HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 02-14; BRESSI RANCH RESIDENTIAL; DRAINAGE CALCULATIONS APPENDIX 3;APPENDIX 3
Drainage Calculations
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
• /Vnalysis prepared by:
' ' ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA ' ,
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* MASS GRADING HYDROLOGY ' *
* SYSTEM 206 *
* 2 YEAR STORM EVENT ' ' ' *
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS206.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:14 03/10/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.200
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
NO.
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL:
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK-
(FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY
CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MZVNNING
HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
(FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.10 TO NODE 204.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<««
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 890.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 88.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 60.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 28.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 23.822
•CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.155
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.43
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.60 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.43
.****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 51
»»>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
»»>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 360.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 935.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0428
CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 5.00 "Z" FACTOR = 2.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.025 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4.00
CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 3.43
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.72 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.17
TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.19 Tc(MIN.) = 28.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.00 = 1825.00 FEET.
jt^jj.^*.***********************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 81
»»>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW««<
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.040
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 18.40 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 10.53
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 13.96
TC(MIN) = 28.01
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) 25 .00 TC(MIN.) = 28.01
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) 13 .96
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* MASS GRADING HYDROLOGY *
* SYSTEM 206 *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
**************************************************************************
FILENAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS206.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:16 03/10/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 204.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 890.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION =3 88.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 360.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 28.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 23.822
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.733
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.15
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.60 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.15
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 51
»»>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW««<
»»>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 360.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00
CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 935.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0428
CHAKINEL BASE (FEET) = S.OO "Z" FACTOR = 2.000
MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.025 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4.00
CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 5.15
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.21 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.70 Tc(MIN.) = 27.52
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.00 = 182S.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 204.00 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 81
»»>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW««<
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.579
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 18.40 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 15.98
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 21.12
TC(MIN) = 27.52
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.00 TC(MIN.) = 27.52
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 21.12
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800 San Diego, CA 92101
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* RESIDENTIAL LOTS HYDROLOGY '
* PLANNING AREA 6 - BRESSI RANCH • '
* 2-YEAR STORM EVENT - SYSTEM 206_1 '
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: 206_1.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 16:03 07/10/2003
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
. 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
2 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = O.SO FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 135.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 62.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 61.05
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.35
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.503
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.078
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 8
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.33 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 8
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.20 TO NODE 205.21 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 59.78 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 348.70
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 3 52.50 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.51
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.49
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.79
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT * FT/SEC.) = 0.71
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.11 Tc(MIN.) = 13.61
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.865
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.20 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.26
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.53 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.63
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 0 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.49
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.14 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.93
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.21 = 487.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.21 TO NODE 206.22 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 348.70 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 348.50
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.54
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.63
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 13.63
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.22 = 495.75 FEET.
Jt***************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.22 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 348.70 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 516.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.54
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.63
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.14 Tc(MIN.) = 14.77
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.30 = 1011.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.77
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.77
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.53
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.63
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.23 TO NODE 206.24 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 150.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 349.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 348.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 12.125
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.009
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.34
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.34
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.24 TO NODE 206.25 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
r
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 344.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 330.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 473.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.64
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.90
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.76
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.73
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.86 Tc(MIN.) = 14.98
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.753
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.69 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.59
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.00 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = • 2.94
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.31 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.07
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.12 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.96
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.23 TO NODE 206.25 = 623.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.25 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 330.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.79
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(XNCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.94
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 15.00
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.23 TO NODE 206.30 = 631.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 15.00
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.75
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.00
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.94
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.26 TO NODE 206.27 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 120.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 60.10
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 358.90
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 10.845
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.159
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.37
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.37
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.27 TO NODE 206.28 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 358.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 330.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 648.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.80
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.99
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.87
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = O.S9
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.77 Tc(MIN.) = 14.61
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.781
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.87 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.85
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.18 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.22
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.32
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.04 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.71
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 205.26 TO NODE 206.28 = 768.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.28 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 330.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.2 0 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.25
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.22
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.09 Tc(MIN.) = 14.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.26 TO NODE 206.30 = 790.20 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.70
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.77
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.18
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.22
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.63 14.77 1.769 2.53
2 2.94 15.00 1.751 3.00
3 1.22 14.70 1.774 1.18
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 6.74 14.70 1.774
2 6.75 14.77 1.769
3 5.75 15.00 1.751
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 6.76 Tc(MIN.) = 14.77
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.71
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.30 = 1011.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.30
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 335.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.35
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 6.76
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.67 Tc(MIN.) = 15.44
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.40 = 1345.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.40 TO NODE 205.40 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 15.44
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.72
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 6.71
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 6.76
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.42 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 115.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 357.13
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 356.15
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.98
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.198
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.115
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.19 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.42 TO NODE 205.43 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»( STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 356.15 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 328.80
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 556.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.17
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.96
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.60
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.96
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.57 Tc(MIN.) = 13.77
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.850
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 3.82 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.89
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.01 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.11
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.31 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.37
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.13 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.29
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.43 = 671.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.43 TO NODE 206.44 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 328.80 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION{FEET) = 322.30
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 186.50 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 4.16
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.33
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.13
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.64
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY{FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.20
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.86 Tc(MIN.) = 14.63
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.780
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.10
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.11 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.21
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.33 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.19
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.64 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1-20
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.44 = 857.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.44 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) «<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 322.30 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.54
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.21
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 14.64
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.40 = 865.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.40 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.64
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.78
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 4.11
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.21
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 6.76 15.44 1.719 6.71
2 4.21 14.64 1.779 4.11
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 10.74 14.64 1.779
2 10.82 15.44 1.719
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 10.82 Tc(MIN.) = 15.44
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 10.82
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.40 = 1346.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.40 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 322.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 315.70
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 30.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 21.16
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 10.82
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 15.46
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206 10 TO NODE 206.00 = 1376.75 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) 10.82 TC(MIN.) = 15.46
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) 10. 82
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800 San Diego, CA 92101
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - RESIDENTIAL ULTIMATE CONDITIONS HYDROLOGY '
* PA-6: NODES 205.51 TO 205.53 '
* 2-YEAR STORM EVENT '
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: 205.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 15:23 07/10/2003
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 O.SO 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.51 TO NODE 205.52 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 135.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 362.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 361.05
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.35
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.503
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.078
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 8
