicalion.10 allow time-for infilttation and ~ avoid excess material being carried off-sice by mnoff. Do not apply these-chemicals just before it rains. PeopJe applying pesticides must be certified in accordance with Federal and - Stale regulations. • Do not c::lean out brushes or rinse paint containers mto the dirt. $treet, gutter, storm drain, or SU'CalD. "Paint out,• brushes as-much as possible. Rinse water-based paints to the sanitary sewer. Filter and n:-use thinners and solvents. Dispose of excess oil- based pajnts and sludge as hazardous waste. Comtruction Hand~ 4-17 Implementation Raquiramants 0 Capital Costs 0 O&M·Costs Q Maintenance Q. Training 0 Suitability far Slapes>5% • High O Low . I CA21 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: HAZARDOUS WASTE.MANAGEMENT (Continue) wa,re JJecyclincrtpisposal •. • Select desiptcd hazardoui waste collection areas on-site. • Hazaldous ~rials and wastes should be stored in covered con~ers and proaected from vandalism. • Place baziardous waste containeis in scconcla,ry containment. · • Do not mix wastes. this can cause chemical reactions. 11181cc n:cyclin& impossible, and complicate disposal. • Recycle any useful material such as used oil or wa1er-bascd paint. i • Mak.e sure that toxic liquid wastes (IJSCCI ollSt solvents. aild paints) and cbemic:a1a (~~ pesticides, additives. curing compounds) are not disposed of in dumpsters designated_ for construction debris. • .Arrange for regular waste collection before containers overtJ.ow. , • Make sun: mat hazardous w-5te (e:g. excess oil-based paint and sludges) is collected. removed. and disposed of only at authorized disposal areas. • For a quick reference·on disposal alternatives for specific wastes. see Table 4.2, CA40, EmploycelSubc:onttactor Training. · Imio;n, • Train employees and subconttactors in proper ~ous waste management. •· Warning sips should be placed in areas recently treated with chemicals. · • Place a stockpile of spill cleanup materials where it will be readily accessible. • If a container does spill, clean up immediately. REQUIREMENTS • Costs (Capital. O&M) All of tbe above are low cost measURs • • Main~ Inspect haurdous waste r=cpracles and area re1ularly. Arran1e for regular hazardous waste collection. LIMITATIONS . • Hazardous wasrc that cannot be reused or recycled must be disposed ofby a licensed hazardous waste hauler. REFERENCES Blueprint for a Clean Bay-ConstNCtion-Related Industries: Best M~agcment Practices for Storm Water Poll~tion Prevention; Santa·Clara Valley Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program, 1992. ,: Processes,, Procedures, and Methods to Conlrol Pollution Resulting from all Construction Activity; USEPA. 430/9-73- . 007, 1973. Storm Water Management for Construction Activities, Developing Pollution Prevention Plans an4 Best Management Practic~ BPA 832-R-92005; USEPA, April 19'J2. CA21 Construction Handbook March, 1993 ' ' i : ! I \ ACTIVITY:. CONTAMl",\TEO SOIL_ MANAGEMEt4T DESCRIPTION Prevent orn,duce tbe discbarge of pollutants to stolUl water frtm contaminated. soil and highly acidic or alkaline soils by conducting pre~truction surveys, inspeating e,tcava- tions regularly, and remedialing contaminaicd soil promptly. APPROACH Contaminated soils may occuron your site for several reasons including: • Past sill: uses and activili,es; • Detected or undetected spills and leaks; and • Acid or alkaline solutions from exposed soil or rock. formations high in-acid or alkaline-forming elements. Most developers mnduct pre-<011sauction enviromnenW assessments as a matt.er of routine. Recent COUit rulinp boldin& cpntrzlClQQ ~le rm cleanup costs whcn·they unknowingly move conwninatcd soi). highlight tbc need for coniractors to conf'um that a site BSSCS$11lenl is completed l:!s:fmll earth moving begins. The following steps will bclp reduce storm water pollution from contaminated soil: -• · Conduct thorough site planning including pre-constpiction,geologic sw:veys. • Look foe contaminated soil as evidenced by discoloration, odors, differences in soil properties, abandoned underground ~ or pipes, or buried debris. • Prevent leaks and spills to tbe maximum extent practicable. Contaminated soil can be expensive to 111:al IJld/or dispose of propedy. However, addressing the problem befoie consuuclion is much less expensive tban after tbe sttuctures 311: in place. • Test suspected soils at a certified laboratory. • If lhc soil is contaminated,, work witb the local regulatory agencies to develop options for treatment andlor disposal. • For a quick reference on disposal alte-matives for specific wastes, see Table 42, Objectives Housekeeping Practices <£antain \VasJi> Protect Sfopas/Channels Control Sit• PerimatM Control lntamal Erosion Targeted Pollutants · '-Sediment 0 Nutrients • Toxic Materials 0 Oil& Grease 0 Flaatable Materials 0 Other-Construction Waste • UkelytaHave SlgnlOr:ant Impact 0 Probabl• I.aw or Unknown fmpltt:f Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Costs '-O&MCast.s . g -Maintenance Q Training 0 Suitability for Slopes>R CA40, Employee/S11bconaact0r Training. [ • High Q Law -, REQUIREMENTS • Cosu (Capiral. O&M) Prevention of leaks and spills is inexpensive. Treatment and/or disposal of contaminated soil can be quill: expensive. • Maintenance Inspect ex.c:avaw:d areas daily for signs of contaminated soil. linplement CA12, Spill Prevention an4 Control, to prevent leaks and spills as mucb as possible. Construction Handbook 4-19 CA22 March,1993 ACTIVITY: CONTAMINATED SOIL MANAGEMENr {Continue) i • LIMffATIONS ' • Contaminated soils that Clllllot be treated on-site must be d$sposed of off-site by a licensed hazardous waste, hauler • • The prescncc of C011ttrnioarrd soil may indicate coorap,ioatrd wllr:I' as well See CAl (Dewatering Operaf.jons) in Ibis d>apter for more information. REFERENCES . Bluepdnt for a Clean Bay-Constnx:tiOll•Related Industries: 'Best Management Practices for Storm Wau:r Pollution · Pn:venfion; Santa Clara Valley Nonpo•t Source Pollution ContJt)l Program. 1992. Procesaes, Procedures. and Methods ID Control Pollution Resultin1 Crom all Consttuction Activity; USEPA, 430/9-73- ·007.1973. I .. Storm Water Management· for CoDSU'UCtim Acti-vitics, Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and B~t Manage,ment Practices, EPA 832-R-92005; USEPA, April 1992. ' I I ., • ' •. I I . : ; CA22 a I~ Construction Handbook 4-20 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: CONCRETE WASTE MANAGEMENT DESClUPTION . ·Pre-vent or reduce the discharge of pollutanr.s to storm water from concrete waste by cooducting washout off-site. performing on-site washout in a designated area. and training C$ployecs and subcontractors. ·APPROACH The following steps will-help reduce storm wa~ pollution from concrete wastes: • Store dry and wet materials wdcr cover, away from dr~nagc areas. • • • • • • • • Avoid-mixing excess amounts of fresh concrete or cement on-site. Perform washout of concrete aucts off site or in designated areas only • Do not wash out conaele uucks into stonn drains. open ditches. streets, or streams. Do not allow e~cess concrete to be dumped on.a.site,, except in designated areas • For on-site washout: -locate washout area at least SO feet from storm· drains. open ditches. or water bodies. Do aot allow runoff from lhis area by constructing a temporary pit or benned area large enough for liquid and solid waste; wasb out waslCS ~to the temporary pit where the concrete can set, be broken up, and then disposed of.properly. Wben washing amcrcte to remove fine particles and expose lhc aggregate. avoid c:n:adng nmoffby draining the water to a bermed or level area. Do not wasb sweepings from exposed aggregate concrete into the ~trect or storm drain. CollC!:t and =um sweepinas to aggregate base stock pile, or dispose in the trash. Tram employees and subcontractors in prQper concrete waste managcmen~ For a quick reference on disposal alternatives for specific wastes, .see Table 4.2, CA40, Employee/Subcontractor Training. REQUIRFJ'v.lENTS • Costs (Capital. O&M) All of the above me low cost measures. • Maintenance Inspect subcontractors to ensure that concrete wastes are being properly man-.~ . If using a temporary pit, dispose hardened concrete on a.regul;tt basis. LIMITATIONS • Off-site washout of concrete wastes may not always be possible. Construction Handbook 4 -21 Objectives Housekeeping Practicss <entain Wa-?!D Minimize Disturbed Areas Stabilize-Disturbed Arsas Protect Slop•s!Channals Control Sit• Parim,ter Contro1·1ntemal Erosion Targeted Pollutants 0 Sediment 0 Nutrient• 0 T9xic Materials 0 Oil& Grease 0 Flaatable Materials Q Other Construction Waste •• Uk•ttoHan Sign tlcant Impact 0 Probable Law ar Unknown Impact Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Casts 0 O&MCosts Q Maintenance '-Training 0 Suitability for Slopes>&% • High O Low· CA23 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: CONCRETE WASTE MANAGEMENT (Continue) REFERENCES ·BestManageinent Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sites; Rood Control District of Maricopa County, AZ, July 1992. Blueprint for a Clean. Bay-ConstruClion·Related Induseries: Best Managc:mc11t Practices for Storm Wattr PolluliQn Prevention; S•ta Clara Valley Nonpoint S<UC:e Pollution Cootrol Program, 1992. StonD Wauz Management for Construction Activiues, Developing Pollulioll Prevention Plans.and Best Management Practices, BPA 832-R-92005; USEPA, April 1992. CA23 Construction Handbook 4-22 March, 1993 • .ACTIVITY: SANITARY/SEPTIC WASTE MANAGEMENT DESCRIPTION Prevent or n:duce the discharge of pollutants to sronn water from sanitary/septic waste by providing convenient. well-maintained facilities. and ananging for regular service and disposal. APPROACH Sanitary or septic wasu:s should be treated or disposed of in accordance with State and . local requirements. 1bcse requirements may include: • Locate sanitary facilities in a convenient location. • Un~tcd raw wastewater sbould never be discharged or buried~ • Temporary septic systems should treat wastes to appropriate levels before discharging. • If usin1 an on-site disposal system (OSDS), such as a septic system, comply with local heallh agency tequiremel'lts. • Tc~ saniw:y facililies tbat discbargc to the sanitary sewer system should be properly connected ro avoid illicit dischar:cs. • If di5Cbm&ing to the sanitary sewer, contact the local wastewater treafment piant for their requiremenlS. • Sanitary/septic faciliti~ should be maintained in good.working order by a licensed service. . • • Arrange for tegular waste collection by a liccnsc;d hauler before facilities overflow . For a quick ref~cc on disposal altemalives for specific wastes, see Table 4.2. CA40, Employee/Subcontmc:tor Training. REQUIREMENTS • Costs (Capital, O&M) All of the ·above arc low cost measures. • .Maintenance Inspect facilities regularly. Arrange for regular waste collection. LIM:ITATIONS · • There are no major limitations to tills best management practice. REFDENCES Best Management Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sites; Flood · Control District of Maricopa County. AZ, Scprcmbcr 1992. Stonn Watr:r Management for Construction Activities, Developing Pollution Prevention Plans and Best ~gcmcnt Practices, EPA 832-R:.9200S; USEPA, April 1992. Construction Handbook 4-23 Obj~ives Housekeeping Practices ~ Minimize Disturbed Areas Stabilize Disturbed.Areas Protect Slopes/Channels Control.Site Perimeter Contra/ lntemal Erosion Targeted Pollutants 0 Sediment 0 Nutrient$ 0 Toxic Materials 0 Oil & Grease 0 Flaatable Materials Q Other Construction Waste e 'Likely to Have Slgnlnr:ant lmpilct 0 Probable Low or Unknown Impact Implementation Requirements 0 . Capital Casts Q O&MCosf$ · Q Maintenance 0 Training 0 Suitability for Slapes>5% • High O Low CA2.4 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT CLEANING Objectives --------------------------------1 <:[ouse1c..,,;ng Prac~ Graphic: Narth Central Tuas COO, 1993 -- DESCJUPTION Prevent or mluce the discharge of pollutants to storm water from vehicle and equipment cleaning by using off-site facililies. wasbing ill designated, contained areas only, eliminat- ing discbaqes to die sUJrm dram by infdtrating or recycling tbe wash water, and/or training employees and subcontractors. APPROACH • Use off-site commercial wasbiilg businesses as much as possible. Washing vehicles and cquipmept ourdooa or in 8IC8S wbe11: wash watertlows onto paved surfaces or: into dninaae pathways can pollute stQrm water. If you wasb a bqe number of vehicles or pieces of equipment. consider conducting tbis work at an off-site.commer- cial bu.sinass •. These businc:sses are better equipped to handle and dispose of the wasb · warms properly. Perfonniq Ibis ~ off-site can also be economical by eJimioa•i:ng the need for a separaae washing operation at your site. • If washing must occur on-site. use. desipatcd. bermed wash areas to prevent wash water a>atact with storm waler, ac:eks. rivers, and other water bodies. The wash area can be sloped for wash water collection and subsequent infiln.tion inlO the ground. • Use as little water as possible to awid having to install erosion aild sediment a,ntrols Jor the wash area. • Use pbospbar.e-free. biodegradable soaps. • Educate employees and subconq:acton. on pollution prevention meas1res. • Do not pennit steam cleaning on-site. Steam cleaning can generate significant pollutant concmaations. · • For a quick :refen:Dc:e on disposal alternatives for specific wastes. see Table 4.2, · CA40, :Employee/SubcontnlCtC)r Training. ·REQUIREMENTS ~ Costs (Capital. O&M) All of Ille above an: low cost measures. • Maintenance Minimal. some berm repair may be necessary. LIMITATIONS • Even pbospbate-.he, biodepadable soaps have been shown to be toxic to fish before the soap degrades. • Sending veliicles/equipment off-site should be doile in conj1D1clion with ESCZ4 (Stabilized Construction Entrance). REFERENCE · Swisher, RD., 1987. Surfactant Biodegradation. Marcel Decker Corpomtion Comtruction Handbook 4-.24 Contain Wasll &finimia-Disturbed Arus Stabilize DistulNd MUS Targeted Pollutants 0 Sedimet'tt 0 Nutrients g Toxic M••rl•ls Q Oil& Grease 0 Floatllble Materials 0 Other Construction Waste • UkelytoH.w 0 Slgnlffcanl Impact Probab• Low or UnknoJ1111 Imp.ct Implementation Requirements Q Capital Costs 0 O&MCosts g Maintenance 0 Training 0 Suitability for Slopes>5" • High O Low CA30 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT FUELING Objectives -------------------------.---------1 <:Hiusekeeping PracU~ DESCltlPTION Prevent fuel spills and lcalcs, and reduce their impacts to storm water by using off-site facilities, fueling in designated areas only. enclosing or covering stored fuel, implementing spill controls. and lraining employees and subcontnctDrS. APPROACH • Use off-site fueling statioas as much as possible. Fueling vehicles and equipment outdoors or in 8IC8S where fuel may spill/leak onto paved swfaccs ot into drainage pathways can pollute· storm water. If you fuel a large number of vehicles or picc::cs cif equipment. consider using an off-site fueling station. 1besc businesses arc better equipped to baadle fuel and spills properly. PerfOIIlling lhis work off~site can also be economical by eliminating tbc need for a separate fueling area at your site. • If fuelina must occur on-site, use designau::d areas. located away from drainage courses, to pmvent me runon of storm water and Ille runoff ofspills. • D:iscouraae .. topping-off" of fuel tanks. • Always use secondary 4;00tainmcDt, sucb as a drain pan or drop cloth. when fueling to· catdl spills/leaks. • Place .a stockpile of spill cleanup mat&:rials wbete it will be readily accessible. • Use adsod>ent marerials on small spilis rather lban bos~g down or burying ~c spill. Remove tbe adsorbent materials promptly and dispose of properly. • C-,ry out i,11 Federal and State requirements regarding stationary above ground storage tanks. • Avoid mobile fueling of mobile c:onscruction equipment around tbe site; rather, llallspolt the equipment to designated fueling aRBS. With the exception of tracked equipment such as bulldozers and perhaps forlclifts. most vehicles sbollld be able to travel to a desi~ area witb litde lost time. • T~ employees and subcontra.clOB in proper fueling and cleanup procedures. • For a quick reference on disposal alternatives for specific wastes, see Table 4.2. CA40, Empioyee/Subconttactor Training. · REQ~S- • Costs (Capilal, O~M) All of tbe above measures are low cost. except for the capital costs of above ground tanks that meet aU local environmental. zoning, an~ fire codes. • Maintenance ICcep ample supplies of spill cleanup materials on-site~ Inspect fueling meas and storage tanks on a regular schedule. LIMII'ATIONS • Sending vehicles/equipment off-site should be done in conjunction with ESC24 ·Stabilized Construction Enttance). Construction Handbook 4 -25 Contain Wast• Minimize Disturbed Areas Stabilin l)istul"IHH1.Araas Protect Slop.s/Channels Control Site Perimeter Control Internal Erosion Targeted Pollutants 0 Sediment 0 Nutrients g Toxic Matenals Q Oil& Grease 0 Fltn1table Materials 0 Other Construction Waste • u::ylaHn• Sign tlcant Impact 0 Probable Low or Unknown Impact lmplamentat{on Requ1ram~nts Q Capital Costs 0 O&MCosts Q Maintenance '-Training 0 Suitability far Slapes>5~ • High O Law I CA31 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE Objectives ,,.· -----------..-------------------1 <1JEuse1ceep;ng Practic°ji> ,, f Graphic: Nor1h Cenlral Texas COO, 1993 1, DESCRiPnON Pn:'V'Cllt or n:duce tbe discbarge of pollucants ID storm water from vehicle aad equipment maintenance by nmning a .. dry site". This involves usingoff-siteJadlities, pcrf~ng work m designated areas only, providing a>ver for materials stoled outsi&, check:Qlg.for lcalcs ml spills. conCUDing and cleaning up spills immediately, and training employees and subcontmctors. · APPROACH • Keep yehiclcs and equipment clean, don't allow excessive build-up of oil and grease. • Vsc off-site n:pair shops as much as possible. Maintaining vehicles and equipment outdoors or in mas whem vehicle or equi~nt fluids may spill or leak oototbc pound can poll* stoml wara. If you~-a lar~ 'iiumber of vehicles or pieces of equipnear. consider using • off-site iq,air shop. 'These businesses are better • • • .. ,. • equipped io bandle vehicle ·nuts Ind spills property. PeJ{ormmg· tbiswork off-site. can also be economical by eJimioadn1 the need for a separate maiDt.enailce area. U'mainteDIIIICC; mmt occur on-site, use dcsipaaecJ mas. Joca&ed a,way from drainage courses.'. to ll(ev.ent the nmon of stonn wau:r aiid the IUDOff of spills. Always UIO secondary conlainm.ent. ~cb as a drain paD00t drop cloth. to catch spills or leaks when :rmn.oving or changing fluids. Place'a stockpile of spfil cleanup materials wha'e it will be readily accessible. Use ldsolbent materials on small spills rather tbaD hosing. down or burying the spill. Remove tbe adsorbent materials prompdy and dispose of properly. Regularly inspect on-site vehicles mid equipment for leaks. and tepak immediately. , Cbcdt incomin& vehicles and equipment (mcluding delivery trucks, and employee and subcontmctor vehicles) for leaking oil and fluids. DQ notallow leakillg vehicles or equipment on-site. · • Segregate and recycle wastes, such u greases, used oil 01' oiJ, filters. an~c, cleaoing solutioos, automotive batteries, hydraulic, and ttansmisSion ffuids. Ct$taln Wasa Minim/a OistJJrl»d Arau Stabilia DisturbedANU Prafet:tSIQfM$1Cbailne/s ConllOI Site Pfll'imetw Cotfttol lnt8ffllll Etosion Target~ Pollutants 0 Sediment 0 Nutrient. g Toxic Materia Q Oil&G,..... 0 FloatlllJle Material• 0 Other Construction w .. ,. • Ut-,y to ff..,. Slgnillcant Impact 0 Probllble Low or Unlmownli · Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Co:st• 0 O&MCosts 0 Maintenance '-T,-initJ!I , 0 Suitability for Slopes,>5% • Train employees and subcontractors in proper maintenance and spill cleanup pioce----------·•• durcs. • High O' . Low , . I • For a quick reference on disposal altcmalives for specific wastes, see Table 4.2, CA40, EmployccfSubcontractm Training. REQUIREMENTS • , Coses (Capital. O&M) All of~ above me low cosl measmcs. , :• Maintenance Keep ample supplies of spill.cleanup materials on-site. Inspect maintmance areas on a n=gular sc!H!dule. Comtruction Handbook 4-26 CA32 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: VEHICLE AND EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE (Continue) LIMITATIONS • Sendil)g vehicles/equipment off-site should be done in conjunction with ESC24 (Stabilized CoQSlruction Entrance). Outdoor vehicle or equipment maintenance is a potentially significant source of storm water pollution. Activities thnt can contaminate storm water include engine repair• service, particularly changing or replacement of fluids, and. outdoor equipment storage and parking (dripping engines). For further information on vc;bicle or equipment servicing. see CA30. Vehicle and Equipment €1eaning;-and €A3l, Vehicle and Equipment.Fueling. --·-· Listed below is funher information if you mQSt perform vebic;le.or equipment maintenance_ on-site. Wuste Bcstucsioo . . Parts are often cleaned~, solvents such as trichlorocthylene. 1,1,1-tricliloroctbane. or methylene chloride. Many of these pans cleaners are bamlful and m~ be disposed o{ as a ba.zardous wasce. Reducing the number of solvents makes recycling euicr BIid icduccs hazardous waste managelllent costs. Often. oae solvent cm .perform a job as well a., 1W0 different solvents. Also, if posslblc. eliminate or n:duce the amount of b~us materials and waste by substituting non-hazardous or less hazardous marerial$. For example. replace chlorinat&d organic solvents (1,1, 1-uicbloroetbane,. methylene chloride. etc.) with non-chlorinated solvents. Non-chlorinated solvents like kerosene or mineral spirits are . less toxic and less expensive to dispose of properly. Check list of active in1mdlcnts to see whether it con,ains chlori- nated solvents~ The .. chlor'' re~ indicates tbat the solvent is chlorinated. Also. try substituting a wire bruS;b for solvents to clean parts. . BecxsUoctPiv:wJI . Separating waites allows for easier recyclinc and ma,y reduce disposal. costs. Keep hazardous and non-hazardous wastes separate. do not mix used oil and solvents,. and keep eblormated solvencs (like 1,1,1-tricbloroethane) separate from non- cblorinated soivencs (like kerosene and mineral spirit,). Prompdy tmnsfet used nuids to tbe proper waste or tecyci1n1 drums. Don"t ieavc full drip pans 01'. otber opc:n conrainers lying around. Oil f'llten disposed of in ttasb cans or dumpsters can leak oil and con~nate storm water. Place tbe oil filter in a funnel over a waste oil recycling. drum to drain excess oil -before disposal. Oil filters can also be recycled. Ask your oil supplier or recycler about i:ecycling oil filters. · Do not dispose of extra paints and coatings by dumping liquid onto the ground or throwing it into dumpsters. Allow coatings to dry or harden befoi:e disposal into coven:d dumpstem. · Ston:: cracked batteries in a non-leaking secondary container. Do this with all cracked batteries. even if you think all the acid has ~ ouL If you drop a battery. ueat it~ if it is aackcd. Put it into tbe containment uea until you are sui:e it is not leaking. Do not bury used tires. REFERENCES . Best Management Pmctices and Erosion Conuol Manual for Construction Sites; Flood C~ncrol District of Maricopa County, AZ. September 1992. · Blueprint for a Clean Bay-Construclion-Relate(J Industries: Best Management Practices for Storm Water Pollution Prevenlion; Santa Cara V-1}cy Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program. 1992. Coastal Nonpolnt Pollution Control Program: Program Development and Approval Guidance, WQddng Group Working Paper; USEPA, April 1992. CA32 Construction Handbook 4-27 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: EMPLOYEE/SUBCONTRACTOR TR·AINING DESCRIPTION Objectives HOU!Ulk..;,i1Jg Pl'IICtices Contain Wast, .Minin,4f Distr.wl»d. Areas Slabi#za Dlstr.lfHld AINS Protect Slapu/Chattilel.s Control Site Perime(er Conlrol lnt8ffllll El'O$ion .Employee/subcoiuractor lraining. like mainrenancc or a piece of equipment, is not so much a best management practice as it is a method by whicb to implcmc:nt BMPs. This fact sheet highlights the importance of training and of integrating lbc elements of employee/subconttactor training from the individ~ sowce controls into a comprehensive training program as part of a company's Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The sl)C';iflc employee/subcontractor ttaining aspects of each oC the source controls are highlighted in the individual fact shei;ts. The focus of tbis fact sbeet is more general, and includes the overall Qbjectives and approach for assuring · employee/subconttactcJr training in storm water pollution prevention. Accordingly, the organization of this fact sheet differs somewhat from the other fact sheets in this chapter. OBJECTIVES Employee/sulx:oruracb'.Jr 118ining should be based on four objectives: Promote a clear idendfJCation and·. understanding of ~ problem, including activities witb the potential to pollute storm water; • Identify solutions (BMPs); • Promote employee/subcontractor ownership of the problems and the solutions; and • Integrate employee/subcontractor feedback into training and BMP implementation. APPROACH • Integrate lraiain& n:garding storm water quality management with existing training programs that i:nay be required for your buiness by odler iegulalions such as: tile lllness and Injury Prevention Program (IIPP) (SB 198) (California Code of Regulations Title 8, Section 3203), tbe Hazatdo~ Waste Operations and Emergency Response (1.{AZWOPER) standard (29 CFR. 1910.120), the Spill Prevention Cootml and Counterm~ure (SPCC) Plan (4Q ~ 112). and tbe Huanlous Materials Management Plan (Business Plan) .(California Health and Safety Code, Section 6.95). • Businesses. panicularly smaller ones that may not be regulated by Federal, State. or local regulations, ~Y use the info,mation in this Handbook to develop a training program to reduce their potential to pollute storm water. • Use the quick ief~nce on disposal alternatives (Table 4.2)' to train employee/subcontractors in proper and consistent methods for disposal. CA40 Construction Handbook -4 -28 March, 1993 ACTIVITY: EMPLOYEE/SUBCONTRACTOR TRAINING {Continut:t) • Consider posting the quick reference rable arowid the job site ex in the on-site office trailer to reinforce training • • • Train employc:c/subcontnctors in standard operating proc:cdures and spill cleanup techniques described in the fact ' ·sheets. Employeefsubconttacton tmiDed in spill containment and clean11p slloulci be present durin& .the loading/ unloadin1 and bandJing of mata:ials. • ·Personnel who use pesticides should be tmined in rheir use. lbe California Department of Pesticide Regulation and county agriailtural commissioners license, pesticide dealers. cettify pesticide applicatom, and conduct on-site inspec:tioas. ·· · · · • Proper education of off-site c::onttac:tors is often· overlooked. The conscientious,efforts of well trained. employee/· subamtracton can be lost by unknowin& off-site conttactots, so make sate they are well infcxmecl-about what ~ey ~ expected to do on-site. I •• \ I . '' ' ' ' / CA40 i ~ I~ Construction Handbook 4-29 March, 1993i- n I =r ,: n --· 0 = a= ·:, C. g' ~ ... I ~ ~ ~ r., ., y -IC :s • TABLE 4.2 QUICK °i'lEFE.kE -DISPOSAL ALTERNATIVES ···-·' (Adopted from Santa Cl~ County Nofipoint Source Pollution Control Program -December 1992) . . All of the, waste products on this chart are prohibited from discharge to the stonn drain system. Use this marrlx to decide which altcmJtivc disposal strategics to use. ALTERNATIVF.S ARE LISTED IN PRIORITY ORDER. Key: HHW Household hazardous waste {Government-sponsored drop-off events) P01W Publically Owned Treatment Plant Reg.Bd. Regional Water Quality Control Board (Oakland) "Dispose to sanitary sewer" means dispose into sink, toilet, or sanitary sewer clean-out connection. "Dispose as trash" means dispose in dumpsters or trash cont41iners for pickup and/or eventual disposal in JandfiU. "Dispose as hazardous waste" for business/commercial means contract widl a hazardous waste hauler to remove and dispose. DISCHARGE/ACTIVITY BUSINESS/COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL Disposal _Priorities Aooroval Disposal Priorities General Construction and Painting; Street and Utility Maintenance Excess paint (oil-based) 1. Recycle/reuse. 1. ltccycle/reuse. 2. Dispose as hazardous wasce. 2. Take to HHW drop-off. Excess paint (water-based) l .. Recycle/reuse. · 1. Recycle/re~se. .. 2. Dry_ residue in cans; dispo~ as trash! 2. Dry residue -in cans, dispose as.·trash~ 3. If volume .is too much.to dry, · : 3. If volume is too much to dry, take to disoosc as hazardous waste . HHW drop-off .. Paint cleanup (oil-based) Wipe painl out of brushes, dlen: Wipe paint om of brushes, Chen: I. Filter & reuse chinners, solvents. 1. Filter & reuse thinners; solvents. . 2 .. Disoose as hazardous waste. 2. Take to HHW drop-off. Paint cleanup (water-based) Wipe paint out of brushes, then: Wipe paint out of brushes, then: . 1. Rinse to sanhafy sewer • 1. Rinse to sanitary sewer. .. Empty paint cruis (dry) l. Remove lids, dispose as trash . 1. R~niove lids, disoos.e as trash. . . Paint sbiotJing .(with solvent) 1. Dist>ose as hazardous waste. 1. Take to· HHW drop.off. Building exterior cleaning (high-1. Prevent entry into stonn dram and .. pressure water) remove offsite 2. Wash onto dirt area. spade in 3. ,f:ollect (e.g. mop· up) ·and dischafJ?C to sanitarv sewer POTW .. Cleaning qf building exteriors which 1. Use dry cleaning methods have IJAZARDOUS MATERIALS (e.g. 2. Contain and dispose wasbwater as mercury, lead) in paincs · liazardous waste (Suggestion: dry maJerial first to reduce volume} .. ' g i :;-= n =-0 ::, = D:I 5. r:::' 0 0 ;ii;- ~ I f..,J ... rs: I» ., n :" ... \:, '-= f..,J . DISCHARGFJACI'IVITY BUSINESS/COMMERCIAL Disposal friorities . Approval General Construction aild Painting;· Street and Utility Main•~ (cont'd) Non-hazardous paint scraping/ I. Dry sweep, dispose as U'Ub sand blasting HAZARDOUS paint scraping/sand blasting 1. Dry sweep, dispose as (e.g. marine. paints or paints containing hazardous wasu: lead or tributyl lin) ... Soil from excavations during periods when stonns are forecast 1. Should not be placed in street or · on paved areas 2. Remove fmn site or barJdill by end of day 3. Cover with tarpaulin or surround with bay bales, or use other runoff controls 4. Place tilter mat over 5'0ml dmin Note: Thorougbly-swe_ep following removal of dirt in all four altemadvcs. Soil from excavations placed on paved I. Keep material out of stonn conveyance surfaces during periods when stonns are not systems and thoroughly remove via forecast sweeping following removal of dirt Cleaning streets in COl1struCliOD aJCaS 1. Dry sweep and minimiu; Uiliking of mud 2. Use silt ponds and/or similar pollutant reduction rcchniques when flushing pav~ent ' ~ . . ' .Soil ~sion, sediments 1. Cover disturbed soils, use erosion conb'Qls, block entry to storin drain. 