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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 80-14; Park Drive and Hillside Drive; Soils Report Final; 1989-08-30ENGINEERING DEPT. LIBRARY City of Carlsbad 2075 Las Palmas Drive Cartsbad CA 92009459 August 30, 1989 Vinedale Development Corporation 280-A Chinquapin Avenue Carlsbad, California 92008 %X&T 8721203 Report No. 13 SUBJECT: Final Report of Field Observations and Relative COmpaCtiOn Tests, Rough Grading and Site Improvements, Carlsbad Tract 80-14, park Drive and Hillside Drive, Carlsbad, California. Gentlemen: In accordance with your request, we have compiled a summary of our field observations and tests performed during the grading and backfill operations at the subject site. Attached please find a copy of our Report No. 7, which summarises the rough grading and retaining wall backfill operations, and Report No. 8, which contains the results and locations of in-place density tests performed in the utility trench backfills, cribwall backfills, and subgrade and base materials at the site. Together these reports represent our final Report of Field Observations and Relative Compaction Tests. If you should have any questions after reviewing this report, please do not hesitate to contact this office. This opportunity to be of professional service is sincerely appreciated. Respectfully submitted, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SOIL & TESTING, INC. DBA/DH/MH/rr cc: (4) Submitted (1) SCS&T, Escondido - SlOlO .9.1 q UTHERN CALIFORNIA 3 q I L AN0 TESTINO. I N 0 -. - - SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SOIL AND TESTING, INC. 6280 RlVERDALE ST. SAN DIElm, CALIF. 92120 * TELE 2804321 * P.0. 80X 20627 SAN DIEGO, CALIF. 9z1za 678 ENTESrnRISE ST. ESCONDIDO, CALIF. 9zoz5 . TELE 746.4544 December 1, 1988 Vinedale Development Corporation 280-A Chinquapin Avenue Carlsbad, California 92008 SCS&T 8721203 Report No. 7 - SUBJECT: Final Report of Field Observation and Relative Compaction Tests, Carlsbad Tract 80-14, Hillside Drive and Park Drive, Carlsbad, California. - -. - - - - - REFERENCES: 1) Report of Field Observation and Relative Compaction Tests, Proposed Carlsbad Tract 80-14, Hillside Drive and Park Drive, Carlsbad, California. 2) Updated Recommendations, Carlsbad Tract EO- 14, by Southern California Soil & Testing, Inc., dated December 29, 1987. 3) Preliminary Geotechnical Investigation, Residential Subdivision, Park and Hillside Drives, Carlsbad, California, by Southern California Soil & Testing, Inc., dated October 22, 1979. Project No. 13477 Gentlemen: In accordance with your request, this report has been prepared to present a summary of our field observations and the results of relative compaction tests performed at the subject site by Southern California Soil & Testing, Inc. These services were performed between April 27 and August 8, 1988. SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA 5 0 I L AN0 TESTINO, I N c. - - SCS&T 8721203 December 1, 1988 - The results of in-place density tests presented herein include test reSUltS as reported in Reference Number 1 as well as the - ,- results of in-place density tests performed in the relatively minor additional fills placed on the lower pad elevations of lots 6 through 13, the final trimming and compaction operations on the fill slope located along the west side of these lots, and .