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.33 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.38
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.52 TO NODE 205.53 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 359.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 350.00
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 500.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.16
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = -0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.55
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.12
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.55
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.93 Tc(MIN.) = 15.43
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.719
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.65 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.56
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.98 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.94
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.37
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.37 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 205.51 TO NODE 205.53 = 635.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.53 TO NODE 205.50 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 356.30 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 354.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 48.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.62
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.94
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.10 Tc(MIN.) = 15.54
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 205.51 TO NODE 205.50 = 583.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.98 TC(MIM.) = 15.54
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.94
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
.'.•*!!•,! im,MmmmimmmmmBimmmmm
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - RESIDENTIAL ULTIMATE CONDITIONS HYDROLOGY *
* PA-6: NODES 205.51 TO 205.53 *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\205.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:07 03/10/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.51 TO NODE 205.52 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 135.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 362.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 61.05
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.3 5
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.503
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.771
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.33 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.52 TO NODE 205.53 IS CODE = 52
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 359.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 350.00
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 500.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.56
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.55
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.26
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.63
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.68 Tc(MIN.) = 15.18
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.317
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.65 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.10
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1-98 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.61
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.32 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.54
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.53 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.80
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 205.51 TO NODE 205.53 = 635.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.53 TO NODE 205.50 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 356.30 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 354.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 48.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.2 INCHES
NUMBER OF PIPES =
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.31
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.61
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.10 Tc(MIN.) = 15.28
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 205.51 TO NODE 205.50 = 683.00 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) 1 98 TC(MIN.) = 15.28
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) 2 61
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* RESIDENTIAL LOTS HYDROLOGY *
* PLANNING AREA 6 - BRESSI RANCH *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT - SYSTEM 206_1 *
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\206_1.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:10 03/10/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
2 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.50 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.20 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 135.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 62.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 61.05
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.35
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.503
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.771
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50
TOTAL AREA{ACRES) = 0.33 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.20 TO NODE 206.21 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)<««
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 359.78 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 348.70
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 352.50 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 5.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.02
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.49
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.97
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.82
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.98 Tc(MIN.) = 13.48
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) =2.501
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.20 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.03
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.53 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.53
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.32 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.66
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.36 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.07
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.21 = 487.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.21 TO NODE 206.22 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 348.70 DOWNSTREAM{FEET) = 348.50
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.11
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.53
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 13.50
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.22 = 495.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.22 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 348.70 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 516.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.19
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.53
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.05 Tc(MIN.) = 14.55
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 205.10 TO NODE 206.30 = 1011.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.55
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.3 8
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.53
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.53
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.23 TO NODE 205.24 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 150.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 349.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 348.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.50
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 12.125
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.678
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.46
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.46
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.24 TO NODE 206.25 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 344.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 330.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 473.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) =20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.20
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.96
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.93
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.84
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.69 Tc(MIN.) = 14.82
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.353
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.69 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.48
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.00 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.94
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.33 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.30
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.34 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.23 TO NODE 206.25 = 623.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.25 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 330.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.46
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.94
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 14.83
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.23 TO NODE 206.30 = 631.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.83
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.3 5
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.00
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.94
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.25 TO NODE 206.27 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
• S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 120.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 360.10
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 358.90
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 10.845
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.878
SUBAREA RtMOFF(CFS) = 0.49
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.49
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.27 TO NODE 206.28 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION{FEET) = 3 58.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 330.40
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 648.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TFIAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.06
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.92
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.96
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.66
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.65 Tc(MIN.) = 14.50
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.387
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.87 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.14
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.18 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.63
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.26
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.20 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.81
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.26 TO NODE 206.28 = 768.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.28 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 330.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.20 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.64
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.63
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.08 Tc(MIN.) = 14.58
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.26 TO NODE 206.30 = 790.20 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.30 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
>»»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.58
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.3 8
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.18
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.63
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.53 14.55 2.381 2.53
2 3.94 14.83 2.352 3.00
3 1.63 14.58 2.378 1.18
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 9.05 14.55 2.381
2 9.05 14.58 2.378
3 9.04 14.83 2.352
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.05 Tc(MIN.) = 14.58
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) =6.71
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.30 = 1011.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.30 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 330.10 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.30
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 335.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 10.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.98
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 9.05
PIPE TRAVEL TIME (MIN.) = 0.62 Tc(MIN.) = 15.20
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.40 = 1346.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.40 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 15.20
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.31
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 6.71
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 9.05
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.42 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 115.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 357.13
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 356.15
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 0.98
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.198
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.819
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.19 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.42 TO NODE 206.43 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 356.15 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 328.80
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 556.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.91
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.29
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.02
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.83
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1-10
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.42 Tc(MIN.) = 13.52
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.485
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 3.82 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.01 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.52
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.34 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.65
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.40 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.49
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.43 = 671.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.43 TO NODE 206.44 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 2 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 328.80 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 322.30
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 186.50 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) =20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 5.58
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 6
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 11.47
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.89
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) =1.38
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.80 Tc(MIN.) = 14.42
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.395
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.13
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.11 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.65
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.36 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 11.53
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.90 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.39
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.44 = 857.50 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.44 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 322.30 DOWNSTREAM{FEET) = 322.00
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.38
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 5.65
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 14.43
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.41 TO NODE 206.40 = 865.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.40 TO NODE 206.40 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
>»»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.43
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.39
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 4.11
PEAK.FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 5.65
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 9.05 15.20 2.315 6.71
2 5.65 14.43 2.394 4.11
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 14.40 14.43 2.394
2 14.51 15.20 2.315
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 14.51 Tc(MIN.) = 15.20
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 10.82
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.40 = 1346.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 206.40 TO NODE 206.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 322.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 315.70
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 30.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 22.95
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 14.51
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 15.22
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 206.10 TO NODE 206.00 = 1375.75 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 10.82 TC(MIN.) = 15.22
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 14.51
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
APPENDIX 4
Supplemental BMP Information
CDS Unit
30" DIAMETER CAST IRON
MANHOLE FRAME AND
COVER SUPPLIED BY
CDS OR CONTRACTOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
TRAFFIC BEARING SLAB
SUPPLIED BY CDS
OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 RISER SECTIONS.
(AS REQUIRED)
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 INLET/OUTLET-
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER TOP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SUMP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
ACCESS COVER
AND FRAME
REDUCER SECTION
AS REQUIRED
RISER BARREL
LENGTH VARIES
PSW70 WEIR
BOX COVER LID
CDS UNIT TO WEIR BOX CONNECTION
[COLLAR NOT SHOWN ,'
/—PSW70 WEIR BOX
X (CUSTOMIZED TO
EACH LOCATION)
INLET PIPE BLOCKOUT
CONNECTION COLLAR
NOT SHOWN
BLOCKOUT FOR CONNECTION
TO OUTLET PIPE COLLAR
(COLLAR CONNECTION NOT SHOWN)
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
SUPPLIED BY CDS OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 ASSEMBLY,
SEE SHEET 2
PSW70 ASSEMBLY
iim
[CDS TECHNOLOGIES
DATC-MTCn
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY AND
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
DATE 1/19/99
DRAWN ARDY
APPROV.
R. HOWARD
SCALE
N.TS.