2. Seed or Plant immediately. Fresh cement, grout, mortar 1. Use/reuse excess 2. Disoose to trash Wasbwater from concrete/mortar 1. Wash onto dirt area, spade in (etc.) cleanup 2. Pump and remove to appropriate . disposal facility 3. SeUle, pump water to sanitarY sewer .. P01W Aggregate wash from driveway/patio 1. Wasb onto dlrt area, spade in construction 2. Pwnp and remove to-appropriate • disposal facility . . 3. Settle, pump water to , wer POlW Table 4.1 (Continued) Page 2 RESIDENTIAL Disposal Priorities 1. Dry sweep, dispose as trash 1. Dry sweep, take to HHW drop-off 1. Use/reuse excess 2. Dispase as trash I. Wash onto dirt area, spade in 2. Pump and remove to appropriate disposal facility 3. Settle, oumo water to sanitary sewer 1. Wash onto dirt area, spade in 2. Pump a,Jd ~vc to approp:iate disposal facility . 3. SettJc, pump water tp sanitary sc Ci· 0 i j ~ -· ·0 ::, = I» ::, Cl. g' ~ OS. I ~ :: j ..... \0 ~ •• DISCHARGF/ACTIVITY ·- BUSINFSS/COMMERCIAL Dis_l!osal Priorities Gener~! Constru5tion &Jld Patf!tinli Street ~11d U~tiJlt}' Ptfaintenanee (Cllllt'd) Rinsewater from concrete mixing trUcks Non-ba7.ardous construction and . demolition debris Hazardous demolition and consbUCtion debris (e.g. asbestos) Saw-cut slurry Construction dewatering (Nonturbid, uncomamin.ated _groundwater) ConsLruction dew~tering (Odier than ,., nonturbid, uncontaminated groundwater) Portable toilet waste Le~s from garbage d_umpsters 1. Return truck to yard for rinsing into pond or dirt area 2. At cos;istructien site, wash into pond . or dirt area . 1. Recycle/reuse (concrete, wood, etc.) 2. Dispose as trash i. Dispose as ~dous waste . \ 1. Use dry cutting technique and sweep up residue . 2. Vacuum $lorry and dispose off-sile. 3. Block storm drain or benn with low weir .as necessary to alJow most solids to settle. Shovel out gutters; dispose residue to din area, wnstruction yard or landfill. I. ~ecycle/Reusc 2. Discharge .to· sU>rm drain l. Recycle/reuse 2. Discharge to sanitary sewer. 3. As appropria~ treat prior to dischar_ge .!<> s_lorm dJ:ain 1. Leasi11g company ~I dispose to sai1ital'y sewer-at:P01W· I. Collect, contain leaking material. Eliminate leak, keep covered, rerum to leasing company for immediate repair 2. If dumpster is used for liquid waste, use plastic-liner A_e.eroval PO'IW Reg. Bd. POTW Table 4.1 •• ~;ed) Page 3 RESIDENTIAL DisJ!OSal Prioritie$ 1. Recycle/reuse (concrclC, wood, etc. · 2. Dispose as trash 1. Do not attcinpt ro remove yourself. Contact asbestos removal service for safe removal and disposal 2~ Very small amounts (less than 5 lbs) may be d9ublc-wrapped in plastic and taken to HHW dr~ff n 0 ii ::; i:: a Cl :r ;= E. C"' Q ~ J:o, I ~ 1.- 3: a, ri ::r .. .... \C) ~ DISCHARGE/ACTIVITY BUSINESS/COMMERCIAL Disposal Priorities . General Construetio~ and Painting; Street and Utility Maintenance (cont'd) Leaks from consb'Uctioo debris bins I. Insure that bins arc used for dry nonhazardous materials only (Suggestion: Fencing, covering help prevent misuse) Dumpster cleaning water 1. Clean at dumpster owner's facility and discharge waste through grease interceptor to sanitary sewer 2. Cleap on site and discharge lb.rough grease intercePt<I' 10 sanitary sewer Cleaning driveways, paved areas • 1. Sweep and dispose as trash (Special Focus = Restaurant alleys Grocery (Dry cleaning only). - dumps1er areas) 2. For vehicle leaks, rcstauranr/grocery alleys, follow this 3-step process: a. Ocan up leaks with rags or absorbents. · b. Sweep, using granular absorbeut material (cat litter). c. Mop and dispose of mopwater to * Note: Local drought ordinances may sanitary sewer (or collect rinsewater contain additional restrictions and pump to lhe sanitary sewer). 3. Same as 2 above, but with rinscwater (2c)(no soap) di$Charged to storm cjrain. Srcam cleaning of sjdewalks, plazas • 1. Collect all water and pump 10 sanitary sewer. 2. Follow this 3-step process: a. Clean oil leaks with rags or adsorbenJs * N:ote: Local drought ordinances may b. Sweep (Use dry absorbent as needed) conrajn a~itional restrictions c. Use no soap, discbarte ~ storin drain .. Potable water/line flushing 1. Deactivate chlorine by Hydrant testing maximizing lime water will uavel before reaching creeks Super-chlorinated (above 1 ppm) water 1. Discharge 10 sanitaJy sewc;r from line flushing 2. Complete dechlorination required before disc.barge to storm drain • •• Approval P01W P01W Table 4.1 (Continued) Page 4 RESIDENTIAL Disposal Priorities 1. Sweep and dispose as uasb (Dry deaning only). 2. For vehicle leaks, follow this 3-srep p-ocess: a. Oean up leaks with rags or absorbents; dispose ~ hazardous wasre. b. Sweep, using granular absorbent material (cat liuer). c. Mop and dispose of mopwater to sanitary sewer. .. ., •• .- 0 DISCHARGFJACTIVITY BUSINESS/COMMERCIAL ' DisPosal-Priodties L~n~pe/~arden. Maintenance . Pducides 1. Use up. Rinse containers use rmsewarer as ,product. Dispose rinsed containers as trash 2. Dispose unused pesticide as hazardous waste Garden clippings 1. Compost 2. Take to Landfill Tree trimming 1. Chip· if necessary, before comoostin2 or recycling .. Swimming pool, spa. fountain water 1. Do not use metal-based ~gicidcs (i;e. _ (emptying) Copper Sulfate) 2. Recycle/reuse (e;g. irrigation) ' 3. Detenninc chlorine residual = Q. wait 24 hours and then· ~iscbar1e to stonn drain. Acid or other pooVspa/fom11ai11 cleaning 1. Neutralize and discharge to sanitary sewer .. Swimming pool, spa filter backwash 1. Reuse for inigation ~-Dispose on dirt area . 3. Settle, dispose lQ sanitary sewer -Vehicle Wastes ; ·Used motor oU 1. Use secondary containment while storing, send to recycler. Antifreeze l. Use secondary contai'1tnenl w~ile .storing, send to recycler. Other vehicle t1uids and solvents I . Dispose as h~art!ous waste ... Automobile batteries I. Send to auto battery recycler · 2. Take. to Recycling Center Motor home/construction ttailer waste 1. Use holding tank. ,Dispose to sanit.1rv sewer Approval PQ1W POlW . Table 4.1 (•1:~d) Page 5 RESIDENTIAL Disposal Priorities l. Use up. Rinse conwners. use rinsewater as pesticide. Dispose rinsed container as am..h. 2. Tate unused pesticide to HHW drop- off 1. Compost . 2. DiSQOSC as trash. 1. Chip if necessat)', before composting or recvclin2 l. Do not use metal-based algicides (i.e. Copper Sulfate) 2. Recycle/reuse (e.g. irrigation) · 3. Derenninc chlorine residual = 0, wait 24 hours and then discharge to storm drain. 1. Use for landscape irrigation 2. Dispose on dirt area 3. Settle, d_ispasc to sanitary scwcr . 1. Put out for curbside recycling pickup where available . · 2. Take to Recycling Facility or auto service facility with recycling program 3. Tal,ce to HHW events accepting motor' oil 1. Take to Recycling Facility 1. Take to HHW event 1. Exchange at retail oudct 2. Talce to Recycling Facility or HHW event where batteries are accepted 1. Use holding tank, dispose to ~itary sewer. ! C: n --· 0 = a= a C" 0 ~ ~ • ""' UI a: ~ n : ,... '-= IQ t,I· DISCHARGFJACTIVITY Vehicle Wastes (cont'd) V chicle Washing Mobile Vehicle Washing . Rinsewater from dust removal at new car fleets V chicle leaks at V chicle Repair Facilities Ot)ler Wastes Carpet cleaning solutions &. other mobile washing services Roof drains Cooling wa1er Air conditi~ing condensate Pumped groundwater, infiltration/ foundation drainage (contaminat,ed) . Fare fighting flows .. BUSINESS/COMMERCIAL Disposal Priorities 1. ,Recycle 2. Discharge to sanitary sewer, never to stonn drain 1. Collecc wasbwatcr and discbarJe to sanitary sewer. .. . .~ 1. Discharge to sanitary sewer 2. If rinsing dust from exterior surfaces from appearance purposes, use no soap (water only); dischar!e to storm drain. Follow Ibis 3-step.process: I. Clean up leaks with rags or absorbents 2. Sweep, using gmnular absorbent marerial (cat litter) 3. Mop amt dispose of mopwater to sru:iitary sewer. · I. Dispose to -sanif31)' s-cwcr 1. If roof is contaminated with industrial waste products, discharge to sanllary sewer 2. If no contamination is present, discharie to stoon drain .. ~, ~! --<\.. • • 1. Recycle/reuse 2. Discharge to saoitaiy sewer 1. Recycle/reuse (landscaping, etc.) 2. Treat .if necessary; discharge lQ sanitary sewer 3. Trcat and discbarec Jo SlPf'Dl drair~ If contamination i$ present, Fue Dept. will attempt to prevent flow to strean1 or slOml drain -- Approval P01W POTW P01W P01W PO'IW Reg. Bd. P01W Rei. :Bd • Table 4,1 {Continued) Page.6 RESIDENTIAL Disposal Priorities 1. Take to Commercial Car Wash. 2. Wash over lawn or dirt area 3. If soap is used, use a bucket for soapy water and discharge remaining soapy water to sanitary sewer. 1. Dispose to sanirru:y sewer .... (j 0- ii ::. c. a. =· :, ·= It = C. g- 0 ;II;" ~ ., t..i Q\ 3:: ~ .., r, ?" -\C ~ • DISCHARGF/ACTIVITV Other Wastes (c~nt'd) Kitchen Grease Restaurant cleaning of floor mats, · exhaust fillers, etc. Clean-up wastewater from sewer back-up .~ BUSINESS/COMMERCIAL Disposal Priorities 1. Provide secondary containment, collect, send to n:cylcr. 2. Provide secondary containment, collect. send to POTW via hauler. -1. Clean inside building wilh discharge through grease ttap-to sanitary sewer. 2. Clean outside · in container· or beaned area with discharge to sanitary sewer. 1. Follow this procedure: a. Block storm drain, contain, collect, and retom spilled material to the sanitary sewer. b. Block stonn drain, rinse remaining material to collection point and pwnp to saoilal')' sewer. (no rinse- water may flow to ·storm drain) Appa;oval POTW Table 4.1 (CA1~~d) ,.,,age 7 RESIDENTIAL Disposal Priorities 1. Collect. solidify, dispose as trash CD44(2) Illicit· Disch~rg_e/lllegal Dumping Reporting Definition and Purpose Appropriate Applications . . BMP Objectives b Soil Stabilization O Sediment Control O tracking Control O Wind Erosion Control • Non-Storm Water Procedures and practices for construction contractors to recognize illicit discharges or illegally dumped material on a construction site and report incidents to the Resident Engineer. IDidt discharge and illegal dumping reporting is applicable anytime an illicit discharge is discovered or illegally dumped material is found on the construction site. Sites located near natural watercourses, canals, ancl reservoirs need to be especially aware of illicitly discharged or dumped material. Illicit discharges covers continuous, recurring discharges from a pipe, or run-on from adjacent property. Illegal dumping covers single- incident episodes of dumping or spills. Illicitly discharged or illegally dumped material can be solid or liquid material including, but not limited to: . • Dry weather flows • Debris and rubbish • Suspected hazardous material • Unlabeled material in containers • Motor oil and paint Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's,Gulde and Specifications 1 at 3 April 1997 CD44(2) II.licit Discharge/Illegal Dumping Reporting Limitations Standards and Specifications • Unlabeled or non-ide~tifiable material should be assumed tp be hazardous. • Illicit discharges and illegal dumping, for the purposes Qf .this BMP, refer to discharges and dumping caused by parti~s other than the contracto~. · • Procedures and practices presented.in this BMP are general. Contractor shall use extreme ca'lltion, i~mediately notify the Resident Engineer when illicit discharges or illegal dumping are discovered, and take no further action Ullless dil'ected by the Resident Engineer. • If pre-existing hazardous materials or wastes are known to exist on site, the contractor's responsibility will be detailed in separate special provisions. Planning • Inspect ~ite before beginning the job for evidence of illicit di~harges or illegal dumping. • Inspect site regularly during project execution for evidence of illicit • discharges or illegal dumping. • • Observe site perimeter for ev.idence or potential of illicitly discharged OJ:' illegally dumped material "Vhich may enter the jop Sl·te. · "-£ Identification ·Of illicit dischargt,s and illegal dumping • Solids -Look for debris, or rubbish piles. Solid waste dumping often occurs on roadways with light-traffic loads or in areas not easily visible from the traveled way. • Liquids -signs of illegal liquid dumping can include: Visible signs of staining or unusual colors to the pavement or surrounding adjacent soils Pungent odors coming from the drainage systems. Discoloration or oily substances in the water or stains and residues detained within ditches, channels or drain boxes. Abnormal water flow during the dry weather season. Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications 2of3 April 1997 • '' ' ' CD44(2) Illicit Discharge/Illegal Dumping Reporting . . Cleanup and Removal • Urban Areas -Evidence of illicit discharges is typically detected at storm drain outfall locations or at manholes -Signs of an illicit discharge can inclucle: Abnormal water flow during the dry weather seijson. Unusual flows in subdrain systems used for dewatering. Pungent odors coming from the drainage systems. Discoloration or oily substances in the water or stains and residues detained within ditches, channels or drain boxes. Excessive sediment deposits, particularly adjacent to or near active off-site construction projects. • Rural Areas -Illicit discharges involving irrigation drainage ditches are detected by visual inspections. Signs of an illicit discharge can include: Abnormal water flow during the dry weather season. Non-standard junction structures. Broken concrete or other disturbances at or near junction structures. Reporting • Notify the Resident Engin~r promptly of any illicit discharges or illegal dumping incidents. The Resident Engineer shall respond in accordance with MD /C08 Illegal ~umping Control, or MD /CD9 Illicit Connection Detection, Reporting & Removal. • The contractor is not responsible for investigation and dean up of illicit discharges or illegal dumping not generated by the contractor. Caltrans may direct.contractor to clean up non- hazardous dumped C>r discharged material on the construction site. Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Speclflcations 3 of 3 Aprll 1997 .\:. ·• CD45(2) Clear_ Water Diversion and E_ncroachment Definition and Purpose Appropriate Applications Limitations BMP Objectives O Soil Stabilization o Sediment Control · o Tracking Control O Wind Erosion Control • Non-Storm Water Procedures to prevent degradation of surface waters when working in areas which encroach into live streams or other perennial receiving waters. • Construction in live stream areas where the stream bed must be encroached. • Construction in live stream areas where the stream bed must be diverted. • Construction within a water body, such as a lake, bay, or harbor, where temporary dry construction areas must be created. • Diversion/ encroachment activj.ties will usually disturb the waterway during installation and removal of diversion structures. • Specific permit requirements or mitigation measures (e.g., U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, California Department of Fish and Game, FEMA, RWQCB, etc.) may be included in contract documents because 9f clear water diversion/ encroachment activities. . . •• Diversion/ encroachment activities may constrict the waterway, which can obstruct flood flows and cause flooding or washouts. Callrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Guide and Specifications tof 3 August 1997 New for Handbook Change CC97-01 CD45(~) Cl:ear Water D.iversion and Encroachment Standards and Specifications General . . • Where working areas encroach on live streams, barrie.rs adequate to prevent the fl.ow .of muddy water int<;> streams shall be constructed and maintained b~tween wor~ing areas a~d sn-eams. During construction of the banier!f, muddying of streams shall be held to a minimum. : · · .. • Diversion structures must be adeciuately designed to accom~odate fluctuations in water depth or ftqw volume due ~o tides,. -storms, '. flash floods, etc. · . , ; ··,. • Where possible~ avoiq or minimize diversion/ encro.achm.en't impacts by scheduling construction dur~g periods of low flow or when the stream is dry. See illso-CD22(2)-Scheduling~ Scheduling should also consiqer seasonal releases of water from ciams, fi~h migi;ation and spawning seasons, and water demands due to crop irrigation. • Construct diversion structures with materials free of potential pollutants such as soil, silt, sand, clay, grease; or oil. If sand bags are used, they shall be filled with clean materials free of silt, clay, and organic substances. · · Temporary Diversions/Encroachments • Construct diversion channels in accordance with CD31(2) -Earth Dikes, Drainage Swales, and Lined Ditches. • In high flow velocity areas, stabilize slopes of embankments and diversion ditches using an appropriate liner, in accordance with CD26B(2)-Geotextiles, Mats/Plastic Covers and Erosion Control Blankets, or, qse rock slope protection, as described in Standard Specifications Section 72-2 -Rock Slope Protection. • Where appropriate, use natural stream bed materials such as large cobbles and boulders for temporary embankment/ slope protection. • Provide for velocity dissipation at transitions in the diversion, such as the point where the stream is diverted to the channel and the point where the diverted stream is returned to its natural channel. See also CD33A{2) -Outlet Prot~ction/Velocity Dissipation. Callrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications 2of 3 .August 1 997 New for Handbook Change CC97-01 • • •• • CD45(2) Clear Water Diversion and Encroachment Maintenance and Inspection Temporary Dry Construction Areas • When dewatering behind temporary structures to create a temporary dry construction area, such as coffer dams, pass pumped water through a sediment settling device, such as a portable tank or settling basin, before returning water to the water body. See also CD7(2)-Dewate:ting. • H the presence of polluted water or sediment is identified in the contract, the contractor. shall implement dewatering pollution controls as required by the contract documents. H the quality of water or sediment to be removed while dewatering is not identified as polluted in the contract documents, but is later determined by observation or testing to 1:;,e polluted, the contractor shall notify the Engineer and com.ply with Standard Specifications Section 5-1.116- Differing Site Conditions~ • Any substance used to assemble or main.tain diversion structures, such as form oil, shall be non-toxic and non-hazardous. • Any material used to minimize seepage underneath diversion structures, such as grout, shall be non-toxic, hon-hazardous, and as close to a neutral pH as possible. • lru;pect diversion/ encroachment strtj.ctures before and after significant storms, and at least once per week while in service. • Inspect embankments and -diversion channels before and after significant storms, ·cmd at least once per week while in service for damage to the linings, accumulating debris, sediment build up, and weakening of the slope protection. Remove debris and repair linings and slope protection as required . Callrans Stonn Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications 3of 3 August 1997 New for Handbook Chang~ CC97-01 ',. CD46(2) Liq~id Waste Management BMP Objectives 0 Erosion and Sediment Control o ~iment Treatment Control O Tracking Control O Wind Erosion Control • Non-Storm Water Definition and Purpo~e Procedures and practices to prevent discharge of pollutants to the _storm drain. system or tc;> water~ourses as a resu~t of the creation, collection, and disposal of non-ha~dous liquid wastes. · Appropriate Applications Liquid waste management ii? applicable to construction projects that generate any of the following non-hazardous byproducts, residuals, or wastes: • Drilling slurries and drilling fluids • Grease-free and oil-free wash water and rinse water • Dredgings • Other non-storm wa~er liquid discharges not permitted by pertinent Caltrans District N'PDES permit Limitations • Disposal of some liquid wastes.may be subject to specific laws and regulations, or to requireµients of other permits secured for the construction proje<;t (e.g., NPDES permits, Army Corps permits, Coastal Commission permits, .etc.). · • Does not apply to dewatering operations (see CD7(2)), solid waste management {see CD13(2)), hazardou~ wastes (see CD14(2)), or concrete slurry residue (see (_:D16(2)). ------------------------------------• l1ll6a,v Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Guida and Specifications July 1997 New for Hari~baok Change CC97-01 1 of 4 CD46(2). Liquid W.aste Management -----------------------------------~- • Does not apply to non-stormwater discharges permitted. by any • NPDES permit held by the pertinent Caltrans District, unless the discharge is determined by Caltrans to be a source of pollutants. Typical permitted non-stormwater discharges can. include: water line flushing; landscape irrigation; diverted strea~ flows; rising ground waters; uncontaminated pumped ground water; discharges from potable water sources; foundation drains; irtigation water; springs; water from crawl space pumps; footing drains; lawn watering; flows froin rip~rian habitats and wetlands; and, discharges or flows from emergency fire fighting activities. Standards and Specifications General Practices .. • Designate a· foreman or supervisor to oversee and enforce proper liquid waste m~gement procedures a1'.<l practices. . ·. .. : , • Instruct eP1pl<;,yees and subcontractors how to safely differentiate between non-hazardous liquid waste and potential or known hazardous liq'Qid. waste. ,· .... • Instruct employem; subcontractors, and sµppliers that it is unacceptable for any'liquid waste to enter any storm drainage device, waterway, or receiving water. • Educate employees and subcontractors on liquid waste generating activities, and liquid waste storage and disposal procedures. • Hold regular meetings to discuss and reinforce disposal procedures (incorporate into regular safety meetin,gs). • Do not allow liquid wastes to enter any storm drain inlets. Use CD32B(2) -Top and Toe of Slope Diversion Ditches/Berms, CD38(2) -Sal\d Bag Barrier, or CD40(2) -Storm Drain Inlet Protection, to stop flows of liquid waste from entel.'ing storm drain inlets. · • Verify which non-stormwater discharges are permitted by the pertinent Caltrans District NPDES permit. Some li~ted discharges may be prohibited if Caltrans determines the discharge to be a source of pollutants. . • Apply CD18(2) -Vehicle and Equipment Cleaning for managing wash water and rinse water from vehicle and equipment cleaning operations. · Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications July 1997 New for Handbook Cl'lange CC97-01 2 of 4 ,. CD46(2) .-Liquic1-~-wast·e Management .... ,a\,, •• ,. • • " • •• • = Containing Liq(!id Wastes • Liquid wastes generated as -part of an operational procedure, such as water-laden dredged material and drilling mud, shall be contained and not all(?wed to flow into drainage channels or receiving waters priot t~ ~eatment. Iii Contain liquid wastes in a controlled area, such as a holding pit, sediment basin, roll-off bin, .<:¢ P~!table tank. · .. · :t· . • Containment devices must be structurally sound and leak free. • Containment devices must be of sufijdent quantity or volume to completely contain the liquid wastes.generated. · : -l•~, • Take precautions to avoid spills or accidental release~ of contained liquid wastes. Apply the education measures and spill response procedures outlined in CD12(2) .., Spjll Prevention and Control. ~ .. ::· ~~-i ~ •. r... .. .. : . • Do' not locate contairunent areas or·d~vices where accidental release ofthe con~~liquid can threaten health or safety, or discharge"to water bodies, channels, or storm drains. Capturing Liquid Was_tes • Capture all liquid wastes running off a surface which have the potential to affect the storm drainage system, such as wash water and rinse water from deaning walls or pavement. • Do not allow liquid wastes to flow or discharge uncontrolled. Use temporary dikes or berms (CD31(2) and CD32B(2)) .to intercept flows and direct them to a containment area or device for capture. • If the liquid waste is sediment laden, use CD41(2) -Sediment Trap for capturing and treating the liquid. waste stream, or capture in a containment device and allow sediment to settle. Disposing of Llqf.!id Wastes • Typical method is to dewater the contah"ied liquid waste, using procedures such as described in CD7(2) -Dewatering and CD42(2) -Sediment Basin, and dispose of resulting solids per CD13(2) - Solid Waste Management, or per Standard Specifications Section 7- 1.13-Disposal of Material Outside the Highway Right-of-Way for off-site disposal. • Method of disposal for some liquid wastes may be prescribed in Water Quality Reports, NPDES permits, Environmental Impact • Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks . . : ·. ·· '· · Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications : ··· · ·· ·· July 1997 .... -!: . : •. { "· ...... &¥nww New for Handbook Change CC97-01 . . R.~p~F~1i tnr 4.(jlf;p\~•;-~ ~f ~seharge permits, etc., • . andl:ffi!1'¥~Jtllf(ttecftt~1-t.-·bt -~~p-eG,iatF.tov:isions. '. • FJ\}$ti1~imffffs~~-~dadpdlntatert:~l~ may require testing anidf ~aitktktt~n~=-tb:dlfj,a,l'i4'&1lfflcno.5·0:t'':fit>1f befor~·-~ disposal itt'etll~ cm-)i·•~teimtnveJ.:. ' ·•· ~6ifd~ih.1>f~llllld~U'.s~:wadte, Sff!e·;~E}:14(2) -:Hazardous Was~e ~-t •· -it"l'l~ ,-t!uifi.i!i:ttearD•ltl'Waat•tf'rior tfi> disposal. T--•11\llf'R~-:\tleuglt:ni<J'ltJt llmited to, s.ec;litttentation, Jlllfrafl\itr,;mcf 11\~1,meu.ifJAb;~~ . ' . *' -~--~~-~M·~tco~'t are.as a-nd capturing -~-~\mcl-at-:-\1ifiQ')ftptk.>1t-m ttite'tWc,.. Dispose of · .. ~'~·••·~ift. '1}ll~l,~·Soli,l'WasttfM•agement. ·•, t'nspectt1:ontainffl.'at.areas.andcapturing devices frequently for damage, and repair as needed. ,"''41ih."-•1I .... •'1,:¥,:..t#° ,,._4.,,.""''• N 1• '°•' ~,,wr:wun tr ,,.tit:iit: r'liHP-b: :r·, frtllaft il1tltt S:§.. '._91/!.•. r '· \!,' 4of 4 •-' • ! l 1' • 5. BMPs FOR EROSION A.NP SEDIMENTATION CONTROL nus chapter describes specific Best·· Management Practices (BMPs) for common construction activities that result in erosion of the construction site and the generation of sediment which impacts waterways and off-site property. Chapter 2 led you through the steps of identifying activities at your site that can cause erosion, while Chapter 3 provided guidance with BMP selection. 1his chapter will provide you with the BMPs .that best fit your site's needs. Each fact sheet contains a cover sheet with: • A description of the BMP • Suitable Applications • Installation/ Application Criteria • Requirements Costs. including·capital costs. and operations and maintenance (O&M) Maintenance (including administrative and staffing) • Limitations The side bar presents information on which BMP objective applies, targeted constituents, and an indication of the level of effort and costs to implement. Toe remainder of the fact sheet provides further information on some or all of these topics, and provides references for additional guidelines. Sizing and design criteria for erosion and sedimentation control may be standardized for each local area. This handbook cannot develop specific sizing criteria for all topographies and climates in California. Many local agencies have developed such criteria and should. be consulted before sizing specific B MPs. A common design storm for sizing temporary erosion and sedimentation controls is a two- Comtructiori llandbook BMPs for Er~ion and Sedimentation Control Site Planning Considerations ESCl ScbeduJing . ESC2 Preservation of Existing Vegetation V~getative Stabilization ESCIO Seeding and Planting ESCH Mulching Physical Stabilization ESC20 Oeotextiles and Mats ESC21 Dust Control ESC22 Temporary Stteam Crossing ESC23 Construction Road Stabilization ESC24 Stabilized Construction Entrance Diversion or Runoff' E$C30 EartbPike ESC3 l Temporary Drains and Swales ESC32 Slope Drain Velocity Reduction ESC40 Outlet Protection ESC41 Check Dams ESC42 _Slope Roughening/ferracing Sediment Tfapping/Filtering · ESCSO Silt Fence ESCSl Straw Bale Barner ESCS2 Sand Bag Barrier ESC53 Brush or Rock Filter ESC54-Storm Drain Inlet Protection ESC55 SedimentTrap ESC56 Sediment Basin year, 24-hour storm. Sizing criteria given in this_ handbo9k assume that such a storm would result in 0.042 ac-ftlac. of runoff (0.5 inches of runoff). 1his should be appropriate for sizing controls in most areas. Keep in mind that these controls must also be able to safely contain or 5-1 March,1993 convey storms larger than the design storm for erosion and sediment control. These BMP fact sheets are suitable for inclusion in many SWPPPs for erosion and sedimentation control. They may be used to supplement and provide details for erosion and sedimentation controls shown on the project site map:., In it.11 .·, cases, however, local erosion and sedimentation criteria and standards supersede the suggested criteria on these fact sheets. BMPs fact sheets are provided for each of the following BMP categories, and are consistent with Worksheet 5 in Chapter 2. Construction Handbook 5-2 • • • March, 1993 n· a q i: ' n i:t. g e: i. r:::' = 0 ~ UI I ~ ~ j ..... \C ~ • TABLE s.~ EROSION AND sin.NT CON'fRO~ AND BMP OBJECTIVES .. DMP OBJECTIVES PRACTICE PROTEC)' GOOD MINIMIZE STABILIZE SLOPa BMP CATEGORY HOlJSE. CONTAIN DJSTVRBm DlfflJRBFJ> AND KEEPING WASTE AREA AREA CHANNELS . Site Planning Considerations ESCl Scheduline ,I ,I .I ,I ,I . ESC2 Preservation of Existing Vegetation ,I ,I ,I V eaetatlve Stabilization . ESCl0 Seeding and Plantint ,I ,I ESCH Mulcbin2 ,I ,I Physical Stabilization ESC20 P,eptextiles and Mats ,/ ,/ · ESC21 · Dust Control ,I ,I ,I ,I ,I ,I '. ,I ESC22 . Temoorarv Stream Crossing ESC23 · Construction Road Stabilization ./ .I ,I ,I ESC24 Stabilized Construction Entrance .I ,I .I · . Diversion of Runoff ESC30 Earth Dike ,I ' ,I · ESC3l Temoorarv Drains and Swales ,I '' ,/ ESC32 Slooe Drain Velocity Reduction ,, ESC40 Outlet Protection ,I ESC41 Check Dams (see ESC 53 also) ,I . ' ,I ,I . ESC42 Slope Rougb~ning/Terracing · • CONTROL CONTROL SITE INTERNAL PERIMETER EROSION ,I ,I ,I .I ,I .I ,I ,I ,I (') Q Pl 'i i::: a § f 5. g'. ~ u, • ~ ~ e; y .... '° ~ ESCSO ESCSI ESCS2 ESC53 ESC54 ESCSS ESCS6 • PRAC'l'ICE GOOD HOUSE-CONTAIN BMP CATEGORY ICEEPING WASTE Sediment Tra . :'ilterine Silt Fence Straw Bale Banier Sand Bag Barrier Brush or Rock Fllter Storm Drain Inlet Protcctioo Sediment Trao Sediment Basin ., --' ------ BMP OBJECTIVF.S PROTECl MINIMIZE , Sl'ABILIZE SLOPES CONTROL CONTROL DISTURBED DJSTVRBID AND SITE INTERNAL AREA AREA CHANNELS PERIMETER EROSION ,/ ,/ .I ,I ,/ ,/ ,/ ,I .I ,I ,I ,I ,/ ,/ • ·• r t BMP: DESCIUPl'ION Sequendng the construction project ID ~uce the amount and duration-of soil exposed to erosion by wind, rain, runoff. and vebidc ttacking~ SUD'ABLE APPLICATIONS . Proper sequencing of c:onstruclion activities to reduce erosion potential should be jncorpo- . rated into tile schedule of every a>DStruction projecL Use of other, mo~ costly yet less effective. crosim .