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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 06-16; CARLSBAD BOAT CLUB AND RESORT; A PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CARLSBAD BOAT CLUB PROJECT; 2007-03-06A PHASE I ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF THE CARLSBAD BOAT CLUB PROJECT CITY OF CARLSBAD APN 206-200-06 Submitted to: City of Carlsbad Piaimiiig Department 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad, California 92008 received mar 2 0 2007 CITY OF CARLSBAD planning DEPT Preparedfor: VJ.P. Partners 1861 South View Drive Carlsbad, California 92008 Prepared by: Brian F. Smith and Associates 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064 (858) 484-0915 March 6,2007 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project National Archaeological Data Base Information Authors: Consulting Firm: Report Date: Report Title: Preparedfor: Submitted to: Submitted by: USGS Qiutdrangle Study Area Key Words Richard Greene Brian F. Smith and Associates 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064 (858) 484-0915 March 6, 2007 Phase I Archaeological Assessment of the Carlsbad Boat Qub Project V. I. P. Partners 1861 Soutii View Drive Carlsbad, California 92008 City of Carlsbad Hanning Department 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad, California 92008 Brian F. Smith and Associates 14010 Poway Road, Suite A Poway, California 92064 (858) 484-0915 San Luis Rey, California (7.5 minute) 1.02 acres Archaeological assessment of 1.02 acres; APN 206-200-06; USGS San Luis Rey Quadrangle (7.5 minute); Agua Hedionda Lagoon; negative survey; recommend monitoring. The Carlsbad Boat Club Project Table of Contents Page 1.0 Management Summary/Abstract 1.0-1 2.0 Introduction 2.0-1 3.0 Project Setting 3.0-1 3.1 Environmental Setting 3.0-1 3.1.1 Geology 3.0-1 3.1.2 Soils 3.0-2 3.1.3 Biology 3.0-2 3.2 Cultural Setting 3.0-2 4.0 Methodology 4.0-1 4.1 Institutional Records Search 4.0-1 4.2 Field Methodology 4.0-1 4.3 Native American Consultation 4.0-1 5.0 Results 5.0-1 5.1 Archaeological Records Search 5.0-1 5.2 Field Investigations 5.0-6 6.0 Management Considerations/Recommendations 6.0-1 6.1 Statement of ^ects 6.0-1 6.2 Recommendations 6.0-1 7.0 Personnel 7.0-1 8.0 Certification 8.0-1 9.0 References Qted 9.0-1 Appendix I — Archaeological Records Search* Appendix II — Sacred Lands File Search Results* Apj>endix DJ — Cultural Resource Location Map* *Coi\fldential Appendix; bound separately The Carlsbad Boat Club Project List of Figures Page Figure 2.0-1 General Location Map 2.0-2 Figure 2.0-2 Project Location Map (USGS quadrangle) 2.0-3 Figure 5.0-1 Cultural Resource Location Map* 5.G-3 List of Tables Table 5.0-1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites 5.0-4 Table 5.0-2 Previously Conducted Archaeological Investigations 5.0-5 List of Plates Hate 5.0-1 Central portion of the project, facing northwest 5.0-7 Hate 5.0-2 Project overview, facing north 5.0-7 List of Abbreviations AMSL Above Mean Sea Level BFSA Brian F. Smith and Associates CEQA California Environmental Quality Act SCIC South Coastal Information Center SDSU San Diego State University SHPO State Historic Preservation Office USGS United States Geologic Survey YBP Years before present The Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project 1.0 MANAGEMENT SUMMARY/ARSTRACT In response to a request from V.I.P. Partners, Brian F. Smith and Associates (BFSA) conducted a Phase I archaeological assessment of the Carlsbad Boat Club Project located in western Carlsbad in northern San Diego County, California. The assessment was conducted as part of the environmental clearance required for the development of the subject property (APN 206-200-06). The evaluation program was conducted in accordance with CEQA Section 15064.5, and the City of Carlsbad guidelines to determine the presence of any archaeological or historical cultural resources that would be affected by the proposed project and whether these resources meet the eligibility requirements for the California Register of Historic Places (California Register). Record searches were requested from the South Coastal Information Center (SQC) to identify previously discovered archaeological sites in the project area, and a Sacred Lands Rle search was requested from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHQ to list potentially sacred or ceremonial sites or landforms on or near the project The record searches were negative for the presence of cultural resources within the project boundaries; however. Site SDI- 13,701 is located adjacent to the subject property to the west BFSA field archaeologists conducted the archaeological survey of the project on February 22, 2007, under the direction of Brian F. Smith, Principal Investigator. The property has been previously developed for two structures and their associated driveways. As a result the landform and soil has been impacted by previous grading and terracing. No prehistoric cultural resources were identified during the survey, although visibility was limited over much of the project corridor due to pavement covering most of the soil siuface. Shellfish remains were noted on the shoreline of the Agua Hedionda Lagoon, which borders the property to the south. The shellfish remains are part of a thin veneer of shell that encircles the entire lagoon along the shoreline, which is attributed to natural processes. The shellfish remains do not represent the presence of a cultiual resource, specifically SDI-13,701, located just west of the property. Two structures were identified within the subject property. Both structures are less than 45 years in age and did not appear to be historically or architecturally significant Since neither the records searches nor the field smvey produced any evidence of archaeological sites or culturally sensitive areas on the subject property, the proposed project will apparently not disturb any cultural resources. Additionally, it does not appear that the Site SDI- 13,701 will be directly impacted by the proposed project No additional archaeological studies or site assessments are recommended prior to project approval; however, due to the diminished ground visibility encountered during die survey of the previously developed property, and the close proximity of Site SDI-13,701, there remains a possibility that cultural resources may be encountered during earth disturbing activities (subsurface artifacts and features possibly associated with SDI-13,701 may have been inadvertently capped when the current structures and 1.0-1 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project driveways were first constructed). Therefore, archaeological monitoring is recommended during*' clearing, demolition of the structures, and all earth-disturbing activitieis. Any resources identified during construction activities should be assessed for significance and treated In accordance with CEQA and the City of Carlsbad guidelines. A copy of this report will be permanently filed with the SCIC at SDSU, San Diego, California. All notes and other materials related to this project will be curated at the archaeological laboratory of BFSA in Poway, California. 