SHEET
1
CDS Access Cover
Not Shown
PSW70
WT=2,330#/FT
PSW70 Intake,
WT=9,5G0#
PSW70 Chamber Top
Assembled
wt=43.460#
PSW70 Screen,
Not Shown
CDS Furnished
and installed
PSW70 Separation Chamber
P70 Sump,
WT=8.150#
DETAIL ASSEMBLY
LCDS TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY
DATE
1/19/99
SCALE
N.T.S.
DRAWN SHEET
V.KS,
APPROV. R. HOWARD 2
TYPICAL / GENERIC
INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
XX'0 INLET PIPE
24*0 MH COVER AND
FRAME (TYPICAL), DTHER.
ACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
DIVERSION
CHAMBER
PDUR CONCRETE CONNECTION
COLLARS TO SEAL INLET AND
OUTLET PIPES.
11'-9"
XX'* OUTLET PIPE •
CONNECTION COLLAR,
POURED IN FIELD
14* TO 16'_
" CIYPICAL)
SHT 4
jT TO 19"
CTYPICAL) •
FLOV SHT 4
J
PLAN VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70
26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
NOTES
1 CREATE SMDDTH SWALE
TRANSITION THROUGH
DIVERSION BOX WITH
SECONDARY CONCRETE
POUR IN FIELD
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
DATE , ,
4/3/01
SCALE
r=5'
Tillmljl TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE DRAWN
W. STEIN
SHEET
Tillmljl TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
APPROV. 3
TYPICAL / GENERIC INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
a4'0 MH COVER AND
FRAME (TYPICAL), OTHER
ACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
30" ACCESS COVER
(TYPICAL), OTHER ACCESS
COVERS AVAILABLE
17" TO 19"
CfYPicvy.) •
ELEVATION VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70, 26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
I
LCDS ' TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
DATE 3/11/00
DRAWN W. STEIN
APPROV.
SCALE
r=5'
SHEET
4
The CDS Unit located within the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 6 will be located
outside the public right-of-way and will be privately constructed, maintained, and funded.
The Operational and Maintenance Plan of a the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 6 CDS
Unit includes:
• Inspection of its structural integrity and its screen for damage.
• Animal and vector control.
• Periodic sediment removal to optimize performance.
• Scheduled trash, debris and sediment removal to prevent obstruction.
• Removal of graffiti.
• Preventive maintenance of BMP equipment and structures.
• Erosion and structural maintenance to maintain the performance of the CDS.
Inspection Frequency
The facility will be inspected and inspection visits will be completely documented:
• Once a month at a minimum.
• After every large storm (after every storm monitored or those storms with more than 0.50
inch of precipitation.)
• On a weekly basis during extended periods of wet weather.
Aesthetic and Functional Maintenance
Aesthetic maintenance is important for public acceptance of storm water facilities.
Functional maintenance is important for performance and safety reasons.
Both forms of maintenance are combined into an overall Storm Water Management System
Maintenance Program.
The following activities are included in the aesthetic maintenance program:
• Graffiti Removal: Graffiti will be removed in a timely manner to upkeep the appearance
of the CDS Unit and discourage additional graffiti or other acts of vandalism.
Functional maintenance has two components: preventive maintenance and corrective
maintenance.
Preventive maintenance activities to be instituted at the CDS Unit are:
• Trash and debris removal. Trash and debris accumulation, as part of the operation and
maintenance program at the CDS Unit, will be monitor once a month during dry and wet
season and after every large storm event. Trash and debris will be removed from the CDS
unit annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity,
or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first.
• Sediment removal. Sediment accumulation, as part of the operation.
• Maintenance program at a CDS, will be monitored once a month during the dry season,
after every large storm (0.50 inch). Sediment will be removed from the CDS annually (at
end of wet season), or when material is at 55% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the
floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Characterization and disposal of
sediment will comply with applicable local, county, state or federal requirements.
• Mechanical and electronic components. Regularly scheduled maintenance will be
performed on fences, gates, locks, and sampling and monitoring equipment in accordance
with the manufacturers' recommendations. Electronic and mechanical components will
be operated during each maintenance inspection to assure continued performance.
• Elimination of mosquito breeding habitats. The most effective mosquito control program
is one that eliminates potential breeding habitats.
Corrective maintenance is required on an emergency or non-routine basis to correct problems
and to restore the intended operation and safe function of a CDS. Corrective maintenance
activities include:
• Removal of debris and sediment. Sediment, debris, and trash, which impede the hydraulic
functioning of a CDS will be removed and properly disposed. Temporary arrangements
will be made for handling the sediments until a permanent arrangement is made.
• Structural repairs. Once deemed necessary, repairs to structural components of a CDS
and its inlet and outlet structures will be done within 30 working days. Qualified
individuals (i.e., the manufacturer's representatives) will conduct repairs where structural
damage has occurred.
• Erosion repair. Where factors have created erosive conditions (i.e., pedestrian traffic,
concentrated flow, etc.), corrective steps will be taken to prevent loss of soil and any
subsequent danger to the performance of a CDS. There are a number of corrective actions
than can be taken. These include erosion control blankets, riprap, or reduced flow through
the area. Designers or contractors will be consulted to address erosion problems if the
solution is not evident.
Fence repair. Repair of fences will be done within 30 days to maintain the security of the
site.
• Elimination of animal burrows. Animal burrows will be filled and steps taken to remove
the animals if burrowing problems continue to occur (filling and compacting). If the
problem persists, vector control specialists will be consulted regarding removal steps.
This consulting is necessary as the threat of rabies in some areas may necessitate the
animals being destroyed rather than relocated. If the BMP performance is affected,
abatement will begin. Otherwise, abatement will be performed annually in September.
• General facility maintenance. In addition to the above elements of corrective
maintenance, general corrective maintenance will address the overall facility and its
associated components. If corrective maintenance is being done to one component, other
components will be inspected to see if maintenance is needed.
Maintenance Frequency
The maintenance indicator document, included herein, lists the schedule of maintenance
activities to be implemented at a CDS.
Debris and Sediment Disposal
Waste generated at a CDS is ultimately the responsibility of Bressi Ranch HOA. Disposal of
sediment, debris, and trash will comply with applicable local, county, state, and federal waste
control programs.
Hazardous Waste
Suspected hazardous wastes will be analyzed to determine disposal options. Hazardous wastes
generated onsite will be handled and disposed of according to applicable local, state, and federal
regulations. A solid or liquid waste is considered a hazardous waste if it exceeds the criteria list
in the CCR, Title 22, Article 11.
