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Home My WebLink AboutCT 74-13; BUENA WOODS; TEST OF SDM W 1172; 1978-01-12A I ~'!J~ -', . I I I I I I I " .. I I I " ·1 I I I I I I -.."':-. CT,LP-{3 A TEST OF SDM-W-1172 • AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE IN BUENA WOODS Prepared for '~, ,'," KAMAR CONSTRUCTION CO. -: ~~ . > 325 ELM AVENUE CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA 92008 CHARLES S. BULL SUPERVISORY ARCHAEOLOGIST -f Regional Environmental Consultants 5620 Friars Road, San Diego, California 92110714/299-9125 1.2 JANUARY 1978 JOB NUMBER 6407 " : , ':.-.: ... "-.. , • ~ :t - ' ... .. ):::~f.:-··,· '):: ::~ji51~c"::: ;::.f~~:t~;;~~?~:;~i~4~.:: I ix' e C' I TABLE OF CONTENTS I Page I ABSTRACT 1 I. SUMMARY 2 I A. PROCEDURES AND FINDINGS 2 B. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 3 I II. INTRODUCTION 4 I A. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE 4 B. SETTING 5' I C. HISTORY OF LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGY 11 III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION 13 I A. PROCEDURES 13 1. Description 13 I 2. Implementation 14 B. RESULTS 18 I IV. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION 22 I A. SITE SIGNIFICANCE 22 B. CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS 23 I C. MITIGATION 24 V. PROJECT STAFF 25 I VI. PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONSULTED 26 I VII. REFERENCES CITED 27 APPENDICES I Appendix A: Culture History Appendix B: Posthole Test Data Sheet I I . , I. ;~" .. ~ .. -<::' -l':, -:-~',( '~: .. ~. '" ",;->:t~ ... "'_ . ...-., I )' ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ·1 . ,.;' . Figure 1: Figure 2: Figure 3: Figure 4: Table 1: Table 2: Table 3: , ... TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued). JrIGURES Project Vicinity Map 6 Project Location Map 7 Project map indicating site loci and test .stations 15 Catalogue Card 16 TABLES Shellfish Species and Habitats Posthole Summary, SDM-W-1172, Locus A Posthole Summary, SDM-W-1172, Locus B 10 19 20 I I,· I I I I I I '1 "1 I I I I I I I I I " ;: :'i: {' : ~ ": ~ ABSTRACT IIi accordance with the "California Envirortmenta.l Quality' Ac.t of 1970," as amended, and the requirements of the City of Carlsbad, California, archaeological investigations were con- ducted on a parcel known as Buena Woods. This examination involved two procedures: an initial surface reconnaissance and a subsequent systematic test of the resource. This report is a discussion of the latter activity. As a result of the present test and analysis, the bound- aries of two loci of an archaeological site were refined. In conjunction, a reassessment of the measures necessary to lessen impacts was achieved. It was determined that SDM-W-1172, Locus B, is not substantially meaningful to pr~history and archaeology. Furthermore, it was determined thqt·all -of Locus A lies within an area scheduled for inclusion within ?ln ope:p. park area, and will, therefore, not be subject.to direct impacts. 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ,'I £: I. SUMMARY A. PROCEDURES AND FINDINGS The Buena Woods project lies in the northeast portion of the City of Carlsbad, California. It encompassesapproxi~ mately 44 acres of land just south of the Buena, Vista Lagoon. As a result of ,the environmental assessment process used by the City of Carlsbad, an archaeological resource was identified on the subject property, and procedures were ,adopted to insure the conservation of information stored in the site. ' As a result of the requirements of the City of Carlsbad, the project developers contracted with RECON to perform the required tests. This report is a summary of the work per-' formed at the archaeological site and an evaluation of the impacts of the proposed project on the cultural record. In an attempt to provide an adequate assessment of the cultural resource on the Buena Woods, property, a ~ystematic posthole'series was conducted. In conjunction, a map'of the surface extent of the cultural materials was made, and assess",,:,' ment of the information potential of the resource, based on the expanded information base, was accomplished. It was determined, as a result of this test, that Locus A of SDM-W-1172 is a dense concentration of shell, wnile Locus B is a limited deposit of materials with little informa- tion potential. 2 ' .. ; :" . . ~. '; -~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I 'I I 'I I I :1 ,." C B. IMPACTS AND MITIGATION As a result of this investigation, the boundaries of the meaningful component of archaeological resource' SDM-W-,ll72 were established. The initial report indicated that a portion of the site lies within a park area and a portion lies ·under- 'neath an area planned for development of a tennis court. It has been determined that the site actually lies completely outside of the development area, within the proposed park. The position of the resource within that park, however, is closer than was originally anticipated to the proposed devel- opment area. Because of the revised understanding of the relation- ship between the archaeological site and the area of proposed development, a reevaluation of mitigation can be achieved.: The proposed project will have no direct effect on the resource. Care must be exercised, however, in restricting access to,the' area during the actual completion of the devel6pment~ The present field investiqation and associated report do not exhaust the potential of the resource to provide information toward understanding of local prehistory. The site should, therefore, be afforded every protection during deveiopment. After completion of the project, the area of the site should be planted in xeric vegetation. Intensive use of the area should be discouraged, and off-road vehicles should be pro- hibited. If these considerations are adopted, the proposed project will have no predictable significant impact on the archaeological record'of the Buena Vista Lagoon and Carlsbad areas. 3 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -~ < ."~" ,. -~, - II. INTRQDUCTION A. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The Buena Woods project involves construction of 13.0 homes on 13.0 lots within the City of Carlsbad, California. Because of the assessment procedures employed by the city and the "California Environmental Quality Act of 197.0" (CEQA) i an environmental impact report was prepared. This was done, in part, with information supplied by RECON. _ As a result of the environmental review process, a single archaeological site was located. In order to protect the valuable information potential represented by the s~te, the city required a-refined assessment. This included th~ com~ pletion of a systematic, rectilinear posthole test, a surface map and a repor-t of findings. The purpose of these activities- was to better define the size and location of the site and to permit a refined assessment of the potential impact of the proposed project. The purpose of this report is to provide a summary of the work performed at the Buena Woods site, 'SDM-W-1172,' to evaluate the relationship of this resource with other Buena Vista Lagoon region sites, and to refine the assessment of the propos~d project. 4 I ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I' I 1 I· B. SETTING The Buena Woods project site is located in the City of Carlsbad, California. It consists of 43.9 acres of land to the southeast of Buena Vista Lagoon, wes.t of El Camino Real, at the end of Canyon Street. The project consists of Carlsbad Tract Number 77-2 and has an elevation range of between 50 and 210 feet above Mean Sea Level (Figures 1 and 2). When evaluating the prehistoric occupancy of an area, the interaction of a myriad of ecological variables must be considered. The existence of fuel, water, shelter and view would have been important to the prehistoric inhabita,nts of the area (Jochim 1976). The existence of food resources is also a key to understanding the placement of specific settle- ments. The natural setting of the project area, therefore, is important to the interpretation of the cultural resourGes located in the vicinity. For presentation purposes, discussion of the general setting of the prbject area is divided into geological and biological components. Both were important to the maintenance of the early area occupants. Lithic materials (stone) were used in all aspects 'of prehistoric environmental adaptation, including hunting and vegetable food gathering and processing. An important charac- teristic of any given location, therefore, is the availability of lithic resources. Aboriginal utilization of lithic material c'an be divided into two primary categories: cutting ~nd piercing implements and grinding and crushing implements. The latter are made from a wide variety of materials, ranging from fine- grained metavolcanics to coarser quartzites and granitics. The former are produced by flaking such materials as felsite, -basalt, quartz, obsidian and other fine-grained materials. As such, the occurrence of certain lithic materia19 on or _ near a specific area is important to the occurrence of arch- aeological sites. Biological components of the enviropment supplied all food and many non-food resource$ for early occupants of the area. Before the establishment of European lifeways, 10Gal natives secured the essentials of life directly from their surroundings. This entailed a broad knowledge of plant-and animal resources as well as an understanding of their applica- bility. The Native American populations of San Diego County exploited a wide range of plants and animals. From the natural resources present, they were able to maintain a relatively stable lifestyle rarely seen in hunting and gathering cultures today. 5 ------.--------------",-,',! .. '-' ~ .. ... -~ .. 'j,;t ! • ~" ", f ~ ~ ~ • J' ··;rl -' -', ... ,~~ ., :;~fi ," '{~r it: Son A "'"1 0,.; .,' ;<\ ,.; (\ o RECaJN 0 l' -z. Im_I.IBeach~ .. 't! ~ "7. l! ....... Q • . ~ --..,.- . , meXLCO o 5 10 15 MI. I I '.1 I '1'1 o 4 8 12 16 20 24 Km. . Figure 1. The. location of the proposed project rE!lativeto·:.the County of 8'an Diego· is indicated above. . 