-id sedimentalion C011trOI$. may often be :iedoced through proper coostruction sequencing. · APPROACH • Project design considma&ioas: Design project to integrate into existing land contours. SipiflCIDt Rpadinl of a site will requile-more costly erosion and sedimentation coalrOI measures and 1081 require tba~ on-site drainage facUitM;s be installed. Objectives Targeted Pollutants 0 'Sediment 0 Nutrients 0 Toxic Mat.eria/a 0 OIi & Grease 0 FloatillJle Materials 0 Other Construction Waste ., Ubly tr:» Have Significant lm,-:t 0 Prabeble Low or • lncmporate existina. DBIIIIBl areas: ~ventory and evaluate tbe existing site~ and ___________ ,.. vegelalion. ~ of hiply erosive naaural aeas (e.g .• sr.c:ep. unstable slope amu, watercourses) should 1w! minimi?.ed. while pmtecdog other areas may enhance site aesthetics. Construe~ sbould ~ disturb lbese areas (see ESC2). . Uri(rnown Impact • • • Avoid rainy periods: ~ major:gramng operations during dry mdntbs. Allow enougb time before raiDfall be&im to stabilize the soil with vegetation or physical rnems (see ESC 10 to 24) or to inslall tempcnry sediment trapping devices (see ESC S0to56). Practice e:rosim and sediment amtrol year round: Erosion may be caused during dry ~ by "freak" rainfall. wind and vehicle tmckin1. 'lberefom, keep the site s~ year-round. and Rtam wet season sedimentuappiilg devices. Minimize soil exposed at ooe time: Schedule projects to disturb only small portions of .iic sit.e at any one time. Complcr.c gtadiu1 as soon as possible. Immediately stabili7.e the disturbed portion before grading the next portioo. lffctice staged seediog--nwegctam cut and fill slopes as the work progresses. Trenching: Cose and stabilize open trenches as soon as possible. Sequence trench- ing.projects so that most open portions of the trench are closed before new trenching is begun. REQUIREMENTS • Cost Construction scheduling to reduce erosion may inaeasc other coostruction cosrs due to n:duced economies of scale in performing site grading. The cost-effec- tiveness of scheduling tedmiqucs should be compared with the other, less · cff'ectivc erosion and sedimcnration controls to achieve a cost•effective balance. Construction Handbook 5.5 Implementation Requirements 0 Capital Cost.s 0 0&.111 Co•t. 0 Maintenance 0 Training 0 Suitibility for sla,,,,.>5" • High O Low I ESC1 March,1993 BMP: SCHEDULING ( Continua) LIMITATIONS There an: no slgniftr.amt limitations to the use of this BMP. REFERENCES Best Manaaement Pmctices and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Si1a, Flood Control Dis~ct of Maricopa County, Arizona-1992. Erosion and SMlrnent Control Guidelines for Developing Areas in Texas, U.S. Departmmt of Agriculture, Soil Co,;iser- vatioa. Service. Port Worth. Texas -1976. Stonn WBll:!r Management for Construdioo Acti'Yites. Developing Pollulioo Prevention Plans and Best Management Pmctices. U.S. Eaviromnenlal.Pmtection Ai,ency. Office of Water (EPA 832-R-92-005) -September, 1992. Virpua Erosion and Sediment Control Handbook, 1bird Edition. Virplia Department of Conservalioll and Recn:ation, · Division of Soil and Wat« Conservation -1992. ESC1 Construction Handbook March, 1993 •• j/ .I, BMP: PRESERVATION OF EXISTING VEGETATION G~L Dl!'SClUPl'ION Carefully plannedprescrvalioo of existing vegetation .minimizes tbc potential of removing or injuring exislin1 IReS, vines. shrubs and/or grasses tbat seive as erosion controls. SUITABLE APPLICATIQNS • Areas within site where no consuuction activity occurs. or occurs at a later date. • Sensitive areas where naDUal vegetation exist and should be preserved. such as: steep slopes. watercourses, and buildin& sites in wooded areas. • Areas wlleic local, state and federal government-requires preservation, suci. as: vernal pools, wetlands; marshes. certain oak trees. etc. INSTALLATION/APPLICATION CRITERIA • Clearly mark, flag-or fence -w:geta&iou « areas wbere vegetation should be preserved. • Prepare wndscaping plans wbidl include as much existing vcgetalion· as possible and stare proper aB of this vogel8tioa both during and after construction.-. · Define and protect witb benns. fencing, signs, etc .. a setback area from vegeration to be pesened. Setbadc aiea size should be based on the location. species., size. age and potenlial impact of adjacent conslrilCtion activities or permanent improvements. • PiQpOSed landscaping plans wbicb do not-include plant species that compete with ~e existing vegetadoa. , Do aot locate coostruction lmffic rt:>utes. spoil piles. ere .. where signific;mt adverse impact on existing vegetation may occur. REQUIREMENTS • Maintenance lllspectioa and maintenance requirements for protection of vegera,lion me low. Durin& construed.on die limits of grading or distutbancc should be clearly marked · at all t1mcs. Irrigation or maintenance of native trees or vegetation should conform to specifi- cations on lbe Landscape Plan. · • Cost 1beic is lit.Ile cost associaled with preserving existing vegetaJion if properly planned during lbc project design. and may yield aesthetic be~fits which enhance property values. LIMrrATIONS • • Requires forward planning by ~e owner/developer. conttactor and design swf . For sites wjth diverse topography, it is-often difficult and expensive to save existing u:ees while grading lbe site satisfactorily for the planned developu:it?nt. Coiutruction Handbook S-7 Objectives HQusekeeping. Practices Contain Wasta Control Internal Erasion Tar~eted Pollutants e Sediment Q Nutrients 0 Toxic Materials Q · Oil & G,ease- Q Flaatabl',1 Material• 0 Other Construction _Waste •• Ulc•z/o Hav• . Sign tlcant Impact ·o Ptobab• Low or . Unknol/lfQ Impact Implementation Requirements 0 Capit;,I Cast• -0 O1,:MCost~ 0 · Maintenance 0 Training • Suitability far Sfope-• >5" •. High O Low ESC2 March, 1993 Additional Information -Preservation of Existing Vegetation The best way to prevent excessive erosion is' to not disturb the land. On a construction site. where extensive land disturbance is necessary, a reasonable BMP would be to oot disturb land in sensitive areas of the site which need not be , alte:red {or the proje~ tQ be viable (e.g., natural watercourses, steep slopes), and to design the site to incorporate particu- larly unique or desireable existing vegetalion into the site landscaping plan. Clearly marking and leaving a buffer area around these unique arcM will both help to preserve these areas as well as take advantage of natural erosion prevention and sediment uapping in naturally vegetated meas. · Existing vegetation to be preserved on the site must be protectcd,from mechanical and mber injury while the land is bein1 developed. 'lbe purpose of protccting existing vegetation is to insure I.be survival of desirable vegetation for shade, beautification, and erosion protection. Mature vegetation has extensive root systems that help to hold soiJ in place, lhus n:ducing erosion. Also, vegetalion helps to keep soil from drying rapidly and becoming susceptible to erosioa. To etrecd.vely save existing ve1etation, no disturbances of any kipd sbould be. allowed witbin a defined area around the vegetalion. For trees. no construction activity should occur within tbe drip line of the tree. 'Ibe following alrcria may be used for deciding wbich vegeralion will remain on the site: • Acslbetic values: Consideration should be given to foliage, flowering habits, bark and crown characteristics (for trees). • Freedom ftoin disease and roL • Life span of trees: Short-lived trees need not be preserved. • · Environmental values: Habi~; screening; and buffers. . • Sudden exposue: Save vegeWioo which grows in direct sunlight and is able to wilbsupi4 radiated heat Crom proposed buildings and pavement. • Spam needed: Sufficient space must be provided between the ve1etat1on and ~y structures, electric and telq,hone lines, water. an4 sewer lines. driveways IDcl screets. Mark tn:ies and sbtllbs·with bript ~nt or ribbon so there is no doubt as to wbit;h trees and sbruJ>s are to be left and procected from damage during co~truction. $avin1 cxisling ve1eWion and mature trees on:sim, beautifies the area and may save inoney by reducing new landscap- ing requin:monts. Mature trees also jnc:reasc property values and satisfy consumer aesthetic needs. Preserving and prorectin1 existing vegetation can often result in more stable soil conditions during construction. Careful site planning and identification of plalitings to pn:serve ca,i provide erosion· and sedimenration conttols during construe- ~ and contribute to tbe aesthetics of the development. For example, in Sacramento Coun~y a tree ordinance IJas been adopted duat potects the native California Oak tree. ProvisiOl)S to protect the tree and its root system during consttuction must be specified in die project plans. and an area must be provided where the soil stability may not be disturbed. No grading or construction storage within the tree dripline is allowed. Im,;talJatiqn/Apgticatiop Building sites may be planned to integrate existillg vegetation and uees. Construction impacts must, be considered. Trench widdl for pipe construction projects and lhe location of permanent suuctures, such as buildings, need$ to be CQOSidclcd when preserving existing vegetation, including mature trees and their root system. Native vegetation should be preserved since it is able to adapt to tbe climate. The USDASoil Conscrvalion Service should be conta~ about ~xisting vegetalion for sites throughout California. Mature trees are generally preferable to newly planted trees because of the peater soil stabilization provided by the extensive root system of a~ tree. ESC2 Construction Handbook S-8 March, 1993 • -. • ' ( \· l \ Additional Information -Preservation Of Existing Vegetation ctbods for protecting existing vegetation and trees: Stake off root syslelll limits (drip line of cn:e). Some counties limit construction within 5 feet of the tree drip line. • fena, off the area to be preserved or along the tree drip line. • Flag« mark trees ID remain iD plaa:. • Tn:e wdls and retainin& walls {permancut) help preserve existing vegetation, but must be large enough to protect the rootsysr.::m (~ below). • For the Califomia Oak 111:e. no trenc:bing or inigalioo ·should be allowed within the driplincs of the tree, since bolh these activities are dctrimenml to tile J.RSC(Vatioo of die tree. · -- • \Vhcrc grading under trees is neces.,ary, excavation and ijll ~uld be limio:d to 1 foot within the driplines. REF'EUNCES Best Management Practices and .Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sires, Flood Control District of Maricopa County, Arizona, September 1992 • . CountyofSaaamento Tree PrcservationOrdmance-September 1981. Stonnwacr Management Wa11::r fm tbc Puget Sound Basin, Washington State Department of Ecology, The Technical Manual· Febnwy 1992, Publication.# 91-75. Wara Quality ~gement Plan for the Late Tahoe Region, Volume iI, Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe . Regional Planning Agency -November 1988. · . ESC2 Construction Handbook 5-9 March, 1993 6 BMP: SEEDING AND PLANTING GENERAL DESCIUPl"ION : Seedin& of gm.,ses and platings of trees. sbrubs, vmcs and ground covers provide long- ·tmn stabilizali.on of soil In some areas, with suitable cliJnates, grasses can be planted for tc:mpxary slabilizadon. SttrrAIILE APPUCATIONS • Ap~ fot site stabilb:ation bodl during construction and post-coostructiQD. • Any paded/cleared .-eas where constrUCtion activities have ceased. • Open space cut and fill areas. • ·Steep slopes. • Spoil piles. . • Vegelatcd Swales. • t aadscape OOlrldon. . • Stream bai1b. INSl.ALLATION/APPLICATION ClUTElUA Typo of veaetalioa, site md seedbed pn:pamtloa. planting lime, fertilization and water requimneots sbould be considered for each applicali~D- Grasses: • Ground {RPlll'8lioa: fc:dilize ad mecbaaically stabilize the soil. . • Tolerant of sbolt-tam tempemtme extnmes and waterlogged soil conditions. • Appropriare soil c:oaditions: shallow soil bue. good drainage, slope 2: 1 01' flatter. • Develop well ad quiddy from seeds. • Mowin1, inipdll&, IDd fertilizing are vital for promoling vigorous grass growth. Trees and Shmbs: • Selection Criteria: vigor, species, size, shape &. wildlife food SOUICC. • Soil conditions: select species appopdatc for soil.drainage & acidity. • Other Factors: wind/exposure, tailpetature exiremes, and irrigation needs. Vines and Gmond Coven: • Gmuad pn:paration: lime and fel1illzec pu:pamtioo. • Use proper seeding rates. • Appropriale soil conditions: draioage, acidity, slopes. • Generally avoid species requiring inigalioa. Construction Handbook 5-10 Objac:tives HauselcNping Practices Contain Wasr. lli11/mizJa Dlslurl»d Ana :::::s Control Sit• Perimeter Control Int.,,,., Erosion Targeted Pollutants e Sediment Q Nutrifflt• Q Toxic Maeriala 0 Oil & Greese 0 Floatabl• Materials 0 Other Construction Waste • U=tollff• st, lfcant Impact 0 Probab,. Low or Ltlknown lmpct lmplel'IHintation Requirements Q Capital Coats '-O&MCosts g Maintenance Q Training Q SUilllbility for Slopes>5" • High O I.ow ESC10 March,1993 BMP: SEEDING AND PLANTING (Continue) , REQUIREMENTS • Maintmance -Shnibs and trees must be adcqwuely watacd and fertilized and if aeeded pruned. ·, -Grasses may nec:d to be wara-ed and mowed. • Cosc: Avenpannual c:ost for installadon ud maiDtcoaDCe (2 year useful life, sc;,urce: BPA. 1992) -Seedi"I~ S300 per acre, appropriate for flat slopes and stable soils. -Seedinl with Mulchina: S1,100 per acre, appropriate for inoderat.e to steep slopes and/de erosive SQils. -Trees, shrubs, vmes, and ground cover: Cost; applicability bued OD ~es· used and terrain feaaues. LIMITATIONS • . Pemument and tanpcxaiy vegetation m,ay not be appropriam in dry periods without ilrilation. • Fer1ili7.er iequimnents may have potential to create storm water pollution if improperly applied. ., ' .' ,, 'ESC10 Cons1ruction Handbook 5-11 March, 1993 • • f I ' : Additional Information -Seeding ~nd Planting 1e!ID8Dlmt seeding of grasses. sodding, and planting of trees, shrubs. vines and,grpund covets can pro~de long-term Qlbilizalioo of soil. Pennanmt seeding and planting couUibutes to loog-rmn site-aesthetics and helps n:duce erosion by reducing the velocity of nmo~ allowing inf'dtmtioo to occur, filtering sediments. and by-holding soil particles in place. Seeding and plantiD& should be applied as SOOll as~ grading is done to all graded aod clc:aml areas of the construc- tion site where pJant cover is ultimately des~d. For example, vegetation maybe established along landscaped corridors !IDd buffer zones wheft: they may act u filter strips (see TC6 in Chapter 5 ·ortbc Municipal Handbook). Additiooally, veg~taal swales. steep aaJ/or rocky slopes and sb'ealil baDb can also serve u appropriate ·areu for sec:dmg .. d plantings. . , iD§raiJaJinn/Apg]iqtigg CrltGJia l\pplic:adon of app'Opliate vegetalion must consider: the-seedbed or plantbed, proper seasonal planting times. water requimnm1S fertilm:rn=quiranellts and availability of the selected vegctalioo within the project's regioo. Permanent plantiap,durm& the cmstriaCdoll staie of projects requiie can:f'ul coordination between theiocal agency inspectOrs, project mmagers. c;onsuuctioo managers, and landscape contractor. Protocols for axxdination and ~plemeotation proc:edures Rganling site access. consttuction staging, and sbort-and long .. ~ planting ~ should be de~loped prior to the COIIStruction bid process. Whem possible. lbese prob)COls should be established by and remain the respomibility of the site owner. Because of the many available types of plants and ground covers and because site condilions and land use vary so-widely wit.bin Califomia. a set of general guidelines is included for installatioo/applicatioo of grasses. trees and shrubs. vines -and ground covers. However, your local muuicipality, Soil Conservation Service, agricultural extention, or other rt:sourm sbould 'i,e·coasulred oo appopdate species. planting tequii'emeiltst and maintenance needs for your climate and soils. Gnillel Grasses. depc:DdiDg on tbe type, provide short-term soil stabilization dming construction or cali serve as long-=ml pamaDl!Dt soil stabilization for distulbed areas. In general, passes provide low-maintenance to areas that bave been cJeared, gmded and DICCbanically stabilized. $eJc;ginp· Tbc selection of die grass type is detc:rmincd by the climate, irrigation, mowing frequency, maintcnaDCe effort a,nd soil~ bed CODditioDs. Although grasses. pro~de quick &~-and rapid growth. they also have a shallow root system and am not as cffecti:ve ins&abilizin& deep JOi1s. where trees, sbl'Qbs and deep rooted ground covers may be more appropriate.· Seveml puses me adaptal,~ to tbc various Califomia C!Jirnates 'lhe figure at the end of these ·fact sheets shows-appro- priate ~ fortqiom widwl California. Blue grass is well adapted thro~gbout California except for in the valley regions. 1be blue grass is found on dry, sandy soils that have gQOd draumge. Bermuda grass, on-the other band is well adapted in the valley region where soils are dry, coarse and heavier. Specific seed mix and/or varieties for each site should be provided~ an ~qualified plant malerials specialist. ESC10 .. ~ Construction Handbook S -12 March, 1993 Additional, Information -Seeding and Planting ·:'i:i~wing steps sbo1,1ld be followed to easwe established growth: , • 1. Select the proper grass for the site. 2. Pn:pme the seedbed; soil should be fenilized and. contain good topsoil or soil at least a 2: 1 or flatter slope. 3. Broadcasr the seedings in the lafe fallor early spring. In the late fall, seedings should be planted by mid-September to bavc established grass by the October niuy season. , 4. Initial ilrigalion will be required often for most gra.ues, with follow-up irrigation and fertilization as needed. Mulching may be required in dry climares or during drought yean. · Trees & Shrubs $cJec;ti0o: , Trees and shrubs. when properly selected. are low maintenance plantings that stabilize adjacent soils, moderate tbe adjacent temperatmes, fUter air pollutants. and serve as a barrier to wind. Some desirable cbatacterislics to consider in selecting tm:s and sbrubs include: vigor, species, age, siu and sba_pe, ~ 11se as a wiidllfe ,food source and habita~ Trees-and sbnlbs to be saved should be dearly marked so that no consuuction activity will takl; place within Ille drip~e qf the plant. The sites for new plantings should be evaluated. Consider the.prior use of the land: adverse soil conditions such as p00I" drainage or acidity: exposure to wind; temperature extremes; location of utilities, paved areas. and security ligbl;in1 and ttafflc problems. lCDD:SWMPDC: Tlllle of Year -Late fall lbrougb winter (November to Febl'IUIIY) is the preferred time for transplantin1 in most of California. Prepuaai.on -Proper digging of a· tree/shrub includes the conservation of as much of the root system as possible. Soil adberin1 to the roots should be damp when the tree is due. and kept moist until re-plantina. lbe soil ball shoold be 12 :inches ID diamcter·for each ~ of diamei.:r of the trunk. · · · Sire pieparadon • Refer to landscape plans and specifications for site and soil preparation. and for ability to c00tdinate construction strale&Y with pennanent vegetation. · Supporting the lrllnk -Many newly planted trees/shrubs need artificial support to prevent excessive swaying. Wa,te,:ina -Soil around the ttee should be thoroughly watered after the tree is set in pl-=c. When the soil becomes dry. the tn:e should be watered deeply, but not often. Mulching around the hue of the tree is helpful in preventing roots from · drying out. Vines & Ground Coven $c:Jc;ction· Vines, grolDld covers, and low growing planes, that can quickly spread, come in many types, colors, and growth habits. Some are suitable only as part of a small maintained landsc:ape area. while some can stabilize large areas wilh litdc maintenaQc:e. Flowen, which provide litde long-term erosion control maybe planted to add color and varieral appear- ances. ESC10 Construction Handbook 5 -13 March, 1993 • Additional Information -Seeding and Planting autioo should be exercised iD dle oon-nativc vezelation because of impacts ro native vegetation on adjacent lands. For · 1e, species that may be planted at the coasttuctioo site can quickly spread and mmpete with oo.ginally undisturbed vegetation such as the Califmnia Pappy and Cilifomia buckwheat, bod) of wbic::h complete poorly with introduced grasses-{e;.g •• planting wild oars is illegal in Caiif'omia). In addition to stabilizing disturbed soil, ~es and ground covers can perform the following fbnctions: l. Provide aaraclive·cover tbal does not need mowing. 2. Help.to define traffic areas and conttol.pcdestrian moveQJ.mL · Site; PremuaJion· Ground rovers are plants that natmally grow very close together. causing severe competition for space nulrients and water. Soil for ground covers should be well prepared. The come area..sbol.lld be spaded, disced, or rototilled to a depth of six to eight inches. Two to tbn:e incbes ex oqanic material. such as good topsoil or peat. should be spread over the entiema. PJantinr; 'Ihe following step& wm help ensoro good plant powth. 1. 2. 3~ 4~ s. 6. 1. Make tbe plantinas following tbemntoms of the land. Dig the holes 1/3 larger dum tbe plant root ball. Know what depdl to place die plaocs. Use good topsoil or soil mixbB with a lot of organic matter. F'lll bole 1/3 to 1/2 full, shab plants to settle soif amona roots. then water. Leave saua:r-sbapal deprasioa around tbe plant to hold water. Water tbcxougbly aDd ~plarly. :· )· 8. Space plants acmntinc to tbo type of plimt and the extent of coverini desired. ~-Va'Gda\;-. There rB many difl'eient spedcs of vines and·jrouocl covers from wbicb to cbopse. but caze must be taken in their · selection. It is essendal to selec::t planting materials suited to both the intended use and specific site dmacteristics. The ~ts di4cussed in thi., bandboolc are lbose wbich are mown tQ be ~tedto California. and commonly availabl~ from c:dmmerdal nµneries. Additional information cm be obtained from local nurscrymcn. landscapearcbitecrs, and exten- sion apats. An approved low water use plant list may be obtained from tbe Swe Depamilent of Waf#ft ResOlirces or tile SQils Conservation Se:rvic:c. . . Rcqpiu;mcg,S Maintenance General requirements indude: • Grus IUD'fellNlm sbould ~ minimal to none. lnigati.on and regular fertilizing may be required for some types of gmses. Mowin& is only required in mas where 8e$thetics or fire hazards are a concern. · • Young RCS sbould.iea:ive an iDcb of water each week for the first two years after planting. The tree should be wareml deeply. bot notaoie often ~ once per week. • Tmsplanmd tn:es should be fe:rtili7.ed on an annual basis. • Proper pruning. wataing. and applicaaioa of fertilizer is necessary to maintain healthy and vigorous shrubs. A heavy layer of ,mulch applied around tbe shrubs Rduces weeds and retains moisture. • Trim old growth as needed to improve the appearance of ground.covers. Most covers need ooce-a-year trimming to . ~ growth. ESC10 Construction Handbook S-14 March,.1993 Additional Information -Seeding and P1ant1n9 · Ljmitatinn3 • Consttuctioo activities are likely to injum-or kill lrecS unless adequate proleaive measures are takal. Direct 0011tact · by equipment is the most obvious problem, but damage is also caused by root stress from filling, excavation, or ccmpacling too close to tm:s. • Temporary seeding can only be viable when adequate time is available for plants to grow and cs1abli~. • Ovet fc:rtllizmg of plants may cause pollution of slCml water runoff. • Irrigation source and supply may be limiting. REFERENCES Best Management Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sites, Flood Control District of Maricopa County, September 1992. . 11Draft -Sedimentation and Erosion Control, An Inventory of CWJtnt Practices••, U.S.E.P.A., April, 1990. Guides for Erosion and Sediment Controls in California. USDA Soils Conservation Service -January 1991. . . Kiowa Engineering, Interim Erosion and Sttlimeoh\tion Control for Construction Activities, Urban Drainage and"Floocl. Control DisUic:t. Denver, Colorado. ·. Manual of Standards of Erosion and Scdbnc:nt Control Measmcs, Associad.011 of Bay Area Governments, Jqn 198~- Ploposecl Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollqtioil iil Cou~ Waters, Wen Group Workina Paper, USBPA, April, 1992. . l Stormwar.er Maaqement Water for tbe Puaet Sound Basin, Washington Stat.a Departmentof Bcology, The Tecboical ;·Manual -Febmary 1992, Publlcadoll # 91-75. . ~Wata' Quality Mmqement Plan for tbc Lake Tahoe Reaie>D, Volwnc n. Han.dbook of Management Prac;tices, Tahoe Regional ~I Agency -November. 1:988. ESC10 Construction Handbook S -15 M~rch, 1993 BMP: MULCHING Mu'lching, ' G~ DESCIUPTION Mulching is used to tanporarily and pemumentJ:y stabilize deaied or freshly seeded areas. Types or mulches iilclude orJanic materials. saraw, wood chips, bade or otber wood fibers, decomposed granite. and pavel. ·, ST,JITABLE APPLICATIONS • Temporaiy stabiJizatioo of flesbly seeded and planted areas. • Temporary stabilizatioD durina periods unsuitable for growing vegetation. • Teinponry stabilization of areas tbat c:aDDOt be seeded or planted (e.g., insufficient min, steep~). · • Mulcla such -~ and da:omposed SQU5may be used as post-cQDStruc;liQD . BMPs, particularly in arid regions. STALLATION/APPLlCATION ~. . Mulch prcvenlS amioD by. proreclin&--= soil surface and fi>stcdng growth of new seect;np dlat do aot stabilize by tbellisdves. • May.~ used witll neuiD& to sugplement soil~ • Apply ID plalltbag &RU where slopes me 2:1 or p-emer. • Bindem may be requiml fOI' steep areas. or if wind and runoff is a problem.. • Type of mulcb. binders. and applicalioo. nw:s sbou1d be rea:muneodcd by manufac- turer/contractor. REQ~ ~ MainlmlDCe -Must be iDspeacd weekly and after rain·for damage or deterioration. • Cost: Average annual cost for installation and mainrmance (3-4 month useful life. source: BPA.1992) Suaw Mulch:. $7,SOO per aae. -Wood Fiber Mulch: $3,.500 per aae. Jute Neulng: $12,,500 pe:r aae. LIMITATIONS • Wood fiber m~es should be used ODly iD meas with ovel'. 20 inches annual precipi-tadoo. ' • Orgamicmulcbes are not permanent erosicm control measures. • Mulcbt:s tcnc:l to lower the soil surface tempemne, and may delay ge.rminali.on of some seeds. · • Pamiment mulches for arid regions should include ~vel and decomposed soils. Construction tlandbook 5 -16 Objectives Housalceeping Practices Contain Waste ,Aflnimiza Distutfxtd Arla CO$OI Sit•,.,,,,,.,_. CoiJlrol liJt.,,,., Etoaion Targeted Pollutants e Sediment Q · Nutrien"t. 0 Toxic Materials 0 OIi & Giea.· 0 Floatable Materials 0 Other Construction Wut• · • LJlrtalF to.Haw, . Sl.,,ltlt::ant Impact 0 /lroJ,alw Lo-..,w . Unlcnown lmplld lmpltKrtentatiort ·Requinilments g. c.;,#lil ~~ Q 0&1,1 Costs . Q Maintenan,:e 0 Training .. • Suitability far · Slopu >5" • High O Low ESC11 March, 1993 Additional Information -Mulching Mulching protects Cbc soil from rainfall impact; increases infilttation; conserves moisture around trees. shrubs and seedings; pn:vents compaction and cracking of soil; and aids plant growth for seedings and plantings by holding the seeds. fertil;izas and topsoil in place uaul growth occurs. Mulches include organic ID8lerials. straw. wood chips, bark or other wood fibers.-dcccmposed granite and. gravel, A ~ety of nettings or mats of organic or non-organic materials and chemical soil stahllizatioo are practices that may be used conjunctively with mulching. Mulchin1 may be applied to all graded and cleared areas of the consttudion site: • Areas wbich bave been permanently seeded to assist in ietainin& ·moisture, and to bold seedings; • Areas wbich need temporary soil surface protection because secding·caonot occ1r due to the season; • Areas between tnes, shrubs and certain groundcovers; • . Areas w.bele c:Umadc condltioas require a soil Qloi.sture retention ai(l to avoid cmcting of tbe soil and acsodatt:d compaction. and equire soil temperature modilicali.oo. rrnunlJldnn(Am>Jiqtign Criteria Ooly a set of aeneraI gwdelilles is included for application and insllllatioo of mulching on dis1urtx:4 lands l>ec~se of~ · various c:limates, soil conditions and land uses in California. Installation of mulch consists of fumisbmg all ~ pn:padn1 the soil. surface and applying tbe mulch to all soil surface areas designaled on the project pJans or estabnshed by tbc site eqineer. MarcriaJs · :: · Oraanic mulch materials, suc:h as straw, wood cbips, bark and wood fiber, have been found to be ~ost effective wbem .·~veptatk>II will be provided by reseed.ins. 1be choice of lllulch sbould be based on the size of tbe area. site slopes. ,s~ condidons sud& u hardness and moismre; wcc:d growth and availability of mulch marerials. Wood n~ MaldaN: Wood fiber mulches ~oosist of spec:iall) p~ wood fiber ~ssed to ~tain no growth ~ inbibitiq1 factors. 'Ibe mulch should be from viraiD wood, and be manufactured and processed so the fibers \\iiD. re....._ ja IIDifoqa Sl_llpCIISiOD ill wata under qitation ID form ahoaiogenou., slurry. Tbc: fiber lepgths sbould be as . lmg as ~o to incrase the effectiveness for erosion control •. Wood fiber mulching should 110( be used in areas of ,:~y hot sU1111Derand lalo fall seasons because '>f file danger. When used as a lackif"iei' witll straw mulch, wood · fiber mulcbes m ioad for:steep slopes and severe climales. Tbc: California Office of 1be Solla Conservation S~ce 'recommends ~ ~-toxic mulch gm:n dye be used to provide a visual aid in meta:in1 applicati.oas. Wood CJdpi1 and Bark CJilps: Wood and bade chips are suitable for applicaeioa ill landscaped areas tbat will not be closely mowed. Wood cbips do'not require tackillg, but do require nitrogen tteaanent (12 pound$/ton) to prevent nutrient ddk:ieocy. Bart.cbipa do aot require additional nitrogen fertili7.er. When lbe wood source is near tbe project site, wO(]d -1 bark chips can~ very inexpensive. Caution must be used in areas of steep slopes, since botb wood and bark ~hips tend to wash down slopes c:xceedblg 6 percenL Straw Mlllda: Straw mulch is a good shcxt-rerm protection most commonly used witb seecq.ng. The mulch should be from the cum:nt season•s crop. A leaer of certification from the supplier sbould be required to show that the suaw was ~ed Jess tban 12 montbs from the delivery date. Wheat a{ oatstmw is recommended. EmulsHled Asplaalt Asphalt is used to adhere tbc mulch to tbe ground surface, inventing tbe mulch from blowing or washing off. 1be type and quantity of asphalt used should not result in a storm water pollution problem. 