1.0-2 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project 2.0 INTRODUCTION The project is located at 4509 Adams Street, in the northwestern area of the City of Carlsbad in northern San Diego County, California, east of Interstate 5, along the north edge (rf Agua Hedionda Lagoon (Figure 2.0-1). Specifically, the project is located in an imsectioned portion of the 7.5-minute USGS San Luis Rey, California topographic quadrangle map, Township 11 South, Range 4 West (Rgure 2.0-2). The project, as proposed by the applicant, plans for the development of a structure containing 26 time-share units. The archaeological assessment of the 1.02-acre property was performed February 22, 2007. The scope of work for this project included records searches and a surface inspection of the subject property in accordance with CEQA Section 15064.5, and the Qty of Carlsbad guidelines. The field survey was conducted by field archaeologists Charies Callahan, Brad Comeau, and Ryan Robinson, under the direction of Brian F. Smith, Principal Investigator. 2.0-1 SAN'BERN4"^niNpCoroy Bmeese•HIT i emet 5 ^■- RIVERSIDE Elloro Ml&stcri'Vlej^ V My®' fcpi' . _ / - iUf ;:^ ' fW^ iEscondldo 3 ' ' n Project iOclaRSide ^"sta cimta >• SAN,DIEGOAv. Mt , t-irT -a Santee ng^yjUey ■ ationa I rin\^V»t8 Pacific O C0 a n .Mexico Figure 2.0-1 General Location Map The Carlsbad Boat Club Project I ;750.(KX) I (ndi tXfUAK 11 .K4 niikH rte<^J9«ca liauptr^ * 2.0-2 ViSBA o, .1, i' \... --v. , ..Jki \\3.A /i \\I K Project < Sub«ta r -1 \ i eeUth*Figure 2.0-2 Project Location Map The Carlsbad Boat Club Project USGS San Luis Rey quadrangle (7.5 minute series) r> s^ifd« (\'<)|5Vaci1»nv pfi iK'iBa NADtVKI it><Z&ar I 2.0-3 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project 3.0 PRO.TECT SE1WIlC The project setting includes the natural physical, geological, and biological context of the proposed project, as well as the cultural setting of prehistoric and historic human activities in the general area. The following sections discuss both the environmental and cultural settings at the subject property. 3.1 Environmental Setting 3.1.1 Geology The Carlsbad Boat Qub Project is located on the north shore of Agua Hedionda area in southern Carlsbad in the Coastal Hains Riysiographic Province of San Diego County. Elevations range from approximately zero to 60 feet above mean sea level (AMSL). San Diego County lies in the Peninsular Range Geologic Province of southern California. The mountainous zone, which extends from northwest to southeast through the county, ranges to a maximum height of 6,533 AMSL (Beauchamp 1986). Foothills and valleys, which compose the cismontane region, extend west from the mountains. This region typically receives more rainfall than the mesas and less than the mountainous region. Between the foothills and the coast lies the coastal mesa region, which is cut by several large drainages originating in the moimtains and foothills. The coast is characterized by large bays and lagoons, where the major rivers empty into the sea, and mesas, which terminate at the ocean in the form of Huffs (Beauchamp 1986). Diuing the Late Holocene, the eastern extent of the lagoon was most likely characterized by shallow saltwater marsh and mud flats; however, several millennia ago, the lagoon was considerably deeper and provided different haHtaL The lagoon was created as the sea level rose rapidly following the last glacial sequence, filling a deep canyon cut by Hedionda Creek during a long period of lower sea levels. The deeply entrenched lagoon provided a variety of marine food resources (e.g., moUuscs, crustaceans, and fishes) used in the subsistence routine of Eariy and Middle Holocene La Jolla Complex peoples. Evidence from Batiquitos Lagoon, south of Agua Hedionda, indicates that at approximately 3300 years before present (YBP), a rapid, cataclysmic sedimentation event occurred that closed the lagoon off to die coast and significantly altered the lagoon environment (Gallegos 1992; Masters et al. 1988; Miller 1966). The event was followed by a stabilization of sea levels and then development of sand bars, sand flats, and mud fiats within the lagoons along die central San Diego County coast The sedimentation process resulted in the decline of mollusc populations, particularly Pectinids, which greatiy reduced human activity in the area. Decline in occupancy of the Batiquitos Lagoon area following the siltation event is evidenced by the paucity of sites postdating 3300 YBP (Gallegos 1987). 3.0-1 The Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project 3.12 Soils Soils in the area fall within the Marina-Chesterton Association, characterized by somewhat excessively drained to moderately well drained, loamy, coarse sands and fine sandy loams (Bowman et al. 1973). Soil within the project area is the Marina loamy coarse sand (MIE) foimd on moderate to heavy slopes and formed from feruginous eolian sand (Bowman et al. 1973: Sheet 22, pp. 65); the soil is characterized as moderately to heavily eroded, 3.1.3 Biology The current taological setting of the project area is characterized by introduced landscaping trees and plants consisting of palm trees, mixed conifers, and flowering plants located alongside and behind the main residence. The remainder of the property has been graded, paved, and developed fw a second stmcture located just behind the main residence; no vegetation is located in the southern half of the project The prehistoric biological community was dominated by the coastal sage scrub ecosystem, which included sage shrubs and a variety of grasses and cacti. A diversity of faunal resources was available in the surrounding ecosystem including deer {Odocoileus hemionus), Lepwrids (Lepus and Sylvilagus), and a variety of waterfowl, rodents, and reptiles. 