1\ ., e e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I' I I I <. Figure 2. Project location in relation to its environs, as shown on U.S.G.S. 7.5 Minute Topographic Series, San Luis Rey Quadrangle. Scale: 1" = 2,000'. -.' . --.. --.- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Of prime importance for this discussion, then, "is" the" occurrence of geological and biological resources on or near the subject property. The presence or abs~nce of these mate~ rials can help provide an explanation for the "occurrence o~" archaeological sites. The project is in the vicinity of Buena Vista Lagoon" ~,an ;important resource area for prehistoric inhabitants, and is approximately 2,000 feet due south of Buena Vista Creek. At the present time there are only intermittent drainage ""areas" wi thin the subj ect property. A1 though these-may have" "served as temporary water sources, they may not have had the re1"ia- bi1ity necessary to support an extensive settlement. Topographically, the area consists of a major, central, eroded arroyo--referred to as the natural amphitheater--and surrounding hills and mesas. A very stee"p hillside borders the property on the southwest, a similar bank on the southeast, and a gentle slope on the northeast. The entire "area has many arroyos and swales cut into a sandstone base. Weber (1958-59) indicates that the project a;rea is primarily a terrace deposit of marine and non-marine "sands and gravels. Although no fine-grained lithic mater"ials occur on the subject property, Santiago Peak Metavo1canics are" available about three miles to the southeast, and seven miles due east. There are also no outcrops of bedrock on the property, an important resource for the presence of milling areas. The only lithic resource available on the subject property would be intrusive cobbles brought in by both cultural and natural -forces. At one point in the project area, a bahd of thes"e " water-worn cobbles are exposed in the side of a deep erosional cut. Biologically, the great majority of the project area' has been highly impacted by Euro-American 1anq use.' -' A grove of Eucalyptus trees covers most of the subject property". The'se trees were planted for future exploitation, as indicated by their planting in rows, but were not utilized. The 'resulting impact on floral conditions left 'little "natural vegetation.' In order to gain an understanding of the plant life that occurred in the area during prehistoric times, it is necessary to extrapolate from similar environmental situations. Plant species which would be expected to have occurred at this location include Coastal Sagebrush (A'rtem'is:ia-'c'a1'if"o'rnica) , Whi te Sage (Salvia 'apiana), Black Sage" (S"a"l via' meTi'f'era) , Flat-top Buckwheat (Er'iogonum 'fasCicu1'a-tum) , , Laurel-leaved Sumac (Rhus 1aurina), Lemon~de Berry (Rhus -ititeg"ri-f"oTia), and San Diego Sunflower (Vi'guiera 1-ac-ini"a'tar:- 8 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -<, e' In addition to providing necessary food resources to human populations, this plant community would hav~ also supported a variety of faunal life. These animals added to the plant resources to increase and diversify food re- sources available to prehistoric populatio,ns. Some of the animals that could be expected to occur in areas similar to the Buena Woods 'project: setting incl,.1,1de: Southern Mule Deer Coyote Grey Fox Bobcat Raccoon Badger Spotted Skunk Striped Skunk California Ground Squirrel Valley Pocket Gopher Various small rodents of several genera Woodrat Blacktail Jackrabbit Cottontail Odocoil~us hemionus Canis latrC!,ns ,Urocyon cineroeargenteus Lynx rufus PrO'Cyon lotor Taxidea taxus Spilbgale putorius Mephitis mephitis Spermophilus beecheyi Thomomys bo'!:tae Neotoma ssp. , Lep.us californicus Sylvilagus ssp. Of key interest at this time is the shellfish species obtained from the nearby lagoon. While shellfish are not found naturally on the property itself, they were one of the primary reasons for the placement of the site. Shellfish present in the coastal waters of the San Diego County area include Chione sp., Aequlpecten aequisulcatus, Ostrea lurida, Mytilus californicus, Dona'x gO'llldii, and several others. The availability of these shellfish in the paleo- environment is evident from their occurrence at different archaeological sites along the southern' California coast. The natural habitats of these animals varies, however', and their exploitation required extraction from a variety of C!,reas. , Table 1 indicates the relative areas of availability of these shellfish species. Their'occurrence or absence at SDM-W-lI72 provides important information about both the ex- ploitation practices of early residents and the ecological conditions of the lagoons. 9 I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I I I .1 I i' TABLE I SHELLFISH SPECIES AND HABITATS* \", 'Scientific Name Aequipecten aequisulcatus Chione undatella Chione californiensis Chione fluctifraga Donax gouldii Haliotis cracherdoii Astraea undosa Crucibulum spinosum Crepidula onyx Pqlinicies reculusianus Cerithidea californica Mytilus californianus Mytilus edulis Ostrea lurida Hinnites multirugosus Saxidomus nuttalli Tagelus californianus Trivela stultorum Corrunon Name Speckled Scallop Wavy Chione . Banded Chione Smooth Chione Bean Clam Black Abalone Wavy Top Turban Saucer Shell Onyx Silver Slipper . Southern Moon Snail California Horn Snail California Mus~el The Bay Mussel Native Oyster Purple-hinged Pecten Washington Clam Razor Clam Pismo Clam Hab,itat· . Sandy or muddy bottoms Intertidal sandy beaches Intertidal sandy beaches Intertidal sandy beaches' Intertidal sapdy beach~S' Intertidal Low water Rocky foreshore Rocky intertidal Intertidal sandy beaches Mudflats Upper intertidal Low tide ... rocky shores Rocky shores Low tidal and sup- littoral on.rocks Intertidal +n.tertidal Intertidal *Not all of these species were found during the present inves- tigation. 10 ." .; I • I I I I' '1 I I· I I I I I I I I· I I I. ., c. HISTORY OF LOCAL ARCHAEOLOGY The Buena Weeds preject area lies within the BUena Vista Watershed. The mest cemprehensive discussien.at: this regien yet published is "Archaeelegical Reseurces b,f the Buena'. Vista Watershed, San Diege Ceunty, Califernia" (Wallace 19$9). This repert discusses an intensive survey perfermed by the University' .of Seuthern California in 1958. Prier te the werk by Wallace, regienal recennaissaIlc.e was perfermed by the San Diege Museum .of Man, particularly Malcelm J. Regers. Subsequent te Wallace's repert, archaee- legical investigatiens in the area have been primarily limited te werk dene threugh the envirenmenta1·assessment·precess. Recently, surveys were dene by RECON .of 808 acres (Bull 1977a) , 23 acres (Nerweed 1977) and 44 acres (Bull1977b). Fiewer, Ike and Reth (1977) have recently excavated SDM-W .... 137, which .lies wi thin the regien. As a result .of these investigatiens, ever 40 arch- aeelegical sites have been recerded. At this time.,.,oil:J!y~·,ene reseurce near the subject parcel has received an abselute date·. SDM-W-137 has been dated at 560+100 years befere the present (B.P.) and 540+100 B.P. (Flewer, Ike and Reth 1977). Radio- carben dates exist frem ether sites in nerthern San Di,ege 'Ceunty put at seme distance frem the Buena Weeds prejectaJ;:'ea. Wallace suggests that twe distinct eccupatiens .occurred in the regien: the San Luis Rey II and the Pauma cemplex. He alse suggests the pessible existence .of a L~ Jella Pattern representatien, but indicates insufficient diagnestic material :to suppert it (Wallace 1959:287-288). Flewer, Ike and Reth (1977) describe a Luisene site which may reflect centact between EUre- American and aberiginal pepulatiens. . Research in the Buena Vista Lageon reglen has, ebvi- eusly, lagged behind seme ether areas .of the ceunty. Specific. research erientatiens are, therefere, limited by the existing infermatien base. Prier te the generatien of elab.orate schemes,' an evaluatien .of the applicability .of 'the prehisteric .outline develeped fer the ceunty must be achieved •. Unfertunateiy, the remains at SDM-W-1172, the Buena Weeds site, de net include-an ab'l;mdance .of artifacts, greatly restricting such evaluatien by this reseurce. . Because the cultural remains at SDM-W":'1172" are primarily shell, research questiens are alse restricted. Analysi.s .of. site material, hewever, can previde an element fel; evaluatien .of pr.opesed shell expleitati.on explanations, and, since shell is a readily datable substance, this infermatien can easily be incerperated inte an expanded scenarie fer the prehisteric .occupatien .of the regien. . 11 -..,,~. .. ~-~ ',' -".-- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I '- This site, therefore, provides a rare instance in which the limited activity evident indicates functional clarity and, thus, a setting for evaluation of prehistoric shellfish use. 12 ,~ ... , . '~ III. ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION A. PROCEDURES In order to obtain a sample of siteSDM-W-1172, a systematic, rectilinear posthole test was performed. This' was done to provide a more accurate and detailed view of the subsurface deposition. It also permitted an improved'evalua~ tion of construction impacts. 1. Description. The need for a simple, cost-efficient sampling procedure has long been felt in archaeology. Re- ,search design and planning can greatly be improved if some . pre-excavation subsurface information can be gained. In addi- tion, the application of a sampling procedure. which permits the examination of a large area of the site with relatively small but numerous sampling units provides a means fol:' esti- mating variance within the unknown universe. In 1972, Fry reported on the use of manually operated posthole diggers as sampling instruments .in T,ikal, Guatemala (Fry 1972:259). At that time, he used the. post- holers primarily to locate "large quantities of artifactual debris useful for dating mound occupation" and to "searcp for hidden construction ••• " (Fry 1972:259). As with many investigators before him,. Fry, searching for "a productive area" placed his tests in select positions located randomly around house mounds. A systematic element was employed in postholirtg by Puleston in 1968. At that time,' an area measuring 20 meters by 175 meters was tested by excavating postholes at the inter- sections of a five-by-five-meter grid. Pulesto~ ·then compared the materials resulting from these systematically placed holes' (Reference in Fry 1972, noting Havil~nd and others, The Tikal Sustaining Area: Preliminary Report in the 1967 Season, 1968: 59) . The most comprehensive assessment of the posthole test procedure was presented by Hatley at the Society for California Archaeology Annual Meeting in 1917. This ma::r:ked the first time that the use of posthole testing as a substantial sampling procedure has been addressed. The systematic posthole test is a logi,cal exten- sion of the systematic sampling procedure known as every "kIth" systematic sampling. It involves two basic elements: the random placement of the datum station and the. determination of the number of postholes to be excavated over a site area. A grid is placed over the site area w.ith the datum point being randomly selected from the surfage area of the site. Test 13 . , , ;-,: ... ,:'~ ". i..' --.:. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I, I' , stations are excavated at the intersection point·s of the, ,site grid. The size of grid squares and the placement of the test datum, then, determine placement of every station. At each test station, a variety of cultural and physiographic infor- mation is collected. The posthole test meets criteria necessary ~or several important archaeological problems. First, the nume'rous small sampling units provide an accurate estimate of' the popula- tion. As Redman points out: The more sampling units the better. In a large population it is the number of sampling units rather than the proportion of the population sampled that determines the precision of the results (Reqman 1974:17). The po~thole test provides exceptionally small units. Because of this, it is not satisfactory for certain questions, but it does provide an excellent overall view b~ the nature of the population. This can be of' extreme impor- tance when designing a sampling procedure and evaluating an unknown resource. In addition to the sample provided .by the post~ hole test, the excavation of a series of test stations ove~ the site area at large can provide a body of physiographic information describing the site. This includes soil ',composi- tion, variation in the nature of the ecofacts and an excellent means for evaluating surficial-subterranian relationships. One function that the systematic posthole test serves is the delineation of the subsurface extent o.f the site. Through the examination of the materials obtained over th~ horizontal extent of the resource and comparing that evidence to data recovered during the excavation of the test stations, 'the overall size of the site can be accurately determined. In addition, through the careful plotting of variations in depth of midden soil, a contour map detailing depth variation can be prepared. 2. Implementation. A systematic, rectilinear post- hole series was completed at the two loci of SDM-W-1172. In the course of this test, 46 postholes were excavated, requiring 64 manhours to complete. The positions of the two locl. and the test stations are illustrated in Figure 3. Upon completion'of the field aspect of the project, all recovered material was catalogued. As no artifacts were located during the posthole testing, this procedure was pri- marily concerned with recording shell data. Figure 4 shows the shell recording card_employed for data from this site. 14 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I e e Figure 3. This figure illustrates the location of c1,lltural resource SDI1-~v-1172, Loci A and B. Indicated are posthole test observation stations, unit location, areas containing light deposit of shellfish remains (dotted 1ineJ and the exten- sive deposit of culturally related materials at Locu? A (dashed line). Note that, due to the deletion of the two- foot increments between 160 feet and 170 feet~ the severity df the drop-off point located on the north boundary of Lqcus A is not reflected. ' -_.--- - ---- - - - --.--- -, ~ I" ."", .. ;'\ ' .~;.: ;', . . . ,' ", j . ., " ~. . ' " . . ~,",-, ,,~. ,I:' . 1, '\".,. "::;~~.~, , ~~\~t" Reference: SITE SDM-W----------1 2 3 4 Provenience: UNIT EAST -----------10 11 12 SHELL NORTH ------13 14 15 CATALOGUE NUMBER ------~- LEVEL -16--1-7-1-8- 5 6 7 8 9 Specific location if applicable: EAST NORTH DEPTH , HIGHEST CORNER 19 20 ,21 22 23 24 25 -2-6-2-7-2-t81 Weight: CHIONE -------29 30 31 32 MYTILIUS _____ _ 41 42 43 44 SAX I DOMUS '------,----53 54 55 56 63 'AEQUIPECTEN~ __ ~~~~ 33 34 35 36 DONAX ---------45 46 47 48 POLINICES ____ _ 57 58 59 OSTREA_~ _____ _ 37 38 39 40 TAGELUS --:"4 9--5::-0--:5~1---::-5-:-2- ASTRAEA ------60 61 62 1. other (specify) _________________ ~-------------------------- 2. ,no other MISCELLANEOQS_' _____ _ 64 65, 66 67 Figure 4. The shell recording card employed for ,data from sit~ SDM-W-l172. ~ e e I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Excavation was accomplished using a manual posthole digger excavating l7-centimeter diameter-holes. Examination of each hole involved screening of recovered soil through a one-eighth-inch or one-quarter-inch mesh screen. Small samples of soil· were obtained at regular 20-centimeter increments-to permi t Cietailed evaluation of soil color under uniform condi- tions. Forms used during the field aspect of this process are- provided in Appendix B. 17 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I, I I , '~~., . '-.1~· ,--.... B. RESUL,TS 'As a result of the present field investigation, ,3,,685 grams of shell were recovered: 3,496 grams were' found in'the test station$ at SDM-W-1172, Locus A, and 189 grams from the' test stations at SDM-W-1172, Locus B. With 33 and 13 postholes being exqavated at·, these ,loci, respecti vely, there is a mean . ; shell weight per posthole concentration of 106 grams and 15 grams, respectively. In addition to the shell recovered from the excavated tests, a variety of fractured rock was also obtained. These stones, based on positional association, were associated w,ith the shellfish processing at the site, but had not been modified, in accordance with cultural norms. There were no artifacts recovered from the posthole tests at either locus of SDM..,.W-ll?2 •. . 'The excavation of a single unit at Locus B provided three possible flakes, but the nature of the materiai, and the lack of other artifactual material', calls these into ' question~ Whether or not the small amount of flaked ,material found in the excavated unit is the result of cultural activity or some natural cause, is of little import. There cap, pe little doubt that the activities associated wit,h the cre.ation of this site did not result in the deposition of either a wide variety or a large quantity of artifactual materials. This does not mean that the' archaeological !:lite is of no research value. The site does provide a basis for evaltiati.ng the rather common prehistoric practice of shellfi$h exploita- tion. In most areas, the clari.ty of the functional nature o'f a site is masked by the occurrence of multiple functions. Whil$ it is obvious that something more than simple shellfish p~oc essing occurred at SDM-W-1172, the range of activities is extremely limited and notably dominated by the expioitation of shellfish. The differential occurrence ot shell at SDM-W-1172 (Tables 2 and 3) is suggestive of shell lenses recently de- scribed by Bull (1977c) and Bull, Norwood and Hatley (1977). At sites around Batiquitos Lagoon, dense deposits of shell have been identified. These concentrations were explained as individual use areas with limited functional significance. In addition to the evaluation of the shell lenses, Bull, Norwood and Hatley (1977) also propose a tool kit func- tionally associated with shellfish,processing. They present an argument for the inclusion of edge damaged, core ba$ed, bifacial tools within a shellfish tool kit. If their assump- tions are correct, one would expect these ,tool types. to be associated with the present deposit. The lack qf these tools , ' 18 " ;'.~ .: ~' ... I I' I I I I I I I I. I I I I I I I '. I····· I .. -~.~> ' ~ •• "':-: f', -~: :'" Posthole E05N05 E05NlO E05N15 EION05 EIONIO El·ON15 EION20 E15N05 E15NlO E15N15 E15N20 E20N05 E20NlO E20N15 E20N20 E20N25 E25N05 E=?5NIO E25N15 E25N20 E30N05 E30NIO E30N15 E30N20 E30N25 E35N05 E35NIO E35N15 E35N20 E40NOO E40N05 E40NlO E40N15 TABLE 2 POSTHOLE SUMMARY SDM-W-1172, LOCUS A Soil Color* Surface Bottom Shell (grams) 4/4 5/4 5/4 4/3 3/2 4/2 5/4 4/6 3/3 3/2 3/2 4/4 3/3 3/2 2/1 4/3 4/1 4/3 3/3 3/2 5/4 4/3 3/3 3/3 3/3 4/3 3/3 4/3 4/4 6/4 4/4 4/4 4/4 5/4 N/A 5/6 4/4 4/6 4/2 5/6 4/4 3/6 4/4 5/6 4/4 4/4 3/2 4/6 4/6 5/4 4/4 2/2 4/6 5/6 4/3 5/6 3/3 4/4 6/4 5/6 4/3 4/4 4/4 5/4 5/4 6/4 :-.0 3 208 o 12 22 o o '189 278 256 o 643 620 479 1 O' 12 221 242 o 112 120 '0 6 o 57 15 o o o o o TOTAL 3,496 Mean Weight: 106 grams Mean Depth: 37 cm. Maximum Depth (cm. ) 14 ,7 30 40 38 30 15 35 60 46 39 36 67 75 68 18 24 3;; 75 54 17 57 59 15 40 27 50 is 29 26 23 37 14. *Soil colors are according. to Munsell Soil Color Cha~ts, 1973. All colors are of 10 YRhuecode. 19 :-- I I I I I 'I I I I I I I ,I I I I I I I '~ , , .' ,;: , ' TABLE 3 POSTHOLE SUMMARY SDM-W-1172, LOCUS B Soil Color* Shell Maximum De'pth Posthole Surface Bottom (grams) (cm. ) EOON15 4/4 5/4 12 26 E05N15 4/4 4/4 0 45 E05N20 4/3 4/4 19 50 EloNlO 4/4 4/6 0 40 ElON15 4/2 4/2 38 20 EION20 4/3 3/3 0 SO E15NOO 4/4 4/6 4 40 E15N05 4/4 4/6 6 45 E15NlO 4/3 4/6 0 50 . E15N15 3/3 4/6 58 47 E20N05 3/3 4/4 4 53 E20NlO 3/3 4/4 10 45 E20N15 4/2 4/4 38 50 TOTAL 189 -- Mean Weight: 15 grams Mean Depth: 43 cm. *Soil colors are according to Munsell Soil Color Charts, 1973. All colors are of 10 YR hue code. 20 " ,.-~ -~ , ,~D. " :-~ '(;' ,'(,::~\';:£J~tj;?r;,:;;:;.~~~~~:,>,: .. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I . "',, , may not indicate their absence, but may be a result of the l,imi ted sample. Of' special interest at this time is the existence of at least one buried hearth. Posthole E2SNIS of Locus A had'an extremely ashy, dark soil 60 centimeters below ground surface. (Munsell 10YR 2/2). In association with this dark, ashy area, large amounts of fire-cracked rock were also found. 