11-.c1er: Binder should.be free flowing, nonconosive powder produced from natural plant.gum suc:h a., those mar~ted under M-Binder, M14.5 Binder, or AZ-TAC. Synthetic. spray-on materials am not recC11UDended since thev tend to qeatc an im~s surface, and may en~r the stormwater sewer system via discharge runoff. · ESCi i ~ Construction Handbook S • 17 March, 1993 • • '' ' . i • Additional Information--·Mulching. traw Mulda: Shouid be applied in an even, unifonn manner, either by baDd or by mulch biowing eqwpincnt. Straw Diulcbes must be anchon:d to pn:veot tile mulch mm being blown·orwasbed o_ff the site. Anchoring is achieved in two . ways: • Crimping: The mulch is ancboRd by rmming a heavy disc with flat, dull, serrated. closely-spaced blades over the mulched soil. Effective crimping embeds tbc mulch about 2 inches into the soil without c001pletely a>vering iL The disc should be run onc:c or twice across the soil. About 2 1/l tons of straw mulch per acre should be applied if the mulch is ancbmed by aimpiog. • · Tacking: Achieved using a emulsified asphalt or biDdc:1 either indepe¢cntly or followed by _aimping. If tacked. straw mulcb may be applied at a rare of 1 3/4 ton per acre. and tacked with emulsified asphalt at a rare of 500 gallons peraae. Wood Fiber Mulch: Typically applied with a hydrosecdc:r at a rate of abOllt 1000 to 1500 pounds per acre, or as a slwry consisting of at least 150 pounds m binder, 400 polDlds of wood fibet mulch, and 200 gallons of water per acre. RC"A0in;mcut'S Maintenanc:e: Mulcbed areas require frequent inspection for damage and deterioration. Requirements will vary greatly based on the type of mulch used and the type of vegetation to be csaablisbed Vegetative mulches ate usually not ·· intended to be pennaoent; but are exrended only as a base for re-seeding or re-vegetation. Where a pennaoent anchor for vegetation is requiml. along steep slopes or areas of higher velocity nows, then a geotexlile mat or net is recommended (sec BSC20). REFEilENCF.S Best Management Prac1ices and F.rosion Control Manual for CoostnJCtion Sites. Flood Control District of Maricopa County, Sq,tcmber 1992. . Controlling Eiosim of Coastrudion Sites, U.S. Department of Agriculture. Soil Conservation Service. Agriculture Infc:nnadon I; 341 • .. Dmft -Sedimentalioll and Erosion Control, An Inventory of Cwreilt Practices", U.S.E.P.A., April. 1990 • .. Environmental Critaia Manual". City of Austin, TCJq15. Guides for Erosion & SecUrnent Control in California. USDA Soils Conservation Service -January 1991. · Manual of Standmds of F.rosioo and Sediment Control Measures, Aswcialioa of Bay Area Governments. June 1981. Proposed Guidaacc Specifying Management Measures for Sources of NonpojntPoll11tion in Coastal W atas, Work Group Working Paper. USEPA. April. 1992. Soil Erosion by Water, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation District. Agriculture Information Bulletin #513. . Stannwarer Management Waltr for tbe Puget Sound Basin, W~hingron State Depanmeot of Ecology, The Technical Manual-February 1992, Publication# 91-75. . Water Quality Managanent Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region. Volume II~ Handbook of Management Pr.u;tices, Tahoe Regional Planning Agcoq -November 1988. ESC11 Construction Handbook .S -18 March, 1993 BMP: GEOTEXTILES AND-MATS GENERAL DESCRIPTION Mattings made of nabU3l or_syntbelic mate;rial which ~ ~ to remporarily·or perma- nently stabilize soil. SQITABLEAPPUCATIONS . Typically suired for post-construction site stabilization. but may be used for temporaiy stabilization of highly erosive soils. • Channels and sueams. • Stccp $lopes. . JNSTALLATION/APPLICATION CIUTERIA Mattings may be applied to disturbed soils ~ ·"here existing vegetation bas been . removed. The following orpnic mattin& ma~ provide,remporary protection until pennancat veaelalion is "tab'isbed,, w w~ fcasoaa1. ~ dictate the need for pormy stablli2:alion until wear.bet or consU,Udion delays are tesolved. · • Jute matdnp. • Sttaw mattings. n.e lollowiq synthetic maiunp may be used for either u:mporary orpost-construciion stabilization, both with and wilbo.ut vcgctaijon •· Excelsior matting. · • -Gws fiber JUlting. • Stapl~ • Muldl nettings. -ltEQUIREMENTS ,; Maintenance Inspect monthly and after significant minfalL Re-ancbot loosened matting and replace missing. matting and staples u required. • Cost · RelaJively high compared to other BM,Ps. LlMITATIONS • • • Mattings are 1D01e costly than other BMP pmctices. limiting their use·to areas where other BMPs are ineffective (e.g .• channels. steep slopes). May -,elay seed germinadon. due to teduction in soil temperature . lnstalla~on requua experienced, contractor to ensure soilsrabilil.ation and erosion prot.edio~ • .. Construction Handbook 5·-19 · Objectives Housekeeping Practices Contain Wast• Minimize Disturbed Arm- Conttol Site Perimeter Control lntemal Erosion Targeted Pollutants e Sediment 0 Nutrients· 0 · Toxic Materials 0 Oil & Grease 0 Floatabl11 Materials 0 ·other Canstmctic:in , '·waste . • ·Ubly to H.-,• . ··Slgnlllcant Impact 0 -Probable Low or J.Jnlcnown Impact .\ ... ~ .. linpleme"tation Requirements • Capital C05tS Q O&MCasts Q Maintenance 0 T~n.ing • Suitability for Slapes>5% • High O Low 1. March, 1993 Additional Information -Geotextlles and Mats 1 Matlings are used ro reduce· erosion-fro~ rainfall impact. hold soil in place, and absorb and hold moisture near the soil . surface. Additionally, mattings may be used to stabilize soils until vegetation is established. This practice may be used · alone or with a mulch during the estabUsbment of protective cover on critical slopes (see ESCl 1, Mulching). · SuitahJe Am;,ligtiops Mattings arc commonly applied 011 short. steep slopes where erosion hazard is bigb and vegetation will be slow to cstablisb. Maltinas are also used on stream _banks where moving water at velocities between 3 fps and 6 fps is likely to wash out new veptation. and in areas wbere lbe soil surface is distwbed and where existing vegetation bu been re- moved. Malling may also .be used when seeding cannot occur(e.g .. larc season cDDStruction and/or the arrival of an early rain seuon). Erosion control matting should be-considered when the soils are fine grained and potentially erosive. · 1bc following nawral or synthetic mattings are commonly used: Jute Milt -should becloth of a uniform plain weave of undyed and unbleac:llcd single jute yam, 48" in width, and wei&bina an averqe of 1.2 pounds per linear yard of cloth with a tolerance of plus or minus five (5) peicenr, with ' approximately 78 warp ends per width of cloth and 41 weft ends per linear yard of cloth. The yam should be of a loosely twisted c:onstmctioo. having an average twist of not less tban 1.6 turns per inch and shall not vary in thickness.by more than its nonnal diameter. Stnlw MBt-should be a machine produced mat consisting of70'11 (±3'11) agricultural st.raw and 30% (±3'11) coconut fiber. The blanket should be of consistent thickness with the sttaw and coconut fiber evenly disllibuted over the entire , ~ of them._ 1be blanket should be covered on the top side with polypropylene nettin111&ving an approximate 5/8" x. 5/8 .. mesh containin& ulttaviolet additives to resist breakdown, and on lbe J?ottom with a polypropylene netting with ~ · approximate .. x .. mesb. 'Ibo blanket should be seWJa togeth~ ,with cotton thread. • Ja;celsJOC Mat-sbouid be wood excelsior, 48 incbcs ill width plus or minua one inch and weighing 0.8 pound per square .•. . yam plus or minus ten perccnL The excelsior material should~ covered With ·a netting to fat;ilitate handling and to . incrase'atrenglb. G)MS fj1Jc;rMAtJin1-should be of bonded-textile glass fibers with an average fiber diameter of eight.to twelve miaons. two to four inch stmnds of fiber bonded with phenol fOIDlaldebyde resin. Mat should be roll type., ·water permeable. minimum thickness ,inch. maximum thickness inch, density not less than dlree pounds per cubic fooL · Stal)le., for anchoring soil stabilizin1 materials should be Number 11 gauge wire or heavier. Their length should be six to ten inches. with longer staples used in loose. unsrable soils. Other Mulch NcUiDI -such as paper, plastic. cotton or fiber glass matting should be installed according to the :~ufactura:"s recommendations. · IosmUNion(Agplis;ation Criteria Organic maaing materials have been found to be effective where n:-vegeration. will ·be provided by re-seeding. The · choi~ of matting should ~ bised on the size of area. side slopes. surface conditions such as hardness and moisture; weed • powtb and availability of materials. Matting strengths and uses vary, therefore. manufacturer's specifica~ons must be . followed. ~ insulllation of mattings is aitical in order to obtain farm, continuous conract with the soil ESC20 Construction Handbook 5 -20 March, 1,993 Additional Information.-Geotextiles and Mats ite Preparation: Aflc:r the site bas been shaped and graded to the approved dcsjgn, prepare a friable seed bed re];t.- vely free from clods and rocks more tbaD 1 inches in ~et.er and any foreign ~terial that will prevent cQntact of the ·protective,mat w:ilb lhe soil surface. · Planting: Fertilize.and seed in accordance wilh seeding specifications or other types of landscaping p1ans. Wben using jute matting on a seeded area. apply approximately half the seed before laying the mat and the remainder after laying the · maL lbe potective matting can be bud over area., where ~ rum bee~ pl.anted and the seedlings have; Cll).erged. Where vinc:s or other ground covers are to be planted, lay the protective matting first and then plant through malting according to design of planting. · Erosioa Stops: Erosion stops arc made of &lass fiber strips, excelsior matling strips or tight-folded jute ma~g blanket or strips for use on steep, highly erodible watercourses. The stops are placed in narrow trenches six to twelve inches deep aaoss the cbannei and le4 flush with the soil surface. They are to cover the full cross section of designed flow. Layina and Securina Mattina: Before laying the matting, all erosion stops should be installed and the friable seed bed made ti= from clods, rocks, and roocs. The swface upon which the separation fabric will be placed should be compacted and finished acco.Rling to lbe requirements of tbc manufactuter's recommmdations. Most malling comes with tbe manufacturer's recommendations for installation. Most channels will require multiple · wi~ of matting, and lbe matting should be unrolled starting at the upper end of the channel, allowing a four inch overlap of IIWtings aloog the center of the channel. To secure. bury the top ends of the matting in a narrow trench, a minimum of six inches deep. Badcflll ttench and ramp fumly· to confo~ to channel cross section. Secure with a row of ~les about four inches down slope from the trench with staples twelve inches apart. Where mauin& aosses erosion scops. reinforce with a double row of staples at six inch ~pacing, using a staggered pauem on either side of the erosion stop. When the .Dialling is overlapped. the discharge end o{ the matting liner should be • . "lady secured with a double row of staples. · t,,l~cbani.cal or ID8llual laydown t:quipment sboulcl be capabic of handling full rolls of fabric, and laying lhe fabric unoothly. without wrinkles or folds. The equipment should meet the fabric manufacturer's recommendations or equiva- lent standards. · Final Check: Check the following after the mating is instailed: • • • • Make-sure matting is uniformly in contact witb tbe soil • All lap joints am secure . All staples are ftusb with the pound. All disturbed am:as seeded. Limitatjnns PIQperly installed mattings provide excellent erosion control but do so at rc)atively bigb cosL This high cost typically limits the use of mattings to areas of cona:nlratl:d channel flow and steep slopes. ~lallalion m critical and requires experienced contractors. The contractor should install the matting material in such a · manner that continuous a>ntact between tbe material and lhe soil occurs. otherwise the material will not stabilize the soil and erosion will occur benealh the DUW:rial. Ultraviolet protection may be required on some gcotextilcs. Matting strengths and uses vary; tbe manufactwer' s spedfiQltions should be followed. ESC20 Construction Handbook-S -21 March, 1993 Additional Information -Gectextlles and Mats REFERENCES ,Best Management Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sit.es, Flood Control District of Maricopa .. County. September 1992. Guides for &osion and Sediment Conttols in California, USDA Soils Conservalion Service -January 1991. . . Stonnwater Management Water for tho Puget Sound Bann. Wasbin&ton State Department of Ecology, The Technical Manual-FeblUBI}' 1992. Publication# 91-75. Water Quallt¥ Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region. Volume II, Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency -November 1988. ' .. ... ' ' ' ·, '• i ESC20 .~ ... , • . • --~1-,,_c.o, __ .. , Ir-" Construction Handbook 5 -22 March, 1993 I, j FLOW Additional Information -· Geotextilesand ·Mats ., ,\NCHOR SLOT; BUR'f THE UP-CHANNEL ENO OF. THE NET IN A 1z• DEEP TRENCH. TAMP THE SOIL FIRMLY. STAPLE AT. 12• INTERVALS ACROSS THE NET. OVERLAP, OVERLAP EDGES OF THE SiRIPS AT LEAST 4". STAPLE EVERY 12"' DOWN THE CENTER OF THE STRIP. JOINING STRIPS; INSERT THE NEW ROLL OR NET. IN A TRENCH. AS WITH THE ANCHOR SLOT. OVERLAP THE UP-CHANNEL ENO OF THE PREVIOUS ROLL 18,. AND TURN THE END OF THE PREVIOUS ROLL. JUST BELOW THE ANCHOR SLOT. LEAVING 6"' OVERLAP. QIECK SLOTS; ON ERODIBLE. SOILS OR STEEP_ SLOPES. CHECK SLOTS SHOULD BE MADE EVERY 15 FEET. INSERT A FOLD OF THE NET INTO A s• TRENCH ANO TRAMP FIRMLY. STAPLE AT 1t• INTERVALS ACROSS THE NET. LAY THE NET SMOOTHLY ON THE SURFACE OF THE SOIL -00 NOT STRETCH THE NET. ANO 00 NOT ALLOW WRINKLES. . . ANCHORING ENDS AI STRUCTURES, ·PLACE THE END OF THE. NET IN A. 12·· SLOT ON THE UP-CHANNEL SIDE .OF THE STRUCTURE • .,__ __ FILL THE TRENCH AND TAMP FIRMLY. ROLL tHE NET UP THE CHANNEL. PLACE·-STAPLES AT 12• INTERVALS Al.ONG THE ANCHOR END OF THE NET. . INSTALLATION PE NETTING AND MATTING ESC20 Constnacti(m Handbook 5-23 March, 1993 ! Additional -Information -Geotaxtiles and Mats ON SHALLOW SLOPES. STRPS OF NETT1NG MAY BE APPLIED ACROSS 11£ SLOPE. -~ow st. ==r'T"'l==::II ·-~ I I I SECTION ! SECIJQN FLOW ltllTCH> el.Mi. Construction Handbook ON STEEP SLOPES. AP"'-Y STAPS OF NETTING PARALLEL. TO lME OIREC'JlON OF FLOW ANO ANCHOR SECURELY. t : • i ~ j : CSTEEP SLOPE> fS.AtL IRIIG HETTN9 DOWN TO· A LEVEL BEFORE ~MINA~t THE INSTALLATION. TURN THE END UNDER s• AND STAP\..E AT 12• INTERVALS. WHERE TlERE IS A BERM AT THE TOP DF Tl4E SLOPE. BRING THE MA TTINB OVER THE BERM ANO ANCHOR IT BEHIND THE BEAM 111TH A 12• ANCHOR TR!NCH. ESC20 March, 199~ • • BMP:. DUST CONTROLS GENl:RAL ~CIUPl'ION Dust cQatrol measun:s am used to stabili7.c ~ii frcm wind erosion. and .reduce dust generaiedby COD$rUClion activilics. SurI'AJLE APPLICATIONS • Clearing and grading activities. • Comtruc:tiQD vehicle traffic on unpaved roads. • Drilling and blasting activities. • Sediment trackin1 onto pawd mads. • S(?il and debris storage piles. • Bat.ell drop from iront end loaders. • ARU with uosabilized soil. • F"IDII gradinafaite stabilizaik>n •ISUally is sufticiellt to conuol post-construction dust soumes. > STA.LL.ATION/APPLICATION CR11'ERIA • Scbedule coastlUdim acti'Videl 10 minimize exposed ma(~ ESC_ 1). • Quietly Slabill%.e exposed soiJs using \'egetaaoa, muldiing, spray~ adhesives, caldum cbloride. sprinkUD1, and stone/gravel laycrin1·(S~ SSC 10 and 11). • Identify and stabilize key access poiDIS prior to commencement of construction (See ESC24). • -Minirnizmg me impact of dust by anticlpati:Dg 1bc: diiec;tion of prevajliog winds. • Direct most constructioa tnffic ID stabilized roadways wi~ the project site (Sec ESC 23). REQUIREMENTS • Maint.c:llallce Most dust conllOI mcumes require frequent. often daily, attention. • Cost Installation c::ost.s fm watmc:bemical dust suppression are low, butaonual co$ts may be qui• high since these measures are effective for only a few hours to a few days. LIMITATlONS • Waterina pevents dust only for a short period and should be applied daily (or more often) to be effective. • Ovawata:ing may cause erosion. • Oil sbou1d not be used for dust control because the oil may migrate into drainageway andlor seep into the sqil. C~ c:bemlcally~ subgrada may mate soil waterrepeDant, inaeasing runoff. Comtructio.n Handbook 5-25 Objectives Prolact Slopes/CIJannels @Sit• Pltime"ijp Control lntwnal EnJ5ion Targeted Pollutants e Sediment 0 Nutrient. . Q. Toxic M•erhlt. Q Oll&Greae Q Flaat,ib/e Material• 0 Qth• CoMti'Jiction w .. , •. • Llbly lo HlltM : Slr,nlllt:anlltn,-:t 0 PtolMble l.o'lli or. Uninown Impact h'nplerililntatlon ':llicillira~nts 0 Capital Cast• Q O&.MCosr. Q .,_intfff1anq• 0 Training 0 Suitability fo.r Slo,,.a>5" I• High-0 Lo~ ESC21 March, 1993 · Additional Information -Dust controls California's meditaranean climate, with short wet seasons aQd.long bot dry seasons, allow tbe soils to thorougbly dry oul .DIJnng tbe:M; dry seasons, construction activities are at their peak, and disturbance and exposed ~as are inaeas- ingly subject 10 wind eJ0$ioo, sediment tracking and dust generated by constmction equipmmL Pu.It c011trol, as a BMP, is a pncti.ce that is already in place for many cooauuction activities. Los Angeles. the North Coast and Saaamenb>, among others have enacted dust control mlloanc:cs for coasttuc:tion activities that ·~use dust·b> be · tmnsponed beyond tbe coasuuction project property line. Recently, the State AirResources.Cootrol Board bas, under the . authority of the Clean Air Act, started to address air quality in ielati011 ID iobalable particulate matter less tba:il 10 miaons (PM-10). 9()11, of lbesc small particles are considelcd to be dust. Existing dust C011ti'ol reguiatjoJ&S by local agencic:$, muaidpal departments, public works department. ~or public health.departments are in place ill some regions within California. For jurisdictions tbalba.ve no formal dustcontml iegulalions Bild/or standards, Sections 10, 17 and. 18 of CalTrans• Standard Spccificatiom provide detailed provisions for dust control practk:es. Many local apncies requite dust con1rol in order to comply with local nuisance laws, opacity laws (visibility impair- ment) and tbe iequirellients of lbe Clean >Jr Act. 1be following are measures tbal local agencies may bave already implemmtm. as n:quin:ments for dust control from contractors: • Cooagpgjm I; Qmdinr J>mnit:r Requue provisions for dust control plam; • QonciLY fimj;ssjnp I :irniW Enforce compliance with California air pollution c:ontrol i.ws; • Ias::ow QYCD1l mfillicnu;nt activities: Priority given to cases involvins citizcn complaitats; • VnlDlliP E''Gl4 Am)IIRUIPD Rq;gut,; Require ra:cxds of dust control measures fQo. contractor. • Stnripu,m; pgpgtign p,:ey,:;gtjgn Plan• (SWPPP): Integrate dust c:ontrol.measmes 'mto SWPPP. I Qua Omtm\ Pntskm 'Duatconuol BMP's generally stabilize exposed surfaces and minimizejactivities tbat suspend or track dust partieles~ Table ESC21.l WWI which Dust Control BMPs apply b> site conditlC-.S wbich cause dust FCll'bea'Vily nveled and : dis1Urbed ~·SIJffRUion (walerin1), chemical dust suppessi~ pavel or mpbalt smfacing, tempcnry aravel Ctlllltrudion en~ equipment wasb-out meas, and haul UUCk coven ca be employccl u dust control applications. ~tor ~Y vegetadon ancl mulcbina uad sand.fences can be empJoye'1 ror-..of occasional orno con- structim irafiici': PJeventive measures would.include minimizing ntfiM;e aeaa to be dis~ limiting on-site. vehicle ~ic to 15 miles per·bour. and controlling dle aumber and activity or ·vebicles on a site at any giv~n tim~; Many of tbe reasonably available control measures fer controllin1 dust Cram. comtruction siti:s can also be implemented as BMPs for stmn water pollution prevention. Tllose BMPs include: ~ Pave, vegetate, or cbffliically stabili7.e ac:ccsa points where unpaved trafTIC surfaces adjoin paved roads. • Provide <;C>Vem.for baul ttuc1cs lraDSportinf matmi?ls tbat c:ontributc to itmt. • Provide .for wet suppn:ssion or chemical stabilization of exposed soils. • Provide for rapid clean-up of sediments deposited on paved roads. Fumish stabilized construction road entranc:es and vehicle ~ down.maas. • Stabilize un~ved haul roads, parting and s~gmg areas. Reduce speed and trips on unpaved roads. • Implement dust control measures for material stockpiles. • Prevent drainage of SNJirne11t laden storm water 011to paved surfaces. • Stabilize abandoned constructiOD sit.es using vegetation or chemical stabilization medlods. • Limittbe amount of areas distmbed by clearing and earth moving ~ons by scbedullng these activities ill phases. Por the cbauk:al 11abilu:ati011, tberc are IIWIY produC1S available fCII' chemically stabilizing gravel roadways and stock- piles. Tbe types of cbQmicals available and rea,mmendatioas for their use are tabulated in Table ESC 21.2~ CDllllQonly Used Cbeinicals for Dust Control ESC21 Construction Handbook March, 1993 • • Additional Information ~ oust cori1r01s addition, there me many other BMPs identified iD rhis liandbook thal provide dust control.including: . •· _Seeding and Plantings (ESC 10) • M;ulching (ESC 11) • Comitmction Road Stabili7.alion (ESC 23) • Srabili7.ed CODS1rUCtion Entrances (ESC 24) JjmitfWQDS • Oil lleated s11bgrades should not be used because the-oil may migrate into draioagcways and/or seep into the soil •. · • Cbemically 11:ated subpades may make the soil water repellaDt. interfering with loog4mm infilntion. and the vegetatiODIR-ve1elatioo of Ille sire. Some chemical dust suppressants may be subject to freezing·and may contain solfflllS and sbould be handled properly. • Asphalt, as a mulch taclc or cbc:mi<:al mul~ requires a 24 bout curing time to avoid adherence to equipment, worker sboes. etc. App~ sbould be limited because asphalt surfacing may eventually migrate into the drainage systan. • In cmnpacted an:as, watering and other liquid dust control measures may wash sediment or odlcr constituents into the drainage system. REFEREN<:a Best Management Pnctices and 'Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sir.es, Flood Control District of Maricopa C01mty, Arizma. September 1992. California Au Pollutim Control Laws, California Air Resources Board. 1992. CalTrans, Slalldard.Spec::ificadons, Sections 10, '"Pust Coatror; Section 17. ""WateriDg,;.; and Section 18. "Dust Pallia- . e". Prospects for Auataina the Stare Ambieat Air Quality Standards for Suspen~ Particulam Malter (PMlO), Visibility Redudng Pam.des. Sulnres. Lead, aad Hydrogen Sulfide, California Ait Rcsoun:cs Board, April 1991. S~to County,.W-mtmizatioa OrdinaDp: & Dust Control OrainaDcc (example). USDA. Soil coasenadon Service, '"Guides for Erosion and S~e11t Control"'. , ESC21 Cons.tructio~ Handbook S-27 March, l993 !,(,: n ! f f E. l Ill I ~ ~ .... ~ F = ~ SITE CONDfflON Disturbed Areas not Subject IO Tratrac Disturbed Areas Subject IO Traffic Material Stock Pile Slabili7.acion Demolition Clearing/Excavation Truck Traffic on Unpaved Roads Mud/Dirt Carry-Out • TABLE RSC 21.1 DOST CONTROL DMPs FOR GIVEN SITE CONDITIONS DOST CONTROL RMPs T,.,.,,..., Granl MW.In Wt& Olmklll Gnanl..,. Cunilhldklll 1111111 t:Kleall Penei~I Suppreal1111 0.. Atplualt Saud Ellll'MCIIIE¥.,_.1I T~ uf .Area VeplaUan M•k:hlnc (Walerfnc) S.ppnulla Surfadn& Ftlll:H W•O.-wu Cunn Jlbcustted X X X X X -· X X ·X ·. X X X X X X X X X . X X X .. X X X X .. - X X ·-L ... -.~ •• .; &l ii ; • • • = c:, ::, TABLE ESC 21.2 COMMONLY USED CHEMICALS FOR DUS'I' CONTROi~ ~ :s C. ·r ~ UI • ~ 3: Ill J CHEMICAL TYPES LIMITATIONS COMMENTS - SALTS • Calcium Chloride2 • Magnesium Chloride • Natural Brines Can lose effectiveness in dry pedods with low humidity. Leaches from road in heavy rain Not recommended for gravel road surfaces wilh low fines. Recommended 10-20% fines. . Calcium Chloride is popular. May become slippery when wet on gravel surfaces with high fines. ORGANIC, NON PETROLEUM-BASED • Calcium Lignosulfonate • Sodium Lignosulfonatc • Ammonium Lignosulfonate Not affected by dry weather and low humidity. Leached from road in heavy rain if not sufficiently cured. Best performance on gravel roads with high surface fines ( I 0-30%) and dense compacl surface with loose gravel. lncffeclivc on gravel surfaces low in ti11es.. May become slippery when wet on gravel · surfaces with high fines content. ~ 1 Motor oils and· oil treabnents are not recommended due ~o adverse effects Oil phull lite and 2rou11dwa1er. w 3 Not recommended due to adverse effocts on _plant lil'e, PETROLEUM BASED PRODUCTS' • Bunker Oil • A$phall Primer • Emulsitied Asphalt Generally effective regardless of clinuuic condilions may· . pothole in wet Weather. Best performance on gravel roi,ds with 5-10% fines. Creares a hardened crust. BMP: TEMPORARY STREAM CROSSING GENERAL DFSCRIPl'ION A temporary access stream crossinl is a temporary culvert, ford or bridge placed across a wat.erway to provide access for construction purposes for a period of less than one year~ Tcrnponiry acces& Cl'OS$ings are not ~Im~ co be used to maintain traffic for the general pQblic_. SUJrABLE APPLICATIONS . Temponry stream ~mas should be installed at all dcsi~ c:rossings c;,f perennial_ and m-.trrit $1R:lllls on tbe c::onsuuclion site, as well as for 4i')' channels wbicb may·be signiticandy eroded by consuuction uafllc. _ INSf ALl,ATION/Al'PLICATION CRITERIA Requm knowledp of suam f1owa and soil lll'CDgth and should be designed und~ the direction of a·Califomian:pstered enpiec:r with knowlcdcc of·both hydraulics and Q)QStruction loadin1 mquiremenlS for stmccures. REQUIREMENl'S • Maintmance IAspect weekly and after~ sipifican~ninfalL including assesslllCntof founclafions. Periodk:ally rc::move silt from crossings. Replace lost ag~gate flOm inlets and outlets of culverts. • Cost CalTrans COIISlnlctlon Cost Index for. temporary bridge crossing is $45-$95 per square feet. LJMiTATIONS • • • May be an expensive Cw a t.empcnry improvei:nent Reqwn:s OClicr BMPs lO minimize soil disturbance during installation and removal • Fords sbould only be used in dly weather . Construction Handbook Objectives <:9eusekeeping Prac~ Contain Waste bilize DisturlHld A,w c:tfaiect Sl~slChan"iiilJ, Control Site Perimeter Controllntamal Erosion · Targeted PollutanJs • Setllment 0 Nutrleni. 0 Toxic Materials Q Oil& Grease 0 Floatable Material• 0 i · Other Construction. Waste •• Ulcet ia Have· · Sls,n llt:anl Impact ;_ ~. 0 ProW/e Low or · Unknol//ffl Impact · lmplementa~on Requirements Q. Capital ,Ca.ts 0 O&.MCaat4 Q Maintenance 0 'training 0 Suitability for Siapes>5% · I e Hl9.h O Low J ESC22 March9 1993. --------------------------,--------,-----, Additional Information -Temporary Stream Crossing A temporary access stRIDl crossing is a culvert, ford. or bridge placed across a waterway to provi~ access for construc- tion for a period of less dlan one :,-ear. Temporary access crossings are not intended to be used for general public traffic. The purpose of Ibis BMP is to provide a safe. erosion-free access across a s~~for construction equipmenL Minimum stalldal1ls and specifications for the design, construction, maintenance, and removal of the structure should be established . by an •1inec:::r n:1istered in California. Temporary stream crossings may be necessary to prevent construction equip- ment from causing erosion of the sacam and tracking sediment and other pollu1ants into the sacam. Temporary s~;un crossings arc used a., access poinlS to consttuction sjtes wllen other detour routes may be too long or burdensome for the consttuction cquipmenL Often heavy construction equipment must cross streams or creeks. and detour routes may impose too IIWIY consrrainlS such as being too narrow or poor soil strength for the equipment load- inp. Additionally, tb,e conttactor may find a temporary stream crossing more economical for light-duty vehicles to use for frequent crossings. and may bave less environmental impact tban consU11Ction of a temporary access road. Jns111JatinnfAtip1icatipn Tem~ access stream crossings should be sized aod installed according to the drainage design aiteria of lhe local municipality. Design criteria should be hued on standard engineering practices for culvert design with provisions for minimmn1 impacts on disturbed crossing areas. Thlee lY.J?CS of tempomry access stream crossings may be considen:d: temoomcx Ag:i;:,$ C,Uixea; A temporary access culvert is effective in conuollin& erosion but will cause erosion dllling inslallatlon.and removal. A temporary culvert can be-easily constructed and allows· for heavy equipment loads. Tcmgnmry Aq;ea Fgrd; A temporary access fold provides little sedimmt and erosion control and ls ineffec~ve in ~UOllinl erosion in;'tbe stream channel. A tcmpomry ford is the lea.,t expensive stream aQSSin& ani:1 allows for • IIIIWIJlum load Umi1S;.:. It also offers very low main~c:e. Folds an:. m01e appropriate during tho dry season and in arid ., , .. amu of Calif~ia. : · Temporary AGSCP Bddee· With the appropriate materials and designs, 1 teQlporary access bridge causes tbe JeaSt erosion of tbo stream Channel cmssin1 durinl its installation and mmoval. t:>urin& the Jong summer construction season ia California. rainfall is in~t and ~Y sueams are dry. Under these ~tions, a· temporary access fold may be sufflcieoL A ford is not appropriate i( construction will continue tbrougll the Yiint.er rainy season, if summer thunderstorms are likely, or if the stream flows durin1 most of the. year. Temporary li(:C:eSS culvert.a and bridges should then be considered and, if used, should be sized to pass a significant design storm {i.a.. at least a 10-year stom~.). The temporary stream crossing should be protected against erosion, both to pievent excessive sedimentation in the sacam and to prevent wa.,hout of the aassing (and, a>nsequcntly, costly consttuction delays). Limimsiooa Special care must be taken when crossing an environmentally sensitive. walerway. Oils or other-potentially hazardous ~ shall not be used for sm(ace treaanents. Street mnoff should not be allowed to spill down crossing sideslopes. -Consll'Udioil iii watercourses should be at or near the natural elevation of the stream bed to prevent any potential -~nl upstn:am of tbe crossing. In addition, the following limitations may apply: ESC22 . Construction Handbook 5. 31 March, 1993 Additional 1·nformatioi1 -Temporary -Stream crossing • May be expcmiVG tmipOIM'Y cost · • Inaeased soil distmbaDce upon installalion and ranoval • 'l'empomy cuha1s need regalarmaillt.cmmce and can cause erosion if the culvert becomes dogged. • A tmparary ford offers lildDif ay erosion control ~ flowing streams and caa often make c:tosioo worse. Fords sbould only be used ill die dry season oa dry streams. ConslrUCtion ill wataways is subjeet m additional permit requirements. Con~ tbe local municipal storm water agency for addilioaal informalion. REFEIENCIS Bank and Shore ProrA:ctioa. CalTraos -November 1970. Best Manapment Practices aad Bmsion Control Manual for Constructi011. Sites. Flood ConttolDislrict of Maricopa County, Arizdna. Septcmbel', 1992. ESC22 Construction Handbook s.