- the placement and compaction of retaining wall backfills. SITR DESCRIPTION .- -,. - .-. - - - The subject site is an irregularly shaped parcel of land located at the northwest quadrant of the intersection of Hillside Drive and Park Drive in the City of Carlsbad, California. The site is bounded on the north by residential property, on the east by Park Drive, on the west by Hillside Drive and vacant property, and on the south by the intersection of Park and Hillside Drive. Prior to grading, the site was in a relatively undisturbed condition, with the northern approximate one-half of the site sloping moderately to the west into a well defined arroyo, with the southern approximate one-half of the site sloping steeply to very steeply in a generally southern direction. Vegetation onsite consisted of a light to moderate growth of indigenous grasses on the upper elevations and a dense growth of chaparral on the lower elevations. Embankment associated with Park Drive existed along the easterly property line and storm drain and sewer conduits exist along the western boundary. PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION It is our understanding that the site is being developed to receive 19 detached residences. The proposed structures will be one and/or two stories high and be of wood-frame construction. Shallow foundations and conventional slab-on-grade floor systems are anticipated. Earth retaining masonry walls will be used to - - - - - - - TO assist in determining the locations and elevations of our field density tests and to define the general extent of the site grading for this phase of work, we were provided with a grading plan prepared by Manitou Engineering Company of Escondido, California, dated September 21, 1981 with a revision date of April 11, 1988. SITE PREPARATION Prior to grading operations, the areas to be graded were cleared of vegetation and the material thus generated was exported from the jobsite. Compressible near surface soils were then excavated from the areas to receive fills and benches were established into dense sandy soil at the toe of proposed fill slopes. The surfaces exposed by removals and benching were scarified to a depth of approximately 12 inches, watered to - slightly above optimum moisture content, and recompacted prior to placing embankment. Fill soils, consisting primarily of non- detrimentally expansive silty sands obtained from on-site cuts and several local import sources, were then placed in six to eight inch lifts, watered to near optimum conditions, and compacted to at least 90 percent of the maximum dry density by means of a sheepsfoot roller and heavy construction equipment. SCS&T 8721203 December 1, 1988 accommodate split-level designs. Page 3 AVAILABLE PLANS - - Soils exposed after cutting to finished grade on Pads 1, 2, 3, 18, and 19 were determined to be unsuitable for the support Of structures due to their in-situ porosity. These porous soils were excavated to competent underlying soils and were replaced in uniform compacted lifts as described in the preceding paragraph. Cuts on lots 4, 5, 14, 