'As a hearth is an activity-specific area, examination of materials in association could provide-insight both into site function and general shellfish processing. It is also quite possible that charcoal, a more accurate medium than. shell, could be available for dating. As it is not within the scope of this report to exhaust the research potential of SDM-W-1172, many questions remain unexplored. Future work at the site would require obtain.i,ng. radiocarbon dates and excavation of a larger sample. The purpose of this project was to accurately define the location and extent of the deposit as well as provide a more complete description of the assemblage. - 21 :." .. ,I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 I I, " " ", . IV. "IMPACTS AND MITIGATION A. SITE SIGNIFICANCE The archaeological significance of cultural resources is based on the ability of a particular resource to provide meaningful information to the study of anthropology and pre .... history. The scientific importance of any given resource, therefore, is based upon the 'potential meaning stored within a site. Sites can also gain importance because, of aesthetic characteristics. Assessment of aesthetic importance is a difficult process, involving a variety of sp~cial interest groups which have some subjective claim to th~ resource because of what it represents. The realm of the archaeologist is more appropriately the determination of potent'ial scientif'ic meaning. To assess the potential of the present resource to 0' provide meaning to prehistory and anthropology, criteria out- lined by Glassow (1977) was used. These include variety, quantity, integrity, clarity and environmental context. It is on the basis of these characteristics, when considered in light of the present theoretical and research foundation exist- ing in the area, that the potential meaning of a given resourc~ can be evaluated. While there is presently no objective, ,';:" quantifiable means for rating these factors, relative resource importance can be discussed if ,couched in general terms. The relative lack of artifactual material at SDM-W-i172 restricts the variation present. The existence of large .aInounts of shell wi thin a confined area makes the deposit quite d'is- tinguishable from its surrounding environment. T'he c:!-arity is emphasized by the limited function of the site.o Integrity of the information is probably excellent. Although some disturbance must have resulted. from the dev~lop ment of the Eucalyptus grove, the existence of the grove has also insured protection for the site. While future testing may prove the assumption of high integrity invalid, it is justified at this time. Finally, evaluation of the environmental context is difficul t. While the inunediate' sur'roundings of tlle site are obviously not natural, its position within the Buena Vista- Lagoon region makes it meaningful. The general lack-of knowledge about this particular watershed mCJ.gnifies the impor- tance of the meaning stored within this site. 22 " .:'~ ~. ' -~--'.--------------.:.------.. -~., .... * ;;; ;~;L ~:~~: ·~ .. ':;;2Si::~L:~,t~::1f:~:.:.;- I I I I I I I. I I '1 I I I' I I I I I I, . -. B. CONSTRUCTION IMPACTS With the redefinition of the location of the meaning-. ful aspect of cultural resource SDM-W-1172, it was' determined that the entire significant component lies within an area scheduled for open space. This area will not, therefore, be directly impacted by the proposed development. Since no direct impacts will occur as a result of this project, indirect impacts only need be of concern .. Due to the marked increase in use of the immediate area of the site, this resource will be threatened by indirect impacts. These indirect impacts are manifested in either intentional disturb- ance (vandalism, pothunting) or unintentional disturbance, such as those resulting from off-road vehicles. Given the nature of the site, particularly the lack of artifacts, it is not likely that the site will be damaged as a result of collecting. As pothunting·constitutes the. majority of intentional impacts, this aspect can be eliminated from consideration. Certain measures should be adopted, however, to insure protection of the site from unintentional impacts. 23 ~~ .' <.~ . L :'. '-~~/:-';i~'~Z;:~{~ ., 0·---____ .• ---- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I :::1 I " G. MITIGATION A$ there will be no direct impacts to the cultural record due to this project, no further mitigating measures can be recommended. Several precautions should be observed, however, to help limit indirect impacts. Access to the site area should be restr;i.cted dUring actual development to prevent unintentional disturbance by construction activity. The area of the site should be pro- hibited to off-road vehicles and should be so posted. Finally, no intentional access should be created over the site or the park area at large. This will limit exposure of the 'site and aid in its protection. While these measures will not guarantee the preven- tion of disturbance to the site, they should', when considered with the resource's unobtrusive nature, provide adequate protection. 24 '. ,-'. <' ,,', ',' .. "., .~~ ~ '?": ,:>, .~~.~ ". ':"_~'~ ·'·~~f:;~~:.;~~·:~.~ .~:. ·1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I V. PROJECT STAFF Charles S. Bull M. Jay Hatley Gena Van Camp Richard Kardash Carol Walker Bridget Blair Joanne Thompson Nancy Johnston Hatley Denise A. Palazzolo Supervisory.Archaeologist· Associate Archaeologist/ . Cartographer Assistant Archaeologist Assistant Archaeologist Archaeological Support Technical Illustrator Production Coordinator Production Typist Production Specialist 25 I I I I ·1 I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I .. -'-, , ,',-. " VI. PERSONS AND ORGANIZATIONS CONSULTED Gary Fink Darcy Ike Martin Rosen Department of Transportation, County of San Diego Flower, Ike and Roth Arch- aeologioal Consultants Archaeological Institute, University of California, Los Angeles· 26 I I ·1 I I 1 I I I I I 1 I I I' I ,I VII. REFERENCES CITED Bull, Charles 1977a An Archaeological Reconnaissance of the Lake Calavera-- Hills Project Area. Manuscript on file with -the author. 1977b An Archaeological Survey of BUena Woods 3-4, Carlsbad,- California. Manuscript on file at Regional Environ- mental Consultants. 1977c Prehistoric Lifeways at La Costa North. Manuscript on file at Regional Environmental Consultants. Bull, Charles, Richard Norwood and M. Jay Hatley- 1977 Archaeology of Villa la Cumbre. ·Manuscript on file at Regional Environmental Consultants. Flower-, Douglas, Darcy Ike and Linda Roth 1977 Archaeological Investigations at W-137, Prelimina~y Draft. Manuscript on file with the authors. Fry, Robert E. 1972 Manually Operated Posthole Diggers as Sampling Ins'tru- ments. American Antiquity 27:2$9-261. Hatley, 1977 M,. Jay The Development and Use of the Systematic Post:p.ole Test in Archaeology. Paper presented at the Society for California Archaeology Convention, April, San D'iego; California. Glassow, Michael A. 1977 Issues in Evaluating the Significance of Ardhaeologi~al Resources. American Antiquity 42:413-420. Jochim, Michael A. 1976 Hunter-Gatherer Subsistence and Settlement: APre- dictive Model. New York: Academic Press, Inc. Munsell 1973 Munsell Soil Color Charts. MacBeth Color and Photom- etry Division of Kollmorgn Corp., Bal tirtlore .• Norwood, Richard 1977 Mar y Montanas: An Arch~eologicaJ, Survey in Car1.spad. Redman, 1974 Manuscript on file'with the author. Charles L. Archaeologic'al Sampling Str~tegies. An, A,ddison Wep1,.ey , Module in Anthropology, No. 55. Philippines: Addison- Wesley Publ'ishing Company. 27 " I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Wallace, William J. 1959 Archaeological "Resources of the BUena Vista Wg:ter- shed, San Dieg"o C-ounty," Califo"rn"ia. UCLA Annual Survey. Weber, F. Harold, Jr. ,1958-Geology and Mineral Resources of San Diego County, 1959 California. Map adapted from Map of San Diego County by California State Divis'ion of Forestr"y, 1957., 28 :, --·L· ,,. " , I, ~ I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I '. " , ',', \' ; e· APPENDIX A I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CULTURE HISTORY Several reconstructions for this "Far Southwest area" have been proposed and a plethora of terms for what are sub-' stantially like elements have been developed. In 1969, Davis et al proposed the Paleo-Indian stage and three archaic stages, while Warren (1968) proposed the Encinitas, Campbell, Chtimash, Shoshonean and Yuman traditions. In 1955, Wallace suggested four stages of Southern California prehistory:' Horizon I, Early Man; Horizon II, Milling Stone; Horizon III, Intermediate; and Horizon IV, Late Prehistoric. Each of these "horizons" represents a segment in an historical sequence and as such, is a stage. All of these reconstructions permit the examination of Southern California prehistory, but Wallace ~·s represents,' a relatively unencumbered outline which provides' the best possible framework for our discussion. This is necessary" for although little critical evaluation has been accomplished of these segments, they permit the integration of. a great variety df data. I ... _ a-I .' ~ . .. ~:~~%:~~l?· .' -. '.. --. ' , ~. ~ .. _ .... ,.