-J2 March, 1993 Additional Information -Temporary Stream Crossing FLAT BANKS AGGREGATE F FILTER CLOTH MUL,IPLE Pf PE§ -- $JEEP BANKS FILTER ~OTtl MULTIPLE PIPES AGGREGATE FlLL PER M.A.G. SPECIFlCA TIONS FIL T-ER CLOTH TEMPORARY ACCESS CULVERT ESC22 Construction B~ndbook 5 • 33 March:, 1993 • Additional Information -Temporary Stream Crossing Construction Handbook - ANRE9ATE APPROACH 5 1 I MAXIMUM. SLOPE OH ROAD SURFACE FLOW DIVERTED\ BY SWALE --\ .FILTER CLOTH TEMPORARY ACCESS fOBP S-34 ESC22 March, 1993 :,( ·BMP: CONSTRUCTION ROAD STABILIZATION GENE'RAL DESCIUPl'lON AcceulQ&ds.subdivwoaroads.-parldn1 areas. andothcron-si&evehicle a:ansponatiollroutes 5'k>uld be Slabilm:ct ipmwliateJy after pacling and frcqllCJltly maintained.to prevent erosion and control dust. · SUITABLE APPLICATIONS • Tempoiary CODStruction traffic. • -. Phased eoilsUuction projects and off.site road access. • Detour roads. • ·Comuuction during wet weadler. lNSTALLA.TIQNl6JIP.LICATION CRrffl1UA • Rold~ follow iopopapbic conlOUn ton:duc:c erosion of cm roadway. • 'lbe roadway slope should DOI exceed 1.5 percent. • , Gravel mads sbould be a ipinimum 4-inch tbiclc, 2--3 inch coarse aggregate base -applied bnmediately after pading, at u m:ammended-by soils eoginee-r. • Cbemical s&abiliurs or Wala' are usually required on gravel CX' dirt roads to prevent dust (see Dust Control ESC 21). ltEQUIRDfENTS • Maintenance Periodically apply addidonal aggregar.e on pavel roads. Aclive c,tirt amstruction roads are commooly·watered thme or more times per day during tbe dry~ Inspect weekly. atid after each rain. Repair any eroded areas immediately. • Cost Objectives c:::ihusekeeping Prac~ Contam Waste <lil,nimize Oistutbed bffS) <f.tabilizaDistutbed~ <li,otect Slapes/Channi]l> · Control Site Perimater Cantrol lntemal Etosion 'targeted Pollutants • Sediment 0 Nutrient• 0 Toxic Materiills : 0 Oil& Grease 0 Floatmle .,.,,,ri~I•. 0 Other Construction Waste • Uket to,,_,,;, · Sli,n~tlm~t 0 Probab,. Low or Unknown Impact lmplementatfo" Requirements Q Capital Costs g O&MCosts Q Maintenance 0 Training Q Suhllbility for Slopes>5" Gravel construction roads are moderately expensive. but cost is often balanced by ,..-----------. teelucdom in c:onsuucdon delay. ! e High _ 0 Low No additional costs for dust CODUOI OIi CODSUUCtiOD roads should be required ·a.:::=========I above lbat needed to meet local ail' quality requirem.enrs. -LIMITATIONS Es·c2a • '1be roadway must be removed or paved when coosttuctioo is complete. · •. Certain-chemical stabili7.ation methods.may cause storm water or soil poJ,Jution and · ~Id not be used (see Dust Control :ESC 21). ~gementof coostruction nffic is subject to air quality controlmeasures. Contact · the loc:al air quality management agency. Construction Uandbook 5-35 March~ 1993 Additional Information -Construction Road Stabilization Aleu whicb are &raded for construction vehicle tnnsport and parking purposes are especially susceptible to erosion and dust. The exposed soil surfaa: is conlinually distul'bed, leaving no opportunlty for vegetative srabiUzalion. S11ch areas also read m collea and tramport runoff watca along their surfaces. During wet weather. ~y often become muddy quaginm:s wbidl generate signifu:ant quantities of sediment that may poli11tc nead>y streams-or be transported off-site on I.be wbeels of consuuction vehicles. Dirt roads can become so unstabie during wet wcathel; tbat t,bey are vinually musab~ · -Efficient consttuc:tion road stabilization not only reduces on-sire erosion bllt can significantly speed on-sire work, avoid instances of immobili7.ed machinery and delivery vehicles, and generally improve site efficiency and working conditions during adverse weather. - 1ns1a11at19DMPPJigtion Oiteria 'Whme feasible, alternative mores should be ID$le for construction aaffic; one for use in dry condition. the other for wet eoodidoas which incorporate.tbemeasun:s listed fer~ BMP. Permanelitroada and pukin1 areas-should be.paved as~ · is possible after pading. Ju an altmnative where construction will be phased, the early application of gravel or cbemical · stabilizalion may solve potential erosion and stability problems. Temporary gravel roadway should be considered.duria1 tbe · , rainy season and/or on slopes greater tban S percent. When aravel. road is needed, apply a minimum 4-incb course of'2 to 4-incb crushed rock. gravel base. or crushed surfaci119 ~c:ourse immediately after grading or the completion of utilityins~Qn ~itb~ therigbt-of-way. Chemical stabilization mayalao be used !JP()n compacted native sub-&radc (sec tbe Dust Controt ~MP .ESC 21). These chemical controls should be applied per tb11:·manufacturcr's dilec:tions. · • ·-Tempormy roads $bould follow the contour of the natural terrain ro the maximum. extent possible. Slope sbou\d not exceed 15 percent. ROlllwayssbould bec::amfully &raded to drain lraDSversely. P!Qvlde 'draina&e swalesoneacli ~ of the roadway . . in ·tlJe case of a en)~ section, oroae side in the case of supe:r-elevall:d section. Simple gravel berms ~tbt>ut a trmcb can , •. ~beuse:d. -. I~~led inle~ ~uld be protected to prev~ntsediment-laden wall:l'frolil entmng the s~sewersystem (~ "Storm Drain Inlet Protection'' BSC 54). · · REFERENCES , Best Management Practices and Erosion Control Manual for ConslrUCtion Sir.es, Flood Control District of Maricopa County. Arizona. Sept.embe1'1992. Manual of Standards of Erosion and Sediment Control-Measun:s, Association of Bay Area Govemments,Jun.e1981. Stormwa.ter Management Water for the Puget Sound Basin, Washington State Department of Ecology, The Technical Manual -February 1992, Publication# 91-75. Virpnia Erosion and Sedimentation Control Handbook. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Division · of Soil and Wiw,:r Conservation, 1991. Water Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Regio~. Volume n, Handbook of Management Practices. Tahoe Re&ional Planning Agency -November 1988. ESC23 Constr1'ctlon Handbook 5-36 March, 1993·/ · 11 ' ;·. -----------,.-...----------------,------------- ,,. -I .. BMP: STABILIZED CONSTRUCTION ENTRANCE Ob~es ~ ........ ---------------------------t<H,OUNlcMplngPr.tcBcii> GENERAL ·oFSCIUPl'ION The c:omllUction cnuaam pradice is a Slabjlized pad of agp:g~ _uuderlaiD with :filteir ·doth locared at any point w.llcR "inamc will be eQtedni or leaving a <oasuuetioo site ro or from a public ri&ht-of-way; s• aDey, sidewalk or paddDg area. Sfabalizing the .C(IISUUClioa eall'aDCe sipifiamtly nduces Qle amount of sectirnent (~t. mud) uacml off-site, especially if awasblac:t iDcorporat.:cUor removing caked on.scdimeoL , SUD'ABLE APPLICATIONS • . · All pointS. or ccastmCDOD inpess and egress. , • · Unpaved·an:a, when: scdlmmt tflleking occ:urs from site onto-paved roads. INSTALLATION/APPLlCAriON CIUTElUA • . ·cOlli1nla OIi leffl pound whae polll"ble. Stoaes abouldbe 1-3 iDcbcs. M"111ium111-deptb of stoaa sbould be 6 inc:bcs or as ~4 by soils engineer. • Length sbould be .50-foot minialum. and 30-foot minimum width. • Pm'Yido ample tumin& ndii • part of enuance. QQUIREMENTS • Maiotmaocc . 'Inspect monlbly and after each rainfall. Rq,Jace gravel maraial when surface voids are visible. ~-all aedimcat depo(lital OD paved.lOldways witb.io 24 hows. Remove pawl and filrer fabric at completion of a>nstruCIJOll _ • Cost -,\vaqeannualcostforinstaJJadonandmaintenance(Source: EPA, 1992) Wilbout Wasb ~ SlSOO each. With Wash Rock: $2200 each. LIMITATIONS . ·contm Wall· === PtotetSI~ ~ Sita Petlin.i;;.> Cantiol Int.,,,., Erosion Targeted Pollutants Q 5-dlment Q· Nutri-,t• Q Toxic Maten•• Q 011&.qrease 0 Floatab/e Material• 0 Other Conat111Ctlan • w .. ,.. . J' • • , =,_,,.· . · dmpact 0 ProlMb,..Lo.,or ~Mllmpet lmplH\Mtation Requi~nts Q Capital Coda 0 O&IICoata 0 1111/ntenanc~ 0. Tn,infng 0 Suitability far Slopes>5" . • Requires periodic top dmssing with additional stones. • Should be uaed in CODjunc1ion witb sueet sweeping on adjacent publicrigbt-of-way. I • High O Low ESC24 Construction Handbook 5-37 Mar(h, 1993 Additional Information -Stabilized Construction Entrance ..,A ..... stab--iliz-.-:cd-c:omtructi---.-oa-en_tr_an_ce_is_a_pad_o_f_a_gp_g_ate_UDde __ rla_in_wi __ th-fll_ter_ckJCh __ -loca--tcd-at_an_y_po_in_t_w_h_ere_tmffi __ 1c_w_ill_-1, • be entering ot •ma a c:onstructi.oasite ro or ftom a public right-of-way, street. alley, sidewalk or ~I area. The purpoae of a stabilized oomlrlleti.on entnnce is to n:ducc or ~Jimjoate dle ~I of.sediment onto public rights-of-way or sttmlS. R~I llaekout of ~eats and other pollutaDIS onto-paved roads-1:ielps prevent deposilion of sediments '~to local stonn dlmns and produc:tioll of aid>ome dust. WhcR traffic will be entering or leaving, a stabilized comtruc:tioo eq.tmnce·sllould be used at all points of construction iqn:ss asicl ep:ss. NPDES permits require that appropriate measures bo implemenll:d to prevent ttackout of sediments onto paved IOldwan. which is a significant som.:e of sediments derived mm mud and dirt carryout from the unpaved roads and C:ODll1l'UctiOll sites. Stablliled .~tractiOll entrances an: rnodcrarely effective in imnoving sediment from equipment leaving a coastruc:tion- alte. The enllaDCe sboukl be build 011 tile level pound. Advantages of the .Stabilized CoostructioD EnlraDicO is tbat it does ft:JD.OYe some sedhaent from equipment and serves to cbamne\ comtructioa lnftic:: iD and out of tbe site • specified Jocalioos. Efflclcacy is peatl:, iDcn:ased when a wubinl ndc ia iQcluded as part of a stabilbecl CODSt1UCtion enuanc:e. lbe qp:1atc fer a s1abillzed coasttuction enttanc:e aproas should be l to 3 iDcbes in size, wasbed, wcll-paded pavcl or CID$bed mck. Minimum apron dimensions of 30 ft. x 50 ft. and 6 lnchea deep is adequate for two-way inpasfe~ ttafftc. 1'iae cntmnce must~ property aradcd to prevent maoff from leavina the c:oastnaction site. ' I 'I I 'I I i l. I, ' Wllea wub. meas an: povidecl. wasbin1 ii done on a reiDfon:cd ex>nc:n:le pad (If slpiftcallt wasbina is necessary) or iD a ana stabilized with crusbed stone wbicb drains'into a properly consaucted .M:lflau;nt trap cw~ (ES~ SS and~- Sediment bm:•i!:n an: povided to {RVellt sediments liom cnter1n1 iDto tbe stocmw-=r sewer sys~ dltcb. or :wa.-way. ·~·~ , t,JmitfdAM ei •! Coastruct on level Jn>Ulld. •, ~tabi'lbcd ~tmclion entrances are m.tb.er expensive to conatn1Ct and when a wasll m.ck. is included. a ae,dirnent crap : of some Jdad.-. also-be ~ded to collect wash water mnoff. • Requiles pedodic top messma with additional stones. , • Sbould be used ill coojuoctlon wilb street sweeping on adjacent public ript-of-way. iRUBRENCU Best Management Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Coosttuction Sites, Flood Control Dbtrict 9f Maricopa · COIDlty, Arizona. Septanber 1992. . Manual of Standards of Erosion and Sediment Conttol Measures, Association of Bay Area Governments, Ibnc 1981. Proposed Ouidallce Specifyin1 ~nt Measums for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in CQBStal Waters, Wort Group Woddna Paper, us~~ April, 1992. · Stmmwarer Mana&cment Waler for the Puget SOlllld Basin, WasbinglOD Stue Department of Ecology, 1bc Technical Manoal-Pebluary 1992, Publication# 91-7S. V-u&i*Elasion and Sedimentation Conttol Handbook. Virginia Departmeat of Cooservation and Recreation, Division of Soil and Walt:t Comervalioa, 1991. ' , Water Quality Manaaement Plan for tbe Lake Tahoe Region, Volume n, Handbook of Management Practices. Tahoe Regional P1annin1 Agency -NoveD).ber 1988. · Construction ~ndbook 5 -38 ESC24 March, 1993 I, I ) ' •• Additional Information -Stabilized Construction Entrance / / / / / VEHCLE LEN3TH REINFORCED CONCRETE CHANNEL/DITCH BOTTOM DITCH TO CARRY WASH WATER TO SEDIMENT BASIN OR TRAP WASH RACK .(·SCHEMATIC) FILTER FABRIC 1• TO 3• COARSE AGGREGATE z i $lMUZEP CQNSTRUCJJON ENTRANCE ES~4 Construction l{andbook S • 39 March, 1993 ( BMP: EARTH DIKE = GENERAL DFS.CRJPTION· The temporary earth dike is a temporary beml ocridge of compacted soil. used to divert runoff or cbamael water to-a desired location. SUITABLE.APPLICATIONS :aarth dikes are typically used ~ divert concen~ nmoff through distulbed areas intQ another BMP (e.g .• sediment basins), to divertrunoff away fromdisturbedorunstable slopes~ to divert runoff from off-site and undisturbed areas around disturbed areas. and as a c;ontainmentforconsuuctionmataialsandwastcs. Tbcdikesshouldremaininplaceuntillhe distulbedmeu are permanently stabili7.ecL Toe dikes must be on-site and m~saf'e~y convey anticipared flood flows. '· lNSTALLATION/APPLICATION CiUT1mIA . • AU~ sbould be compacted by earth-moviil& equipllienL All" ditesshould'bave po.,itive clrainage to a-Slabilized outlet. . • Top width m.ay be wider and side slopes may be flatter at crossings for cons~ction traffic. . • Dikes should ditect sediment-laden runoff into a sediinent·uapping device. · • Dike$ should be stabilized with vegetalion, cbemicals, or .physical devices. · llEQUiltEMENTS • Maintenance Inspect periodically and aft.er every significant rainfall; repair as necessal)'. · • Cost CostrangesfromS15toS55pcrfootforbothcartbworkandstabilizationancldepends on availability of material, site locatioo, and access. LIMITATIONS Pikes should not be used for drainage areas greater tban 10 acres. or along slopes greater than Objeqtives Hausalceeplng Practices @ntain Was]i> Minimize Disturb«/ Areas Stabilize Disturbed·Arias <lz,tect Slopes!Chanri""'i]b ¢°gntrol Sit• Pen(ffflJb <Ci,nttol lntemal Eto"Sjgji> Targeted Poll~nts • S~illlfl(lt 0 Nutrienr. Q Toxic Materials Q Oil & Gruse . 0 Floatable Materials Q Other Construction ·Waste ·• Ubly ID H_.,. Slgnlllcant l,Jtpact 0 Probable Low or . Unknown lmpac:t lmpl•mantation Raquinments Q Capital Cost• Q O&MCosts ~ Maintenance Q Tra,"ning Q Suitability for Slopu>5" · lOpercenL For larger areas more permanentdraillagestructures should be built. All drainage structures should be built in compllanc:e with lo'c::al municipal requirements, • High_ 0 Lo~ • • .. • • Eartb dikes may aeatc more disturbed area on site and become barriers to const;ruction equipment. ESC30 P.ardl dikes mustbcstabilizedimmedialcly, wbitb adds cost and maintenance a)nccms. 1------------11 Di.vetted stopn water may cause downstream flood damage • Dibs should not be coosttucted (,)f soils which may be easily eroded. Regrading tbc site to remove the dike may add additionai cost. Co~truc.tion Handbook 5-40 March, 1993 Additional Information -Earth Dike the t.emporaryearth dike is a berm-or ridge of compacted soil, loca.111:din such a.manneru to divt:nstormwatcr ro a sediment trapping device ors.tabilized ouUet. thereby reducing dle pot,entialforemsiol and offsitesedimmtatioa. Barth dikes amalso be u.,ed to divert runoff from off-site and from undisbllbed areas away from distud>ed areas, and to divert sheet flows away from unprotected slopes. · An earth dike.does not i1Self coattol erosion orn:move sediment.from nmoff; a dike prevents erosion by directing JUDOff ro aaerosion conuol device such as asedimc:Dt trap or ~I nmotf away from.an erodible area. T~porary diversioa dikes sbouJd not advc:tsely impact adjacent poperties and must conform to local O.oodplain·managemcntie&uladons, and should not be used in mas wiUI slopes stcepcl' tban lO'I,. • The adva-.ta&es of the tanpmary earth dike include the ability to bandlc flows from large drainage areas. • Oncestabillzed,eardldikcsn:quiten:lativelylittlemaintaance. Additionally,tbeeardldikesan;n:lativelymexpensive to install since tbe soil mataial required fc, construction may be available on-site. and can be consrructed as part of tbe initial padin1 opemtioast while tbe equipment is oil-site. • Uses on-site materials. In3q111arimfAmJipfipn Oiceda Temporary earth dikes are a practical, inexpeosiveBMP used todivertsblnll waarunoff. ·Temporary divetsion dikes should be inlCalled in tbe following manner: · 1. All dikes sbouJd be compaetecl by'cairth-mov.in1 equipment. 1 All dikes should have positive draim&e to an outlet. . 3. All dikes aboulclhave 2:1 aide slopes. 18 inches minimum beight, 111d a minimum top width of 24 inches. Top widlb may be wldr:r .S side slopes may. be flatter at crossia11 for c:onstmctlon traffic. 4. Tbc out1ct~·tbe _. dilm must fuDcdon with a minimum of elOlioa. Runoff sbould:be conveyed to a sediment 1rappinadmc:oauc:has?smh11entnp(ESC55)orsedlmentbasia(BSC56)wbenei.tbertbe~c:baDDelorthedraiJlage uea.above ibe dike me uotadequaWdy stabilized. 1• ! S. Temporary s1abiUzadon maybe actaieved using seed and mulchial for slopes less tban S'I,, and eilhcrrip-rap or sod for slopes iD e.xc:es$of S4Jr,. laeltbercase, stabilization of tbeearth dBm sbolaldbccompletedimmediatdy after construction or prior to tbe ftnt rain. . · 6. If riprap is ued to stabib: lbe channel formed aloni ·tbe toe of the dike, tm following typical specifidllions apply: CHANNEL RlPR.AP QRAPB SVtBD,JZA"l]QN 0.5-1.011, 4" Rocle 1.1-2.0IJ, fl' Rocle 2.1-4.0lf, 8" Rock 4.1-5.0'1, 8-12· Riprap 7. 'Ibe stone tlprap, recyc:led coaaete. etc. used for stabilizalioo should be pressed into the soil with coosttuction equipmenL 8. Filter cloth may be used to cover dikes in ose, for long periods. 9. Coostructioa activity on lhe earth dike should be kept to a minimum. REl'EREN<:a . BestM.anaaement Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Consttucli.on Sites. Flood Control District of Maricopa County!> Ariz<Di. September 1992. •Draft. Sedimentalion and E'msion Control. /vJ. Inventory of Cummt Ptaclices", U.S.E.P:A., April. 1990. ESC30 Construction Handbook 5. 41 March, 1993 j I } \ Additional Information -Earth Dike . on and Sediment Control Handbook. SJ. Goldman, IC. Jackson. T.A. BursetynSty, P .B., McGraw Hill Book ompany. Manual of Standards of Erosion aad Sediment Control Measures, Associalioo of Bay Area Governments, June 1981. Water Quality Maliqement Plan fCJrtbeLak.e Tahoe Region. Volume n. Handbook of Management Practices. Taboc · Regional Plaooing Agency -November 1988. · ESC30 Construction Band!M>ok 5-42 March, 1993 Additional Information -Earth Dike 8 -1 COMPACTED FILL: 2 : 1 SLOPE OR FLATTER. BOTH SIDES REQUIREMENTS BASED ON UPSTREAM DRAINAGE AREA DIKE 1 DIKE 2 C5 ACRES OR LESS> <5-10 ACRES> A-DIKE HEIGHT ta· 36"' 8-DIKE WIDTH 24• 36"' C-FLOW WIDTH 4' 6,"' D-FLOW DEPTH 8"' 15'' TEMPORARY PIYERSION DIKE Construcdon Handbook S. 43 · • ' l ' ' ! ESC30 March, 19t3 BMP: TEMPORARY DRAINS AND SWALES GENERAL DESCRJPl'ION · T~pomry drains and swales are used to divert off-site runoff around ~ construction site, ~en l'lllOff from stabilized areas around disturbed areas. and direct nmoff into sediment bu~ or traps. SJJn"ABLE APJ'LICATIONS . Trmpcrary drams and swales arc appmpiare for div~g any ·upslope runoff around ~tabill7.ed or disturbed meas of tbe a,nsuuction site: • Prevent slope fail~. • Pre,ent dama&e to adjacent property. • Prevents erosion and uaasport of scdiinents into water ways. • Inaeases tbe po1mdal for infiltralioo. • l)ivert, sediment-laden mnoff inco ~t basins or traps. STALLATION/APPLICA.TION CRrrE1UA emporary dlainqeswalcs wili:effedively conveynmoff and avoiderosioni(builtpropedy: • Sm tempomy drainage swales usmg local.drainage design criteria. • A pennanent daainage cbminel must·be desiped by a professional engineer (see lbe local dmiaqe design criteria f« proper dc:sip). • At a JIWUll!UQl. t,bc drainlswalesbould conform to p~developlllcnt draillage patterns and capacities. • Construct tbe drain(swale with an unin~ted, positive grade to a stJbiliied·oudeL • ~vidc erosion.prou:ction or energy ~pation measwes.if.tbc; flow out of the drain « swale can n:acb an erosive velocity. REQUIREMENTS • Maintenance -· Inspect weeJcly and after each min. Repair any erosion immediately. Remove sediQlent wbicb builds up in the swale and restricts its flow capacity. • c~ . The cost.of a draiaqe swalc iDcreascs with drainage area and slope. Typical. swales for conuolling intanal erosion are inexpensive. LIMrrATIONS • Temporary drains and swales or any other diversion of runoff should not adveisely impact upsaream or downsueam properties. • Temporary drains and Swales must conf'onn to local floodplain ma.nagcmel)t require- inen~ Co~tn.ction Handbook 5-44 . Objactivas Haus,kNping Practices Contain Waste Minimize Disturbed Areas Stablila Dlstui'bed An,as · <lf!,tect Slopes/t'hann-.Jb <::Q,ontrol Sit• PentJM"]il> · <C,ontrol ln."'11al Emioii::> Targeted Pollutants • Sediment 0 Nutrlenr. 0 Tax.le Materials . 0 Oil & Grease 0 Floatahle Matera,/• 0 Other Construction Waste • .Ukely.*>H..,,_: SlgniBmnt Impact 0 Probable Low or Unknown Impact ,mplamantatlon Raqulntrrients Q Capital Coats Q O&MCo•ts 0 Maintenance · C) Training Q Suitability fat -Slopes>5% • High O .Low · ] ESC31 March, 1993 Additional Information -Temporary Drains and Swales ·-Slopes tbat are formed during cut and fill operations should be protc:etcd from erosion by runoff. A com.binatioa of a temporary dniDage swale and an t;artb dike (see BSC30) at the top of a,slope can safely dive:rtnmoff ID a locatiOG where 1.t · can safely be brou&ht to the bottom of the slope (see Pipe Slope Drain ESC32). A oombinailon dike and swale is easily . • · COllS1rUd:m by asiqle pus of a bulldozer or gnderand compacted byaseamd pass of tbe tracks or wheels over tbe ridge. Plversioa structues should be imtalled wbeo the site is initially graded, and =-min place until post-coostructioa BMPs m: instaJled ¥Jd/« the slopes an: stabilized. Di:vasim pnctices c:oaa:nlrire the 'VOiume of surface runoff, iliaeasin& its velocity and erosi"VC fon:e. lbus, Cbe flow oul ofthedraiD°"swalemustbedRctedoatoastabili1.eclueaorintoa~SblliJizarinn.suucture;, Aswalesllouldbestabilizecl , usm1 veptatioo, cbernkal tteatmcnt. rock rip,,rap, matting, « otber pbysical means of s~ if significant erosi011 , will oc:cur. Any dmin or swale which conveys sediment-laden nmoffmust be diverted into asedimentbasin or trap befoR · . it is discharged from the site. · , 1pstg1JadootAmlUc;atiQo Gd!Gria Di'Yel'lion dninl orswales are only effective if they are properly iDstalled. Swales are more effective than dibs beea~ tJiey , ,tend to be mcx:e'stable. lbe combination of a swale with a diJcc on the downhill side is tile most cost-effective dlvemion. :standard engineering design aiteria for small open cbanncl and closed coaveyance systems should be used (see tbe local . drainage desip manual). Unless JQcal drainage design aiteda state, otherwise, drains or swales should be designed • follows: • I'• • • • • • • • • • No morc tlulll 5 ac:ra may drain to a tempom-y drain or swa1e Place die drain or sW&Je abo"VC._ not on, a cut and fill slope Swus bottom width should be at least 2 ft Depth oftbo -.le should be at least 18 incbes Side slopes sbould be 2:1 or o.aa« DmiD or awala should be Ja.yed at a pade ot at Jeut 1 percent. but not more than 15 percent The ~e·must not be overtopped by tbe 10-year, 24-bour storm, inespecd.ve of tbe ~Ip ai~ staled above Relilove all l:Ries. sbJP'lps, obstructions, and other objec:tionable materlai ~ the swale whc::n it is built Compm:t IDY rdl m.at=ai UOIII the path of the Swale Stabilize all swalcs immecijard.y. Seed and mulch swales at a slopo of less than 5 percent. and use rip-rap or sod for awales With a slope between 5 and 15 percent Do not operate coaatru<:p vebiclci across a swale IIDless a sw,illzcd crossing ia provided. 1be cost of swales and olber divenion devices is generally included ill tbe earthwodc cost, u a separate item under the grading budaet of the project consttuction contract. 'REFERENCD Best Maoaaement Practices and :Erosion Control Manual for Consttuciion Sites, Flood Control District of Mancopa County, Arizona. September 1992. · "Dmft .. Sedimentation and :Erosion Control, All Inventory of Current Prac,tia:s·-, U.S.E.P.A., April. 1990. Manual of S~ of Erosion and Sediment ContJol Measures. Assodialoa of Bay Area Govemmen1S, June 1981. Stonnwatct Maaagement Water for the Puget Sound Basin. Waabington State Department of Bc:ology, The Tccbnical , Manual-Fellluuy 1992, Publication I 91-75. · Water Quality ~ement Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Volume n, ~·of Management Practices, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency -November 1988. Construction Handbook S • 45 ESC31 March, 1993 • ! ! ' ! r,1 Additional Information -Temporary Drains and Swales STABLE OUTLET REQUIRE . 3:1 OR FLATTER -, l --- STABILIZATION LEVEL csoss SECTION PLAN 0.5X OR STEEPER. DEPENDENT ON TOPOGRAPHY TEMPORARY DRAINAGE SWALE ESC31 Comtruction Handbook S -:46 March, 1993 BM,P: SLOPE DRAIN Objectives 1-:--------------------...... --,.---------t_ · Hous1keeping_P(1'i:tices GENERAL D~CRIPfION A temporary pipe or lined channel to drain tbe top of a slope to a stable discharge point at the bottom or• slope without causing erosion. SUil'.ABLE APPLICATIONS • Where concentrated flow of surface runoff must be convey~ down a slope in order to prevent erosion. • Drainage fOl' top of slope. diversion dikes or swales. • Emergency spillway foe a sediment basin. • Draloa&e for top of cut/f'lll slopes wbcte water qm accumulate. 1be types of slope drain can include: • Pipe drops. .. Flexible d.owndraias:. Sectional downdrains. ~ned tenace drains. . ·INSTAJ,LATION/,µ»PLICATION CRlTER.IA -• ~ inlet and surround with dikes to prevent gully crosidl4 and ·anchor pipe to slope.' · · • Size to convey at least tbe peak of a 10-year, 24-hour stom (Sec local flood. control agency for requirements). · • · S~ili7.e outlet. REQUIREMENTS_ • Maintenance Structure must~ inspected iegularly and after sto1D1S. Inlet must be free of undc:R:UUing and no water should cirt:umvent the ~nuy. Oudct should not produce erosion; velocity d~ipatOrs must be maintained~ Pipe; anchors must be chccbd 1D ensUR 1hat the pipe remains anchored to the slope. ·• Cost CalTrans Cost Sdledole gives regional cost ranges. LIMITATIONS .. • • Maximum drainage area per slope drain is 5 aaes. (For large areas use a paved chute • rock lined cbanncl or additional pipes.) · Clogged slope drains will force water around the pipe an~ cause slope erosion . Dissipation of bigb flow velocities at the pipe outlet is required to avoid downstream erosion • . Faillll'e can iesult in ftoodin and severe erosion. Construction Handbook 5. 47 Contain. Wasta Minimize Disturbed Areas Stabilize Disturbed Arwas <lrotect Slopes/Ch~n"iii::> Control Sit• Perimeter. Cantrol lnt,mal Erosi~n Targeted Pollutants •-Sediment 0 Nutrient• 0 Toxic Mate_riafs 0 Oil & Grease 0 Floatable Materials 0 Other Construction . Waste · • Uk-,Y to Have Slgnltieant lm,,,ct · 0 Probable low or . Unknown lmpct · Implementation Requirements Q Capital Ca•ts 0 O&MCosts Q Maintenance 0 Training Q $uitability for Slopes>5¾ J e · High O Low ] ESC32 MarcJi, 1993 Additional Information -Slope ,Drain · , The slope drain may be a rigid pipe. such as coltllgated metal, a flexible conduit. or a lined terrace drain with the inlet placed on tbe top of a slope. The drain conveys coocenttated runoff down to the bottom of tJle slope. The B:tv,:P typically-is used in eolilbination with adivmion control, such as a temporary dike orswale,at the top of the slope,.and serves as a temporary BMP '. to reduce or eliminate slope erosion until pennanent BMPs are installed and the slope is s~ilized. 1beslopedrainisapplicablc for anycons1rilctionsitcwhereconcentaw:dsudacerunoff can accmnulatcandmustbc.conveycd down the slope in order ro prevent erosion. The slope drain is effective because it prevents the stonnwater from flowing dilcctlydown the slope by coofining all tbenmoffintoan enclosed pipe or channel,. Due to the time lag between grading slopes and installation of pcnnanent storm W..-colleclion systems and slope stabilization measuies. temporary provisions to · inten:cpt nmoff are sometimes necessary. Parti~arly in steep tcmlin, slope drains can protect unstabilizcd areas from erosion. Typical uses include: • Emergency spillway for a sediment basin. • Drainage for top of cur/fill slopes where stomi water can accumulate and must be conveyed down tbe slope. JustalJouonfAoaJietipu Critc;ria Temporary slope dtaiosarehigblycffcctive in eliminating slope erosion. lnsrallation andmaintcnancercquiremcn~ arc small, ~Y when flexible pil?C is used. General ait&:ria: ,, • Gully erosion is tbemajorproblem with slope drains. lnletstructures must be securely entrenchedan~compacted to avoid severe gully erosion. . • The drain must be securely anchored to the slope and.must be adeq~tely sized to cany the capacity of tbe design storm and~ forces. · • , 'Ibe QUClet must be stabilized with rip-rap. conaete or other type of eneray dissipator, ordirected into a sra~~ secllment , ···· llapcrbasini. · · · · 1 • ~ A debris rack.is recommended at tbe inler, and sbould.·be encouraged foe larger pipes and at tbe outlet as a saf~ty device ·· to prevent small cbildrl:n frtJm entering the ~ipc. · :· · ~ i-1 :Ma~ M•~rial selection and ait.eria for the pipe slope drain is often established by tb,c local municipality. Soil type. rainfall · patterns. consttuctl.011 schedule, and a'Vailable supply are some of the factors to be considered. The following types of slope di:ams are commonly used: • I '1' • • Riz;id Pjp;;: This type",of slope drain is also known as a pipe drop. The pipe usually consists of ,corrugated mcral pipe er rigid plastic pipe. The pipe is placed on m1disturbed or compacted soil and secured inro the slope. One foot minimum cover is required: on tbc pipe. and concrete thrust bloc.lcs must be used when required by the municipality: or warranted by tbc calculated thrust fon:es. Collars should be properly installed and secured with metal strappings or watertiglu collars. · · · EJcxjbJe Pim; The flexible pipe slope drain consists of a flexible-conduit of heavy dur.y material. The conduit material is ~curely ancbored into tbe $lope and connections arc watcnighL The conduit should be securely fastened to the metal inlet and outlet conduit sections witb metal strappings or water tigbt collars. · Sc;giooplt>owndmins;, The sectional downdrainconsisrsofprc-fabric;ated,scctionalconduitofbalf-roundortbird-round material. '1be sectional downdrain perfonns similar to a flume or chute. The pipe must be placed on undisturbed or c:ompac;:ted soil 11:'d secured into the slope. · Concn;tc-Jiocd Te,mce Dmin; This is a concrete channel for draining water from a terrace on a slope to the next level These drains are after permenant slructurcs which should be designed according to local drainage design criteria. .I E$C32 Comtrucijon Handbook S -48 March, 1993 )· i, Additional Information. -Slope .Drain Design: ess specified by the local municipality, the capacity for temporary drains sbould be sufficient ro .bandle the peak nmoff ma 10-year, 24-hour rainfall evenL lbc pipe si7.e may be computed using l:hc Rational ~ethod 01' a method established . by the local municipality. Higher flows must be safely stored or rou~d.to prevent any otfsite ooncentration of flow. and any erosion of the slope. As a guide, temporary pipe slope drains should not be sized smaller than shown in tbe following cable: MINIMUM PIPE DIAMETER. 