Inlet Stenciling and Signage
nrrt. - ruuiic invoivemenLTarucipation Fage 1 ot 6
l/.S. Bnvironm^ntai Protectiort AgBttcy
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Construction Activities
-2003 Construction
General Permit
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Stormwater Home
Storm ttl ams can be labrird vtith stonciIs to
discourage dumping
Public Involvement/Participation
Storm Drain Stenciling
Description
Storm drain stenciling
involves labeling storm
drain inlets with painted
messages warning citizens
not to dump pollutants into
the drains. The stenciled
messages are generally a
simple phrase to remind
passersby that the storm
drains connect to local
waterbodies and that
dumping pollutes those
waters. Some specify
which waterbody the inlet
drains to or name the
particular river, lake, or bay. Commonly stenciled messages include: "No
Dumping. Drains to Water Source," "Drains to River," and "You Dump it, You
Drink it. No Waste Here." Pictures can also be used to convey the message,
including a shrimp, common game fish, or a graphic depiction of the path from
drain to waterbody. Communities with a large Spanish-speaking population
might wish to develop stencils in both English and Spanish, or use a graphic
alone.
Top
Applicability
Municipalities can undertake stenciling projects throughout the entire
community, especially in areas with sensitive waters or where trash, nutrients,
or biological oxygen demand have been identified as high priority pollutants.
However, regardless of the condition of the waterbody, the signs raise
awareness about the connection between storm drains and receiving waters
and they help deter littering, nutrient overenrichment, and other practices that
contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Municipalities should identify a subset
of drains to stencil because there might be hundreds of inlets; stenciling all of
them would be prohibitively expensive and might actually diminish the effect
of the message on the public. The drains should be carefully selected to send
the message to the maximum number of citizens (for example, in areas of
high pedestrian traffic) and to target drains leading to waterbodies where
illegal dumping has been identified as a source of pollution.
Implementation
Municipalities can implement storm drain stenciling programs in two ways. In
some cases, cities and towns use their own public works staff to do the
labeling. Some municipalities feel that having their own crews do the work
Menu of BMI
Informatior
Menu of BMPs
Home
Public Educatio
Outreach on Sti
Water Impacts
Public Involverr
& Participation
Illicit Discharae
Detection &
Elimination
Construction Si
Storm Water
Runoff Control
Post-Constructi
Storm Water
Manaqement in
New Developm
& Redevelopme
Pollution
Prevention & G
Housekeeping I
Municipal
Operations
Downloadable
Files
Measurable Go
Reade
The documents or
site are best viev
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http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm 12/16/2003
hFA - Fublic InvolvemenL/Participation Page 2 of 6
produces better results and eliminates liability and safety concerns. fVlore
commonly, stenciling projects are conducted by volunteer groups in
cooperation with a municipality. In such an arrangement, volunteer groups
provide the labor and the municipality provides supplies, safety equipment,
and a map and/or directions to the drains to be stenciled. The benefits of
using volunteers are lower cost and increased public awareness of storm
water poHutants and their path to waterbodies. A municipality can establish a
program to comprehensively address storm drain stenciling and actively
recruit volunteer groups to help, or the municipality can facilitate volunteer
groups that take the initiative to undertake a stenciling project.
Whether the municipality or a volunteer group initiates a stenciling project, the
municipality should designate a person in charge of the storm drain stenciling
program. Many municipalities will designate a person from the pubic works or
water quality department to coordinate stenciling projects by volunteer
groups. Because these programs depend heavily on volunteer labor,
organizers and coordinators should be skilled in recruiting, training,
managing, and recognizing volunteers. Coordination activities include
providing
• Stenciling kits containing all materials and tools needed to carry out a
stenciling project
• A map of the storm drains to be stenciled
• Training for volunteers on safety procedures and on the technique for
using stencils or affixing signs
• Safety equipment (traffic cones, safety vests, masks and/or goggles for
spray paint, and gloves if glue is used)
• Incentives and rewards for volunteers (badges, T-shirts, certificates).
The coordinator might also wish to provide pollutant-tracking forms to collect
data on serious instances of dumping. Participants in storm drain stenciling
projects can be asked to note storm drains that are clogged with debris or
show obvious signs of dumping. This enables city crews to target cleanup
efforts. Volunteers should be instructed on what kinds of pollutants to look for
and how to fill out data cards. Volunteers also should record the locations of
all storm drains labeled during the project, so the city can keep track.
Additionally, the participants should convene after the event to talk about
what they have found. Their reactions and impressions can help organizers
improve future stenciling projects.
If a municipality chooses to initiate a storm drain stenciling program and solicit
the help of volunteer organizations, they can advertise through a variety of
channels. Outreach strategies include
• Distributing pamphlets and brochures to area service organizations
• Placing articles in local magazines
• Taking out newspaper ads
• Placing an environmental insert in the local newspaper
• Making presentations at community meetings
• Developing public service announcements for radio
• Creating a web site with background and contact information as well as
photos and stories from past stenciling events (the references section
contains a list of storm drain stenciling web sites from communities
across the country)
• Using word-of-mouth communications about the program.
Newspapers can be notified to get advance coverage of a planned stenciling
event. Newspapers might choose to cover the event itself as an
environmental feature story to further public awareness. A news release
issued for the day of the event can draw TV and/or newspaper coverage.
Public service announcements made before the event also will help to
reinforce the message. Additionally, some municipalities can have volunteers
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm 12/16/2003
EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 3 of 6
distribute door hangers in the targeted neighborhoods to notify residents that
storm drain stenciling is taking place. The hangers explain the purpose of the
project and offer tips on how citizens can reduce urban runoff in general.
For any volunteer project to be successful, volunteers must feel they have
done something worthwhile. Communities active in storm drain stenciling
have developed a variety of ways to recognize volunteers, including
• Providing each participant with a certificate of appreciation and/or letter
of thanks signed by the mayor
• Distributing logo items such as T-shirts, hats, badges, plastic water
bottles, or other items to participants before or after the event
• Holding a picnic or small party after the event with refreshments
donated by a local business
• Providing coupons for free pizza, hamburgers, ice cream, or movies
donated by local merchants
• Taking pictures of stenciling teams before, during, and after the event
to create a pictorial record of volunteers' activity.
Since stenciling projects take place on city streets, volunteer safety is of
utmost importance. The city might wish to designate lower-traffic residential
areas as targets for volunteer stenciling and provide safety equipment and
training. Most programs require that stenciling be done in teams, with at least
one person designated to watch for traffic. Adult supen/ision is needed when
volunteers are school children or members of youth groups. Most cities also
require participating volunteers (or their parents) to sign a waiver of liability.
An attorney for the municipality should be consulted to determine what liability
exists and how to handle this issue.
Materials
Most communities use stencils and paint to label their storm drains. Some
communities stencil directly onto the curb, street, or sidewalk, while others
first paint a white background and then stencil over it. The most commonly
used stencils are made of Mylar, a flexible plastic material that can be
cleaned and reused many times. However, stencils can also be made from
cardboard, aluminum, or other material. The reference section lists web sites
where stencils can be purchased.