15, 16, and 17 exposed - - - - - - - SCS&T 8721203 December 1, 1988 Page 4 competent soils at finished grade, thus no undercutting was determined to be necessary. Lots 6 through 13 consist entirely of compacted fill soils. Retaining wall backfills were placed in thin lifts and compacted, utilizing hand held mechanical compaction equipment. FIELD OBSERVATION ANTsI TESTING - Observations and field density tests were performed by a representative of Southern California Soil & Testing, Inc. during the site grading operations. The density tests were taken according to A.S.T.M. Test 1556-74 and the results of those tests are shown on the attached plates. The accuracy of the in-situ density test locations and elevations is a function of the accuracy of the survey control provided by other than Southern California Soil & Testing, Inc. representatives. Unless otherwise noted, their locations and elevations were determined by pacing and hand level methods and should be considered accurate only to the degree implied by the method used. - - - AS used herein, the term "observation" implies only that we observed the progress of work we agreed to be involved with, and performed tests, on which, together, we based our opinion as to whether the work essentially complies with the job requirements, local grading ordinances and the Uniform Building Code. LABORATORY TESTS - - .- - Maximum dry density determinations were performed on representatives samples of the soils used in the compacted fills according to A.S.T.M. Test 1577-78, Method A. This method specifies that a four inch diameter cylindrical mold of l/30 - - - - - - - - - - SCS&T 8721203 December 1, 1988 Page 5 cubic foot volume be used and that soil tested be placed in five equal layers with each layer compacted by twenty-five blows of a lo-pound hammer with a 18-inch drop. The results of these tests, as presented on Plate No. 7, were used in conjunction with the field density tests to determine the degree of relative compaction of the compacted fill. CONCLUSIONS Based on our field observations and the density test results, it is the opinion of Southern California Soil & Testing, Inc. that the grading was performed basically in accordance with the recommendations contained in the referenced Geotechnical Reports and the recommendations contained therein do apply to the subject site. This report covers only the services performed between April 27 and August 8, 1988. As limited by the scope of the services which we agreed to perform, our opinion presented herein are based on our observations and the relative compaction test results. Our service was performed in accordance with the currently accepted standard of practice and in such a manner as to provide a reasonable measure of the compliance of the grading operations with the job requirements. No warranty, express or implied, is given or intended with respect to the services which we have performed, and neither the performance of those services nor the submittal of this report should be construed as relieving the grading contractor of his responsibility to conform with the job requirements. - - - - - - - ..