12" 18" 21" 24" 30" MAXIMUM DRAINAGE ARE.A(ACRES) Q.S l.S 2.S 3.5. s.o Permanent improvements must be designed and installed if the•drainage area is greater than S acres. The following additional design aitaia sboul(,1 be considered: " Conseruct the pipe slope dl3iD entrance of a standard flared end section with a minimum 6-incb metal toe plate to prcve~trunoff fnm undercutting the pipe inleL The slope of the entrance is usually at least 3 pe1ecnL • 'I'horougbly compact tbe soil around 'and under the pipe and entr.mce secticn. • Secun:ly fasten tbe slope drain sections together. bave g~keted watertight fillings, and securely anchored into the soil. • Secum the f1ar;al inlet sec:dm to the slope drain andbave watertight connecting bands. Useinten:eptor' dibs 10 direct runoff into a slope drain. The height ~f tbc dike should be at least 1 foot higher at all points tbaa me top of the iDlet pipe. · • lf the pipe slope dniD is c:oaveying sediment-laden water, directall flows into a sediment trap {ESCSS) or sediment basin (ESC56). • Unless tbe pipe duectly enters a sediment trap/basin, stabilize the area below the outlet with a riprap apron. IJmjtatjons lmtalJatioo is a:itical fot effective use of the pipe slope drain to minimi7.e p:>tenti~ gully c;rosion. Maxiin:lim drainage area per p~ slope drain is 5 aaa. For larger areas use a paved chute. rock liQ:d cbannel or additional pipes. (See l:hc IO(;al muuicipality for drainage requimnents) • .. . , Puring large storms. pipe slope drains may become clogged or overcbargcd, fordng·water around the pipe and caming extreme slope erosion. Stmctures for dissipation of bigb flow velocities at the pipe outlet must be constructed to avoid downstteam erosion • Failun:.of this typ: of temporary sttucbR may iesultin flooding and seven: erosion • If the sectional downdrain is not sized comctlyi the IUilOff can $pill over the drain sides causing gully erosion. and· potential failure of the suucime .. ESC32 Construction Handbook 5-49 March, 1993 Additional Information -Slope Drain ltEFERENCES Best.Management Practices and F.ro.,ion Control Manual for Construction Sifes. Flood Cooirol District o(Maricopa County, Arizona. September 1992. .. Draft -Sedimc:otatioll and Erosion Ccnttol. An Inventory of Current Practices". U.S.E.P.A., April. 1990. , StODD.water Management Watt:r for the Puget Sound Basin, Washington State Department of Ecology, The Tec.bnicai Manual -Fe~ 1992, Publication# 91-7S. · Wat.er Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Volume II, Handbook of Management firac:tices9 Tahoe Regional PlaDDing Agency -November 1988. ESC32 Construction Handbook s. so March, 1993 i ' r Additional Information-Slope Drain, 60 ·construction Handbook SIDE SLOPE ,. 2:1 EARTH DIKE CORRUGATED METAL PIPE l==I 1- 4' MIN. AT LESS THAN lX SLOPE STANDARD FLARED · ENTRANCE SECTION MIN. INLET SLOPE 3~ 1--0 -I 1--3~ 4-2 RIPRAP SHOULD CONSIST OF 6 ... DIAMETER STONE PLACED AS SHOWN ANO SHOULD .BE A MINIMUM OF 12"" IN THICKNEss: PIPE SLOPE DRAIN <R101p1 5-51 March, 1993 Additional Information -Slope Drain ALTERNATE: SEDIMENT TRAP (SEE ESC 56> FLEXIBLE PIPE WATERTIGHT CONNECTING BAND 4' MIN• LESS THAN 1X SLOPE SEDIMENT TRAP RIPRAP SHOULD CONSIST OF 6,. DIA STONE PLACED ·AS SHOWN. DEPTH OF APRON SHOULD EQUAL THE PIPE DIA AND RIPRAP SHALL BE A MINIMUM OF 12• IN THICKNESS. 0 co LENGTH AS NECESSARY TO GO THRU DIKE H • 0+12"' CUTOFF WALL 30 ALTERNATIVE SEDIMENT TRAP; BIPBAP PLAN PIPE SLOPE PBAIN CFLEXIBLE1 Construction Handbook S -52 March, 1993 • • ' I ' I • i ! I : i BMP: OUTLETPROTECTION. GENERAL DESCIUPl'ION Rock outlet protection is a physical device composed of rock, grouted riprap. or concrete rubble wbich is·placed at the oudet of a pipe u, prevent scour of the soil caused by high pipe flow velocities, and u, absorb flow energy to produce non-erosive velocities. SUITABLE APPLICATIONS • • • • • Wbelever discharge velocities and energies at the outlets of culverts, conduits or channels are sufficient to erode tbc next downstream reach. Rock outlet protcc1ion is bests~ for temporary use during oonstroction because it is usually less expensive and easier to install than conaetc aprons or energy . dissipalOn. A sediment uap below the pipe ~utlet is n:commended if mnoff is sediment laden. Pennanent rock riprap pro~ shOuld be designed-and-sized by the engineer as part ' of the culv~ conduit 01' cbanneJ ~go. Grouted riprap should be avoi~ in areas of freeze and thaw because the grout will ~. ! . . . ~ E 1NstALLATION/APPLICATION CRITERIA R,.ock outlet protection is effective when the rock is·siu:d and placed properly. Wben this is ac:comp1isbed, rock outlets do much to limit erosion at pipe outlets. Rock size should be inc:leued for high velocity flows. General recommendations foe rock size and.l~gth of oudet protection mat are presented in the additiooal infmnatioosheet. .BesJ results me obtained when sound, durable, angular rock is used. Cal.Trans Standard Specifications or the local municipality can provide additional specifications rot consbUcting outlet protec- . lion-devices. REQUIREMENTS • Maintenance Inspect after each significant min for erosion and/or disruption of the rock. and. repair immediately. Grouted ot wire-tied rock riprap can minimizemaintenantercquirements. • Cost CaiT1311S Cost Schedule gives regional cost ranges. LIMITATIONS • • • Lirge stOims often wash away lbe rock outlet protection and leave the area suscep- tib~ u, erosion. Sediment c:aptuRd by the rock outlet protection may be difficult to remove without -JeJDovi.Qg the rock. Outlet prota:lion may negatively impact the channel babitaL Construction Handbook S -53 Objectives Housekeeping Practices Contain Waste Minima, Disturbed Areas S~bllueD~turbedAreas . . <l§tett SlopeslChann!JP Control Site Peri11111tar Control Internal Erosion Targeted Pollutants • Sediment 0 Nutrients 0 Toxic Materials 0 Oil& Grease 0 Floatable Materials 0 Oiher ConstJUction Waste • Likely to HIN• Significant lmP111Ct 0 Probab,. Low or Unknown Impact linplamiantation Requirements Q Capital Costs 0 O&MCosts Q Maintenance ·o Training 0 Suitability for Slopes>5% • High O Low ESC40. March, 1993 Add.itional Information -Outlet ProtectiQn Outlet protection is needed where ~harae velocities and energies at the outlets of culverts. conduits or channels· are sufficient to erode the immediate downstream reach. lbis practice protects the inlet or outlet from developing small eroded pools (plange pools), and protects against gully erosion resulting frQm scouring at a culvert mouth. Rock outlet pmteclion is usually less expensive and easier to install than conaeteaprons or energy dissipatois. It also serves ro ttap sediment and reduce now velocities. As with most channel design projects, depth of flow, roughness, gradient, side slopes, discharge rate and velocity should be considered in the outJ,et design. Compliance to local and state regulations should also be considered while working in environmentally sensitive stream.beds. General recommendations for rock size aild length of outlet protection mat is shown in the rock outlet protection figure. Best results are obtained when sound, durable, angular rock is used. Rock depth and outlet protection length are governed by the discharge pipe size, but hydraulic calculations and velocili.cs 'should be used to determine length. Your local municipality or CalTrans ~ould be.consulted for appropriate sizing criteria in your area. REFEREN.CES Best Manage1;11cnt Practices and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sites, Flood Control District of Mariposa County, Arizona, September 1992. · County of Sacramento Improvement Standards, Sacramento County -May 1989. · Environmental: Criteria.Manual, City of Austin. TX, 1989. i Erosion and Sediment Co~trol Han®ook. SJ'. Goldman, K. Jaclcson, T.A. BursztynSky, P .E., McOra,w HiiIBook Company, 1986. : Handbook of Steel Drainage &: Highway Constructiob, American Iron an4 Steel Institute, 1983. ,. Manual of Standaids of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures, Assotjation of Bay Area Governments, Ju~ 1981. · S.tormwater Management Water fol' tbe Puget Sound Basin, Washingron State Department of Ecology, Toe Technical ~anual -February 1992, Publication # 91-75. Water Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Volume n, Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency -November 1988. ESC40. Construction Handbook S-54 Mar~h,.1993 • ii I .1 ; I • i 'I I .. I \, { Additional Information -Outlet Protection ALTER FABRIC La PIPE OUTLET TO FLAT AREA WITH. NO OEFlNEO CHANNEL PLAN FILTER FABRIC PIP.E OUTLET TO WELL-OEFINED CHANNEL La = LENGTH OF APRON do = INSIDE PIPE DIAMETER w = APRON WIDTH d = APRON THICKNESS NOTES 1. APRON LINING MAY BE RIPAAP, GROUTED RIPRAP, OR CONCRETE 2. PIPE DIAMETEFl. APRON DIMENSIONS, AND AVERA~E: ROCK SIZE FOR RIPRAP ARE BASED ON THE DESIGN FLOW RATE ANO VELOCITY. La AND ROCI< SIZE MUST BE SET TO SLOW THE Fl.,OW TO NON-1:ROSIVE VELOCITIES (,;g., LESS THAN 10 fps). SEE CAL TRAN$ ANO LOCAL AGENCY DESIGN CRITERIA FOR APPROPRIATE SIZING CRITERIA. 3. d = 1.5 TIMES THE MAXIMUM ROCK SIZE DIAMETER BUT NOT LESS THAN 6 INCHES. ESC40 P.JPE OUTLET CONDITIONS 5-55 March, 1993 BMP: CHECK DAMS GENERAL DDCRJPl'ION Small tanporaly dams coasttucb:d aaoss a swale or drainage ditdl. Check dams reduce . tbc Vl;l~ty of conc:mmr.c:d s1Dlmwafa' flows. th=by teductng erosion oftlle swale or ditch. and pm.•g ~~lalioo bdlind the dam. If properly anchored. brush or rock fdter berms (ESCS3) may be used for~ dams. Si:JITABLE APPLICATIONS • Used to pcevent en:ilion by reducing the velocity of cbamlel flow in small int.ermittent · cbimoe]s and~ Swales. • May also promote seclimeolatioa behind the dam, but should not be c<J1JSideied to. be a primary sedilllfflt ttappiD& deYic:e because subsequent storms will sCOIIJ' and resus- pend mudl of the ttapped sedimeoL lNSTALLATION/APPLICATION CRD'E1UA • Clleck dams .sboulclbe placed at a distance and height to allow small pools to form between cadl one. • Backwater frolll a downstleam check dam should reach the toe of Ille 11pstream check dam. . ' . . • Major flCXJds (2 year suxm ot larger) should safely flow over the chedt dam without an increase in upstteam. Oooding or destruc:lion of the cbeckdarn • Primarily used in small, steep cbaDnels where velocities exceed 2 fps.. · • Used in steep taraiD whele velocity eduction is required.. • A deep smpp may be provided jgmwliately upstream of the check dam to capture excessive sediment. • Cbeck dams may be built of rocks or logs, which aie:seonclagainst ~e d~g signiftcant floods. REQUIREMENTS • Mainteoance Inspect for sediment buildup be.bind the check dam:and signs of ~sion around the cbeck dam after each mm. Reillo-ve accumulatal sediment whenever it reaches one-half the sump depth. • Cost See CalTmns Cost Schedule for regiooal cost data. LJMITATIONS • Use·oaly in small open cbanncls which drain 10 acres of less. • Not ID be used in live strealll&. • · Do not ~tall in lined or vegetaf,ed channels. Construction Handbook 5-56 Objectives HousekHping Practicas Contain Wast, Mlnimial Disturbed Areas Stabilizll Dlsflned AINS Qn,ttctSI~ Control Sit• Peii"1'W Control Internal Erosion Targeted Poll~nts • Sediment 0 Nutrient• 0 Toxic Materia& 0 Oil& G!8U• 0 Floatable Material• 0 ·Other ConstlllCtlan Waste • Ukely Iii H_,. Slgnillcant Impact 0 Pro,,_,. Low or Unlmown ,,,,,,_, .. lmple~ntation RequinalM!)ts Q Capital Cas:w 0 O&M.Cosr.: Q Maintenance 0 Trilining 0 Suitability for Slapes>5" • High O Low I ESC41 Mar-cli, 1993 Additional Information -Check Dams · 1---------------------------------------------1 ,, Check dams create small pools ill swales and ditche.s which drain 10 aaes or less. These pools reduce tbc velocity of stoim. water flows. tbus reducing erosion of the swalc/ditch. Sedimentation also occurs in dlese small pools,, but probably n:sults in little net sediment removal because of the small detention time and probable scour during longer storms. A sediment trap {ESCSS) may be placed immediately upstream of the check dam ro inaease sedim~t xemoval efficiency (but never in a natural stream or channel). Cbec,C ~ should not be placed in swales/ditcbes wiUt a base flow during some or all of the year. Xo:;umnttpn/Agptic;atigp Criteria Cbc:cJt dams must be sized and coosuuctcd correctly and maintained properly, or they will be ejdlcr wasbed out or cause ftooding. Check dams can be constructed of either rock or logs. Use of other natural materials available on-site that can withstand the stormwater flow velocities. is acceptable, such as pea-gravel filled in sand bags. Check dalqs should W21 be consuu~ from straw bales or silt fences, since concentrated flows quickly wash out these materials. A sediment trap (ESCSS) may be installed immediarely upstream of the check 4am. but D;l&Y be of .~tcd effectiveness i( channel flows me larie enough to sc:Qur the Imp during moderate ID large storms. Maximum velocity reduction is . · ac:bic:vecUf Jhe toe of the upstream dam is at tbe same elevation as tbc top of the downstream darn. 1be c:cnrer·section of tbc dam should be lower tban the edge sections so lbat tbe check dam will act like a weir during major floods. Rode check dams are usually c:onstru~u:d of appropriately S--12" rock.. The rock is placed .citber by hand ex mech~- cally. but never just dQmped into the channel. The dam must completely span the ditch or swa.le to pn,vcnt washouL The rock used must be largc,enougb to stay in place given tbe expected design flow. tbrougb the channel. Lo1 check dam.a are ~Y consuucted of 4 to 6-inch diameter lo1s. Tbe 1011· should l?e embedded inco the soil at least 18 inches. -· -1' :. J( grass is pbmtccl to sta$1ize tbe di~ or swale, tbe check dam sbould be remfed whc,;1 the grass ~ matured. (unless die slope of tb!:1iwale tslareater than 4 percent). ~ ' REFERENCES Best Ma:nqement.Practic:es and Erosion <;:ontrol Manual for Construction Sites. Flood Control District of Maripo~ County, Ariz~ September 1992. "Pmrt -Sedimentation and Erosion Control, An Inventory of Current Practices", U.S.E.P.A., April, 1990. Manual of Standards of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures, Association of Bay Area Governments, June 1981. .Stonnwater Management Wau:r for the Puget Sound Basin, Washington State Depattm.ent of Ecology, The Technical ,Manual -February 1992, Public•n # 91-7S. Water Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Volume D, Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe Regional P1-nning Agency -November 1988. ESC41 Co11t5truction Handbook S • S7 March, 1993 ' • • • ' I, } f' I 1. i !. .. • Additional Information -Check Dam$ 4"'-6 .. LOGS-.__ \ \ LOG CHECK DAM ROCK CHECK DAM ROCK CHECK DAM CROSS-SECTION L • THE DISTANCE SUCH THAT POINTS A & 8 ARE OF EQUAL ELl;VA TION SPACING BETWEEN CHECK DAMS Construction Handbook 5 -58 ESC41 March, 1993 _ BMP: SLOPE ROUGHENING/TERRACING. GENERAL DEl'JND'ION SJope muibemn,ta:mcing creates microcJimates for establishing vegetaijoo. icduces runolf \lelocity;mcreases iDfillDlioD. and provides small depressiogs for ttap[>ing sedi- ~L Surt'ABLE APPLICATIONS • Any clearedmea prior to SttAtin& and planting. • ' Requiled for c1eiml. erodl"ble slopes steeper tban 3: 1 and J,ugher ~ S feet.prior to seeding and planting. . lNSTALLATION/APPUCA'i'ION CRII'ERL\ Slope roughmiag/lemlcinJ h. pe,tfouncd in several ways:: • Stair-step padbig. · , .. -· • Givovma. · i • Funowing. • Tnddng. • Rouifi padillg~ • No grading. ;REQUIREMENTS .. ~teDMc4 -Inspect rougbmed slopes~ and after rainfall for cx~ive erosion. -Revcaetate as 4uictly as possible. · • Cost(som:e: BPA.1992) Surface Roupenina: Performccl at no (e.g •• rough grading) to low (c;g .. track- ing) cost. -Tcnacing: Average annual cost is $4 per linear foot (2 yf:;Jr useful life). LIMITATIONS • Roughening is of limited effectiveness 011 its own. l)ut is used to speed revegctation. Construction Handbook s-59 Objectives HOUSMCMlping P,-ic.s Contain Wast, lllnimizrl Disturbedbus <(tabillza.lJistrriedAiiii). <l{act SlopalChanniJJ) Contra( Sit• p.,;,,.,., Control Internal Erosion Targeted Pollutants • Sediment Q Nutrients 0 Toxic Mat.,_. Q Oll&Gntase 0 F'loatable M,iteria/a 0 Other CQnatruction . . Waste· · • Ulcaly loH_,. Slfinlllcant Impact 0 Probable &.awor .UnlrnolLln Im lmplamentatio11 · Requiremlints 0 c.,,;,a1 c~,. Q O&&fCoa&s 0 'Maintenance 0 Training e Sult.ability for Slopes>&" • High O Lo~ ESC42 · March, 1993 Additional Information -Slape Roughening/Terracing Slope roughening/terracing creates uneven depressioas. steps or grooves on tbe ~ii-surface to aid in establishment of vegeWioo, reduce runoff velocity, increase infilt;mlion, and provi~ for sediment trapping. Surface rou~ng may be applied to all slopes steeper than 3:1. 111J4. greater than S vertical feet. protiding some instant erosion proteetion on b!ae soil while vegetative cover is being established. It is an inexpensive, simple.and sbort-tenn erosion contiol meuUie for roadway cut slopes. Terracing usually is a mcxe permanent measure used to stabilize a sceq, slope. Tenaces should be designed by aegis- ~ pmfessiooal enpieer and included in the project coostruction p1-s. ux:al design criteria should be used. liwaUatlonfAJmlirauon Graded.areas wilb smoolb, bard sWfaces give a false impression of .. finished grading" and a job well done. It is difficult to establish vegetation on such surface.I due to reduced wata inf~tration anll tbo pc;,tcn~ fOf erosi911. R.ou~ _slope surfaces with uneven soil and rocks left in place may appear unattractive c;,r uofmished at first, but they encourage water ipfiltradoa, speed tbe esrablisbmcot of vegetation, and deaeased runc>ff velocity. Rough, loose soil surfaces give lime. fertilizer, and seed so,nc natural coverage. Niches in the swfac:c provide microclimates which gcnemlly prpvide a cooler and moie favomble moisture level than hard flat surfaces; this aids seed gemiination. lbcze aq.diffment medlods for achieving a~gbened soil si,llfp OD a $lope. ·&Qd t,lle selection of 8D appropriat:e.method ~ µpon tbe type of slope. Roughening methods include s.tair-step gradin1, lfl)Oving, and tracking. Factms· to be considered in cb®Sin1. a method are slope steepness, mowing ~uiremenrs. and whether the slope is formed by cuttiQa or fillini. .. · 1. Discurbed IR8S ;,hich will .. ot requin: mowing may be staii•step paderJ, grooved, CX left IOU&Jl· • --~ 2. ~ an:as Sleeper than 3:1 should be stair-stepped with~ (See Bame at end of fact sheet). The stak-.:· . stepiog ril•help veptadoll beCQllle attached and also trap ~ eroded &om Ille slopes above. Stair-step gradina , ~ appq,dab, In soils containin& large amouats o( soft rock. Each '"step!' catches material which sloug~ · · fromi.abow, and provides a level site wJlere vegetation can become established. Stairs should be wide enoup ID ,. w~ with saindmd earth moving equipment. . . . . · 3.. -Areas wbicb will be mowed (there areas sbould have slopes less than 3: 1) may have small fum>ws left by disking, hanowing, ratin&, 01' seed~lanting machine!y operated oo the contour. 41. It is important to avoid excessive compacting of the soil surface when scarifying. Tracking with bulldozer treads is prefemble to not toughening at all, but .is not as effective a other forms of rougbeoin&, as die soil smfaa; is severely compacted and nmoff is increased. Tracking can be accomplished in a ..-ariety_ of ways, including '"track walking," or driving a aawler tractor up and down the slope. in leaving a pattem of cleat imprints: pamUel to slope contoun. REFERENCES ~t Management Practices and ·Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sit.es. Flood Control Distnct of Maricopa Comity, Arizona, September 1992. Handbook of Steel. Drainage & Highway Construction.-American Iron and S~l Inst,itute, 1983 .. Proposed Guidance Specifym1·Management Measures for Sources.ofNonpointPollution in Coutal W~ Wor:t. Group Working Paper, USEPA, April, 1992. Stormwarer M2'nact:meDt Wa~ for the Puget Sound Basin, Washington State Department of Ecology, The Technical Manual-February 1992, Publication# 91-75. . ESC42 '. · Construction Handbook 5 • 60 March, 1993 • • • i • i l • r Additional Information -Slope Roughening/Terracing DEBRIS FROM SLOPE ABOVE IS CAUGHT BY STEPS ~AINAGE . ., WATER. SOIL. AND FERTILIZER ARE HELD BY STEPS -PLANTS CAN BECOME EST ABLISHEO ON THE STE.PS. STAIR STEPPING cur SLOPES A O · 0 V 4 0 .-o O a GROOVING IS CUTTING FURROWS ALONG THE CONTOUR OF A SLOPE. IRREGULARITIES IN THE SOIL SURFACE CATCH RAINWATER AND PROVIDE SOME COVERAGE OF LIME .. FERTILIZER ANO . SEED. . . . GRQQYING SLOPES o I o o· o A • a a o u . o a 0 0 4 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0. STAIR-STEPPING CUT SLOP.ES AND GRQQYING SLOPES Construction Handbook . S • 61 ESC42 March,1993 BMP: SILT FENCE --------------=-----=-=----::: ------------- GENERAL DF3ClUPl'ION A silt feocc is made of a ma fabric which has been-entrenched, attached to supporting poles, and sanetimes backed by a wire fence for support. The silt fence detains sediment- · laden water, Pf(Jmotiog sedhneotadon behind the fence. .SUITABLE APPLICATIONS -• Almg tbe perimeter of tbe sit.e. • Below the u;m of a clean:d slope. • Aloog streams and cbaDDe'"· . • ~ tcmpomy spoil areas. • Aaoss swalcs witlt carrbmencs less than 1 am:. • Below other small cleaied--. '( .. · JNSTALLATION/APPLICATION • Use prillcipally ill areas wbere ~ Dow occurs. . .. . . • lnsla1l along ~ J,;ys;I GQJltpp(. so water does not pond~ lbaD :I.S feet at ~Y po~t. • Nomme' tball. faae. lOQ"ft.. QI' o.s cfs of concenuated now should drain to any point along the silt fc:ilQe. . . · • Tum ends of fence upbill. . • Provide azea bebiDd the fence for maoff to ~ and sediment to settle (approx. 1200 sq. fl per acre dmimng ID lbc silt fence). . • SeJect ma fain: which retains 85$ of the soil. by weight, based on sieve analysis, but is not finer dl8II .an equivalent opening size of 70. REQUIREMENTS. • Maintenance-. -Inspect weekiy and~ each rainfall. -Repair wben:ver fence is damaged. Remow: so:Hrnent wbeD it reaches 1/3 tbe height of the fence. • Cost.(~ ~A.1992) . AYCftlC aanual cost for mstaJ1at\on and maintenance (assrmes 6.mon.th useful life): S7 per _lineal foot {S859 per drainage acre) LIMITATIONS • · Do not use where 8S.., of tbc soil, by weigh~ passes through a No. 200 sieve because the filter fabric will clog. • Do not place feDc:e on a slope, or across any contour line. • l;)o not use in~ cbanoels. or anywhere flow bu concentrated. • 09 not use in locations where ponded water may cause flooding. Corutr~ction Handbook 5 -62 Ob~s HOUSllkNping Practica Cont.airWasm llnimia-Dislutbed ArNs Stablla 01-mrbed AIUS Prottct·SlopalChannels :·a1t _:__ Int.,,.., -. . . . ' Ta~~-Pollutants e Sediment 0 Nutrient• 0 Toxic M••riala Q Oil&G,_.• 0 Flaatable Mat.,;.Ja 0 0th,,,-Conattuction Waste •. Ukely to·H.,,• Slgnlllcant lm,-;:t . 0 ~,,.,,,. i.o"' 0, •. Unlcnownlm · Implementation Raqui-.rMnts · g c.ptt., c~,. Q O&M-~ Q -.,;nten-,,,:• ·o Tlllining 0 Suitabllity for Slopes>&" • High o· Low l:SCSO · .M~rch, 1993 Additional Information -Silt Fence A. silt fence is a temporary sediment barrier consisting of filter f.abr.ic sttetdlc:d across and attached lo supporting pists. entrencbcd. and,. depending upon the s1l'Cl1gtb of the fabric used. supported with wire fence. $ilt fcoccs trap se~ent in two ways: (1) by interccptin1 and detaininr srnalJ a,nonnts of sediment from. disturbed areas during a>nstrucd.on opera- tions in Older to promote sedimentation behind the fence; and (2) by dcm::asin& tbe velocity of low flows (up to 0.5 ds) ·mswa1es. , Silt fences may be-used for perimeter a>ntrol, placed upstRam. of tbe point(s) of ducbarge of sheet flow from a site. 1bey may also be used as inferi« controls below disturbed areas where IUDOff may occur in the fom of sheet and rill -em&ioa, aa4 perpeodladar to minor swales or ditch lines for up to one acre contributing drainage areas. Silt fences are · generally ineff'ec:dve in locations where tho flow is concentrated and are onl:y applicable for sheet <X' overland flows. lu3Ja1Jndori/Am>Hefinn Plannioi: Silt fences are genaally most effecti'-'e when the following placement criter.ia u,: followed: .-. Limit tbl: upstmml drainage area to 1 aae or less when used alone or ill combination with sediment basin in a larger sim. • The mnin\,1111 slope perpendicular to the fence line should be 1:1. • Limit ~ mv.imum Sheet or overland now path len11b to any point aloo1 tbe fence to 100 feet. · • Limit tbl: c:oncentralcd flo~ reaching the fence to O.S crs. $ill fences ~ pr.efeiablc to straw baniers in many cases. Laboratory work at tbe Virginia Highway and Transportation Reseaich Council .bas shown tbilt silt fences c::an trap a much bigber percealage of suspended sediments than can slraw bales. Wllilo tile ·failure rate ohilt fences is lower tbaD I.bat of straw barriets, them am.ma.y.instanc:es where silt fences have been ~ iDstalled.:·.Tbe following iDSlallatioD medlods c::an lmpmve perfonnance and should be followed: • Conisuuct tbc_ silt fence al.Dilg a level coatour. -_ • Silt fences _sbo\Jld remain in place until the disturbed area is permaneally stabilized. . -• PIOYide auflicJmitroom. fonunoff to pond behind tbc fence and to allow sediment removal equipment to pass between tm silt fence and t9CS of slopes or otber obsttuctions. About 1200 sq. ft. of ponding. area should be pmvicle4 for every ae:n draining to the fence. • Tum die ends of tbe mt.er fence uphill to prevent stonn water from nowa ~und the fence. • ieave an undisturbed or stabilized area immediately downslope frcm Ibo-fence. • Do not place ill live streams or intermittend.y flowing c::bannels. Design: Selection of a filter fabric: is based on soil condilioos at the amstruc::ti.on sift: (wbic::b affect the equivalent opening size (BOS) fabric speciftcad.on) and cbalacteristics of the support fence (which aff~ tbe c::boice or tensile strength). The designer should specify a filter fabric that retains the soil found on the c::onstrudion site yet will have openings large enough to permit drainage and prevent clogging. The following criteria is m:ommended for selection of the equivalent opening $ize: 1. If SO pacc:at or less of the soil, by weight. will pass the U.S. standard sieve No. 200, select tho EOS tp retain 85 peR:ent of the soil. The BOS should not be finer than EOS 70. 2. Pot all otbersoil typeS. the BOS should be no larger than tbe openings in the U.S. Standard Sieve No. 70 [0.0083 in~ (0.21-mm.)] except wb~ direct disc::hargc to.a stream, lake, or wetland will occur, then the EOS sbouid be no larger tbao Standard Sieve No. 100. ESCSO Construction Handbook 5 • 63 March, 1993 . . \ \ I Additional lnfor,mation --Silt Fence ' i:edua: the cbance of clogging. Jt is preferable to specify a fabric with openings as large as allowed by the aiteria.. No ·c should be specified with an EOS smaller than U.S. Standard Sieve No. 100 [0.00S9 in. {0.15 mm..)]. If 85 pcrc:ent or mac of a soil. by weight. pwes tbrough the openings in a No. 200 sieve [0.0029 in. {0.074 mm.)]. -filter fabric should not be used. Mpst of the pamdes in such a soil would nc)t be .retained if the EOS was too large. and they would clQg the fabric quickly if the EOS was small enough to capture the soil. 1be fence should be s~ by a wue mesh if tbc fabric selected docs not have sufficient strength and bursting strmg1b cbaractaisdc:a fCX' the planned applic:ation { as recommended by the fabric manufacturer). Fsltc:t fabric matmial should con1ain ultn.violet ray inbibitcrs and siabili7.ers to provide a minim.um of six mooths of expected usable aJDStruc- tion lift:at a temperature range of o· F. to 120· F. · Inscailaaon Guidelines: Filter fences ae-co be construca:d on a level contour. Sufficient aiea should exist behind tbe fence for ponding to occur without tlooding or overtoppiD& tbc fence. · • • • • • • Pasm should be spaced a ma:,imum of 6 feet apart and driven securely into the ground a minimum of 30 inches • A IRDCh sbQUld be excavated ~tely 8 inches wide and 12 incbes deep along the line of posts and upslope from the bamer. When stanc,ard snngth filter fabric is used. a wire mesh support fence should be fastened securely to tbe upslope side at the posts using heavy-duty wile staples al least 1 inch long, tie wires or bog·riDgs. 1be wire should extend into the lmlCb a miniJDum of 4 inches. · ·ne slaDdald stmi&dl filter fabric should be stapled or wired to the fence. and 4(lincbcs Of the fabric should extend into tbc uencb. Wheil extra-suength filter fabric and closet post spacing are used. the wire mesh support fen~ may be eliminated anl-tbe filter fabric stapled or wired directly to-the posts. · Avoid lbe use of joins. 1be filter fabric should be pm:cbasc<I in a coolinuous roll, then a:it to ~e lengdl of tbc bamer. Wbe:n joints are necessary, filter cloth should be spliced together only at a support post. with a minimum 6 igcb ovcdap. and both cads securdy fasrmcd to tbc post. The tlmCb. sbou1d ~ backfilled widl compacted Dalive matmial • Rcqpimns;nta Maintemmce: Inspect Jnonthly duriag dry periods and inmaec:Uately after each rainfall. Repair as necessary. Sediment must be removed· wben it ieacbes appmximately one third tbe-beigbt of the fence. especially if heavy raim are expected. Filter fences should not be removed 1D1til the upslope area has.been permanently stabilized. JJro;Wions · • Filter fences will aeate a temporary sedimcntati90 pond on the upstream side of the fcmce and may cause temporary . flooding. Fences not construc:red on a level cont.our will be overtopped by concentrated flow resulting in failure of tbe filter fence. • Filter fences me DQ1 practical where large Dows of water are involved, hence the need to n:sl:rict Uieir use to drainage· meas of one acm « less, and now tates or a tbaD <t5 cfs. • Problems may arise from incom:ct seledioll of pore size and/or improper iDstalJad.on. • Do not allow water depth to exceed l.S ft. at any point. • lmpmpcrly installed fences are subject to failure from 1D1den:ulting, overlapping, or collapsing. ESCSO Construction Handbook 5-64 March, 1993 Additional Information -Silt Fence REFERENCES Best Maaage::ment P:rac1ic:es and Erosion Control Manual for Construction Sites. Flood Control Disttict of ~copa COUDty, Arizona. Septanbcr1992 • . · Bnvircmnental Action Manual. City of Austin. Texas, 1989 • . Manual of Standa:ds of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures, ASSQCiatioll of Bay Area Governments. Jun 1981. ~ Cluidaac:e S~1 Manapmeut Measures for Sources of Nonpoint PoDuliQD in Coastal W~. Wort Group Wodcing Paper, USBPA, April, 1992. Scdimenlation and &osioa Conuol Practices, An Inlmductory of Cwreot Practices (Draft), USEPA, 1990. Stonnw-.e,, Manaaement Manual for 'lbe Puget So11Dd Duin, WasbingfDII State Depm:tmalt of ~logy, Public Review Draft., 1991. Wat.er Quality Manqemcmt Plan for tbe Late Tahoe Region, Volumo n, Handbook of Management Prac:dces, Tahoe Regional P1annm1 Agency -November 1988. ESC50 '. Construction Handbook S • 65 March, 1993 • • ! I r Additional Information -Silt Fence ,-2-X 4 .. WOOD POST. ST·ANOARD OR BETTER OR / EQUAL AL TERNA TE: STEEL FENCE POST i ! ;-FILTER FABRIC MATERIAL 60" WIDE ROLLS. Ii USE STAPLES OR WIRE RINGS TO A TT A TCH FABRIC TO WIRE . , I --2.. X 21 ' 14 GA WIRE FILTER FABRIC MA TERIA 2• X 2"' 14 GA WIRE FABRIC OR EQUIV. FOLD & SET FILTER FABRIC INTO SOIL BACKFILL ANO COMPACT THE EXCAVATED SOIL IN TRENCH ANO ON BOTH SIDES OF FILTER FENCE FABRIC z• X 4• WOOD POST ALT: STEEL FENCE POSTS . 