Storm drain messages can be placed flat against the sidewalk surface just
above the storm drain inlet, while others are placed on the curb facing the
street or on the street itself, either just upstream of the storm drain or on the
street in front of the drain. However, messages placed on the street might
wear out sooner.
Paint or ink can be sprayed on or applied by brush and roller. Spray paint is
quickest and probably the easiest to apply neatly. Regions that do not meet
federal air-quality standards should avoid using spray paints, since many
contain air-polluting propellants. It is recommended to use "environmentally
friendly" paint that contains no heavy metals and is low in volatile organic
compounds.
Altematives to painted messages include permanent signs made of
aluminum, ceramic, plastic, or other durable materials. These signs last
longer than stenciled messages and need only glue to affix them to storm
drain inlets. They might also be neater and easier to read from a distance.
Tiles or plaques can be dislodged by pedestrian traffic if they are disturbed
before the glue dries.
Benefits
http://cfpub.eDa.gov/nDdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol 6.cfm 12/16/2003
EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 4 of 6
Storm drain stenciling projects offer an excellent opportunity to educate the
public about the link between the storm drain system and drinking water
quality. In addition to the labeled storm drains, media coverage of the
program or stenciling event can increase public awareness of storm water
issues. Volunteer groups can provide additional benefits by picking up trash
near the stenciled storm drains and by noting where maintenance is needed.
Additionally, stenciling projects can provide a lead-in to volunteer monitoring
projects and increase community participation in a variety of other storm
water-related activities.
Limitations
A storm drain stenciling program is generally effective, inexpensive, and easy
to implement. However, larger communities can have many storm drain inlets,
so volunteer coordinators need to be skilled at recruiting and organizing the
efforts of volunteers to provide adequate coverage over large areas. Safety
considerations might also limit stenciling programs in areas where traffic
congestion is high. Other environmental considerations such as the use of
propellants in spray paint in areas that do not meet air quality standards
should be taken into account. Finally, stencils will require repainting after
years of weather and traffic, and tiles and permanent signs might need
replacement if they are improperly installed or subject to vandalism.
Effectiveness
By raising public awareness of urban runoff, storm drain stenciling programs
should discourage practices that generate nonpoint source pollutants. As with
any public education project, however, it is difficult lo precisely measure the
effect that storm drain stenciling programs have on human behavior. Nor is it
easy to measure reductions in certain components of urban runoff, which by
definition is diffuse in origin.
Some municipalities attempt to assess the effectiveness of storm drain
stenciling programs by periodically examining water samples from targeted
storm drain outfalls (places where storm drains empty into a waterbody). If the
storm drains leading to a particular outfall have been labeled, and if the levels
of pollutants from that outfall decline after the stencils were put in place, one
can assume the labeling has had some deterrent effect. This monitoring can
be conducted by the same volunteer groups that stenciled the drains and can
be incorporated into existing volunteer monitoring programs or can initiate the
development of a new program.
Cities also infer stenciling program success from increases in the volume of
used motor oil delivered to used-oil recycling centers. Others measure
success in terms of how many drains are stenciled and the number of
requests received by volunteer groups to participate in the program. They can
aiso take into consideration the number of cleanups conducted by the city as
a result of reports made by volunteers.
Costs
Mylar stencils cost about 45 cents per linear inch and can be used for 25 to
500 stencilings, depending on whether paint is sprayed or applied with a
brush or roller. Permanent signs are generally more costly: ceramic tiles cost
$5 to $6 each and metal stencils can cost $100 or more.
References
How To Develop a Storm Drain Stenciling Program and Conduct Projects:
Center for Marine Conservation. 1998. Million Points of Blight.
http://cfDub.eDa.eov/nndes/.stormwater/menuofbmn.s/invol 6.cfm 12/16/9,003
EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 5 of 6
fhttp://www.cmc-ocean.org/cleanupbro/millionpoints.php3 |t:.MT.i.,vci.imcr>|j
Last updated 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Center for Marine Conservation. No date. How to Conduct a Storm Drain
Stenciling Project, [http://www.cmc-ocean.orq/mdio/drain.php3
It-viTdbci.imfrH] Accessed February 13, 2001.
East Dakota Water Development District No date. Storm Drain Stenciling.
[http://www.brookinqs.com/bswf/tp2.htm IKJ^H jMaimtr^lj Accessed February
13, 2001.
Hunter, R. 1995. Storm Drain Stenciling: The Street-River Connection.
[http://www.epa.qov/volunteer/fall95/urbwat10.htm1. Last updated December
8, 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
The Rivers Project, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 1998.
Gateway Area Storm Sewer Stenciling Project
[http://www.siue.edu/OSME/river/stencil.html [^HiEiilliEEl]. Last updated
November 9, 1998. Accessed February 14, 2001.
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. No date. Storm Drain
Stenciling: Preventing Water Pollution.
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/exec/oppr/cc2000/storm drain.html
ran di.ci>imrr>|] Ance.sRfid Fehniary 13, 2001.
Purchase Stencils:
Clean Ocean Action. 2000. Storm Drain Stenciling.
http://www.cleanoceanaction.org/Stenciling/StormDrains.html
t::\iTdi.a.i..J7>|] I ast iiprtateri .lime 23, 2000. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. 1997. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd.
[http://www.earthwater-stencils.com Last updated 1997.
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Communities With Storm Drain Stenciling Web Sites:
City of Berkley, California, Department of Public Works. No date. Storm Drain
Stenciling. [http://www.ci.berkelev.ca.us/PW/Storm/stencil.html
|E3:iT.i..ci.in,c"rTr] AccPiRRRd Ffihntary 13, 2001.
City of Honolulu, Hawaii. No date. Volunteer Activities.
[http://www.cleanwaterhonolulu.com/drain.html [KX" '*"••-»'''"'•'• >|]. Accessed
February 14, 2001.
City of Portland, Oregon, Environmental Services. No date. Storm Drain
Stenciling, [http://www.enviro.ci.portland.or.us/sds.htm |ran'ii.ri.imcr>|j
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Clemson Extension Office. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling South Carolina
"Paint The Drain" Campaign.
http://virtual.clemson.edu/qroups/waterqualitv/STENCIL.HTM
|r\iTdi.ci.imc.>|j Annfi.'^.qert Fehniary 14, 2001.
Friends ot the Mississippi River 2000. Storm Drain Stenciling Program.
[http://www.fmr.orq/stencil.html 1^-^'"'""''•"•€3]. Last updated 2000. Accessed
Februaty 14, 2001.
httD://cfoQb.ena.pnv/nndes/.';tnrmwfltp,r/mp.rmnfhmns/invnl 6.cfm 1?,/1fi/9003
EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 6 of 6
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r
^0 litter, SSo wasie. iKo lleseclioi^ Af|ifi.