3.2 Cnltiiral Setting Archaeological investigations in southem California have documented a diverse and rich record of human occupation spanning the past 10,000 years. In northem San Diego and Riverside Coimties, most researchers organize prehistory into the Paleolndian, Archaic, and Late Prehistoric Periods and history into the Mission, Rancho, and American Settlement Periods. The San Dieguito Complex, Millmgstone Horizon, La Jolla Complex, Pauma Complex, and San Luis Rey Complex are archaeological manifestations that have been used to describe the Archaic and Late Prehistoric periods in the region. The San Dieguito Complex/Paleolndian Period is associated witii the terminus of the late Pleistocene (12,500 to 9,000 YBP). The term "San Dieguito Complex" is a cultural distinction used to describe a group of people that occupied sites in the region between 11300 and 7,000 YBP. Initially believed to have been big game hunters, the San Dieguito are better typified as wide-ranging himter-gatherers. The earliest evidence of the San Dieguito Complex sites are known fi-om San Diego County, the Colorado Desert, and furtiier nortii along die California coast These people abandoned the drying inland lakes of the present California desert and arrived in San Diego County circa 9,000 years before present (YBP), as documented at the Harris Site SDI-149 (Warren 1966); Rancho Park North Site SDI-4392 (Kaldenberg 1982); and Agua Hedionda Sites SDI-210/UCU-M-15 and SDI-10,965/SDM-W-131 (Moriarty 1967; Gallegos and Carrico 1984; Gallegos 1991). A San Dieguito component appears to have been 3.0-2 The Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project I 1 present in the lower strata at the Malago Cove site in Redondo Beach, Los Angeles County (Walker 1951). Diagnostic San Dieguito artifacts include finely crafted scraper planes, choppers, scrapers, crescentics, elongated bifacial knives, and intricate leaf-shaped points (Rogers 1939; Warren 1967). This tool assemblage resembles those of the Western Lithic Co-Tradition (Davis et al. 1969) and the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition (Bedwell 1970; Moratto 1984). Typical San Dieguito sites lack ground stone tools. The San Dieguito Complex is the least understood of the cultmes that occupied the southern California region. Debate continues as to whether the San Dieguito sites are actually different activity areas of the early Encinitas Tradition peoples (Bull 1987; Gallegos 1987), or whether the San Dieguito Complex peoples had a separate origin and culture from the Encinitas Tradition (Hayden 1987; Moriarty 1987; Smith 1987). According to this second scenario, the San Dieguito Complex peoples may have been assimilated into the dominant Encinitas Tradition culture (Kaldenherg 1982; Moriarty 1967). A third possibility is that the San Dieguito Complex gave rise to the Encinitas Tradition (Koerper et al. 1991). The Archaic Period begins with the onset of the Holocene around 9,000 YBP. The transition from the Pleistocene to the Holocene was a period of major environmental change throughout North America (Antevs 1953; Van Devender and Spaulding 1979). In southern California, the general climate at the beginning of the early Holocene is marked by cool/moist periods and an increase in warm/dry periods and rising sea levels. The warming trend and rising sea levels generally continued imtil the late Holocene. Archaeological research indicates that southern California was occupied between 9,000 YBP and 1,300 YBP by population(s) that utilized a wide range of both marine and terrestrial resources. A number of different archaeological manifestations, based on geographical setting, tool kit, and/or chronology, are recognized during the Archaic Period, including the San Dieguito, La Jolla, Encinitas, Millingstone, and Pauma complexes. Archaic sites generally contain milling tools, especially manos and metates, cobble and flake tools, dart projectile points and the concomitant use of the atlatl, crescents, shell, fish bone, and animal bone representing large and small game. Additionally, Archaic groups buried their dead as flex inhumations, a religious and cultural practice that is distinct from the succeeding Late Prehistoric groups. The La Jolla Complex is regionally associated with the Encinitas Tradition (Warren 1968), and shared cultural components with the widespread Milling Stone Horizon (Wallace 1955). The coastal expression of this complex, with a focus on coastal resources and development of deeply-stratified shell middens located primarily around bays and lagoons, appeared in the southern California coastal areas, and some of the older sites associated with this expression are located at Topanga Canyon, Newport Bay, Agua Hedionda Lagoon, and some of the Channel Islands. Radiocarbon dates from sites attributed to this complex span a period of over 7,000 years in this region, beginning over 9,000 YBP. 3.0-3 The Carlsbad Boat CM) Project The Encinitas Tradition is best recognized for its pattern of large coastal sites characterized by shell middens, grinding tools closely associated with the marine resources of the area, cobble-based tools, and flexed human burials (Shmnway et al. 1961; Smith and Moriarty 1985), WWle grormd stone tools and scrapers are the most recognized tool types, coastal Encinitas Tradition sites also contain numerous utilized flakes, which may have been used to pry open shellfish. Artifact assemblages at coastal sites indicate a subsistence pattern focused on shellfish collection and near-shore fishing, suggesting an incipient maritime adaptation with regional similarities to more northern sites of the same period (Koerper et al. 1986). Other artifacts associated with Encinitas Tradition sites include stone bowls, doughnut stones, discoidals, stone balls, and stone, bone, and shell beads. By 5,000 YEP, an inland expression of the La Jolla Ojmplex, which exhibits influences from the Campbell Tradition from the north, is evident in the archaeological record. These inland Milling Stone Horizon sites have been termed "Pauma Complex" (True 1958; Warren et al. 1961; Meighan 1954). By definition, Paiuna Complex sites share a predominance of grinding implements (manos and metates), lack mollusc remains, have a greater tool variety (including atlati dart points, quarry-based tools, and crescentics), and seem to express a more sedentary lifestyle with a subsistence economy based on the use of a broad variety of terrestrial resources. Although originally viewed as a separate culture from the coastal La Jolla Complex (True 1980), it appears that these inland sites may be part of a subsistence and settlement system utilized by the coastal peoples. The Late Prehistoric period, sometimes referred to as San Luis Rey I and 11, begms approximately 1,300 YBP. Cremation, ceramics, bow and arrow, small triangular points, the use of Obsidian Butte obsidian, and the reliance upon the acorn as a main food staple are the defining characteristics of the Late Prehistoric period (Chartkoff and ChartkofT 1984; Gallegos 2002, Moratto 1984). These characteristics are thought to represent the movement of Shoshonean speaking groups into northern San Diego, Orange, Riverside, and Los Angeles Counties. Economic systems diversified and intensified during this period with the continued elaboration of trade networks, the use of sheU-bead currency, and the appearance of more labor- intensive, but effective, milling technologies such as the bedrock mortar for use in acorn processing. The