6' MAX. SILT fENCE Co.-structioil Handbook 5 -66 j FABRIC OR EQUIV. i ESCSO March, 1993 BMP: STRAW BALE BARRIERS GENERAL DEFJND'ION A straw bale barrier c:onsislS of straw bales placed end ID end along a level cootour in a shallow trench and staked to bold tbem i1i place. ~ barrier detains runoff, creadng a pond bebJnd· lbc banier where sedimenta1ion oc::curs. SUirABLE APPLICATIONS • Along the perimela' of tbe sire. • Along streams anct cbarmels. • Across swalcs with $ID8ll catchments. • Around flemporaly spoil arms.. • Below other amall. c1earecl areas. °INSTALLATION/APPLICATION CRITERIA • · Use primarily in an:as wllcm! 3W# gr rill Qow occurs. l,' ·• No more tbaD 114 aae per 100 feet of banier should dram to the barrier. IDslall a1on1 a iexcJ cgptpm; • Place ill a4-indl deep treach. · • Backfill md compac~ the excaVab:d soil Oil lbe upstteam fat.c·ofcthc bmier. • Sc:c:um each bale with two stakes. • J,.eaYe enough ma (about 1200 sq. ft. per aae) behind tile banier for nmoff to pon!i _ (no mote than l.S ft. depth) and sedilnept to settle. REQUlREMENTS • Maiotmance Inspect weekly and after eacb rain. Replace bales which have decomposed or whose bindings have broken. R.rmow sediment bdrind, tbe banicr when it teadles a depth of 6 inches. • Costs (somce: :EPA. 1992) Average annual cost for iDstalJation and mai11tenaoc:e (ass-.ies 3 month useful life): $17 per lineal foot ($6,800 per drainage aae). LlMITATIONS • Straw bale barriers are not to be used for extended periods of~ because they tend to · rot and fall apart. ,. Suitable only for sheet now on slopes of 2% or flatter. . . • Not appropria,e for large drainage meas. limit to one aae or less. • Smw bales lose their effec:tivenea rapidly due to rotting, thus constant maintenance 6 requimd. • Not recommended for conc:cntr.w:d flow, iniet protection, channel flow, and live ~- Bale bindings of jute or a>t10n not reo:HDJDl'!llded. Construction Handbook 5--67 Objectives Housekeeping Pradicn Contain Wasta . Minima.a Dlstuibed Alas Stablli:za Dist,urbed Antu Protect Slapes/Channels <[antro1 Sil• Petimiii:::> ~nhllnt.,,,.J~ Targeted Polll,ltants e Sediment b Nutrients 0 Toxic Afateria_t. Q Oil & GnNISe 0 Floatable Afllteriala 0 Other Construction Waste • I.IIOlly to H..,.. Slgnlllcailt Impact 0 Probab,. Low or C/dnown/mpact implementation Requirements • C.,,ita/Coat• • O&AfCosts • l,faintenance 0 Training 0 Suitibility for Slope,,>5" • High · 0 Low ESC51 March, 1993 BMP: STRAW BALE BARRIERS (Continue) • StnLw bale baniem have not. been as effective u expected due to improper use. These banic::rs have been placed in . . •. streams and drainageways when: nmoff volumes and velocities have caused the barriers to wash out. In.addition, failure to state and entrench the saw bale bas allowed 1mdacuttmg and end flow. • ESC51 • Cons.tructlon Handbook S. 68 March, 1993 y \ Additional Information -Straw Bale Barrier suaw bale binie:r coasislS of a series of secured anchored bales placed to int.en:ept sediment-laden runoff from small · e areu of dis1Udlcd soil. The barriel' ponds runoff and allow sediment to settle. Sttaw bale dikes should not be . {Of extended periods of time because Ibey tend to rot and fall apart. 'lbc straw bale banicr is used where there ate no concentntions of water in a dlamlel ordrainageway, and whCJ:C erosion would occur fro,;n sheet flow. These barriers are typically ·coostructed below disturbed -.eas subjc;ct to sheet flow of runoff. · ImraHa!ign{AmllAdM Sttaw bale burien should be used for dninage meu no m~ than U4 acre per 100 feet ofbanierlcngtb. with no moie tban 100 ft upsueam of any point aloog tbe bmier. 1be banier should be placed along a level ~tour no greater 1bail 2:1. Wbcn insr.alled and maintained acccxding to tile guidelines on this fact sbcct. sttaw bale dikes ianove approximar.ely 67'1,·of lbc sedjmc:nt transported in construdion site runoff. lbis optimlllll efficiency can ooly be achieved tbrough careful maintenaDCe, with sped.al auc:ntioo to replacing rotted or broken bales. The barrier should be constructed on a level contour to prevent concenttalion of flow against a small.portion of the bairier. An effective sttaw bale barrier should be installed in tbe following ~er: 1.· Bales sbould be placed on lbe c:ootQUr and in a row with ends dgbtly abutting the adjacent bales. 2. ·Leave area for iunoff to poud. ups~ of the barrier by .locating barrier away from the toe of slopes. This also .provides access for mainteoar,c¥._ . 3. Badl bale sboald be e1J1bedded ill the soil a minimum: o( (4) inches and·placed so the bindings are horizontal. Bind- . ings ~ 011 soil will sooa dlsiatepate and cause the barrier '° fail. · 4. Bales~ be securely ancboml in pblce byei.tber two stake_s ~ re-balS driven tbrougb the bale. 1be first st8'a= in each bale sboulcl be dlivm toward die JRYiomly laid~ at an aglc to force the bales together. Stakes should be c1men ft11Sb wllll t11c bale. . · 5! . • · Baddillaud ampact tbe ejqvated soil alona the upsUeam face.:.of tbc banier. • Ranovetbc limier wbm it has served its QSe~s so as not ui..block CX' impedes~ flow or drainage. ~~ Best ManqeJuent Pnlctlces and Erosion Conuol Manual fot COIIStruciion Sites.Flood Control.District of Maricopa Comity, Arizona. September 1992 • .. Draft-S~entalioo ancl~OD Cdllttol, An Inventory Qf CunentPraclices'\ U.S.E.P .A., April. 1990~ ~viromnental Crill:ria Manual .. ., City of Austin, Texas. Manual of Standards of Erosion·and Sediment Control Measures. Association of Bay Area Governments, Jun 1981. Proposed Guidance Specifying Management Measmes for Sources ofNonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. Work Oroup Woddng Paper. USEPA, April, 1992. . . S~watei' .Maaapment Wa,a for tbe Pu&et Sound Basin, Washington State Department of Ecology, Toe Technical Manual-FeblUary 199'2. Publicaaion t 91-75. · Wa• Quality for Constructioll Businesses, City of Bellevue. Washington. Water Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Volume n. Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe R.egioml ~I Agency-November 1988. . ESC51 Cons~ction Handbook S -6.9 ·March, 1993 Additional Information -Straw Bale Barrier COMPACTED BACKFILL .._ 4" VERTICAL FACE • PROMOTES ON SITE SEDIMENTATION BY CREATING A TEMPORARY PONO. BE;QQING QETAIL ANGLE FIRST STAKE TOWAR ~REVIOUSL Y LAID ~ALE FLOW BOUND BALES PLACED ON CONTOUR 2 z•xz" STAKES 1 1/2,; TO 2" IN GROUND. DRIVE ST AKES FLUSH WITH BALES. TRENCH -4 .. DEEP X WIDTH OF BALE SUBSTITUTION OF STEEL BARS FOR WOODEN STAKES IS NOT RECOMMENDED DUE TO POTENTIAL FOR DAMAGING CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT ANQIQRINB QETAL SJRAW BALE BARRIERS Construction Handbook S -70 ESC51 March, 1993 i • I I \ BMP: SAND BAG BARRIER GENERAL DEFlNlTION Stacking sand bags alon1 a level contour mates a barrier which-detains sediment-laden w•=• pond.mg water upstream of Ille barrier and promoting sedimentation. SUffABl,.E ,U'PLI<;ATIONS • Along the perimeter of the sire. • Check dams aaoss sueams and channels. • • • • Alona sueams and cbBDDCII • Barrier for utility trenc:lies ill a dlaanel Across swales witb small cau:bments • Division dike or beJm. • Below tbe toe of a deaRd slope. •-Cn:atc a 'temporary ,aJiDJCQt trap. • • Around 11:mpOracy spoil area,. Below Olber small deand an:u. --.. JNSTAL.LATION/APJ'LICATION CRlTEitIA • May be used iJI ~~up ro S acres. • Install aloa1 a level c:ootour. · ··· • Base of sand bag baaier should bear. least 48 inches wide. -• Height of~ bag batlier should be at Jeut 18 illcbcs higb. • 4 illcb PVC pipe may be installed between the top layer of sand bags to drain large flood nows. • • Provide uea bcblDd barrier fornmoft' ro pond and SMiment to settle:, size according co sediment trap BMP criteria (BSCSS). Place lJGla tbe toe of a slope. • Use sand bqs large-c-.ough and sturdy enough tO withstand major flooding. REQUIREMF.NTS • Mainttlnance Inspect after each rain. 'Reshape CII' replace damaged sand bags immediately. Remove sediment when it reaches six inc:bes ill depth. • Cost Sand bag baniers ~ more costly, but typically •v~ a loager useful life than odaer barriers • .LIMlTATIONS • • Sand bags arc mon: expensive than other barriers. but also more durable • B-..r)ap should not be used for sand bags • ComtructionHandbook · 5-71 Objet:tives HOU$M<Nping Pracfl"cas Contain Wast, ilinima Distud»d Arla SlablUa OlsturbedAlus Ssz::t;: <5tiai1n,.,,,., Emsii:> Targtatad Pollutants e s.d1inent 0 Nutrients 0 Toxic Maten•• 0 011&.G,...e. · Q -Floatable lllltflriala 0 tJth• Conatnictlon Wast• • u_bly m H.,,. · . ~lloant-lln,-:t 0 ~uwor "'°lmown 1,,,-,.:t l~plement.ation 8,aquiresnents • -t/;apilal Costs: Q O&MCuts · 0 Maintenailt:e 0 Training Q Suililbillty for ~lopr,a>5% · ·I· :e High O Low ESC52 March, 1993 Additional Information -Sand Bag Barri,, · SuihlhJc AmiJicatjnns Sand baa berms may be used during construction activities in stream beds and utility a>nstruclion in cbannels, temporary cbmmel aossiq tor consttuc:tioli equipment. etc. Sand bag bemw may also be installed parallel to roadway coasttuc- tion. Sand bag berms may also be used to aeare temporary sediment tnps, retention buiDs and in place of straw bales or silt fences. Examples of applicatiops include: · ~ Check dams aaoss stream cMDD".Js. • Barriers far: utility trenches or otber consttudion in a stream dwnnel. • At t=porary c:bannel crossings. • May be used on a slope where straw bales and silt fences are not appropriate. • Aa a divcnioa dilce •. • 'Balbanlcment for a temporary sediment buin or retention basin. • Sediment barriers near the toe ofslopes. • , At construcdon perimeter. A4xantl&CI • Provides.a semi-pezmeable barrier in porendally wet areas. • More permanent than silt fenc;:es or sttaw bales. • AUows for easy relocation on site to meet changing needs during construction. Igsta1J11ign(Am>Jic;atigg Sand baa~ may be IJ:scd for sediment trapping in ~tiol];S where silt fc~ and sttaw bale baaicrs are-not sr,opg euoup._~ addition. sand bag barricn an: approprialc ID use w~ coostruction of check~ or sumps in _a ~lrcam ~', undesirable. The sand bag ~ can provide tbe same fimcd.o~ u a check dam without disturbing the stteam ot · ... . ·, . .. ' ;, vea~QJL The saad baa beml. will also allow a small sedlmeni ret.enlion 11ml to be ~pqor to-mns~don of ftbal detentioli: basins For msUIDatioo of a sand bag benn, the following ait.eria should be observed: •' • Dnlina&e Area-Up to five (5) acres • • Hcipt of Bean -18 inches minimum hei&bt. measured from the top of tbe existing grolDld it die upslope toe to the top r1 the barrier. · · Widtb ~Benn· 48 iDcbes.~um width measun:d at the bottom.of the barrier; 18 inches at the top. ~ Sand baa Size -Length. 24 to 30 inches, width 16 to 18 inches and thickness six (6) to ei&bt (8) inches. Weight 90 to 125pounds. • Sand baa ·Maraial -PalypropyJ.ene. polyethylene or polyamide woven fabric, minimum unit weight four (4) ounces per square yard. mullen burst sU"engtb exa:eding 300 psi and ultraviolet stability cx~g 70-perceoL Usr; of burlap ts disc:ouraaed ~ it :rots and der.eriorat.es easily. • · Grade of Sand -Coarse sau~ pavel. • , Runoff water should be ~wed to flow .over the tops of the sand bags c;,r through four (4) inch polyvinyl cblori~ pipes embedded below the top layer of bags. • An:a bebind the sand·bag baaier should be catablished according to s4ing aiteria for sediment trap BMP (ESCSS) • llEFEREN~ Best Management Practices and Erosion Control Man~ for Consttuctio11 Site~ Flood Cont;rol. District of Maricopa County, Arizona. Septanbcr 1992. · · . Water Quality Management Plan for the Lake Tahoe Region, Volume n. Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe Regional PlaDning Agency -November 1988. ,Construction Handbook 5 -72 L___ _______ ---------- ESC52 . ...... ~ March, 1993 • • Additional Information -Sand Bag Barrier . •• FLOW - Construction Handbook ,-s~ MIN DIAMETER ROCK 48'" MIN CRoss-sECTIQN WOVEN FABRIC SANDBAG FILLED WITH COARSE SAND-MIN WEIGHT 40 LBS. 4• PVC PIPE ·FOR DRAINAGE DEPENDIN~ ON FIELD CONDITIONS 24H MIN FRONT VIEW SANO BAG BERM. 5 -73 ESC52 March, 1993 ( BMP: BRUSH OR ROCKFILTEft GENERAL DEl'lND'ION A rock filter bam is IDldc of rock 3/4 to 3 incbes in diameter and placed along a level cantour wbem sheet flow 111ay be detained * ponded. promoting sr,'imc:ntalion. A brush .bmier i., composed of brush (usually nht;aioed during the site clearing) wrapped in filter clodl and ancboled to thc toe of the slope. If properly anchon:d brush or tock filters may be used rm ~t trapping and ~locity reduction. See Check Dam.BMP (ESC41) for ·mom infonnation. SUirABLE APPLICATIONS •. As dlect dams acnJSS mildly sloped c::oas~ction roads. • Below tbo toe of slopes. • Aloa1 lbe site perimeter. ~ Akfog SlleaDS aad dwmeJa i ~:· Around 1emponry spoil areas. •· Below od:ler small cleaml areas. • At se4iment uaps at culvert/pipe outlets. INSTALLATION/APPLICATION CRITERIA • Use. principally in meas wbcn: sbect or rill flow occurs. • F9tmc:k filter, use larger roc:t and place in a staked. woven win: sbeafbing if placed wbem CODCelltr.lled flows occur. • • • 1-11 along alem CODtour • Leave an:a bebiacl berm wbc:m ~ can pond and sediment can settle • Dram.age area should not exceed S aacs. :tlEQUIREMENTS • Maintcaance -Inspcctmontbly and after each raiufall. -If berm damaced. .resbapc and replace lost/dislodged~ • Remove sediments when depth reac::bes 1/3 of beml beighr. or 1 ft. • Cost -Brush fUta:: Low to modemtc cost if debris from oo-site clearing and grubbing is used. -· R.ockfllta: Ex.pensive. since off-site materials, hand coostruction and demolition/ Rim.oval are usually iequued. Const,uction Handbook 5-74 Objectives HOUNlcaeping P,xfi~ Contain Was.ta , .11/ni• Dlstu,b«J.Areu Stabllla DlsluttJed Ana . c:;lioflct $lopestChanii;li> :t:-1: Targeted Pollutants • Sediment 0 Nutriflltts 0 Toxic Materials 0 Oi/&G,ease 0 Flaatable Materials 0 Other Construction Waste • Ubly to Hlftf• Slgnltlalnt Impact 0 ProW. Low or Unknown Impact lmplemen1-tion R~irements g Capital Costs g O&MCosts 0 llalntenance 0 Tn,ining Q Suitability for sto,,..>6" l•High 0Low.) ESC53 March, 1993 ., BMP: BRUSH OR ROCK FILTER (Continue) LlMITATIONS •. Rock bcnns may bo difficult to ranovc. • Ranoval problems limit their usefulness in landscaped areas. • i Not appropriate foe' drainage mcas peau:r than 5 aaes. • . ~ff will pond upstteam of the filter, possibly causing flooding if sufficient space does not exist. Construction Handbook 5. 75 .. ,, . ESC53 _March, 1993 I , I : I ·· Ii I : I '' ' . \ .. Additional lnform~tion -Brush or Rock Fitter · ~ rock filta' c:ODSislS of open graded roc;k installed at lbe toe of a slope, aloog lbe perimeter of adicvelopillg CJl"·disturbed area, and as a c:heckdam aaoss construction roads. Their purpose is to inrercept sediment la~ runoff from disturbed area., of the site, allow the mnoff to pond. promoll: sedimentatioo behind the filter. 8114 slowly release the water as sh~ flow. ~tUters areappropriafew.berc a t=lp(Xaly measure is"needed to·prevcntsediments from.c:n~g right-of-w~ys-of ttaffic 1m1S socb as near tbe toe of slopes. illc:orporalal into temporary slabilizcd c:onsttuction entrances (ESC 26), or at OCber localioos along tbe coas11Udion sitl: perimeter. Rock filters may aJso be used as check dams aaoss one or m.9re ~ of construction traffic temporary roads. or uosurfaa:d rights of way subject to construction traffic. · Advantages of the rock filters are that tbey may be less costly than other temporary bamers, and are ielatively efficient at sediment removal. · Zu:1ta11atinn1Amzlicatiorr Planning: • · Rock fll.tms should be placed 8"0111 a level contour to intercept sheet now. •· Allow ample room for pondiD1, sedimentation, and access by sediment iemoval equipment between the berm and the toes of slopes. • Flow through lbe filter should occur as sheet flow inlD an undislllrbcd or stabilize4 ~ • Installation in s1nam beds requires large rock. staking of woven w,ire sheathing, and daily inspection. ' Design & Sizing Criteria: 1be following design aiti:ria are a,mmonly used to construct filters: • ID Non-Tmffic Amis: Maximum Oow-tbroup rate per SQIJBIC foot of. filter= 60 gpm Heipt= 18 ~ minimum Top width= 24 incbes mmimmn Side slopes= 2:1 or flatter Woven wire sbeatbing (poultry netting) is recommended in areas of concenu:ated flow. The wire should be 1 inch diameter hexagonal mcsb. 1alvmm.cd 20 gauge. Build tbe mcer along 011 a level contour. Rock: 3/4 to 3 iDcbes open graded fOl" sbc:et flow, 3 to S inches open graded for conc:cnttatcd flow. • In Consttucti011 Tlaflic Areas: Heipt = 12• maximum Provide multiple mun iD series, spaced as sbown. Bm3bfiJtg Every 300 ft OD slopes less tban' percent Bvery 200 fton slopes S to 10 pem:nt Every 100 ft on slopes greater tbaD 10 pe.n:enL Brush filters trap 811d flit.er sediments in a maDller similar to other barrters in this handbook (e.g., silt fence,.sttaw bale barrier, rode .filtec). but have tbc advantage of being CQDS~cted from brush cleared from the site and usually disposed <>ff-site at a cost. ESC53. Construction Ban~book S -76 March, 1993 Additional ·Information -Brush or Rock Filter Steps in Construction of a Brush Flltm: • l. Stack the brush at the toe of a slope or along the perimeter of the site just outsi~ the limits of cl~g and grabbing. The brusla may be st.aced up to 15 ft. higb and 15 ft. wide. ~ Consttuct a IRDCh 1 to 3 ft. deep imrno1iarely upslope from the brush. 3. Place filfm' fabric over the brush filter and in the trench, extending 1 to 2 ft. upslope of the trench. 4. • Backfill lbe tmlCb with aggregate or compactal soil. The ttcncb should be deep enough and backfill material sufficient ID bold tbe banier in place during a storm. QFERENCF3 Best Management Pmclices and Erosion Control Manual for Coostructioa Sites, Flood Control District of Maricopa County. Arizma, Sep(anber1992. Handbook of Steel Drainage & Highway Comttoc:ti.on, Am.eri.am Iron and Sled Institute, 1983. S~wala' Manqemc:nt Water for the Puget Sound Basin, Washington State Deparunent of Ecology, The Tecbnical Maaual-Feblual)' 1992, Publicalion # 91-75. Stoml Wall:Z Pollulion Plan Handlxlot. Fnt Edition, State of California. Departincat of Tnmsportation Divisioa of New T•ology, Materials and Research, October 1992. ESCS3 Construction E{andbook 5 -77 March, 1993 • • ' ( Additional Information -Brush or Rock Filter 3/4 .. -3"' CRUSHED ROCK FLOW 3/4· -3 .. CRUSHED ROCK GRAVEL BERM 6' SECTJON ------=::;-------~ PLAN 1~5' FOR NON TRAFFIC AREAS 1.0• FOR TRAFFIC AREAS -------- TRAFFIC AREAS GRAVEL FILTER BERM ESC53 . Construction Q:andbook 5 -78 March, 1993, , \ i· \ BMP: STORM DRAIN INLET PROTECTION GENERAL DEFJNITION Devices of vatious designs which detain sediment-laden runoff and allow the sediment it to · settle prior to dbc:barge into a suxm drain inlet or catch basin. SlJITABLE APPLICATIONS • Bvay suxm dlaiD inlet .n:cdviD& sedimmt-Jaden runoff shou)d be protecb:d, either by eoveriag tile inlet or promoting sedimentalioll upstr:eam of tbe inlet. INSTALLATION/APPLICATION • Five types of inlet protection are presented below. however. it is recognized that other cffcclivo mecbods and propriefalJ device. exist and may be selected: Filrt::r Fabric Fence: ~ for drainage basins less than one acre with ~ss than a S percent slope. Black and. Gmvel Filu:r: Appropriate fer flows greater tbanO.:S cfs. Gravel and W"ua Melli Filter: Used oo ~ or drop inlets where construction equipment may drive over tbc inlet. .. ,.. Sand be& barrier. Used to aeale a small sediment trap·opstream of inlets on slo,;,ed. paved Sllects. Excavated Drop Inlet Sediment Trap: An excavated, area around the inlet to trap sediment (see Sediment Trap ESC SS). • Select the appmpriate type of inlet prot.eclion and design as refeaed to or as desaibed in Ibis fact sbeet. • Use ooly fer drainage areas smaller tban one acre unless a sediment ttap first intercepts tbenmoff. • Provide mu around tbe inlet for warer to pond without flooding sttucnm:s and property. REQUIREMENTS • MaiDtenance Inspec:t weekly and after each min. Replace cloaed 611:t::r fabdc or stone filfels immedjately. Remove sediment when depth exceeds half tbc height of the.filter, or half the depth of the ,edimeot trap. Ranove as soon as upsllealll soils are stabilized and stn:el$ are swepL • Cost(~: EPA. 1992) ~verago annual cost for insrallation and maintenance (lyear useful life) is $150 _per inlet. . .. Construction Handbook 5-79 Objectives HOUSMCNping Pl'IICtices Contain Wasta -•, - lllnitniD Dlstuil»dkeu Stabiliza Disturbed._ ProtKt Slopes/Cl,MrtH,ls ~=-~ Targ•ted Pollutants • Sediment 0 Nl!frlents, 0 Toxic Materials 0 Oil& Grease (ii) F/oatllb/e Material# 0 Other Construction Waste • ~=lllffne 0 s, ffa.mt lmpect Probflb• Low or . Unknown lmpa::t Implementation Requinaments Q Capit.a/Com 0 O&M Coats (ii) .,_,ntenance 0 Training 0 Suitability far Slopes>5" • High O Low ESC54 March; 1993 BMP: STORM DRAIN INLET PROTECTION (Continue) LIMITATIONS • Drainage area should DOt exa:ed 1 acre. • • . Runoff .:will bypass protecred inlets on slopes. • Pooding will occur at a proteded inlet. witb possible short-tam flooding. • Straw bales are um effective for inlet proledion. ,., • ESC54 ~- . Comtr.uction Handbook S • 80 Additional Information -Storm Drain· Inlet Protection 4rainin1ctprotcc:tionc:oasi.,tsofascdimcntfilt,erocan•poundingareaarouodQtupstrcam.ofa·stomidrain,dropinlet, rcum inleL 1'hiserosionandsc:diroentalion controlBMPprevents excessive sedimentfroment.ering storm.drainage systt:ms prior to pennaoent stabilization of tbc dis1Urbed area. All on-site storm drain inlets sbould be pmt.ected. Off-site, inlets should be protected in areu where construction activity tracks sediment onto paved areas or w~re inlets ~ive runoff froln distulbed areas. lustaJJalimJIN>UnvioD Oiterta Pianniaa Large amounts of sediment may enter the storm.drain system when stonn drains arc installed befoie the upslope drainage area. isstabilized,orwherecoastructionisadjaccnttoancxistingstonndrain. Iocasesofcxttemesedimcntloading, lbcstomdrain itself may c:log and lose a major portion of its capacity. To avoid these problems, it is neccssaiy ID prevent sediment from entering, tbe sysll:lll at tbe inlets. ' . . InlctCXJDttOlmeaurmpresc:ntcdintbis.bandboolcsbouJdnotbeusedforinletsdmming•oretbanoueaae. RlDlofffromlarger disturbed areas sb®ld be first routed through a Temporary SedimentT.rap (seeESC S6). Different types of inlet1>~n are appropiat.e for different applications .depending on sim condjtions and tbe type of inlet. Inlet protection methods oot presented in Ibis bandbonlr should be approved by tbe local storm water management agency • . General Deslp and sizina criteria: • Grates and spaces around all inlets should be scaled to prevent ~e of'sedunent-laden. water. • Excavate sediment sumps (when: nceded)l to 2 feet with 2:1 side slO()CS around tbe inlet. · lnstallatioaa procedures for flit.er fa~ J'ence: . a. Place2 mch by 2 .inch wooden states around tbe perimeter of lbe,iDletamaximum of3 feet apart ml: drive them at least \ ,,-8 indlcs into tbc: _......,. 'Ibo stabs must be at least 3 feet long. · '~-• Excavate a cnmch~1y s··incbcs wide and 12incbes.deep around the outside perimeter of the stakes. c. Stapletbefiltcrfabric(formataialsandspecific:alionssecSiltFentcESCSOltowoodeilstaessotbat-32.inc:liesoftbe fabric ex:lmd!S ,>ut aa4 can be ~ iJltD ~ trench; Use beavy-dutywue 5'8Plcs at leas~ one inch in Jengtb. d. B-=ldUl die llelldl witb 3/4 inch or less ~ gravel ill the way around. . ·· · lmtallation pr~liiif1s {or block and pnl filter: a. Placehaidwan: cloth ar amparable wile mesh with onelbalf inc:h openings over the drop inlet so that the wue extends aDlinimum of Uoot beyond eadl side of the inlet$cruc:ture. if more~ one strip is necessaiy. overlap the strips. Place filter fabric over 1be win: mesh. · b. ~ cooaete block:s leqtbwisc on their sides in a single row around the perimeter of lhe inlet. so Chat the open ends face outward.• upwmd. 'Ibo ends of adjacent blocks should abut. 'The J,leigbt of the barrier can be varied. dcpe!M;ling ondiesip needs. by stacking combinations ofblocks ~tare 4 inches, 8 incbes,.and 12 inches wide. The row of blocks sboilld be at least 12 inches but no grearcr tban 24 inches bigll. c. Placo wile mesh over 1be outside vc:rtical face (open end)of the .C0Dcrete blocks to PRVent stone from being washed. through tbc: blocks. Use baldware cloth or comparable wire incsb with one bait inch openings. d. Pile washed sroae against the wire mesh to the top of the blocks. Use _3/4 to 3 inch gravel Installation procedure for anvel and win mesh ftlten: a. Place wire mesh over tbe drop inlet so tbat the wire extends a minimum of 1 foot beyond each·side of the inlet structure. Use hardware doth ar comparable wire mesh with one-half inch openings. If more·than one strip.of mesh is necessary. overlap tbe stdps. PJac::c filta-fabric over wire mesh. · ESC54 «;omtruc~on Handbook S -81 March, 1993 Additional Information -Storm Drain Inlet Protection b. · Place-3/4 to 3 inch gravel over tbe fdter fabric/wire m~. The depth of tbe gravel should be at least 12 inches over the ., entire inlet opening {sc:c attached figure). 1-stallation procedure for sand baa barrier: a. Use sand bag made of gcotextile fabric (not burlap). and fill with 3/4 ill. rock or 1/4 in. pea gravel b. Comtrua on gendy sloping street. c. Leave room upstream of bani.er for war.er to pond and sediment to settle. d. Place several la.yen of sand bags-overlapping the bags and packing them tightly together. · c. Leave gap of one bag on the top row to scrYe as a spillway. Flow from a seve1e stonn. (e.g., 10-year storm) should not overtop the curb. Mftiorcoenco BgJremcow • For filb:r fabric fences: lnspc:clions should be made on a regular basis, especially after large storm events. If the fabric becomes clogged, it should be replaced. Sediment should be removed when it reaches approximately one-balf ~ height of the: fence. If a sump is used, sediment should be removed. wben it :fJlls appn:,ximately one-half the depth of the bole.' • For gravel mt.en: If the gravel becomes clo&&cd with sediment. it must be,carefully removed from 1be inlet, and either cleaned or replaced. Since cleaning gravel at a construction site may be dlflicwt, use the sediment-laden sume instead as f"lll aD4 put fresh stone around the inleL • The inJet prot.eclion should be removed 30 days after the upslope area.bas ~ fully stabilized. .Any sediment around the iDJ.ct must be carefully removed and disposed. REl'ERENCES Best Manaaement Pmclices and :Erosion Con"101 Manual fOI' Construcllon Sites, Flood <;:oJi~l Disti;ict of Maricopa COUDty, Arizoaa. September 1992. •Dmft -Sedimentation and Erosion Conttol. An Inventory of .Current Ptacliccs". U.S.B.P.A., April.'.1990. Erosion and Sedimant Control Handbook. SJ. Goldman, K. Jackson, T.A. BunetyNky, P .E., McGraw Hill Book Company. Manual of Standards of F.rosion and Sediment Conll'Ol Measures, As.wati,:m of Bay Area Oov~~nts, June 1981. P,roposed Guidance. Specifying Management Measures for Sources ofNonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters, Wcxk Group Woddng Paper, USEPA, April, 1992. , Sto.anwarer Management Water for tbc Puget Sound Basin, Wasbingtoo S~te Depanment of Ecology, The Technical Manual-February 1992, Publlcanon#91-75. Stonn War.a: Pollution Pmvention Handbook, Fust Edition, State·of California, Department of Transportation Division of New Technology, Mataials. and R~. October 1992. ESC54 Comtruc:tion lbndbook S -82 • Additional Information --"". Storm· Drain Inlet Protection :-DROP INLET WITH GRATE ... •. FILTER FABRIC \ I 1 i I i ELEVATION . I / a· BURIED FILTER FABRIC_/ PROFILE FILTER FABRIC WASHED GRAVEL CROP INLET -- FILTER FABRIC FENCE DROP INLET FILTER Construction Handbook 5-83 ESCS4 March, 1993 Additional Information -Storm Drain Inlet Protection GRAVEL Fl'-9TE~-- C3/4 .. TO .3"' GRAVEL> , SEDIMENT WIRE MESH WITH 112• OPENINGS FILTERED WATER tCURB INLET GRAVEL AND WIRE MESH FILTER fOB CURB INLET ESC54 ·· Construction Handbook S. 84 March; 1993 • •• .. • i j I I ; I I '., I .! I I Additional. Information -Storm Drain Inlet Protection REQUIRED STORM WATER WI -LARGER PAATICl.ES REMOVED - sPEC!FJC APPUCATtQN DEPTH BELQW TOP OF INLET: MIN r -MAX 2" LARGER PARTICLES ~~TLE'OUT TIIS METHOD OF INLET PROTECTION IS APPLICABLE WHERE HEAVY FLOWS · ARE EXPECTED ANO WHERE AN OVERFLOW CAPABILITY AND EASE OF MAINTENANCE ARE DESIRABLE. . . . EXCAYAIEP DROP INLET SEDIMENT TRAP ESC54 --~ ~ 'Constru.ction Handbook 5-85 March, 1993 Additional Information -Storm Drain Inlet Protection i i I · WIRE MESH WITH 112• OPENINGS LcoNCRETE BLOCK .._.__., GRAVEL FILTER (3/4"' TO 3"' GRAVEL> IL TEREQ WATER BLQCJS AND GRAVEL FILTER AI CROP INLET -·- SEDIMENT RUNOFF WATER WITH SEDIMENT 1 • MIN 3/4,. TO 3• 8RAVEL n2• MIN OEPTHl WIRE MESH (1/2"' OPENINGS) WITH FILTER . FABRIC ~r1.,,.._.1.,.....1.~..1.,-,i~7"-1'-J,,-.t.,l~.-.~""".!l,,t""\~~...,.~i........,.. ON TOP •• ... IL TERED WATER GRAVEL AND WIRE MESH FILTER f OR . PBQP INLET ESC54 Construction Handbook S • 86 March, 1993 • ··~ BMP: SEDIMENTTAAP ------- -- - GENERAL DEFJNmON . /+ sedPllfllt trap is a smill1, excavated QI' bmmcd area where runoff JitDi small dr.dnage areas ia detuned and sc:xJirnent can settle. SUllABLE A,PPL1CATIONS • Any distiJdJed area less tban S acres. (Sediment Basins, BSC.56, must be used for drainage areas greater tban S aaes). · • Along the perimeter of the site at locations where sediment-laden runoff is discharged off-site. · • Amund and/or upslope &om stDrm drain iolet protection measures • . • At ID}' point witbiD the site where sedimc:nt-ladm muoff can enter stabilized or patural. meas or waraways. • • • • • :'. :STALLATIONIAPPLICATION Cltll'$UA Build oumido tbe atea to be Jraded~ clearing, pubbing. and.grading begin. Loc:ate where tbe tnp can be easily~ of sediment. - Trap aizc depends on the type of soil, si7.e of the drainage area. and desh1:d sediment tm10UI efficiency. : - The larger the trap. the less freqilelltly sediment must be removed.. · ' The oudet of the trap must be stabilized with rock. vc;getation. or another suitable malaial. A stable emergency spillway must be installed to safeiy convey ~j~ floods (see your local ftood control agency). REQUIREMENTS • Maintenance R.emow: sediment when the sediment stotqe zone is no moo: tbaD 1 ft. from being full. Inspect weekly and after eadl min. • Cost.