^ Va INrecfo ill llceaiio
TM Uv stiirtt*
IM KHIIICI^II a la eoiiraiuliiacioii liel drenaje riliivial eres fii. I
Eagle 9455 Ridgehaven Ct., Suite 106
San Diego, CA 92123
1-858-541-1888
1-888-624-1888
Earthwater Stencils, LTD
Rochester, WA 98579
1-360-956-3774
FAX 360-956-7133
Storm Water Education
crrt - ruuHc u-uucaiiuii oc v_/uncacii uu oiuiiii vvatci iiiipacis rage i or /
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES)
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EPA Home > OW Home > OWM Home > NPDES Home > Storm Water > Menu of BMPs
Construction Activities
-2003 Construction
General Permit
Industrial Activity
-Who's Covered?
-Application
Requirements
Municipal MS4s
-Large & Medium
-Small
Stormwater Month
Outreach Materials
Phase I & Phase II
-Menu of BMPs
-Urbanized Area Maps
Stormwater Home
Public Education & Outreach on Storm
Water Impacts
Regulatory Text
You must implement a public education program to distribute educational
materials to the community or conduct equivalent outreach activities about the
impacts of storm water discharges on water bodies and the steps that the
public can take to reduce pollutants in storm water runoff.
Guidance
You may use storm water educational materials provided by your state; tribe;
EPA; environmental, public interest, or trade organizations; or other MS4s.
The public education program should inform individuals and households
about the steps they can take to reduce storm water pollution, such as
ensuring proper septic system maintenance, ensuring the proper use and
disposal of landscape and garden chemicals including fertilizers and
pesticides, protecting and restoring riparian vegetation, and properly
disposing of used motor oil and household hazardous wastes. EPA
recommends that the program inform individuals and groups how to become
involved in local stream and beach restoration activities, as well as activities
that are coordinated by youth service and conservation corps or other citizen
groups. EPA recommends that the public education program be tailored,
using a mix of locally appropriate strategies, to target specific audiences and
communities. Examples of strategies include distributing brochures or fact
sheets, sponsoring speaking engagements before community groups,
providing public service announcements, implementing educational programs
targeted at school age children, and conducting community-based projects
such as storm drain stenciling and watershed and beach cleanups. In
addition, EPA recommends that some of the materials or outreach programs
be directed toward targeted groups of commercial, industrial, and institutional
entities likely to have significant storm water impacts. For example, providing
information to restaurants on the impact of grease clogging storm drains, and
to garages on the impact of oil discharges. You are encouraged to tailor your
outreach program to address the viewpoints and concerns of all communities,
particularly minority and disadvantaged communities, as well as any special
concerns relating to children.
BMP Fact Sheets
Public outreach/education for homeowners
Lawn and garden activities
Water conservation practices for homeowners
Menu of BMf
Informatior
Menu of BMPs
Home
Public Educatio
Outreach on St'
Water Impacts
Public Involverr
& Participation
Illicit Discharae
Detection &
Elimination
Construction Si
Storm Waler
Runoff Control
Post-Construcli
Storm Water
Manaqement in
New Developm
& Redevelopme
Pollution
Prevention & G
Housekeeping I
Municipal
Operations
Downloadable
Files
Measurable Go
The documents or
site are besl viev
with Acrobat 5.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/pub_ed.cfm 12/16/2003
cr/\ - ruDiic cuucaiioii ac wuireacri on c>Lurm waier impacts rage z or z
Proper disposal of household hazardous wastes
Pet waste management
Trash management
Targeting public outreach/education
Education/outreach for commercial activities
Tailoring outreach programs to minoritv and
disadvantaged communities and children
Classroom education on storm water
Storm water educational materials
Public outreacfi programs for new development
Low Impact development
Pollution prevention programs for existing
development
Educational displays, pamphlets, booklets, and utilitv
stuffers
Using the media
Promotional giveaways
Pollution prevention for businesses
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Integrated Pest Management Principles
jSJOTES J a n u a r y 2 O O 3
Publ. Publ. ^
Title Date t Pgs.
Annual Bluegrass 9/99 7464
Anthracnose rev. 8/99 7420
Ants rev. 11/00 7411
Aphids rev. 5/00 7404
Apple Scab rev. 8/01 7413
Bark Beetles rev. 6/00 7421
Bed Bugs rev. 9/02 7454
Bee and Wasp Stings 2 / 98 7449
Bermudagrass rev. 9/02 7453
Bordeaux Mixture 11 / 00 7481
Brown Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders 1/00 7468
Califomia Ground Squirrel rev. 1/02 7438
Califomia Oakworm rev. 6/00 7422 4
Carpenter Ants rev 11/00 7416 2
Carpenter Bees rev. 1 /OO 74)7
Caipenterworm 1/03 74105
Carpet Beetles rev. 4/01 7436
Cleanving Moths 6/00 7477
Cliff Swallows 11/00 7482
Qothes Moths rev. 12/00 7435
Qovers 11/01 7490
Cockroaches 11/99 7467
Codling Moth rev. 11/99 7412
Common Knotvveed 12/00 7484
Common Purslane 8/99 7461
Conenose Bugs rev. 11 /02 7455
Cottony Cushion Scale rev. 3/00 7410
Crabgrass rev. 9/02 7456
Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda
Buttercup rev. 1/02 7444
Dailisgrass 11/01 7491
Dandelions 1/00 7469
Delusory Parasitosis rev. 11/97 7443
Dodder 1/02 74%
Dry wood Termites rev. 9 / 02 7440
Earwigs 9/02 74102
Elm Leaf Beetle rev. 11/01 7403
Eucalyptus Longhomed Borers rev. I/OO 7425
Eucalyptus Redgum LerpPsyllid rev. 1/03 7460
Eucalyptus Tortoise Beetle 1 /03 74104
Held Bindweed 9/99 7462
Fire Blight rev 11/99 7414
Fleas rev. 11/00 7419
Hies 2/99 7457
Fruittree Leafroller on Omamental and
Fruit Trees 3/00 7473 3
Fungus Gnats, Shore Flies, Moth Flies,
and March Flies rev. 8/01 . 7448 4
Giant VVhilefiy 1/02 7400 3
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter 11/01 7492 4
Grasshoppers 9/02 74103 2
Green Kyllinga 2/99 7459 3
Head Lice rev. 8/01 7446 4
Hobo Spider 4/01 7488 3
Hoplia Beetle 9/02 7499 2
Horsehair Worms 3/00 7471 2
PubL Publ. ?
Title Date f Pgs.