- - SCS&T 8721203 December 1, 1988 Page 6 If you should have any questions after reviewing this report, please do not hesitate to contact this office. This opportunity to be of professional service is sincerely appreciated. Respectfully submitted, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA SOIL & TESTING, INC. DBA/DH/MH/rr cc: (4) Submitted (11 SCS&T, Escondido - - - JOB NAME: Tract 80-14 JOB NO: 8721203 PLATE NO: 3 TEST DATE LOCATION ELEVATION MOISTURE DRY DEN. SOIL REL.COMP NO. (perCent)(p.c.f.) TYPE (percent) _~~~~~-_~~~--_-----_-~~--~~~~~---~~~-------~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-~-~~~~---- - 1 4-27-88 2 4-27-88 3 4-27-88 4 4-27-88 5 4-28-88 6 4-28-88 7 4-28-88 8 4-28-88 9 4-29-88 10 4-29-88 - 11 4-29-88 12 4-29-88 13 4-29-88 14 5-2-88 15 5-2-88 16 5-2-88 17 5-2-88 .~ 18 5-2-88 19 5-2-88 20 5-2-88 21 5-3-88 22 5-3-88 23 5-3-88 24 5-3-88 .~ 25 5-3-88 26 5-3-88 27 5-3-88 - 28 5-3-88 29 5-3-88 30 5-4-88 -. 31 5-4-88 32 5-4-88 33 5-4-88 34 5-4-88 - 35 5-4-88 36 5-4-88 37 5-4-88 - 38 5-4-88 39 5-4-88 40 5-5-88 41 5-5-88 42 5-5-88 43 5-5-88 44 5-5-88 45 5-5-88 46 5-6-88 47 5-6-88 48 5-6-88 49 5-6-88 Lot #ll, Bench 116.5 NG 8.7 113.1 Lot #8, Bench 121.0 NG 8.1 112.8 Retest of 1 117.5 PNG 9.9 115.7 Retest of 2 119.5 PNG 10.5 115.8 Lot #13, Bench 112.0 PNG 9.3 114.2 Lot #13 114.0 10.5 119.1 Lot #13 116.0 10.5 119.1 Lot #lO 118.5 10.5 121.0 Lot #12 120.5 12.4 117.8 Lot #2 136.0 NG 9.3 118.5 Retest of 10 136.0 NG 11.7 120.7 Lot #6, Bench 118.0 NG 10.5 119.2 Retest of 9 120.5 12.4 124.7 Lot #2 146.0 9.3 119.5 Lot #l 138.0 11.7 120.3 Lot #3 137.5 9.9 119.3 Lot #4 153.5 11.7 120.7 Lot #4 155.5 13.0 126.9 Lot #4 157.5 12.4 126.9 Lot #l 147.5 9.9 119.7 Lot #18 131.0 NG 8.7 118.0 Retest of 21 131.5 NG 12.4 122.5 Lot #19 134.0 14.3 110.3 Lot #2 149.5 13.6 111.0 Lot #l 146.0 14.9 112.2 Lot #3 151.0 14.3 115.4 Lot #19 135.0 13.6 111.8 Lot #2 151.5 15.6 107.8 Retest of 28 151.5 15.6 112.6 Lot #3 153.0 16.3 113.9 Lot #4 155.0 8.7 120.7 Lot #3 152.0 15.6 108.7 Lot #2 152.0 14.9 114.7 Lot #4 157.0 12.4 124.5 Lot #3 154.0 14.9 109.4 Lot #lO 122.5 12.4 119.0 Lot #12 118.0 14.9 109.2 Lot #ll 124.5 13.0 120.7 Lot #13 120.0 16.3 109.9 Lot #12 122.2 12.4 104.7 Retest of 40 122.2 12.4 121.7 Lot #13 124.0 14.9 113.5 Lot #9 124.0 12.4 113.1 Lot #lO 126.0 15.3 114.7 Lot #8 124.5 16.3 112.5 Lot #8 126.5 11.7 121.2 Lot #lO 127.0 15.6 112.7 Lot #7 128.0 14.3 107.6 Retest of 48 128.0 14.3 112.3 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 i 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 94.3 94.0 96.4 96.5 95.1 90.2 90.2 91.6 89.3 89.8 91.4 90.3 94.4 90.5 91.2 90.4 91.4 96.2 96.1 90.6 89.4 92.8 91.9 92.5 93.5 96.1 93.1 89.8 93.8 94.9 91.5 90.6 95.6 94.3 91.2 90.1 91.0 91.5 91.6 87.2 92.2 94.6 94.3 95.6 93.8 91.8 93.9 89.7 93.6 - JOB NAME: Tract 80-14 JOB NO: 8721203 PLATE NO: 4 - TEST DATE LOCATION ELEVATION MOISTURE DRY DEN. SOIL REL.COMP "":-_--__-___-______------------------------------------:-:-:---------------- (percent)(p c f ) TYPE (percent) - - - .