ethnographic period begins at approximately AD 1769 when the Mission San Luis Rey was established. Ethnographic evidence indicates that the Luisefio and Cahuilla occupied northern San Diego County. These groups were seasonal hunter-gatherers with cultural elements that were very distinct from the Archaic Period peoples, including cremation of the dead, the use of the bow and arrow, and use of the acorn as a main food staple (Moratto 1984). Along the coast, the Luiseflo made use of the marine resources available by fishing and coUecting mollusks for food. Seasonally available terrestrial resources, including acoms and game, were also somces of nourishment for Luisefio and (Z!ahuilla groups. The elaborate kinship and clan systems 3.0-4 The Carlsbad Boca Cbtb Project between the Luisefio and Cahuilla and other groups facilitated a wide-reaching trade network that included trade of Obsidian Butte obsidian and other resources from the eastern deserts and steatite from the Channel Islands. The Luisefio and Cahuilla were Takic-speaking people more closely related linguistically and ethnographically to each other and the Gabrielino and Cupefio, than to the Yuman speaking Kumeyaay, who occupied territory to the south. The Luisefio occupied a territory bounded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the Peninsular Range Mountains at San Jacinto, including Palomar Mountain to the south and Santiago Peak to the north, on Ihe south by Agua Hedionda Lagoon, and on the north by Aliso Creek in present day San Juan Capistrano. The Luisefio differ^ from their southern neighbors the Kumeyaay in having an extensive proliferation of social statuses, a system of ruling famihes that provided ethnic cohesion within the territory, a distinct worldview that stemmed frxim use of the hallucinogen datura, and an elaborate religion that included ritualized sand paintings of the sacred being "Chingichngish" (Bean and Shipek 1978; Kroeber 1925). The Kumeyaay occupied a territory boimded on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the Sand Hills, on the north by Agua Hedionda Lagoon, and on the soufli by Todos Santos Bay in what is now Baja California (Luomala 1978), The current project is located within an area that borders both Kumeyaay and Luisefio territories. The historic period begins July 16, 1769, when the first Spanish exploring party, commanded by Caspar de F*ortoM (with Father Jimfpero Serra in charge of religious conversion of the native populations), arrived in San Diego to secure California for the Spanish crown (Palou 1926). The natural attraction of the harbor at San Diego and the establishment of a military presence in the area solidified the importance of San Diego to die Spanish colonization of the region and the growth of the civilian population. Missions were constructed from San Diego to as far north as San Francisco. The mission locations were based on a number of important territorial, military, and religious considerations. Grants of land to persons who made an application were made, but many tracts reverted to the government for lack of use. As an extension of territorial control by the Spanish empire, each mission was placed so as to command as much territory and as large a population as possible. While primary access to California during the Spanish Period was by sea, the route of El Camino Real served as the land route for transportation, conunercial, and military activities. This route was considered to be the most direct path between the missions (Rolle 1969). As increasing nmnbers of Spanish and Mexican people, and later Americans during the Gold Rush, settled in the area, the Native populations diminished as they were displaced or decimated by disease (Carrico and Taylor 1983). By 1821, Mexico had gained independence from Spain, and the northern territories were subject to political repercussions. By 1834, all of the mission lands had been removed from the control of the Franciscan Order, under the Acts of Secularization. Without proper maintenance, the missions quickly began to disintegrate, and after 1836, missionaries ceased to make regular visits inland to minister the needs of the native peoples (Engelhardt 1921). Large tracts of land 3.0-5 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project continued to be granted to per^ns who applied for them or had gained favor with the Mexican government Grants of land were also made to settle government debts. California was invaded by United States troops during the Mexican-American War of 1846-1848, The acquisition of strategic Pacific ports and California land was one of the principal objectives of tiie war (Price 1967). At the time, the inhabitants of California were practically defenseless, and they quickly surrendered to the United States Navy in July 1847 (Bancroft 1884). The cattle ranchers of the "counties" of southern California had prospered during the cattle boom of the early 1850s. Cattle raising soon declined, however, contributing to the expansion of agriculture. With the passage of the "No Fence Act," San Diego's economy changed from stock raising to farming (Rolle 1969). The act allowed for the expansion of unfenced farms, which was crucial in an area where fencing material was practically unavailable. Five years after its passage, most of the arable lands in San Diego County had been patented as either ranchos or homesteads, and growing grain crops replaced the raising of cattle in many of the county's inland valleys (Blick 1976; EUiott 1883 [1965]). By 1870, farmers had leamed to dry farm and were coping with some of the peculiarities of San Diego County's climate (San Diego Union, February 6, 1868; Van Dyke 1886). Between 1869 and 1871, the amount of cultivated acreage in the county rose from less than 5,000 acres to more than 20,000 (San Diego Union, January 2, 1872). Large-scale farming in San Diego County was limited by a lack of water and the small size of arable valleys; also, the small urban population and poor roads restricted commercial crop growing. Nevertheless, cattle continued to be grazed in inland San Diego Coimty (Gordinier 1966). During the first two decades of the twentieth century, the population of San Diego County continued to grow. The population erf the inland county declined during the 1890s, but between 1900 and 1910, it rose by about 70 percent The pioneering efforts were over, the railroads had broken the relative isolation of soirthem California, and life in San Diego County became similar to other commrmities throughout tiie west After World War I, the history of San Diego Coimty was primarily determined by the growth of San Diego Bay. During this time period, the history of inland San Diego Coimty was subsidiary to that of the City of San Diego, which became a Navy center and industrial city (Heiges 1976). In inland San