HouseMouse - 11/00 7483 4
Kikuyugrass 2/99 7458 3
Lace Bugs rev. 12/00 7428 2
Lawn Diseases: Preventton and Management....!/02 7497 8
Lawn Insects rev. 5/01 7476 6
Leaf Curt rev. 12/00 7426 2
Lyme Disease in Califomia 12/00 7485 3
Millipedes and Centipedes 3/00 7472 3
Mistletoe rev. 8/01 7437 3
Mosquitoes 2/98 7451 3
Mushrooms and Other Nuisance Fungi
in Lawns 9/02 74100 4
Nematodes 8/01 7489 5
Nutsedge rev. 8/99 7432 4
Oak Pit Scales 3/00 7470 2
Oleander Leaf Scorch 7/00 7480 3
Pantry Pests rev. 9/02 7452 4
Plantains 6/00 7478 3
Pocket Gophers....- rev. 1/02 7433 4
Poison Oak rev. 5/01 7431 4
Powdery Mildew on Fruits and Berries 11/01 7494 5
Powdery Mildew on Ornamentals 11/01 7493 4
Powdery Mildew on Vegetables rev. 11/01 7406 3
Psyllids - rev. 5/01 7423 6
Rabbits rev. 1/02 7447 5
Rats 1/03 74106 8
Redhumped Caterpillar 3/00 7474 2
Red Imported Fire Ant 4/01 7487 3
Roses in the Garden and Landscape;
Cultural Practices and Weed Control 9/99 7465 4
Roses in the Garden and Landscape:
Diseases and Abiotic Disorders 9 / 99 7463 3
Roses in the Garden and Landscape:
Insect and Mite Pests and Benefidals 9/99 7466 4
Russian Thistle 12/00 7486 3
Scales rev. 4/01 7408 5
Sequoia Pitch Moth 6/00 7479 4
Silverfish and Firebrals 3/00 7475 4
Snails and Slugs rev. 8/99 7427 3
Spider Mites rev. 12/00 7405 3
Spiders _ rev. 5/00 7442 4
Spotted Spurge rev. 1 /02 7445 4
Sudden Oak Death in California 4/02 7498 5
Sycamore Scale rev. 12/00 7409 2
Termites rev. 5/01 7415 6
Thrips rev. 5/01 7429 6
Voles (Meadow Mice) rev. 1 /02 7439 4
Walnut Husk Fly rev. 12/00 7430 2
Weed Management in Landscapes rev. 8/01 7441 6
Whiteflies rev. 9/02 7401 4
Wild Blackberries rev. 4/02 7434 4
Windscorpion 11/01 7495 1
Wood-boring Beetles in Homes rev. 11 /OO 7418 3
Wood Wasps and Homtails rev. 12/00 7407 2
Yellovvjackets and Other Social Wasps rev. 8/01 7450 4
Yellow Starthistle rev. 2/99 7402 4
PDFs and illustrated versions of these Pcsl Notes are available at
http.//www.ipm.ucdavis.cdu/PMG/selectnewpesl.home.hlml
For olher ANR publications, go lo http://anrratalog.ucdavis.edu
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
YELLOWJACKETS AND OTHER
SOCIAL WASPS
Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home
Only a few of the very large number of
wasp species in Califomia live a social
life; these species are referred to as
social wasps. Some social wasps arc
predators for most or all of the year
and provide a great benefit by killing
large numbers of plant-feeding insects
and nuisance flie.s; others are exclu-
sively scavengers. Wasps become a
(TTobleni only when they threaten to
sting humans. One of the n>osl trouble-
some of thc social wasps is the yellow-
jacket. Yellowjackets, especially
ground- and cavity-nesting ones such
as the western yellowjacket (Fig. 1),
tend lo defend their nests vigorously
when disturbed. Defensive behavior
increases as the season progres.ses and
colony populations become larger
while food becomes scarcer. Iri fall,
foraging yellowjackets are primarily
scavengers and they start lo show up
at picnics, barbecues, around garbage
cans, al dishes of dog or cat food
placed outside, and where ripe or over-
ripe fmit arc accessible. Al certain
times and places, the number of scav-
enger wasps can bc quite large.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
In western states there are two distinct
fypes of social wasps: yellowjackets
and paper wasps. Yellowjackets are by
far the most troublesome group. Paper
wasps are much less defensive and
rarely sting humans. They tend lo shy
awav from human activity except
when their nests are locaied near
doors, windows, or olher high traffic
areas.
Nests of bolh yellowjacket and paper
wasps tvpically are begun in spring bv
a single queen who overwinters and
becomes active when the weather
warms. She emerges in late winter/
early spring to feed and start a new
nest. From spring to mid.summcr nests
are in the growth phase, and the larvae
require large amounts of protein-
Workers forage mainly for protein al
this time (usually in the form of other
in.sccts) and for .some sugars. By late
sununer, however, the colonies grow
more slowly or cease growth and re-
quire large amounts of sugar lo main-
tain the queen and workers. So
foraging wasps are particularly inter-
ested in sweet things at this time.
Normally, yellowjacket and paper
wasp colonies only live one season. In
very mild winters or in coastal Califor-
nia south of San Francisco, however,
some yellowjacket colonies survive for
several years and become quite large.
Yellowjackets
The lerm yellowjacket refers to a num-
ber of different species of wa.sps in the
genera Vespiila and Dolichoivspula
(family Vespidae). Included in this
group of ground-nesting species are
the western yellowjacket, Vespula
pcityylvanica, which is the most com-
monly encountered species and is
.•sometimes called the "meat t>ee," and
seven other species of "Vespula. Vcspula
i'ulgaris^\s common in rotted tree
stumps at, higher elevations and V.
germanicii (the German yellowjacket) is
becoming more common in many ur-
ban areas of California, where il fre-
quently nests in houses. I hese wasps
lend lo be medium sized and black
with jagged bands of bright yellow (or
while in the case of thc aerial-nesting
Figure 1. Westem yellowjackct.
Dolichovespula l=Vi:spuIaj maculatn) on
the abdomen, and have a very short,
narrow waist (the area where the tho-
rax attaches to the abdomen)-
Nests are commonly buill in rodent
burrows, but other protected cavities,
like voids in walls and ceilings of
houses, sometimes are selected as nest-
ing sites. Colonics, which are begun
each spring by a single reproductive
female, can reach populations of be-
tween 1,500 and 15,000 individual.s,
depending on the species. The wasps
build a nest of paper made from fibers
scraped from wood mixed wilh saliva,
ll is buill as multiple tiers of veriical
cells, similar lo nests of paper wasps,
bul enclosed by a paper envelope
around the outside that usually con-
tains a single entrance hole (Fig. 2). If
the rodent hole is not spadous
enough, yellowjackets will increase the
size by moistening the soil and dig-
ging. Similar behavior inside a house
• PEST NQTES Publication 7450
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
Figure 2. Yellowjacket nest in spring
(lop), summer (center), and early fall
(bottom).
sometimes leads lo a wel patch that
develops into a hole in a wall or
ceiling.
Immature yellowjackets are white,
grublike larvae that become while pu-
pae. The pupae develop adult coloring
just before they emerge as adult wasps.