- 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 6'0' 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 E 97 98 99 5-6-88 Lot #9 5-9-88 Lot #3 5-9-88 Lot #l 5-9-88 Lot #2 5-9-88 Lot #2 5-9-88 Lot #l 5-9-88 Lot #3 5-9-88 Lot #6 5-9-88 Lot #2 5-10-88 Lot #ll 5-10-88 Lot #6 5-10-88 Lot #9 5-10-88 Lot #lO 5-10-88 Lot #8 5-10-88 Lot #7 5-11-88 Lot #6 5-11-88 Lot #8 5-11-88 Lot #lO 5-11-88 Lot #9 5-11-88 Lot #7 5-11-88 Lot #6 5-12-88 Lot #6 5-12-88 Lot #19 5-12-88 Lot #18 5-12-88 Lot #12 5-12-88 Lot #13 5-12-88 Lot #ll 5-13-88 Lot #6 5-13-88 Lot #6 5-13-88 Lot #6 5-13-88 Lot #6 5-16-88 Lot #l 5-16-88 Lot #2 5-16-88 Lot #3 5-16-88 Lot #4 5-16-88 Lot #5 S-16-88 Lot #6 5-16-88 Lot #7 5-16-88 Lot #8 5-16-88 Lot #9 5-16-88 Lot #lO 5-17-88 Retest of 72 5-17-88 Lot #19 5-17-88 Lot #ll 5-17-88 Lot #12 5-17-88 Lot #13 5-17-88 Lot #18 5-18-88 Lot #4, Garage 5-18-88 Hillside Drive 5-18-88 Lot #13 127.5 15.6 110.7 140.0 11.7 113.2 139.5 12.4 125.1 141.0 11.1 119.5 139.0 12.4 120.7 142.0 12.4 119.8 143.0 13.0 119.3 113.5 13.6 109.0 143.0 13.6 123.9 130.0 14.6 112.1 115.5 16.3 108.1 129.5 14.3 112.5 131.5 13.6 109.9 130.5 12.4 119.2 130.0 14.9 110.7 117.5 11.1 117.3 132.5 12.4 109.1 133.0 13.6 119.9 134.5 11.7 117.5 133.0 11.7 119.7 119.5 12.4 120.3 121.5 13.0 119.4 136.0 12.4 100.9 134.0 11.1 108.1 133.0 14.3 113.3 130.0 11.7 119.4 134.0 11.7 115.2 123.5 11.1 119.5 125.5 14.9 108.3 127.5 13.6 121.8 129.5 FG 13.0 119.1 145.0 FG 7.5 115.0 146.0 FG 8.1 124.8 146.5 FG 8.1 122.2 147.5 FG 7.5 120.7 138.5 FG 11.4 118.8 137.0 FG 11.7 119.3 136.5 FG 11.1 116.6 136.0 FG 12.4 119.3 135.5 FG 12.4 119.9 136.0 FG 13.0 118.9 136.0 12.4 108.8 137.0 FG 12.0 108.2 134.0 FG 12.0 108.3 133.0 FG 11.1 108.6 130.0 FG 13.6 108.9 133.5 FG 14.3 109.1 140.5 9.3 120.3 88.5 14.3 112.7 125.5 13.0 108.4 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 ; 1 3 1 2 3 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 3 2 1 2 : 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 ; 1 1 1 2 1 1 92.3 94.3 94.8 90.5 91.5 90.7 90.4 90.8 93.8 93.4 90.1 93.8 91.6 90.3 92.2 93.1 90.9 90.8 92.1 93.8 94.3 90.5 84.1 90.0 94.4 90.4 90.3 90.5 90.2 92.2 90.2 91.3 94.6 92.5 91.4 94.3 94.7 91.4 94.6 95.1 94.3 90.7 90.1 90.2 90.5 90.8 90.9 91.1 93.9 90.3 - JOB NAME: Tract 80-14 JOB NO: 8721203 PLATE NO: 5 TEST DATE LOCATION ELEVATION MOISTURE DRY DEN. SOIL REL.COMP - NO. (percent)(p.c.f.) TYPE (percent) _---_-~--_-~~_-----_____________________~~~~~~~-~~~~~----~~~~~~-~~~-~~~------ 100 5-18-88 - 101 5-19-88 102 5-19-88 .- 103 5-19-88 104 5-19-88 105 5-19-88 106 5-20-88 - 107 5-20-88 108 5-20-88 109 5-20-88 110 5-20-88 - 111 5-20-88 112 5-20-88 113 5-23-88 114 5-24-88 115 5-24-88 116 5-24-88 117 5-25-88 118 S-25-88 119 5-25-88 120 S-26-88 - Wall Backfill WBl 6-23-88 .- WB2 6-23-88 WB3 6-23-88 WB4 6-24-88 WB5 6-24-88 ..-. WB6 6-27-88 WB7 6-29-88 WB8 6-29-88 - WB9 6-30-88 WBlO 6-30-88 WBll 7-l-88 -- WB12 7-l-88 WB13 7-19-88 WB14 7-19-88 WB15 7-19-88 WB16 7-19-88 WB17 7-20-88 WB18 7-20-88 - WB19 7-20-88 WB20 7-21-88 Lot #ll Parkside Place Station 14+00 Parkside Place Station 12+60 Parkside Place Station lo+60 Hillside Drive Station 3+50 Lot #12 Lot #lO Lot #9 Parkside Drive Station 11+35 Parkside Drive Station 12+80 Parkside Drive Station 14+85 Lot #8 Lot #7 Lot #6 Lot #l, Slope Lot #2, Slope Lot #3, Slope Lot #l, Garage Lot #2, Garage Lot #3, Garage Lot #ll, Slope S/End E/Wall 145.5 7.8 120.3 N/End E/Wall 148.0 12.4 124.7 S/End E/Wall 147.0 12.7 127.2 S/End E/Wall 149.0 14.6 119.9 N/End E/Wall 152.0 10.2 118.2 N/End E/Wall 149.5 14.3 119.2 Lot #5 131.0 13.0 127.3 Lot #6 