-" I I I I I I I I I 'I' I I I I I I I I I ", a. Early Man Stage. The earliestef the feur stages identified by Wallace, the Early Man Stage, is the least represented in alIef Seuthern Califernia. In San D:i.ego Ceunty, the Early Man Stage is manifest by what Malcelm Regers, called the San Dieguite pattern (1938). He felt that this pattern extended frem the San PedrO' Valley in eastern Arizona to' the Pacific Ocean and frem Baja, Califernia en the seuth to' Orange Ceunty en the nerth. With a teel assemblage characteristicef a subsistence pattern based upen hunting, the material culture ef the San Dieguite pattern censists ef'numerous types ef scrapers and scraper planes, cheppers, crescentics, large blades, and peints. It has been divided into three main phases: San Dieguite I" San Dieguite II, and San DieguiteIII with a fourth phase being tentatively identified in Baja, Califernia (Regers 1966). San Dieguite I, the earliest phase ef the pattern, encempasses a teel traditien feund threughe~t San DiegO' and the Far Seuthwest, but has yet to' be defined in pub-' licatien fer that pertien ef San DiegO' Ceunty west ef the La- guna Meuntain watershed. Artifacts which characterize this phase include relatively crude stene toels censistingprimarily ef cheppers and large flakes preduced by percussien flaking, Sleeping circles, trail shrines and varied rqck alignments (Regers 1966). ' The secend pha~e, San Dieguite II, is the first to' be identified west ef the Laguna Meuntains watershed. Regers recerded 52 sites in the ceunty centaining cultural ~aterial representative ef this phase (Regers 19:66: 178-184) • Theugh the dating ef this phase is net explicit, its introduc- tien has been estimated at about 12,000 years B.P. ~Before Present).' The tool assemblage is characterized by improved flaking techniques and better types of toel materials, which result in more standardized and predictable teoi types, and the absence ef associatien with sleeping circles (Regers 1966: 60 ). Artifact assemblages reportedly representative, ef the third phase ef the San Dieguito pattern, San Dieguito "III, have been identified threughout San Diego County and preb- , ably persisted until 8,500 or 7,500 years B.P. (Warren and ,True 1961:263). The basic diff~rence between this phase and. the previous ene is the appearance ef pressure flaking and the increase in the use ef mere fine-grained litbic' materials such as chalcedeny, chert and jasper. a-2 , "'-''<' -' " ' . ,>, ". ',.' '>\'':~':::i:; ~~,,~.:,~~:·,:j·:;::T~i;~\~,~},:~~l~~~~~~~;~:~·,' .. I I I I I I I I I I' I I I I I I I I I-- "': .:~;, ' . , -:~ With a marked lack of absolute dating, it is impos'sib1e to determine whether all three of these phases are" in fact, temporally distinct, or simply regional manifestations of similar tool assemblages. The broad geographic dist~ibu tion of materials assigned to this pattern combines with the lack of absolute dates and stratified, dual component deposits to caution the archaeologist against infe'rring a genetic r~la~ tionship between the people who established each of these di- verse archaeological assemblages. One of the few San Diego County archaeOlogical sites with subsurface materials of the San Dieguito phase is the Harris -Site (SDM-W-198). This site (Warren 1966) has no - stratigraphic evidence delineating the phases of the patterp as discussed above,_ but-does have a Milling Stone Stage com- ponent overlying the San Dieguito component. This superposi- tion of a datable milling element allows for the application of a minimum date for the -San Dieguito pattern-. Dates of be";' tween 7,000 and 8,000 B.P., which were presented by Warren (1967) for this milling component, thus provide a minimum date for the underlying San Dieguito III strata. Recently Ka1denberg and Bull hav~ noteq the inclusion of limited amounts of milling activity with~n the later portions of the San, Diegui to -III phase (Ka1denberg-and- Bull1975:111). Although this has-yet to be demonstrated conclusively, it suggests two interesting possibi1ities,~ Ei ther there is evidence for.: a con-tinum from the San Diegui to pattern of the Early Man Stage to the appropriate pattern of the Milling Stone Stage, or the temporal placement of the. San Dieguito pattern as temporally distinct from Milling, Stone Stage patterns is incorrect. We will examine both of these possibilities later. One criterium which has emerged fOr the iden- tification of San Diegui to pattern sites is theoccurl:',ence -of highly patinated flaked lithic artifacts. .8idescrapers', flakes, blades and knives which have a "high" degree of patination have traditionally been assessed as being of' San Dieguito origin. Because there has been no work done demonstrating conclusively that patination must be a slow continuous process,-this argu- ment does not hold. Future work needs to-be done assessing- the occurrence of patina ted artifacts with demonstrability more recent material such as' milling, ceramics and cremation. b. Milling Stone Stage. Following the Early Man Stage, Wallace identifi~d a period in which subsistence was based primarily upon gathering. Labeled the Mi111ng Stone Stage, this element is represented throughout the coas,ta;l re- gion of Southern California by a variety of cultural patterns. a-3 -. . -' ~' . : :>~:\j1f~:~0;:::~~~,%;~k~~~:i\: ~ . . ' .. , :? '~ •. ;, ': . I I I I I I I I I I' I I I I I I I I I, These patterns stretch from below the' Mexican borqer to north of Santa Barbara, and exhibit numerous similar manifestations. They all possessed crude chopping and scraping "tools, practiced inhumation and sUbsi'sted 'primarily on vegetal and sea food re- sources, as evidenced by the profuse number of grinding imple-. ments. In San Diego County, archaeologists have iden- tified the La Jolla pattern as .belonging to the Milling Stone Stage. This pattern was first'recognized .by Malcolm Rogers in 1929, when he identified them as the "shell midden people." He delineated this pattern as being characterized by nume'rous shell middens containing metates, manos, hamrnerstones and tes- hoa flakes, with a noticeable lack of flaked s,tone implements, and ceramics. Further research of this pattern has resulted in an expanded list of criteria for its delineation which in- cludes a material assemblage of Olivella beads, retouched flakes, flexed burials and an economic subsistence based on the collection of seeds and shellfish. Rogers gave the pattern its present name and . at.the same time divided it into two phases, La Jolla I and. La Jolla II (Rogers 1945:171). Moriarty described the La Jolla I phase as having ••• "crude flat surfaced milling slabl:? and shallow basined metates accompanied by both unifacial and hi- facial manos. The artifact assemblage is based on a rather crude cobblestone, chopper-scraper typology,. all of .which are percussive" (Moriarty 1966:21). La Jolla II is distinguished by th~ appear- ance of drilled and polished stone implements. There is a marked increase in the var:i,ety of bifaced artifacts and a. development of more refined tools (Moriarty 1966:19). Moriarty also proposed another phase of the La Jolla pattern, La Jolla III. This phase is distinguished from the previous two phases solely by a change in the geo- graphical location of the sites. As the peoples repres_ent~d by the La Jolla pattern developed, environmental stress made it necessary for them to move inland away from the coastal la~ goons which were constantly decreasing in their productivity (Moriarty 1966:19). The La Jolla pattern has been delineated, for an area extending from south of San Diego to the San Diego - Riverside County line in the north, and from the Pacific OC~'an to approximately four miles inland. It has been dated by radiocarbon from as early as 7,370:1:100 to,as lat-e as 3,700± 25d B.P. (Hubbs, Bien and Suess 1960). Warren places the span of time encompassed by the La Jolla pattern at from about 7,500 to 1,950 B.P. (Warren 1968:2,-. This more recent date a-4 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I of 2,000 B.P. is further substantiated by dates recovered by P. H. Ezell at the Las Flores site. Here Ezell'dated shell remains in conjunction with inhumations at 1,600 B~P. (Ezell 1975:57). This date was later revised to approximately 2,000" B.P. (Bull 1975:70). We can, then, assign a time ~pan of ap- proximately 6,000 years, from 8,000 to 2,000 B.P. for the es- tablishment and existence of La Jolla pattern'Milling Stone Stage sites. It has been noted in several sources that the termination of the La Jolla pattern corresponded to a gradual reduction., of· shellfish resources available from the coastal lagoons .of San Diego County. Shumway, Hubbs and Moriarty (1961) have presented evidence for a markedly different phy- siographic condition for the coastal 'area of San Diego County during the Milling Stone Stage. By examining the types and amount of shell which occur at La, Jolla sites, they conclude' that" ••• during the period from 7,300 years ago or earlier, until at least 3,700 years ago, the shore north of'~a Jolla was considerably more rocky than at present with estuari~s sufficiently deep and in sufficient contact with the sea to 'maintain, in bay-like conditions, flourishing populations of pecten and Chione. These conditions would be met by a rapidly rising sea level during which the accumulation of shore sand would be kept low ••• " (Shumway, Hubbs and Moriarty 1961:113). Shumway, et al (1961) feel that San Diego County lagoons sup- ported sizeable amounts of shell until about 1,000 years ago. Warren, True and Eudey hypothesize that the termination of the La Jolla pattern corresponded witp an en- vironmental shift on the Southern California coast. In research undertaken around Batiquitos Lagoon, archaeologists propose the gradual reduction of accessible shell food resourc~s and the subsequent abandonment of the coastal region. Warren; et al propose that at about 2,050 B.C., the coastal lagoons o~ San Diego County were silted in sufficiently to reduce the quantities of available shellfish (Warren, True and Eudey 1961). . "Approximately 4,000 years ago, lagoons were silted in enough to reduce the number of shellfish available to prehistoric populations of the area." (warren, Tr~e and Eudey 1961:25.) This shift is further documented b,y dates recently obtained at Green Valley Knolls with the .dating of a marked decline in the occurrence of sh~llfish remains at 3,300 B.P. (Kaldenberg and Hatley 1976). Warren and Pavasic propose that silts transported by streams covered any rocky shores that existed in the lagoons. . a-5 liThe rock 'dwelling shellfish decreased in number and were replaced by those dwelling on the sandy bea- ches and mud flats." (Warren and Pavesic 1961: 424'.) Warren, True and Eudey (1961) sugg'est that this movement of the La Jolla peoples maY,have resulted in ' the establishment of the "Pauma Complex." The Pauma variant is characterized by flaked stone implements much like those of the San Dieguito pattern, but'unlike the San D'ieguito pat-· tern, the Pauma variant has a high number,of grinding imple- ments. This would indicate an association with a milling tradition .. (True 1958). The possibility exists thc;l.t the Pauma variant is related to those