Diego County, agriculture became specialized, and recreational areas were established in the mountain and desert areas. Rancho Agua Hedionda Mission San Luis Rey de Franca was constructed in 1798 near present day Oceanside. Carlsbad was part of the mission's lands until the secularization of the missions. As a result of the secularization, mission lands were divided up and granted to prominent Mexican families by the Mexican government (Gallegos 2005). Juan Maria Marrdn U was granted 13,211 acres in 3.0-6 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project 1842, and named the land grant Rancho Agua Hedionda. The grant included present-day Carlsbad and Carlsbad Ranch. After Juan's death in 1853, the ranch was divided up among his family, but financial troubles eventually led to the land being sold to Francis Hinton in 1865. Hinton then hired Robert Kelly, who later inherited the ranch from Hinton (Gallegos 2005). When Kelly died in 1890, Ranch Agua Hedionda went to his eleven children, who subsequently divided up the land for themselves. Some portions of the ranch were sold, and some deeded to the Santa Fe Railroad (Gallegos 2005). During the late 1880s, drought forced farmers in the region to implement dry farming as the primary method of agriculture. The Kelly heirs raised livestock and dry farmed beans, com, and hay (Gallegos 2005). 3.0-7 Hie Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project 4.0 METHODOLOGY The cultural resource study of the Carlsbad Boat Club Project consisted of records searches and an intensive archaeological survey of the entire 1.02-acre project This study was conducted in conformance with the City of Carlsbad guidelines and CEQA, Section 15064.5 criteria. Specific definitions for archaeological resource type(s) used in this report are those established by the State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO March, 1995). The report format follows the Archaeological Resource Management Report (ARMR) guidelines, as required by the City of Carlsbad. All recovered cultural materials were returned to the BFSA laboratory for cataloging and analysis. The results of the assessment are discussed in detail in Section 5.0. 4.1 Iiistitiitioiial Records Searches A records search was requested from the SCIC at SDSU, the results of which were reviewed to determine if any known archaeological sites, historic structure locations, or other cultural resources are present in or adjacent to the current project area. The complete results of the records search are provided in Appendix 1. A search of the Sacred Lands Files of the NAHC was also requested by BFSA, the results of which are provided in Appendix II. 4.2 Field Methodology The archaeological survey was conducted by field archaeologists Charles Callahan, Brad Comeau, and Ryan Robinson on February 22, 2007, under the direction of Brian F. Smith, Principal Investigator. The survey methodology employed for the project included walking survey transects oriented north to south and evenly spaced five meters apart across the property, while visually inspecting the surface of the ground. All potentially sensitive areas where cultural resources might be located were closely inspected. Surface visibility within the project area was poor; the majority of the property has been developed for two structures and is covered by pavement Photographs were taken to document field conditions during the reconnaissance. 4.3 Native American Coiisiiltatim A records search of the Sacred Lands Files of the Native American Heritage Commission was requested by BFSA (Appendix II). The record search indicated that no Native American recorded sacred sites or landforms are located within the current project area. The analysis of site components within the project did not indicate any Native American religious, ritual, or other special activities at this locatioa 4.0-1 77k Carbbad Boat Club Project 5.0 RKSULTS The current study conducted for the Carlsbad Boat Qub Project consisted of an institutional records search and an archaeological reconnaissance survey to locate any previously unidentified cultural resources within the current project boundaries. The following section provides all of the pertinent field results of the archaeological assessment for the proposed project 5.1 Archaeological Records Search BFSA requested an archaeological records search from the SCIC at SDSU. The records search includes site records of previously recorded cultural resources, a bibliography of previous archaeological investigations located within die surrounding area, historical maps, and a historic database review including mapped locations of known historic properties. The SCIC records search revealed 25 previously recorded archaeological sites and one isolated artifact located within a one-mile radius of die project area (Table 5.0-1). The majority represent prehistoric resource processing and maintenance sites for marine and lithic resources. Several of the sites were described as camp or habitation sites, which included fire-cracked rock and groundstone implements. The project is located just east of and adjacent to Site SDI-13,701 (Rgure 5.0-1). Malcolm Rogers first recorded the site as W-130 (n.d.). He described a light lithic scatter, moderate groundstone scatter, hearths, and a shell and charcoal-rich midden deposit with an average depth of 12 inches below surface. Rogers also noted the shell veneer leading down towards the lagoon (relocated during the current project) and observed that local landowners had been active in looting. No excavations were conducted. Gallegos and Associates revisited a small portion of Site SDl-13,701 in 1994 (Strudwick and Gallegos 1994), a 0.4-acre parcel within Rogers' recorded site boundaries, just nortii of the Adams Street/Highland Drive intersection. They observed several flakes, one mano fragment, and one split-cobble core. Gallegos and Associates also surveyed and ejrtended the site boundaries further west by identifying a level portion of the site south of Adams Street along a ridge. Observations included an undisturbed portion of a midden containing darkened soils, several cores, three manos, over 100 flakes, and hundreds of FAR. No excavations were conducted at the time. This intact portion of Site SDl-13,701 is located approximately 500 feet west of the current project area on more level terrain. In 2003, Gallegos and Associates also conducted investigations along the Agua Hedionda shoreline, which includes tiie soiitihem boundary of the project area. Testing of the western portion of Site SDl-13,701 determined it was not significant (Guerrero and Gallegos 2003). In total, 49 previously conducted archaeological investigations have taken place within a one-mile radius of the project area. The SCIC maps indicate Kaldenberg may have conducted work within the project area in 1976, but the SCIC data does not include a bibliographic entry. Gallegos and Associates conducted an investigation of 1.1 acres in 1996 that included the current 5.0-1 The Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project project area (Scroth et al. 1996). ERC Environmental conducted a project in 1989 along the northern boundary of the current project next to Adams Avenue (Mitchell 1996). The records search also indicates a project located along the same route and referenced to Pigniolo in 1998; however, the bibliographic data provided references to a project located on the University of CaUfomia, San Diego campus, located in La Jolla. Table 5.0-2 lists the previously conducted archaeological investigations. 