(somce: . BP A. 1992} -Average BDDual cost per installation and maintenance (18 month 115eful life) is so.10 per rt.3 ($1.300 per drainage acre>. . i.lMJTATIONS • • Only use fOI' drainage areas up to 5 aacs (see Sedimentation Basin BMP St8 for larger areas). Only n::movcs coarse sediment (medium silt size and larger) unless sized like a scdimcntation basin. Construction HandJ>ook 5-87 Objectives HousflkNping Praclicas Contain Waste llinimiD DlstudJ«l Areas StabaliD Dl&tutb«I Alus Prat.a Slopa/Channels Control Sit• htlm,tflr @tro11nt.m11'' Targeted Pollutants • s.dlment 0 Nutrient• . Q Toxic Materials Q Oii&G,_..• 0 Floiltable Materials 0 Other Construction w .. ,. - • IJbly IIO Have Slgnlllcant Impact 0 Probable Low or UnknoWR/mpf!Ct 1..,pl~IIMH~tation f:teq\iirariltmts Q Capital Costs Q O&MCosi. 0 .llai,rJenance 0 Tl'llining 0 Suitability for Slopes>&" e High O Low f March~ 1993 Additional Information -Sediment Trap · >,.. sediment trap is a small temporary ponding area. usually with a gravel outlet. formed by excavation and/or by constructing • • earthen embanQl.en.L Its purpose is to collect and store sediment from sit.es c;l~ and/or graded during construction. It is intended for use on small drainage areas, with no unusual drainage features, and projected for a quick build-out time. It sbould help-in .rrmoviDg a>arse sediment from runoff. The trap is a WJll29WY measure with a design life of approximately 6 months, and ia 10 be maintained until the site area is ~rmanendy protected against erosion by yege~tioo and/or structures. APoiiradgp Criteria Pb,mnin1: Sediment traps should be used only for small drainage areas. If the contriblltirlg drainage area is geater than 5 acres. .refer to Sediment Basins (ST8), or subdivide the catchment area into smaller drainage basin~. Sediment usually must bo removed from the ttap after each rainfall cvenL 1be SWPPP should dc:tailhow this sediment is to be disposed of, such as for iµ fill areas on-site. ortemoval roan approved off-site dump. Sediment traps QSCd as a per:ilnetcr c:mtrol should be installed before any land disturbance takes place in the drainage area. S"dlment traps are usually ~ enough that a failure of the structure would not result in a lo~ of life, damage IO home· or buildmp, or_~tetruption in the use of public ro~ or utilities. Also, sediment traps me attractive to children and can be dangerous. 'lbe following tecommendalions should be implemented to reduce risks. 1. -: Install condnuous fencing around the sediment trap or pond. Consult local ordinances re1ardin1 xequin::ments for mamrainin1 health and safety. 2. Res'1ict ba,sin side slopes to 3: 1 or flatter. Desip: . .. · Sediment trap size depends on the type of soil. size of the dtaina&e area, and desired sediment tem0val ctucicncy.-(see ,,·· SedimC\Gtation Basin ESC56). Ar. a rule of Uiumb, the larger tJ,e basin vol1111e the peatm the sediinent removal efflciiicy. Sizing cilteria am typically establlsbed under the local pad.in& cxdiDaDm Cll'equivalenL Tbe nmofholume from a ~year, 24-bout:stor:Ql is a common design criteria for sedimentation uap. The sizill1 aitcrla.below usume that this nmoff volume is 0.042:ac-ft/ac (0.5 inches of runoff). While the climatic, ropopapbic. and soil.type extremes make it difficult to-establish a starewide standard, tbe followm1 criteria sho~ld trap moderate to high amom1ts of sediment in most areas of California. • Trap settling volume at least 67 cu. yd. per acre. · · • · Trap ~mt storqe volume at least 33 cu. yd. per acre (note: the larger this volume. the less frequently the: trap must be cleaned out). • Trap length paat.er tbaD twice the basin width. • Flood volume lmge eooup to contain a major flood without upstream damage and ovcrtopping the em~ent. XostaUau0» ·Sediment tmps can be constructed by excavating a depression in the groundoraeating an im.poundment with a barrier or lQw- bead.dam. Sediment traps should be installed outside the area being paded and ~ould be built prior to the st.art of the grading activities or removal of vegetation. To minimize the area disturbed by them, sediment traps should be installed in natural depressions or in small swales or drainagcways. The following steps must be followed during installation. 1. 'Ibe area under the _embankment must be cleared, grubbed, and stripped of any vegetation and root mat. 'Ibe pool area should be tleared. ~-'Ibe flll ~ for the embankment must be free of roots or other woody vegetation as well a., oversized stones. r9Clcs, organic mata:ial, or other objectionable material. The embankment may be compacted by traversing with equipment while it is being a:>nstructed. escss Construction Handbook S. 88 March, 1993 Additional Information -Sediment Trap The tl3p is mnoved and the area stabilized when the upslope drainage area bas been properly stabili7.cd. All cut-and-fall slopes should be 3: 1 or flaaa. · 5. WbeD a riser is used. all pipe joints mmt be watertight 6. Whenarisedsused,atleasttbetopt_wo-lbimsoftheriscrsbaJJ:bepcrforab:dwithlfl-incbdiameterholcsspacc:d8inctiC$ vemcally and 10 to 12 inches horizontally. (See Sediment B~ ESC56) 7. Wben an earth ontonc outlet is used, tile outlctaest elevation should be atleast 1 foot below the top of the'! embankment. 8. When a ausbed stone outlet is used. the aushed stone used in the outlet should meet AASH10 M43, si7.c No. 2 or Z4, CJrits equivalent such as MSHA No. 2. Gmvelmc:cting thc.i,ove gtadatioo TUay be used if crusbedstonc is not available. REFEREN~ Best Maaaaement Pmcaices and &osion Control Manual for Construction Sires, flood Conuol District of Maricopa. County, Rough.Dmft -July 1992. "Dlaft-Sedimentalion and &osion Control, An Inventory of Cuirent Practices", U.S.E.P.A., April. 1990. ""Enviromnental Criteria Manual", City of Austin. Texas~ Man~ of Standards of Erosion and Sediment Control Measures, Association of Bay ¾ea Governments, June 1981. Proposed Guidance Specifymg Management Measun:s for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. Work Group Worldng Paper, USEPA, April, 1992. - Stonnwaler Management Wara foe tbe Puaet Sound Basin, Washington State DcparUilent of Ecology, The Technical Manual·-February 1992, Publicalion # 91-75. . . Wata Quality Maaagemmt Plan foe me Lake Tahoe Region, Volwne n, Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe gional PlanniD& AfP!,.C'f-November 1988. ESCSS Comtr:uctlon Handbook S-89 March, 1993 BMP: SEDIMENT BASIN GENERAL DEFJNITION Apondaeated byexcavatiou orCODSlruding an embankment. and designed to retain or detain · runoff sufficiently to allow excessive sc:di,ment ID settle. · $UITABLE APPLICATIONS • At the outlet of all distulbcd watershed 10 acres or larger. • At -outlet of smaller dis1Ulbed watersheds, as necessary. • Where post coosttuaioa detention basins will be iocared. • ShouJd be used ia usodation with dikes, tanporary dlanncJs, and pipes used to divert disturbed areas into tbe basin and undisturbed areas around the basin. lNSTALLATiON/APPLICATION • Comtroct befon: cleariDg and grading work begins. · • Do1112tlocatcinasueam. Objectives Houselc..,ng Practices Contain Wast• ·11inimia Distutbed Areas SlabaliZII Dlstutbfld-Arus Protect Slopes/ChMJMls Conti'al .. p.,;,,,.,.,. Gonlrollnt.,,.,,, ~ Targeted Pollutants e Sediment 0 Nutrients Q Toxic Materials 0 Oil & Grease 0 Floatml• llaterials 0 Other Construction Waste • Ubly ro ff.,,. Slgnllloant lmpa,:t 0 Prow,,-Low or } ,, All buia sites sbould be located where ~of~ embankment. would.not cause losst-< ... _ -_-_:_-_-_-,:_-,:,:,:_ \ of Ufe/plloperty damap. Unlcnown impact •. Large basins are subject to star.eliocal dam safety requiranenrs. • . Securely ancbor md install an anti-seep collar on the outlet pipe/riser, and provide an emergency spillway foe passing major floods (see local flood control agency). • The basin volume sbouJd be sized toca~runoff from a2-year, 24-bour storm, orotber appropriat.edosignstonnsspecifiedbythclocalaaency. Adetentiontimcof24to40hours sbould allow 70 to 80 pm:ent of sedirnen.t ID settle. • 1be basin volume cansists of two mnes: · A sedimeutslDIBge zone at lieut l foot deep. A settliDa zone at least 2 teet deep. • The length to settling depth flitio (IJSD) should be less than 200. • 1bcleagtbtowidthmtiosbouldbegreatcrtban6:l,orbafflesarciequiredtpprevcntshort dreuiting. 0 Q 0 0 0 Implementation Requirements Capital Costs O&MCosts llaintenance Training Suitability for Slope:, >5" 'REQUIREMENTS • Main~ · I • High O L~w · Inspect weekly and after each rain. Remove sediment where die sediment stcxage zoileisbalf full. • Cost: Averageannualcostforinstalladonandmaintemma;(2yearuseful-lifc, source: BP A, 1992) Basin less tbaD 50,000 ft.3: $0.40 pet ft.3 ($700 per dmioage acre) 8-in size greab:I' tban S0,000 rt.3: S0.20 per rt.3 ($350 per drainage acre) Construction Handbook 5-90 ESC56 March, 1993 BMP: SEDIMENT BASIN (Co~nue) Lll\Q'I'ATIONS • · The basin should have sballow side slopes (minimum 4:1) or be fenced to prevent drowning. • Si~s witb very fine smh:oe11ts (fine silt and clay) may ~quire longer detention times for effective ·sediment removal. • Basins in excess of 25 feet height and/or an impounding capacity of 50 ac. ft. must obtain approval from Division of . Safety of Dama. • Standjng wata ~1. cause m.osqllitos or other pests to tned. • Basins in excess of c:cnaiD dep\b and storqe v.olumc crita:ia must meet State Division of Safety of Dams (DSOD) and kx:aJ. safety n:quiremenlB. <;· •< ' ., ESC56 Construction e;andbook 5 -91 Marcia, 1.993 • l. ! Additional Information -Sediment Basin sediment basin is a controlled stDrm watertelease structure formed by excavation or by construc~g an ~b;mkment of pactedsoil across adrainageway, or other suitable location. Its purpose is t.Q collectandst'ole.Si;dimentfran sites cleared and/or graded during a,ostruction or for cxtaldcd periods of time before ree,stablisbment of pennanent vegetation uxf/or CODsttuction.of permanent~ structures. Itis intended to uap sedimentbeforeitleaves thccoostruction site. 1bc basin is a tempomy measure (with a ~gn life of 12 to 18 months) and is to be maintained ~til the site an:a is permanently prou:ctrd against erosion or• permanent detmd.on basin is constructed. Sedimentation basins an: suiaihle for nearly all types of construction projects. Whe~ver possible, consauct the sedimen- ~ bums before clearing and grading· work begim. Basins sboukl be located at the stormwatet outlet from the site. but not in any nacmal Ol" 1Dldis~ stteam. A typical application would include tcmpmuy dikes, pipes, and/or channels to divert runoff to the basin inlet. fw{any development projects iD Calif'omia ·will be required by local ordinances to provide a storm water detention buin for ·. post-comlrUction.notidc:onuoJ. desiltadon, or storm waterpoliutionconuoi. A temporary sedimentbasinmay be constructed by rough pading tbe post-construction control basins early in thc project. · Sediment basins uap 70-80perceDt of the sediment which flows ~to them if ~gnedac:con'Jing to tbisbandbook. Therefore. they sbouldbe used ill conjunction with erosion ~tml practices such as temporary seeding,_mulcbing, diversion dikes, etc., to reduce the amount of sediment flowing into the basin. XosJalJarinp/AppQqtign Crit,:;ria ~nma: Toimprovetbe~~oftbcbasin.it-shouldbelocarcdt(>interccptrunofffromtbeJancstpossibleamountofdishlrbc:d mea. The best Jocatioas are generally low areu below disturbed areas. Drainage into the lmiD ~ be •proved by~~ ofdiverslondikam,lditcbes 'lbebasinaustootbelac:ar.ed:inastreambutshouldbeiocamto~sediment-ladc'orunoff llCfm itenters lbe stream. Tbo basin~ DQl be locad where its failum would. result ill the l95s·oruce or intmuption ftbe use ot serva:e of public utilities or roads. · · · . · '; · · :Desip: . •. 1be sedimentation basin volume comists of two zones: The sediment stonce zone (at ie.t 1 foot in depth}. A settling :zone at leut 2 feet in depth. • 'lbe sedimentadon 1)asjn may be formed by partial exc::avadon and/or by CQDSll'll~ti011 of a compacted embankment. It ~y have ODC·«:Jlr!DOft: illflow.~ts. . • .· A~yllllidM:ndmerpipa with8Jlan1i-seepcollaris the.principal outlet. aloog withancmergency ovenlow spillway. AsoBdriserpipewithtwol-inchdiame=dewatminghol~Iocaredattbetopofthesedimentstoragevobmeonopposite sidcsof therise:rpipe usuallyprovides sufficieotdetcnti.on time for basinsdramingabout 10 acres. Rock, riP7rap, or other suitable oudet pot&:c:tion is provided to reduce erosion at the riser pipe outlet. • Settlin1·z.ono Volmne ESC56 Construction Handbook 5-92 March, 1993 Additional Information -Sediment Basin The settling zooe volume is detmnined by the following equation: ..J, (V} = l.2(SJ?)Q / VsBD Q = desip inflow based on the peak discharge from a spccifi~ design storm (e.g:, a 2·yem.-, 24-bour duration design saorm event) from tbe ttibutary drainage area as computed us~g the methods required by the local flood control agency. Provide a ·minimum of 67 cubic yards of settling volume per acre of drainage if a design stcxm is11ot specified. · Vsm=thesettlinavelocityofthedesignsoilparticle. Thedesignparticlecbosenismediumsilt(0.02.mm). ·-'l)is bas a settling velocity (V sm> of 0.00096 ft/sec. As-a general.rule it will not be necessary tb design for a particle of size less than 0.02 mm,. especially since tbe swfacc area requirement ~ dramatically for ~er partjclc sizes.. For example, a design -~cle of 0.01 mm reqliim about tbtee times the surface area of 0.02mm. Note also tbatcboosiDg V SEO of O.ooorJ6 ft/sec equates to a surface area (SA) of 1250 sq. ft per cfs of mflow. SD· a settling depth, which should be at least 2 ft., anda.o sballowcr than the average distance from·the inlet. to the oudeJ of the pond (L) divided by 200 (i.e •• SD> Il200). Total sediment basin volume and dimension are determined as oudined below: L The details sbowa in tbc attacbec;l ftaure may be useful in desiping lhe sediment basin. b. De1'=nD,inc ~ ,e~try for the secfimentstomgc volume c:alculafcdabove using a minimum· of 1 ft:'dcpth an43: 1 side slopci &om tbe ~ of the basin. Note, ttie basin ~om is level. ' • c. Bxtald the basin. side sl~ (at 3·:1 max.) as ~ccessa,ry '° o&lain tho·seillina :toQe volume as de~ above. 4" Adjust the &eometry of the buill to effectively combine the' settling ZOllC volume and se-ent Storage VOiumes While A preserving tho depth and side slope criteria. ·· - e. Pro'Yide an emergency spillway with a crest elevation one foot above tile rop of the riser pipe. f. 'Ihe ratio between the basin length and width of the pond should either be greater than 6:~. or baffles should be installed to prevent sbort~ting~ · Lirnir1lioos Sediment traps and ponds-must be ins1alled only within the property limits. Failure of the structure must not n:sult iD loss of life, damage to homes or buildings, oriDten:uptim of uscorserviceofpubllcroads or utilities. Also, sediment traps and ponds ~ ·atlractive to childm1 and can be very dangerous. Local ordinaDces iepming health and safety must be adhered to. If fencing of the pond is iequired, the type of fence and its locatioQ staall be shown in the SWPPP and in the construction specificalioos. • Oenemlly, tanporary sedimentation ponds are limited to drainage of S acres or more. • Sedimeiltpondsmaybe capableof lrappin& smallersedimentpartides ifaddltional detention time .is provided. However. Ibey are most effeclive when used in conj1D1ction with other :BMPs such as· seeding or mulching. • Ponds may become an '"adractive nuiuncc" and care must be taken to adhere to all safety practices. • Sediment ponds designed accoidiDg to this hancJboolc are only practically effective iD removing sediment down to about the medium silt si1.e fraction. Sediment-laden runoff with smaller size fmctions (fine silt and clay) will pass through untreated emphasizing the need to stabili7.e the soil quiclcly. ESC56 ConstrucUon Handbook 5 -?3 March, .1993 j Additional Information ---Sediment Basin CES . Currmt .Asscssmegt of Ulban Best Management Pnctices: Techniques for lleducing Nonpoint Soun:e Pollution in tbe Coastal Zones. Metropolitan Wamington Council of Govemments, Mardi, 1992. Best.Management Practices and Erosion CODIIOl Manual for Construction Sites. Flood Control District of Maricopa County, Rough Draft -July 1992. Draft-~edimentalion and Eros.ion Conttol, An Inventory of Current Pmctices, U.S.E.P .A., April. 1990. Enviroammtal Criteria Manual, City of Ausdn. Tex.a. Guidliacs foe tbe Desip and Construction of Small Embaolanent Dams. Pi'Yision of Safety of Dams, California Depart- ment of Watrz Resomces, Much 1986. ~ of Standards of &osion and Sediment Control Measwes, Associatioo of Bay Alea Governments, Jun 1981. Proposed Gtlidaoc:e $pecifying Mnangement ~ for Sources of NonpointPollution in Coastal Water, Work Group ""(orting Paper, USEPA. April, 1992. Stannwarer Manqement Watl:r foe tbe Puget Sound Basin. Washington State Depamnent of Ecology, 'lbe Tccbnical Manqal-February 1992, Pablicalioll # 91~75. Water Quality Maaqemmt Plan for tbe 1-Tahoe Region, Volume Ji Handbook of Management Practices, Tahoe Rcgiooal Plamdo& Agency -November 1988. · ESC56 ConstnacUon Handbook 5-94 March, 1993 Additional Information -Sediment Basin ------------_,,,,,,.__. ---------------- ·- / / _ _,..,, ·~i--- ~=~ "----~ , ..... ---' ---~---·'. ' :/ TOP VIEW , _______ _/ 0ETINTION nt.lL 24 TO 40 MOUIIS ,amt WIN.-D& s;:1 .-U.WAT SI.DMIH1' STOIIAa VOLUME. .. ,._ IIDCK s::::==~---~--------------.-rn-DIPftl z".-.aTM --------..a;r"sf""'Dlliii :I" ....... ...,. ~flD--= IICUD DETernON TIME: 24 lO 40 HOURS . SDE VIEW si:DEMENT STORAGE VOLUME: 87 CU. YO. PER ACRE TEMPORARY SEDIMENT BASIN Construction Handbook 5. 95 ESC56 March, 1993 • • \• I I ! I I Definition and Purpose CD43(2) Fiber Rolls BMP Objectives • Soil Stabilization • Sediment Control O Tracking Control O Wind Erosion Control O Non-Storm Water Proced~s and practices to reduce the discharge of pollutants to the storm drain system or ·to watercourses as a result of construction activity by stabilizing soil utilizing rolled and bound fiber material to intercept runoff, reduce its flow velocity, release the runoff as sheet flow, and ptovid~ some removal of sediment from runoff.· Appropriate • Along face of exposed and erodible slopes to shorten slope length. Applications • Along top of exposed and erodible slopes to spread runoff as sheet flow. • At grade breaks where slope transitions to a steeper slope. Limitations • Primary purpose is not sediment control, though it does provide some sediment removal. · Standards and Specifications • Is a relatively new soil stabilization technology. Effectiveness and capabilities in the field a.re not .completely known. • Fiber Roll Materials Fiber rolls shall be eith~r: (1) prefabricated rolls; or, (2) rolled tubes of erosion control blanket. • . Caltrans Storm Water Quality Handbooks · Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications 1 of 3 611w April1997 • Assembly of Field Rolled Fiber Roll CD43(2) Fiber Rolls Roll length of erosion control blanket i,nto a tub~ of minimum 200 mm (8 in) diameter. Bind roll at each end and eve.ry·l.8 m (6 ft) along length of roll. with jute-type twine. . · • Installation .. . . . . . -~ . Locate fiber-rolls o~ level contdurs spaced. 2.4. to a_;O m {8 to 10 ft) along i;he fa~e of slope. Stake fiber rolls ~to ~ 50 to 100 inm (2 to 4 in) trench. Drive stakes at the end of each fiber roll and spaced 1.2 m (4 ft) maximum on center. Use wood stakes with minimum 19 by 19 mm (3/ 4 by 3/ 4 in) cross section, and minimµm length of 600mm (24 in). If mpre than one fiber roU is placed in a row, the rolls shall be butted; not overlapped. '- • Removal Fiber rolls are typically left in place. If fiber rolls are removed, collect.and dispose of sediment accumulation, and fill and compact holes, trenches, depressions or any other ground disturbance to blend with adjacent ground. Maintenance and • Repair or replace split, tom, unraveling, or slumping ·fiber rolls. Inspection • Inspect fiber rolls when rain is forecast. Perform required maintenance. • Inspect fiber rolls following rainfall events and a least daily during prolonged rainfall. Perform required maintenance. Cal1rans Stonn Water Quality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications 2 of3 Aprll 1997 • •1 • [. CD43(2) Fiber Rolls TYPICAL FIBER ROLL INSTALlATTON N.T.S. 19rrmx 19mm woodstolces ma,c 1.2 m spacing ENTRENCHMENT DETAIL caltrans Storm Water QJJality Handbooks Construction Contractor's Gulde and Specifications Aprll1997 N.T.S. Sheet 1 3of 3 --~---- ..... -. - _, ~-:;. ~ . ;_~ -~--~ -;~ -~- -~ - I~-: ~' ' l -, -k/. - f:.". -, :~. ~ t." -rw I·:: ~,: . . "'-. --. ( -'I Ul • 0 •• Post Construction BMPs 1. Private homeowner maintained driveway (interlocking paving) and yards 2. All planted slopes will be maintained by the homeowner • .•. W:\MSOFFICE\WINWORD\021047\SWMP\021120 Post Construct BMPs.doc • Monitoring, Inspection and Reporting Responsible person for monitoring and maintaining BMPs Name: Address: Phone No.: • • • ' • • I . 6. -MEASURING BMP PERFORMANCE One of the final steps in the preparation of the Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is to develop a program to monitor how well the BMPs work, and to evaluate whether additional BMPs are required. Toe construction general petmit requires that a monitoring, inspection, and maintenance plan with the following objectives be a component of the SWPPP: • To inspect BMPs annually, as well as prior to and after a storm event • To aid in implementation of the SWPPP. • To measure the effectiveness of the BMPs. To meet these objectives the monitoring effort has these elements: • Site inspection • Certification of compliance • BMPs monitoring • Record keeping • SWPPP review and modifications Inspections before and after a storm event are required by the construction general permit At the onset of a construction project (e.g., clearing, grubbing, earth movement) it may be more appropriate to perform inspection of the BMPs on a regular basis instead of just before and .after a storm. 'This will allow sufficient time for any corrections or improvements to be made in time before the storm. An inspector should be identified in the SWPPP. Inspection can usually be performed as part of a regular construction inspection program. Construction Handbook According to the general permit, a tracking or follow-up procedure must follow ap. inspection which discovers deficiencies in the BMPs. The results of the inspection and assessment must be written. Include tne date of the inspection, the person(s) who .performed the inspection, and the observations. Inspection records must be retained for three years. A sample inspection form is provided at the end of this chapter. It is possible. that activities may have changed since the last inspection, by type or location. These should be noted. New BMPs and adjustments to the SWPPP ~ay be necessary. You must certify, based on the annual inspection, that youi;-fa~ility is in . compliance with the requirements of the general permit and the SWPPP. If the inspection indicates you are not in compliance, you are to notify your Regional Water Quality Control Board. The notification is to identify the type(s) of noncompliance, the actions identified to come into compliance, and a time schedule to achieve compliance. Toe type of BMP monitoring depends on which Bl\.1P is implemented. In · the case of contractor activity BMPs the monitoring consists of visual inspection to ensure that the BMP was implemented and maintained according to the SWPPP. Such inspection would include: 6-1 ,. lo9king for evidence of spills and resulth1g clean -up procedures (e.g., supplies of spill cleanup material); March, 1993 • • • • examining integrity of containment structures; • verifying use of employees education programs for the various activities; • noting the location of activity (e.g., · outdoor vs. indoor, concrete vs. grass); • verifying adequacy of trash receptacles; • verifying waste disposal practices (e.g., recycle vs. hazardous waste bins).; Other inspection areas are described in the fact sheets found in Chapter 4. In the case of sediment and erosion control B:MPs, the monitoring program should consist of regular inspection to determine the following: Are the BMPs installed effective? The effectiveness of the BMP would be based on the presence of silt behind or within control devices, the presence of silt downstream of the site and signs of erosion in stabilized ai:eas after a storm event. The system may be deemed ineffective if: 1. Silt is present outside of Uie control area; 2. Structural controls are breached or fail under storm events of minor (less than 2 yeat, 24 hour) intensity; 3. Rills and gullies are present in stabilized slopes; 4. Evidence of silt buildup in downstream storm drains and drainage ways is apparent; and 5. Controls are not maintained in accordance with design guidelines. Have drainage patterns changed? If the site has undergone significant grading operations, changing the drainage patterns, adjustments to the BMP controls will likely be requited to address this change. The inspector shall determine the extent of the drainage Construction Handbook pattern changes, if the changes are addressed in the SWPPP and if modifications to the erosion and sediment controls are required to address this change. Are sediment and erosion BM.Ps installed properly? · The SWPPP BMPs should include details or references to allow for the proper construction -of structural or vegetative erosion and sediment control devices. The inspector should insure that these systems are installed according to the SWPPP in the proper locations. Are areas stabilized as quickly as possible after combletfon of construction activities in an area? Active construction areas (inactive construction areas may be defined as areas in which no construction activity will occur for a period of 30 days or longer) which have been disturbed should be stabilized through the use of vegetation, mulch, erosion control matting or structural methods within 7 calendar days from the last construction activity in the area. If construction, climatological, or other site conditions do not allow stabilization within seven (7) days, the SWPPP should define alternative approaches (e.g., watering or chemicals for dust control). Are the BMPs properly maintained? Maintenance of the erosion and sediment control devices 'is the most critical as well as the potentially most expensive erosion control plan. The b1spector .should inspect t,he site on a regular basis and after any storm .of 0.5 inches or greater to determine mainten~nce reqllirements and general condition of the installed system. The local jurisdic;tion may . also inspect the site on a typical bi-weekly basis to assess the maintenance performed on the systems. Toe following maintenance tasks should be performed on a regular basis. All maintenance related to a storm event should be completed within 48 hours of the storm event. 6-2 March, 1993 •• • 1. Removal of silt from barriers and sedimentation devices. 2. · Replacement or repair of worn or damaged geotextile fabric. 3. Repair or replacement of damaged structural controls. 4. Seeding or mulching of damaged stabilized areas. 5. BMPs for aQ.y chemicals or fuels not addressed in the SWPPP must be developed: 6. Other control maintenance as defined in the .BMP fact sheet of this handbook or part of the approved SWPPP. Records of all inspections, compliance certifications, and noncompliance· reporting are ti:> be retained for at least three years by the owner/developer . It is suggested that records of incidents such as spills, or other episodic releases be kept Analyzing a history of this information can provide insight into modifying the BMPs. The history may suggest a predominance of spills in particular locations, from particular activities, and/or of particular materials. Efforts can be. focused accordingly. Photographs may be useful. Also keep a record of maintenance activities or any other BMPs that are of an "action11 nature. It is easy to demonstrate that a BMP that involves a physical change, such as berming or covering, has been accomplished. But actions that relate to good housekeeping can only be demonstrated .by record keeping. Keeping a record of sediment trap cleaning, for example, also provides insight into how soon it takes for the trap to refill . Construction Handbook During the course of construction, unanticipated changes may occur which affects the SWPPP, such as schedule changes; phasing changes, staging area modifications, off-site drainage impacts and repeated failures of designed controls. These changes must be made known and SWPPP revised accordingly. During the preparation and review of the modified SWPPP, construction may contim.1e with temporary modifications to the erosion and sediment control BMPs. Revisions to· the SWPPP are also required when the properly installed systems are ineffective in the prevention of silt transport off of the site. nus may be due to unforseen site conditions or construction techniques which adversely affect · the system as designed. Revisions to the SWPPP are also required if there is a new, deleted, or moved activity that could result in a significant amount of pollutants discharged in the storm water. 6-3 March, 1993 • • • [ ] Regular Inspection SAMPLE Construction General Permit Inspection Checklist [ ] Rainfall Event Inspection (Before) [ ] Rainfall event Inspection (After) Rainfall __ Inches Inspected By:·------------------Date: ___________ ----'----- Project:. ________________ ..,.... ________________ _ - DOES NOT YES NO APPLY Aie the BMPs called for on the SWPPP installed in the proper location and according to the specifications for the SWPPP? Aie all operational storm drain inlets protected from sediment inflpw? · Do any structural practices require repair or clean-out to maintain adequate function? H yes, indicate which ones: Aie construction on-site traffic routes, parking. and sto~ge of equipment and supplies restricted to areas specifically designated for those uses? Are locations of temporary soil stock piles or construction materials in approved ~as? ' - Do any seeded or landsc!lped areas requir.e maintenance, irrigation, fertilizati,;m, seeding, or mulching? .. Is there any evidence that sediment is leaving the site? Is there any evidence of erosion or cut or fill slopes'? Is there any evidence of sediment. debris, or mud on public roads at intersections with site access roads? Ooes the ~WPPP require revisions? If yes, explain; Construction Handbook 6-4 March, 1993 r> ·: - I:~. -~-'. ~·~ . . -. '..f~ ~ ~ !~ ... ;· ~~ \ -~--~ L o· 4T.6! 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