121.5 14.9 119.5 Lot #8/9 132.0 15.3 119.3 Lot #7 133.0 12.4 120.5 Lot #9 133.0 12.4 119.1 Lot #lO 132.5 12.4 114.3 Lot #19 135.0 17.6 108.2 Lot #18 132.0 14.3 109.4 Lot #19 136.5 14.9 106.8 Lot #18 133.5 12.4 110.4 Lot #l 143.3 8.7 117.4 Lot #l 142.5 12.4 123.7 Lot #2 144.0 13.0 121.4 Lot #3 143.5 12.4 120.1 130.0 11.1 119.6 2 90.6 130.0 11.1 107.5 4 90.0 132.5 12.4 107.7 4 90.1 132.5 13.6 110.8 4 92.7 86.5 13.6 109.3 1 91.1 128.5 13.6 108.1 1 90.1 131.5 11.1 116.0 3 91.0 130.5 11.1 116.2 3 91.1 134.5 11.1 116.1 4 97.1 124.5 10.5 115.0 4 96.2 129.0 11.7 115.3 4 96.5 131.0 10.5 118.0 3 92.6 132.0 11.7 124.5 2 94.3 132.0 11.1 123.4 2 93.4 143.0 11.1 113.3 1 94.4 142.0 10.5 124.4 2 94.2 142.0 9.9 112.3 1 93.6 139.5 10.5 123.3 2 93.4 140.5 9.9 121.5 2 92.0 141.5 10.2 124.9 2 94.6 126.0 13.6 108.7 1 90.5 6 6 6 6 6 6 ; 2 3 6 2 5 1 5 1 3 2 2 2 92.2 95.5 97.5 91.9 90.6 91.3 96.4 90.5 90.4 94.5 91.3 95.3 91.7 91.2 90.5 92.0 92.1 93.7 92.0 91.0 .- - - - .- .- .- - - - - JOB NAME: Tract 80-14 JOB NO: 8721203 PLATE NO: 6 TEST DATE LOCATION ELEVATION MOISTURE DRY DEN. SOIL REL.COMP NO. (percent)(p.c.f.) TYPE (percent) -_-__--___-_-____-_-____________________~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~------~~~~----- ------ WB21 7-22-88 Lot #ll WB22 7-22-88 Lot #ll WB23 7-22-88 Lot #12 WB24 7-22-88 Lot #3 WB25 7-22-88 Lot #4 WB26 7-22-88 Lot #4 WB27 7-22-88 Lot #3 WB28 7-25-88 Lot #15 WB29 7-25-88 Lot #3 WB30 7-25-88 Lot #3 WB31 7-29-88 Lot #13 WB32 7-29-88 Lot #14 WB33 7-29-88 Lot #17 WB34 7-29-88 Lot #17 WB35 7-29-88 Lot #16 WB36 7-29-88 Lot #16 WB37 8-3-88 Lot #13 WB38 8-3-88 Lot #13 WB39 8-3-88 Lot #17 WB40 8-3-88 Lot #12 WB41 8-3-88 Lot #13 WB42 8-3-88 Lot #7 WB43 8-3-88 Lot #6 WB44 8-3-88 Lot #7 WB45 8-4-88 Retest of 39 WB46 8-4-88 Lot #17 WB47 8-8-88 Lot #17 WB48 8-8-88 Lot #15 WB49 8-8-88 Lot #15 WB50 8-8-88 Lot #15 132.5 134.0 131.5 145.0 143.0 144.5 143.0 126.0 146.0 146.0 128.0 125.5 123.5 125.5 123.0 124.5 122.0 11.1 10.5 15.6 12.4 13.0 12.4 13.0 17.0 8.7 11.1 17.1 18.7 19.0 16.9 15.6 18.1 14.3 124.0 12.4 118.5 9.3 127.0 14.3 126.0 14.9 129.5 15.3 131.5 15.6 131.5 16.3 118.5 13.0 120.5 14.9 123.0 9.9 123.0 9.9 122.5 10.5 124.5 7.5 107.7 104.0 110.6 119.5 118.4 123.9 120.5 114.9 114.5 116.0 108.2 108.3 106.9 106.9 110.5 110.0 111.3 116.7 106.5 110.0 110.4 110.3 106.3 108.2 125.0 111.6 108.0 107.9 109.4 110.9 5 7 5 2 6 6 6 5 3 3 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 7 7 7 7 7 6 7 ; 1 7 91.3 92.2 93.7 90.6 90.7 94.9 92.3 97.4 95.4 91.0 91.7 91.8 91.4 90.6 90.5 93.2 93.2 97.3 88.8 97.5 97.9 97.8 94.2 95.9 95.8 98.9 95.7 95.7 91.2 98.3 - - - - - - - - - - - SCS&T 8721203 December 1, 1988 PLATE NO: 7 MAXIMUM DENSITY AND OPTIMUM MOISTURE DETERMINATIONS, ASTM 1557-78 --_---__-___________--------------------------------------------- SOIL METHOD DESCRIPTION OPTIMUM MAXIMUM TYPE MOISTURE DENSITY (percent) (pcf) 1 A Tan, Fine to Medium Grained SAND 2 A Reddish Brown, Fine To Medium Granined SAND 3 A Brown, Fine to Medium Grained SAND 4 A Grey, Fine to Medium, Silty SAND (Import) 5 A Beige, Very Fine, Sandy SILT 6 A Reddish Brown, Fine to Medium, Slightly Silty SAND (Import) 7 A Grey, Fine, SAND (Import) 13.4 120.0 12.5 132.0 8.7 127.5 13.0 119.5 15.2 118.0 11.3 130.5 13.0 112.8 - -