5.0-2 Hu Carlsbad Boat Club Project Figore 5.0-1 Cultiiral Resource Location Map *Cor\fldentlal; bound separately 5.0-3 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project Table 5.0-1 Previously Recorded Archaeological Sites within a One-Mile Radius of the Project Area Sites Site Descriptions P-37-015370*Unknown SDI-209 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-6134 Camp, shell and lithic scatter SDI-6140 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-6751 Shell scatter SDI-6830 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-6831 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-8794 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-8795 Historic wood and steel cable structure SDI-87%Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-9654 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-10,024 Midden, burial, shell and lithic scatter SDM0,025**Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-10,478 Camp, midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-10,671 Shell and lithic scatter SDI-10,672 Shell and lithic scatter SDI-10,%5 Habitation site, midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-13,008 Shell and lithic scatter SDI-13,076 Shell and lithic scatter SDI-13,089 Shell scatter SDI-13,124 Midden, shell and lithic scatter SDI-13,701 Habitation site, midden, lithic and shell scatter SDI-14,335 Habitation site, lithic scatter SDI-16,885 Shell and lithic scatter SDI-17,078 Habitation site, shell and lithic scatter SDI-17,411 Campsite, midden, shell and lithic scatter *SCIC maps indicate Agua Hedionda location: however, site forms indicate Otay Mesa location. **SCIC records indicate SDI-10,025 has three mapped locations. 5.0-4 The Carlsbad Boat Cbtb Project Table 5.0-2 Preyioiisiy Conduct^ Archaeological Inyestigatioiis Within, or Adjacent to the Current Project Area Guerrero, Monica C., and Dennis R. Gallegos 2003a Cultural Resource Background Study for the North Agua Hedionda Interceptor Sewer Maintenance Access Road Project City of Carlsbad, California. Gallegos and Associates. Submitted to Dudek and Associates. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Guerrero, Monica C., and Dennis R. Gallegos 2003b Cultural Resource Survey and Test Program for the Carlsbad Sewer Line Project, Carlsbad, California. Gallegos and Associates. Submitted to Dudek and - Associates. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Scroth, Adella, Nina Harris and Dennis R. Gallegos 1996 Archaeological Survey and test for the Huber Property, Carlsbad, California. Gallegos and Associates. Submitted to Gene Huber. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Mitchell, Patricia 1996 The Oceanside to Escondido Rail Project. ERC Environmental and Energy Services Co. Submitted to North County Transit District Unpublished Report on file at Soutb Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. In addition to the archaeological site and bibliographic background searches, the SCIC also reviewed an historic structures database and historic maps. The database indicated no historic structures within or adjacent to the current project No historic resources were identified during a review of the fcdlowing historic maps: Historic Roads and Trails: San Diego County, California 1769-1885, 1872 San Diego Assessors Map, 1898 Oceanside Topographic Map, 1:62,500, 1901 San Luis Rey Topographic Map. 1:125,000, 1942 Oceanside Topographic Map, 1:62, 500, and 1948 San Luis Rey Topographic Map, 1:24,000. 5.0-5 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project SJ, Field Investigatioiis The project area consists of a rectangular parcel that sits on a moderately steep, south- facing slope leading down to Agua Hedionda Lagoon (Plates 5.0-1 and 5.0-2). At the time of the current study, the property was developed, and contains two structures (one residential and one commercial/storage) and is covered in pavement except for the southern quarter of the parcel, which is the beach and tidal zone for the lagoon, and a small swath of landscaping vegetation between the residence and the second structure. The area containing the landscaping vegetation is the steepest sloping portion of the property; the remainder of the parcel is gently sloping down towards the lagoon. Groimd visibility was poor due to the structures and pavement, which cover the majority of the parcel. No lithic artifacts, features, historic resources, or darkened M)ils were observed in the project area. Marine shellfish remains were noted on the shoreline of Agua Hedionda Lagoon, which borders the property to the south. The shellfish remains are part of a thin veneer of shell that encircles the entire lagoon along the shoreline, which is attributed to natiuul processes. The shellfish remains, do not represent the presence of a cultural resource, specifically SDI-13,701, located just west of the property. Two structures were identified within the subject property. The residential structure, which is located just south of Adams Street, has undergone many additions and renovations, and all the structural elements and materials appear modem. The second stmcture is located approximately 50 feet south of the residential structure. This second stmcture is constmcted of modem materials and has a shed roof. Both stmctures are less than 45 years in age and did not ^pear to be historically or architecturally significant 5.0-45 The Carlsbad Bnat Club Projecl I - , n ..V Plate 5.0-1. Central portion of the project, facing northwest Plate 5.0-2. Project overview, facing north. 5.0-7 The Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project 6.0 MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS The Phase I archaeological assessment of the Carlsbad Boat Qub Project consisted of archaeological records searches, and an intensive archaeological survey of the entire property. The methods used during this investigation were in accordance with CEQA, Section 15064.5 and the City of Carlsbad archaeological guidelines. As a result of the archaeological survey, no artifacts, features, historic resources, or darkened soils were identified within the project boundaries. 