assemblages which Wallace refers to as Intermediate patterns. If so, it would provide evidence for the existence of a hunting-like pattern in San Diego. This will be examined further in a subsequent discussion of the hunting pattern. North of San Diego County, 'a numb~r o£ar- chaeological manifestations similar to the La Jolla have been reported. Perhaps the most extensive of these make ~p the pattern known as "Oak Grove." Initially identified, by David B'anks Rogers, the Oak Grove pattern is defined by the occur- rence of metates, manos and large flint flakes that nave been roughly retouched (Rogers 1929,: 352-353). This pattern has been expended to include crude projectile points, a reliance on gathering of seeds and a burial of inhumation. The pattern has been dated by carbon 14 at several Southern California sites. At the Glen Annie Canyon Site, Owens presents dates which range from 6,380~120 to 7-,270±120 years ago. A date of 3,000 B.P. was obtained from a site at Zuma Creek (Bright 1965:370), while materials from the World Medical Center were dated at 2,000 B.P. (Kaldenberg and Bull 1975). Archaeologists do not propose an end to the peoples of the Oak Grove pattern; rather, they sugges:t a con- t'inual occupation of the coast by two basic tool traditions. The Oak Grove pattern represents the milling tradition, with the Hunting pattern being introduced into the record around 5,000 B.P. (Harrison and Harrison 1966:34), and representing a hunting tradition. The Hunting pattern will be discussed in more detail at a later time. It is important to note here that some individuals believe that an amalgamation of th~se groups developed into the more recent Canalino and thus the Chumash which were the historica~ly recorded native popula~ tion of the Santa Barbara area. a-6 -. : . ~-'-.: ,I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I <- ',' Between San Diego and Santa Barbara Counties, the Milling Stone Stage is represented by a number of sites which share numerous traits. The Little Sycamore Site (Wal- lace 1954), Glen Annie Canyon (Owen, Curtis ahd Miller 1964), the Browne Site (Greenwood 1969), Topanga Canyon (Treganza and Bierman 1958), Malaga Cove Level 2 (Walker 1952) .;tnd Zuma Creek (Peck 1955) all have characteristics which would allow their placement within the Milling Stone Stage. ,Invariably the burial pattern is one of inhumation, subsistence is based on the gathering of foods rather than hunt-ing, and all have a relatively high quantity of grinding implements. Warren combines the sites of the Milling Stone Stage within what he terms the "Encinitas Tradition" (Warren 1968)., Warren defines this tradition as a j'well de ... veloped collection economy" (Warren 1968:6), which is oriepted toward the collection of pinyon" pine cones,and hollyhock, ' ,as well as a wide variety of shellfish. He proposes an end to the tradition at about 1 A.D. in San Diego County and between 3,0,00 and 1,500 B.C. in Santa Barbara County. The final determination of the end of the Mill- ing Stone Stage is dependent upon the relationship of, the pat- terns of that stage to patterns which have been found to be more recent. In Wallace's discussion of SoUthern California prehistory, he delineated a third group of artifact inventor- , ies which he referred to as the "Inter~ediate Cultures" (Wal- lace,1955:22l). When he defined this period, he included the, Hunting people of Santa Barbara, the San Dune Site of ventura County, the Big Tujunga Wash site in the San Fernando Valley and the second phase of the La Jolla pattern, La Jolla II, in San Diego County. The San Diego aspect of this stage was not, however, consistent with the other patterns throughout Southern California. , " Excluding San Diego County, the major cultural change 'during this period aside from an increased dependence upon hunting, was the shift in grinding implements from the milling and hand-stone combination to the mortar-pestle, though the former continued in use on a reduced scale (Wallace 1955:222). Because radiocarbon did not maintain the tem- poral distinctiveness of these patterns from those of the Mill- ing Stone Stage, the "Intermediate" is no,t presented as a sep'- arate stage. Patterns which have assemblages similar to those which Wallace included within his Intermediate stage must be dealt with as contemporaneous with Milling Stone patterns. a-7 I ... I ·1 I I' I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ;:-:" Their differences, then, do not reflect change over time, but rather cultural variation within a given location. Perhaps the most characteristic pattern .of this variant is. the Hunting pattern of the Santa .Barbara area. This pattern was initially described by D. B. Rogers as con- Sisting primarily of flaked lithic implements with the intro- duction of the basket mortar. Spear and knif'e blades are' des- cribed as being large, usually leaf-shaped, and without st(3m or notches. Projectile points are, as a whole, heavy, broad, and wickedly barbed. The materials of which they are made vary greatly and include quartz, chert, chalcedony and obsidi~n (Rogers 1929). There is a noticeable increase in the amount of bone at Hunting sites as compared with those of the Oak Grove pattern for the same area. Rogers mentions great quan- tities of shellfish, a noticeable lack of whale remains, small to medium sandstone bowls, massive shell and stone beads, red och.re and asphaltum making up the distinguishing characteris- tics of this pattern. Harrison and Harrison (1966')·, incluqe whale bone as a Hunting pattern cultural element. The most complete assessment of the Hunting pattern resulted from the investigation of Aerophys,ics. site (SBA-S3). Harrison and Harrison propose the delineation of two phases for the Hunting pattern; the Extranos Ppase and the bel Mar Phase (Harrison and Harrison 1966). Diagnostic characteristics of the earlier Extranos Phase include: 1) Equal proportions cf milling stones and mulIers, compared .to stone vessels and pestles. 2). Large side-notched and stemmed projec- tile points and blades. 3) The use of asphalt restricted to mending stone vessels. 4) Fully flexed burials (frequently on the back. S) Use of scraper blades. 6) Emphasis on sea and large land -mammals, the larger species of fish, and large varieties of shellfishL Diagno'stic traits which set the more recent Del Mar Phase from the Extranos are: D Basket mortars a,n4 pestles. 2) Asphalt for basket mortars and 'for haft- ing points anc;1 blades. 3) Shell and' stone beads. a-8 . " _._v"",- . :·;,:,s{,~iti{~J~·':;~~::2~~~j~;. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 4) Fully flexed burials (face down). 5) Abalone dishes. 6) Red ochre in graves. 7) Occasionally an extended burial. Warren (1968) reassociates the sites and pat- terns of Wallace's Intermediate stage, and by using the Hunt-' ing pattern of Santa Barbara to characterize this element, he proposes the establishment of the "Campbell Tradition." This Tradition is identified for areas of Santa Barbara, ventura and Los Angeles Counties with only a brief, poorly represented intrusion into San Diego County. The Campbell Tradition is characterized by'a tool assemblage consisting of finely worked knives and points" the introduction of the mortar ~nd pestle, and the movement away from reliance on gathered vegetable and 'she11fish resources toward an increased dependence on hunting. Warren felt that this tradition was not evident in San Diego ,County except for one possible exception at Locus II of the Harris Site (SDM-W-198). He proposed the continual occupation 'of the San Diego Coast by Milling Stone Stage peoples until the onset of the Late Prehistoric Stage with little or no no- ticeable interruption. Warren dates the Campbell Tradition at from 4980 years ago (Warren 1968:3) until the onset of the Late Pre- historic and the emergence of the Chumash. This date is fur- ·ther substantiated by radiocarbon measurements of 2940 and. 2670 B.C. taken on shell samples by Harrison and Harrison (1966:34). These dates are significant in that they place the Campbell Tradition in the Santa Barbara area at the same time as the Oak Grove pattern of the Milling Stone Stage. Al- though they admit to the contemporaneity of these two patterns, they feel that the patterns represent two distinct populations with two distinct cultural heritages. In summary, then, contemporaneity between these two phases is SUbstantiated by radio- carbon dates. Comparison between their re- spective cultural inventories reveal ~ig nificant cultural differences. Seasonal occupations as a cause of these distirtc- tions are ruled out because both phases share a common physical environment, and because they possess completely different and mutually exclusive burial patt~rns. The conclusion seems inescapable--these phases represent culturally variant socie- ties e~isting side by side in the same ar- chaeological region (Harrison and Harrison 1966:69) • a-9 I I I I' I," I I I I I I I I I I I I I I e' The mutual exclusivity of burial patterns mentioned above seems somewhat indefensible, both patterns exhibiting flexed inhumations. Also, the sharing of a com- mon environment is questionable as acceptable criteria in that a number of sites have been excavated with limited amounts of material assigned to both patterns, i.e., Zuma Creek (Peck 1955) and Topanga Canyon (Johnson 1966). Without further evidence, it is difficult" to state conclusively that the Encinitas ,Tradition and the Campbell Tradition, more specifically the Hunting pattern and the Oak Grove pattern, are distinct cultural groups. This is complicated by the lack of Campbell Tradition elements in San Diego County. Warren points out certain changes in San Di- ego assemblages at about 3,000 B.C. ,"Projectile points occur more regularly, but are still rare and mortars and pestles occur for the first time though few in number"!' (Warren 1.968:3). With the discovery of the "Pauma Complex" (True 1958) and the increasing inclusion of milling into typically hunting assem- blages ('Kaldenberg and Bull 1975) as well as within Locus "II of the Harris Site (Warren 1966), the possibility that a pat- tern quite similar to the Hunting pattern does exist in San Di~go County. If there is an equivalent pattern in San ni"ego, the possibility that the Campbell Tradition and the Encinitas Tradition are both manifestations of the same cultural group is increased. c. Late Prehistoric. Three Late Prehistoric Stage patterns have been suggested for the San Diego area: the Cuyamaca pattern, the, Yuman pattern and the San Luis Rey pattern. C. w. Meighan (1954) identified a pattern of the Late Prehistoric Stage for the north portion of San Diego County. The San Luis Rey I and II variants of the· San Luis " Rey pattern are presented by Meighan as representing the re- mains of direct ancestors of the historically recorded ocqu- pants of the area. San Luis Rey I is characterized by bed- rock and slab metates, small oval manos, either bifacia1 or unifacial, bedrock mortars with a rare cylindrical pestle, small triangular projectile points, usually with a concave base and straight sides, stone pendants, 01ivella disc and spiro-lopped beads and quartz cryst~ls. The second phase o£ this pattern includes all of the. above traits with the inclu- sion of ceramic vessels, tubular pipes, cremation urns, red and black pictographs, historic artifacts, 'a,nd grooved stea- tite arrow straighteners. a-IO . " . , ~ ) . • , •• ., t' ' .. ,.... ".:" ;:->t:~;,;,"· ,. ;:"'<::~"~~;~;~~"~";'". ,. .~.~< -. ". '. ~ .:: ~:,,~<~"::-;~~'.~' ,"':!.'<;:t'~;.~\ ... ~. I I I. I I I I I I· I I I I I I I I I' I·-. -, , r The extent of this pattern is not yet known. Several sites have been identified as San Luis Rey I.I with only the type site excavated by Meighan fitting-the defini- tions for San Luis Rey I. Presently there are no available absolute dates for these San Luis Rey II sites. The fact that some have historic. artifacts indicates that they were occupied into contact times, circa 1770. Dates, however" are available.for other Late Prehistoric patterns and through association we may be able to assess the establishment of this pattern. Another Late Prehistoric Stage pattern, the' Yumah pattern, was defined by M. Rogers (1945) as a Late Pre- historic ceramic culture which expanded from the Colorado Rive:j::" westward approx·j,.mately 1,000 years ago.. The pattern was div~ded into three phases, Yuman I, Yuman ·II and Yuman III, only the last of which was'. thought· to have penetrated into San Diego C~unty,. {Figure ~:-J.,l. Rogers proposes a Southern California origin for his Yuman pattern as evidenced by the similarities between La Jolla II and Yuman III. He admits, however, that there is' no absolute connection between the two patterns (Rogers 1.945: 171). He maintains an easterly movement ofYuman populations from the Pacific littoral to the Colorado River Valley 'and a re~expansion of those people after they have adopted cer- tain culture traits common to that area. The distinctions drawn by Rogers between the three phases of the Yuman pattern were based primarily on ceramic details, but Yuman II and III are generally'richer in deposit than the earlier Yuman I. All phases Of the patte~n have metates, manos, beads and pendants, ceramics,·cobhle chop- pers, flake scrapers, gravel pictographs, trail shrines, ahd petroglyphs. Rogers also mentions a noticeable laGk of lithic projectile points, with the latter two phases having-bedrock mortars, circular clay walled hearths, and disposal of the dead by cremation. (Rogers 1945). The final phase of the Yuman pattern, Yuman III, purportedly represents the introduction of cerarnic mater- ials into San Diego County. The beginning of the' Yumap III period is marked by several population shifts, some of which must have been of considerable magnitude and rather abrupt in nature (Rogers 1945: 192). It is this third phase as proposed, by Rogers which would represent the archaeological remnants of the ancestors of the historical inhabitants of the soutflern portion of San Diego County. a-II -... -.: ; "\ ,:>~t~~'j;5';:~'::/::';;;}~{~;:fi:i~'~'~!~~i~' ~ -t·-.: " " I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I <"":~" :., \ . \ \ o .-. \ \. \.1 " r-o_: . " '. ---j ....... <' \ '. ~-..... '''''''- o 50 100 mi. I I SONORA Figure A-I. This figure indicates the boundaries of maximum areas of Yuman I (dotted line), Yuman II (dot and dash line), and Yuman III (dash line) (Rogers (1945). a-12 , .. ~ ." ,: >,' :,,: ' , ;\/t~,';,,(' .',:~5:1~~~\f~::J,~':?:.f~H~;:~:, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I , .. : > '-, ',' 'f", I: _ The final significant Late Prehistoric pat...,. , tern in the San Diego area is the "C1,lyamaca Comple~" proposed by D. L. True (1970). Through his work in the Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, he differentiated this pattern from thep:t:~viously defined San Luis Rey pattern by listing the following criteria evident within the former but not the latter. 1) 2) 3) 4) . 5) 6) Defined cemetery areas apart 'from living , areas. Use of grave markers. Cremations, Placed in urns. Use of specially-made mortuary' offerings such as miniature vessels, minia tU,re shaft straighteners, elaborate projectile points, etc. Cultural preference for side-notched :pro- jectile points. Substantial numbers of scrapers, 'scraper planes, etc., in inventory c;:ontr'ast to small numbers in San Luis Rey area on this time plane. 7) Emphasis and stress placed oh the u·se of ceramics. Wide r.ange of forms and several' specialized ceramic items such as rattles; bow pipes, effigy forms, etc. 8) 9) 10) Steatite industry. . Substantially higher frequency of mill- ing-stone elements when compared to San Luis Rey.· Clay-lined hearths (True 1970:53-54). The geographical extent of the Cuyamaca pa.t- tern has not been determined. This is due in part to the 'lack of' archaeological investigation subsequent to its identi- fication. Local prehistorians have, g.enerally, tended to approach the Late Prehistoric Stage as though it inher.entlY represents the direct ancestral remains o·f ethnographicallY recorded populations. In this light, Warren proposes t.l1ree "tradi- tions" within the Late Prehistoric Stage. These traditions correspond to the three major linguistic groups of the .. area; "Chumash, Shoshonean and Yuman" (Warren 1968:1). He pl;'esents the Chumash material culture as being highly developed tech .... ·nologically. Among the artifacts characteristic of this pattern, Warren lists: bowls, mortars, pestles, stone balls, grooved stones, doughnut-shapea stones, stone beads, pendants; pipes, tubes, effigies of mammals, stylized objects, chipped ston~ a-13 .. ' -~ • ::i , /.;., .' .c~·.:.8;{; {:; .. >:.:-;,;~:~:;~J~,¥}~~~¥!'~,f#~1;1E,:~::\,;:, I I I I I I I I I I I I I I -I I I I :1 ': " artifacts including, large and small projectile points, drills, scrapers, and a variety of shell and bone artifacts (Warren 1968:3-5). The burials of this group are usually flexed, face down, with their heads oriented either west or north. They are usually located in cemeteries and are frequently marked , - by whale bone (Warren 1968:5). The Chumash are spread over an area of Santa Barbara, Ve~tura and portions of ,Los Angeles Counties. This "Chumash Tradition" was dealt with by D. B. Rogers as the Canalino culture (1929). It was divided -into three develop- mental phases and "was the most elaborate of the late coastal manifestations and marks the peak of California Indian cul- ture" (Wallace 1955: 224) • Areas to the south of the Chumash. we-r'e oc- _cupied by-what Warren calls the Shoshonean and Yuman tradi- tions. He relates these traditions with the Cuyamaca and San Luis Rey patterns, respectively. The relationship, however" is highly speculative and a great deal o'f work is needed to_ either substantiate or disprove such 'claims. The exact relationship between these archa~o logical patterns and ethnographically-recorded populations, has not, to date, been determined. Meighan feels that the re-- lationship of his San Luis Rey pattern and the historically recorded Luiseno is obvious and will, no doubt, be concretely established. Rogers' entire hypothesis is based on the as- sumption that a correlation between archaeologicat manifesta- tions and ethnographically recorded peoples is justified. McGowan (1955) has made an attempt to associate T~meku with the recorded Luiseno. That a relationship between archaeologically obtained evidence and historic, ethnographically obtained ip- formation can lead to valuable understanding of thearchaeo~ , iogical record is not in question. The connection of entire archaeological patterns with 'historically known groups, how-' ever, is a risky business and should be approached cautiously. d. Summary. We have been dealing with a myriad of archaeological constructions of a relatively uniform set of data. The work of numerous individuals hav~ resulted in a variety of terms for substantially like elements., Figures A-2. and A-3 indicate the relationship of several prehistoric constructions proposed for the Pacific littoral of Southern California. These can be summarized to allow fora relatively complete picture of archaeologically recorded prehistory. a-14 ",¥"¥--:,; • ~ .. ' -':~', ~ . ~ I ~ I I San Diego Los Angeles Ventura Santa Barbara I Yuma-n Shoshonean Chumash Chumash --------------I 2,00 I {-, C a m p b e 1 1 T r a d -i' t i 0 n , ~ I I I I I· I. I I I I I 6,00 9.,00 6,00 --, , -- ------ - - - - --_. -- - - -. r--. E n c .. i n i t a S', Traditicrt r--' -c-~ E n c i n i t a s T r a d i t i 0 n -------• , San Die-• ---.;... 'guito • .. 0 • The cultural developmental scheme proposed by War.ren (1968) San Diego Los Angeles Malaga Cove IV '~~~~~~~~-I San Malaga Cove III Malaga Cove II Malaga Cove I Transitional San Diegui to Ventura Topanga III --,---- Topanga II· Santa Barbara Canalino Hunting Culture -------~-----OAK Topanga I GROVE I 9,00r----------------~----------------------------------~~--~----~ I I I The cultural developmental scheme proposed by Kowta(1~69) Figure A-2 a-IS -.~.~, ~ ';;if;b·~·:j~~~~1t. '. , I 1 I San Diego Los Angeles Ventura Santa Barbara 1 Diegueno Canalino Canalino Canalino I Malaga Cove IV II ~. . f- La Jolla II Big Tujunga III 2,000 1 . ----Sand Dune Hunting - La Jolla I Malaga Cove II Little Syca-Oak Cove ~ more 1 i--'-. 16~:oor . --:::-Dieguito Malaga Cove I San La Brea .