6.1 Statement of Effects According to the proposed development plan, it appears that the entire 1.02-acre property will be impacted; however, as no cultural resources were located during the current survey of the project area and no resources were identified as a result of the records searches, no impacts to cultural resources will be caused by the proposed development 6.2 Recommendations Due to the absence of cultural resources within the project boundaries, no further archaeological study is recommended. However, because a substantial area within the project was covered with concrete and structures, and as Site SDI-13,701 is located adjacent to the current project, subsurface artifacts and features possibly associated with SDI-13,701 may have been inadvertently capped when the current structures and driveways were first constructed, it is recommended that archaeological monitoring be required dming clearing, demolition of the structures, and all earth-disturbing activities within the project Monitoring would provide an opportunity to view the ground surface and to identify any resources that might be exposed. In the event that any cultural resources, concentration of artifacts, ot culturally UKxiified soil deposits are discovered within the project at any time during construction activities, aU work should be halted near the discovery and a qualified archaeologist should record and evaluate the discovery under CEQA and City of Carlsbad criteria. Any resources identified during grading will be subjected to mitigation measurses as specified, by the archaeological and historical guidelines. 6.0-1 The Cartsbad Boat Club Project 7.0 PERSONNEL The archaeological assessment for Carlsbad Boat Qub Project was directed by Project Arhcaeologist Richard Greene, under the direction of Brian F. Smith Principle Investigator. Project personnel included field archaeologists Charles Callahan, Ryan Robinson, and Brad Comeau. The text of this report was prepared by Richard Greene and edited by Nora Collins and Brian F. Smith. The report graphics were prepared by Danielle Kahaku. Erika Manabat was in charge of report jHtKluction. 7.0-1 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project 8.0 CERTmCATTON I hereby certify that the statements furnished above and in the attached exhibits present the data and information required for this archaeological report, and that the facts, statements, and information presented are true and correct to the best of my knowledge and belief, and have been compiled in accordance witib the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) criteria as defined in Section 15064.5 and Qty of Carlsbad cultural resource criteria. nan Princi March 1, 2007 Date 8.0-1 The Carbbad Boat Cbib Project 9.0 REFERENCES CITED Antevs, Ernst 1953 The Postpluvlal or the Neothermal. Berkeley : University of California Archaeological Survey Reports 22:9-23. Bancroft, Hubert Howe 1884 History of California, Vols. I and D. The History Company, San Francisco. Beauchamp, R Mitchel 1986 A Flora of San Diego County, California. Sweetwater River Press, National Qty, California. Bean, Lowell John and Florence C. Shipek 1978 Luisefio. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, edited by R F. Heizer. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Bedwell, S. F. 1970 Prehistory and Environment of the Pluvial Fort Rock Area of South-central Oregon. Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene. Blick, J. D. 1976 Agriculture in San Diego County. In San Diego - An Introduction to the Area. Edited by Philip Pryde. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. Bowman, R H., A. A. House, G. Kester, D. D. Estrada, J. K. Wachtell, G. L. Anderson, and P. V. Campo 1973 Soil Survey of the San Diego Area, California. Part I. Soil Conservation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. BuU, Charles S. 1987 A New Proposal: Some Suggestions for San Diego Prehistory. In San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. Edited by Dennis Gallegos. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper (No. 1). California Office of Historic Preservation 1995 Instructions for Recording Historical Resources. Office of Historic Preservation, Sacramento. Carrico, Richard L. and Clifford V. F. Taylor 1983 Excavation of a Portion of Ystagua: A Coastal Valley Ipai Settlement. Environment Impact Report on file at the City of San Diego, Environmental Quality Division. 9.0-1 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project Chartkoff, Joseph L. and Kerry Kona Oiartkoff 1984 The Archaeology of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford, California. Davis, E. L., C. W. Brott and D. L. Weide 1969 The Western Lithic Co-Tradition. San Diego Museum Papers (No. 6). San Diego Musemn of Man, San Diego. Elliott, Wallace W. 1883 History of San Bernardino and San Diego Counties {1965 Riverside Museum Press, Riverside, California. Engelhardt, Zephryn 1S>21 San Diego Mission. James M. Barry Company, San Francisco. Gallegos, Dennis 1991 Antiquity and Adaptation at Agua Hedionda, Carlsbad, California. In Hunter- Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by John M. Mandson and Roger H. Colton, pp. 19-41. Perspectives in California Archaeology, No. 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of CaUfomia, Los Angeles. 1992 Historical/Archaeological Survey and Test Report for Carlsbad Ranch, Carlsbad, California. Report on file at the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. 2002 Southern California in Transition: Late Holocene Occupation of Southern San Diego County. Catalysts to Complexity: Late Holocene Societies of the California Coast, edited by J. Erlandson and T. Jones. 2005 Cultural Resomx« Data Recovery and Indexing and Preservation Program for the Grand Pacific Resorts Site CA-SDI-8797 Area A Qty of Carlsbad. Prepared for Grand Pacific Resorts. Gallegos, Dennis (editor) 1987 San Dieguito-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. Research Paper (No. 1), San Diego. Gallegos, Dennis and Richard Carrico 1984 Windsong Shores Data Recovery Program for Site W-131, Carlsbad, California. Report on file at the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Gordinier, Jerry G. 1966 Problems of Settlement in the San Diego Foothills. Unpublished Master's thesis, San Diego State College, San Diego. 9.0-2 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project Guerrero, Monica C., and Dennis R. Gallegos 2003a Cultural Resource Background Study for the North Agua Hedionda Interceptor Sewer Maintenance Access Road Project City of Carlsbad, California. Gallegos and Associates, Submitted to Dudek and Associates. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Guerrero, Monica C, and Dennis R. Gallegos 2003b Cultural Resource Survey and Test Program for the Carlsbad Sewer Line Project, Carlsbad, California. Gallegos and Associates. Submitted to Dudek and Associates. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Hayden, Julian D. 1987 Notes on the Apparent Course of San Dieguito Development In San Diegidto-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. Edited by Susan M. Hector. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper (No. 1). Heiges, Harvey 1976 The Economic Base of San Diego County. In San Diego - An Introduction to the Region. Edited by Philip Pryde. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, Dubuque, Iowa. Kaldenberg, Russell 1982 Rancho Park North: A San Dieguito-La Jolla Shellfish Processing Site in Coastal Southern California Occasional Papers (No. 6). Imperial Valley College Museum Society, El Centro, California. Koerper, H. C, J. E. Bicson, C. E Drover, and P. E. Langenwalter n 1986 Obsidian Exchange in Prehistoric Orange Coxmty. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 22 (l):33-69. Koerper, Henry C., Paul E Langenwalter and Adella Schroth 1991 Early Holocene Adaptations and the Transition Phase Problem: Evidence from the Allan O. Kelly Site, Agua Hedionda Lagoon. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California. Edited by Jon M. Erlandson and Roger H. Colten. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1, Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Kroeber, A. L. 1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 78, 1976 Dover Publications Edition, Dover Publications, Inc., New York. Luomala, Katharine 1978 Tipai-Ipai. In Handbook of North American Indians 8: California. Edited by R. E Heizer. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. 9.0-3 The Carlsbad Boat Cbib Project Masters, Patricia, PLD., Gallegos, Dennis and Carolyn Kyle 1988 Five Thousand Y^s of Marine Subsistence at Ballast Point Prehistoric Site SDI-48 (W-164) San Diego, California. Report on file with the South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Meighan, C. W. 1954 A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology Vol. 10, No. 2. Mitchell, Patricia 1996 The Oceanside to Escondido Rail Project. ERC Environmental and Energy Services Co. Submitted to North County Transit District Unpublished Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Miller, Jaquelin Neva 1966 The Present and the Past MoUuscan Faunas and Environments of Four Southern California Coastal Lagoons. Unpublished Master's thesis. University of California, San Diego. Moratto, Michael J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, New York. Moriarty, James R., Ill 1967 Transitional Pre-Desert Phase in San Diego County. Science Vol. 155. 1987 A Separate Origins Theory for Two Early Man Cultures in California. In San Diegidto-La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. Edited by Susan M. Hector. San Diego County Archaeological Society Research Paper (No. 1). Palou, Fray Francisco 1926 Historical Memoirs of New California. Edited by Herbert Eugene Bolton (4 Volumes). University of California Press, Berkeley. Price, Glenn W. 1967 Origins of the War with Mexico. University (rf Texas Press, Austin. Rogers, Malcolm J. n.d. Archaeological Site Record - W130/SDI-13,701. On file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. 1939 Early Lithic Industries of the Lower Basin of the Colorado River and Adjacent Desert Areas. San Diego Museum Papers (No. 3). San Diego Museum of Man. 9.0-4 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project Rolle, Andrew F. 1969 California: A History (Second Edition). Thomas Y. Crowell Company, New YorL Scroth, AdeUa, Nina Harris and Dennis R. Gallegos 1996 Archaeological Survey and test for the Huber Property, Carlsbad, California. Gallegos and Associates. Submitted to Gene Huber. Report on file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State University. Shumway, George, Carl L. Hubbs and James R. Moriarty 1961 Scripps Estate Site, San Diego, California; A La Jollan Site Dated 5,460-7,370 Years Before tiie Present Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (Vol. 93, No. 3). Smith, Brian F. 1987 The Excavations at Site CA-SDI-9956/W-3376. Environmental Impact Report on file at the County of San Diego, Department of Planning and Land Use. Smith, Brian F. and James R. Moriarty, III 1985 The Archaeological Excavations at Site W-20. Report on file at the City of San Diego, Environmental Quality Division. Strudwick, Ivan and Dennsi Gallegos 1994 Archaeological Site Record - SDI-13,701. On file at South Coastal Information Center, San Diego State Diversity. True, D. L. 1958 An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity (Vol. 23, No. 3). 1980 The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. Journal of New World Archaeology 3(4). Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles. Van Devender, T.R. and W.G. Spaulding 1979 Development of Vegetation and Qimate in the Southwestern United States. Science 204:701-710. Van Dyke, Theodore 1886 Southern California. Fords, Howard and HulberL Wallace, William J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology (Vol. 11, No. 3). Albuquerque. 9.0-5 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project Walker, EE 1951 Five P*rehistoric Sites in Los Angeles County, CaUfomia. Publications of the Frederick Webb Hodge Anniversary Publication Fund 6:1 -116. Warren, Qaude N. 1966 The San Dieguito Type Site: Malcolm J. Rogers' 1938 Excavation on the San Dieguito River. San Diego Museum Papers (No. 6). 1967 The San Dieguito Complex: A Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity, Vol. 2, No. 2. Salt Lake City, Utah. 1968 Cultural Tradition and Ecological Ad^tation on the Southern Cahfomia Coast In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States. Edited by C. Irwin-Williams. Eastern New Mexico Contributions in Anthropology (Vol. 1, No. 3). Warren, Qaude N. and D.E True 1961 The San Dieguito Complex and Its Place in California Prehistoiy. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1960-1961:246-337. University of California, Los Angeles. Warren, C. N., D. L. True and Ardith A. Eudy 1961 Early Gathering Complexes of Western San Diego County: Results and Interpretations of an Archaeological Survey. Archaeological Survey Annual Report 1960-1961:246-338. University of California, Los Angeles. Newspapers San Diego Union 1868 February 6: 2 (col. 1). 1872 January 2: 1 (col. 1). 9.0-6 The Carlsbad Boat Club Project APPENDIX 1 Archaeological Records Search Results (Deleted for public review; bound separately) The Carlsbad Boat Club Project APPENDIX II NAHC Sacred Lands FUe Search Results (Deleted for public review; bound separately) The Carlsbad Bool Club Project APPENDIX III Cultural Resources Location Map (Deletedfor public review; hound separately)