~ Los Angeles· Man --I" - The cultural developmental scheme proposed by Wallace (1955) I· San Diego Los Angeles 1 Diegueno Shosho-Chumash ---nean I Early Yuman 2,000f- I I I 1 6,000 La Jolla II - La Jolla I - - f-- f-- San Dieguito Malaga Cove III Big Tujunga Zuma Creek Malaga Cove II Topanga II Topanga I Malaga Cove 11 Ventura Early Canalino Little Syca- more Santa Barb.:\ra Chumash Early Canaline Hunting Oak Cove . 9,OOO~---------------4------'----------~--------~--~------~----~~ I· I I The cultural developmental scheme proposed by Treganza and Bierman (1955) Figure A-3 a-16 , .. ~: .......... ; '.' : ~. "."'-" >; , " " ,: r+j~~;}r~::·>.;~~f~fi~ <.::. I: .. I I I -'I I I I I I I I' I. I I ,I I I I: ~ " .: ~~I~ _: •• ~ ... We have proposed a developmental design for local prehistory which includes three basic stages' of develop- ment. The first of these, the Early Man Stage, ha~ not been identified north of San Diego County. The actual existence 'of a distinct Early Man Stage in San Diego County has been brought into question by ·the discoveJ;y o'f millirig elements at Rancho Del Dios (Kaldenberg and Bull 1975) and the noted occurrence of a milling element at the Harris site (Warren 1966), both of which have "typical" San Dieguito III materi- als. This stage has been temporally assessed as having originated sometime prior to 10,000 years ago and per- sisting in the desert areas, and perhaps on the coast of San Diego County until approximately 8,00q years ago. Following 'the Early Man Stage, archaeologists have defined the Milling Stone Stage, a period in which there appeared an increased dependence on gathering. It spans a bro'ad range of time encompassing at least 6, 000 y~ar~ from 'about 8,000 to 2,000 B.P. During this same time period, a pattern emerged in the Santa Barbara-Los Angeles area which , is marked by a tool kit indicating extensive hunting activity. This hunting element has yet to be identified for San Diego County, but there is a possibility that the Pauma pattern represents the San Diego expression of this pattern. The Late Prehistoric Stage is the final peri- od of prehistory for Southern California. Evidence seems to ' indicate that archaeological remains identified· with this' stage represent the direct ancestral remains of hi~torically recqrded Native Ame~icans. Several patterns have been pro- posed for assemblages of Late Prehistoric Stage. San Luis Rey I and II, Cuyamaca, and Yuman I, II, and III are all f'ound 'in San Diego County, with the Canalino, (Chumash) representing this stage on the Southern California coast north of ·Orange. r.Ollnrv, a-17 ~<-'.': , " ~ ~ " ~ -!-:. ~~::'.".L .' ,:,= '". :.-r/:::.~::~:::';={~~~t~~~~~ . -.. "'>:.~:;l. ;;,:. ,~~~~. " . "',-',~-t • I I I I 'I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I REFERENCES CITED Bright', 1965 Marcia California Radiocarbon Dates in Archaeqlogi9al Sur- vey Annual Report. Department of Anthropology, =U:-n4i-v-e-r-s"""'i'""'t:-y-o--:::f=--=C:-a-:o"l i f orni a, Lo s Ange 1 e s' • 3 67-8 0 .' Bull, Charles S. 1975 An Archaeological Survey of thE:! Coastal Area of Camp Pendleton Marine Base. Ms pr.epared for San Diego State University Foundations. Davis, E.L., D. W. Brott, and D. L. Weide 1969 The Western Lithic Co-Tradition in San Diego I1u.seum of Man Papers, No.6, San Diego, California •. Ezell, P.H. 1975 Aboriginal Cemetery at Las FloreS Creek, Camp Pendl~ ton. Unpublished manuscript. Greenwood, Roberta 19.69 The Browne Site; Early Milling Stone Horizon in South- ern California. Society for American Archaeology. American Antiquity 34(4), Part 2. Harrison, W.M., and E. Harrison 1966 An Archaeological Sequence for the Hgnting :i?eopl~ of Santa Barbara. California Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1965-66. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles. pp 1-90. Hubbs, 1960 C., G. Bien, and H. Suess Johnson, 1966 La Jolla Natural Radio Carbon ~easure I. ~erican Journal of Science, Radio Carbon Supplement. 62:204-238. Keith Site LA 2; A Late Manifestation of the Topanga Complex in Southern California Prehiqtory. Anthro-. pological Records 23. University of California, Berkeley. Kaldenberg, R.L. and Charles S. Bull 1975 Archaeological Investigations at Rancho Del Pios Units One and Two. Unpublished manuscript' prepared for Santa Fe Company by RECON, San Diego, California. Kaldenberg, Russell L. and M. Jay Hatley 1976 The Archaeology of Green Valley Knolls: A La Jolla Complex Shellfish Processing Site. Manuscriptpre- pared for La Costa Land Company, Carlsbad, California. Unpublished manuscript on f'ile at RECON. a-18 ~. ' :>,.>." ::L:.~"· .<-' '~ ·i;~\~·~ <~;~i~~;'~}f:> ~;ji~',(~~~~,;,: ,:: I .1 I I I I I I I I I I· I I I I I I Kowta, Makota 1969 The Sayles Complex, a Late Milling Stone Assemblage from Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of its Scraper Planes. In University of California Publications in Anthropology, Volume 5:35-69. Meighan, 1954 Clement W. A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. In Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, .10 (2) :255- 264 •. Moriarty, James R. 1966 Cultural Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating in San Diego. In Anthropologicitl Journal of Canada, 4(4} :20-30. OWen, Roger C., and Freddie Curtis, and Donald S. Miller 1964 The Glen Annie Canyon Site, SBa-142, an-Early Hori- zon Site of Santa Barbara County. Archaeological Survey Annual Report, 1963-1964, 431-519. Los An- geles: University of California. Peck, Stuart L. 1955 An Archaeological Report of the Excavation of a Pre- historic Site at Zuma Creek, Los Angeles County, California. Archaeological Survey Association of Southern California No.2, Los Angeles. Rogers, D.B. 1929 Prehistoric Man of the Santa Barbara'Coast~ Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara. Rogers, Malcolm 1929 The Stone Art of the San Dieguito Plateau. In American Anthropologist. 31:454-467. 1938 Archaeological and Geological Investigations of 1945 1966 the Cultural Levels in an Old Channel of the San Dieguito Valley. In Carnegie Institute of Washing- ton Yearbook. 37:344-345. An Outline of Yuman prehistory. Southwestern' Journal of Anthropology 1(2) :167-198. Ancient Hupters of the Far West. San Diego: Union Tribune Publishing Company. a-19 " . -.,.. • ,f; .... ~ •• .. ::"'1 '. , s' _ .-l: _. I '- ·1 I I I . I . I I I I I I I I I I I I I. . , ", Shumway, George, Carl L. Hubbs, and James R. Moriarty 1961 Scripps Estate Site, San Diego, California, A La Jol- Ian Site Dated 5460-7370 Years Before the Present. In Annals of the New York Academy of Science, 93(3): 37-72. . " Treganza, A.E., and A. Bierman 1958 The Topanga Culture: Final Report on Excavations, 1948. In Anthropological Records, Volume 20, No~ 2, University of California Press, Berkeley. True, D. L. 1958, An Early Complex in Southern California County, California. American Antiquity 23:255-262. 1970 Walker, 1952 Wallace, 1954 Investigation of a Late Prehistoric Complex in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, San D~ego County, Cali- fornia. Monograph, University of California Archaeological Survey, Los Angeles. Edwin Francis Five Prehistoric Sites in Los Angeles County; C~li fornia. Publications of the Fredric Webb Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund, Vol. 6., Los Angeles: Southwest Museum. William J. Little Sycamore and the of Southern California. 20:112-123. Early Milling Stone Culture American Antiquity, 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California, Coastal Archaeology. In Southwestern Journal for Anthropology, 11:214-230. Warren, Claude N. 1966 The San Dieguito Type Site: M.J. Rogers' 193B Excavation on the San Dieguito River. In ~~n Diego Museum of Man Papers, No.6, San Diego Museum of Man, San Diego. 1967 ,1968 The San Diegui to Complex: A review and Hypothes:is. In American Anthropologist, 32(2) :168-185. Cultural Tradition' and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States. Eastern New Mexico Contributions in Anthropology, Portales 1(3) :1-14. a-20 •• d .' . .' ~ ~ .. ' .:,~~,,:~[~~,~~ ,: I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I • Warren, Claude N. and Max G. Pavesic 1963 Appendix I: Shell, Midden Analysis of Site SDl-603 . and Ecological Implications for cultural Development on Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego County .. :tn Archaeo- logical Investigations at Batiquitos tagoont San Diego County, California. Robert Cr~btree, Claude N. Warren, and D. L. True, pps 407-438. Warren, Claude N., and D. L. True 196'1 The San Diegui to Complex and Its .Place in Sotith~rn California Prehistory. Archaeological Su+vey Annual Report 1960-1961, pp. 1-106. Los Angeles: Univer- sity of California Press. Warren, Claude N., D. L. True, and Ardith Eudey 1961 Early Gatherning Complexes of Western San Diego County, California. Results and Interpretation of an Archaeological Survey. Archaeologi.cal Survey Annual Report 1960-1961, pp. 1-106. Los Angeles: . University of California Press. a-21 .' ~ ~ . ..... " : . ~ . . -;:. .-~ ... : .' -, ,::.----, .. ~ . ; : ..... <. c;~~'; .': ~'.:_:':' ':: ·S:f~:::~i:~~~; ~~'i·::t±~~A;'~~~~;f! .. .,-:", ... I 1'-' ,. I I I I I- I I I I I I 'I I I I I I I • I APPENDIX B I I -I I- I I I -I- I- I- I I I I POST HOLE TEST DATA SHEET Organization: --------------------------------------Project: __________________________________________ __ Recorder: --~--------------~------------~---------Coordinates from Datum: Bearing Dist. --------------- Cultural Material in Side Wall: ---------------------- Soil Changes: ---------------------------------------- Maximum Depth:~------------------------------------Hole abandoned due to: ------------------------------- CULtural Material from Screen: ----------------------- Notes:~--------------------------~---------------- Indicate cultural and natural surface material below: " A 1f ,10m. ·Sm. . . ~ ~1_s_e_r_~_.e_s __ N_o_. __ ~I_H_o_le __ N_o_. ____ - Date~ ----------------------~--- Indicate app:r:-oximate s'trata and . position of any side wall cui tural material: 0:-1 r ------~_--- , I 1 -10 ; i I 20 ; l f' I I 30 : ~ f.. I I ,40. r 1 so: l I' I 1 1 60 ~ ~ I 70 : '-~ , f I • t 80 : i " I I 90 -~ ~ 1 I I 100 ~. I., ~' c.m.' ,- -' : . List Symbols Used I 270· .. ' .. ':6'-.. , .. ·90, I I 1 I ... , .. . . ' '. 180 , . .. b-J.