Immatures are not normally seen un-
less the nest is lom open or a sudden
loss of adult caretakers leads to an
exodus of star^'ing larvae.
Aerial-nesting yellowjackets, Dolicho-
vespula arennria and D. maculata, build
paper nests lhal are attached lo the
eaves of a building or are hanging from
the limb of a tree. The entrance is nor-
mally a hole at the bottom of the nest.
These aerial neslers do not become
scavengers at the end of the season, but
they are extremely defensive when
their nests are disturbed. Defending D.
nrenaria sometimes bite and /or sling,
simultaneously. Wasp stingers have no
barbs and can be used repeatedly, es-
pecially vvhen lhe wasp gets inside
clothing. As with any slinging incident,
it is best lo leave the area of the nest
site as quickly as possible if wasps start
stinging.
Paper Wasps
Paper wasps such as Policiesfuscalus
atirifer, P. apachus, and P. dominulus are
large (1 inch long), slender wasps with
long legs and a distinct, slender waist
(Fig. 3). Background colors vary, bul
most westem .spedes tend to be golden
brown, or darker, with large patches of
yellow or red. Preferring lo live in or
near orchards or vineyards, they hang
their paper nests in protected areas,
such as under eaves, in attics, or under
tree branches or vines. Each nesl hangs
like an open umbrella from a pedicel
(stalk) and has open cells that can be
seen from beneath the nest (Fig. 4).
White, legless, grublike larvae some-
times can be seen from below. Paper
wasp nests rarely exceed the size of an
oulstreldied hand and populations
vary between 15 to 200 individuals.
Most .species are relalively unaggres-
sive, but they can be a problem when
they nesl over doorways or in other
areas of hum£ui activity, such as fmit
trees.
Mud Daubers
Mud daubers are black and yellow,
ihread-waisted, .solitary wasps lhal
build a hard mud nest, usually on ceil-
ings and walls, attended by a single
female wasp. They belong lo the family
Spheddae and are not social wasps bul
may be confused with them. Ihey do
not defend their nests and rarely sting.
During winter, you can safely remove
the nests without spraying.
INJURY OR DAMAGE
Concern aboul yellowjackets is ba.sed
on their persistent, pugnacious behav-
ior around food sources and their ag-
gressive colony defense. Stinging
behavior is u.sually encountered al
nesting site.s, but scavenging
vcllowjackels sometimes will sting if
scimcone tries to swat them away from
n potential fc>od source. When scaveng-
ing at picnics <ir olher outdoor meals.
Figure 3. Paper wasp.
Figure 4. Paper wasp nesl.
wasps will crawl into soda cans and
cause slings on the lips, or inside lhe
mouth or throat.
Responses to wa.sp slings vary from
only short-term, intense sensations lo
substantial swelling and tenderness,
some itching, or life-threatening aller-
gic responses. All these reactions are
discussed in detail in Pcsl Notes: Bee
ami Wasp Slitigs (see "References"). Of
spedfic concern is a condition lhaf
results from multiple-sling encounters,
sometimes unfamiliar to attending
health professionals, thai is induced by
the volume of foreign protein injected
and the tissue damage caused by de-
structive enzymes in wasp venom. Red
blood cells and other tissues in the
body become damaged; tissue debris
and other breakdown products are
carried to the kidneys, to be eliminated
from the body l oo much debris and
waste products can cause blockages in
the kidnev.s, resulting in renal insuffi-
August 2001 Yeltowjackefs and Other Social Wasps
ciency or renal lailure. Patients in this
condition require medical intervention,
oven dialysis.
MANAGEMENT
Most sodal wa.sps provide an ex-
tremely benefidal service by eliminat-
ing large numbers of olher pest insects
through predation and should be pro-
tected and encouraged to nest in areas
of little human or animal activity. Al-
lhough many animals prey on sodal
wasps (including birds, reptiles, am-
phibians, skunks, bears, raccoons, spi-
ders, preying mantids, and bald-faced
hornets), none provides satisfactory
biological control in home situations.
The best way to prevent unpleasant
encounters wilh social wasps is lo
avoid them. If you know where they
are, try not lo go near their nesting
places. Wasps can become very defen-
sive when their nest is disturbed- Be on
the lookout for nests when ouldoors-
Wasps lhat are flying directly in and
out of a single location are probably
flying to and from their nest-
Scavenging wasps will not usually
become a problem if there is no food
around to attract them. When nuisance
wasps are present in the outdoor envi-
ronment, keep foods (including pet
food) and drinks covered or inside the
house and keep garbage in lighlly
sealed garbage cans. Once food is dis-
covered by wasps, they will continue
fo hunt around lhal IcKation long afler
the source has been removed.
If wa.sp nests musl be eliminated, it is
easiest and safest to call for profes-
sional help- In some areas of Califomia,
personnel from a local Mosquito and
Vector Control Dislrict may be avail-
able lo remove nesis- To determine if
this service is available in your area,
call the California Mo.squito and Vector
Control Association at (916) 440-0826.
If a rapid .solution to a .severe yellow-
jacket problem is essential, seek the
assistance of a professional pest conlrol
operalor who can use microencapsu-
lated baits to controi these pests. Do-
it-yourself opiions include trapping
wasps in a baited trap dtsigned for
thai purpose, early-sea.son removal of
nests, or spraying thc nest or nesting
sile wilh an in.secticide labeled for lhal
use.
Trapping Wasps
Trapping wasps is an ongoing effort
that needs lo be initiated in spring and
continued into summer and fall, espe-
dally when thc yellowjacket popula-
tion was large the previous year. In
spring there is a 30- to 45-day period
when new queens first emerge before
they build nesLs. Trappmg queens dur-
ing this period has the potential lo
provide an overall reduction in the
yellowjacket population for the season,
and a study is currenlly underway lo
test this theory in some Califomia Mos-
quito and Vector Control districts (see
"Online References"). The more traps
put oul in spring on an area-wide basis
lo trap queens, the grealer the likeli-
hood of redudng nests later in the
summer. Usually one trap per acre is
adequate in spring for depletion trap-
ping of queens; in fall, more traps may
be necessary to trap scavenging wasps,
dep>ending on the size of the popula-
tion. There are two types of wasp
traps: lure and waler Iraps.
Lure Traps. Lure traps are available for
purchase al many retail stores lhal sell
pest control supplies and are easiest lo
use. They work best as queen traps in
late winter and spring. In summer and
fall they may assist in redudng local-
ized foraging workers, but they do not
eliminate large populations. Lure traps
conlain a chemical lhat attracts yellow-
jackets into the traps, bul common
lures such as heplyl butyrate are not
equally attractive to all species. Pro-
teins such as lunchmeat can be added
as an altraclanl and are believed to
improve catches.
During spring, baited lure traps .should
have the chemical bait changed every 6
to 8 weeks. In summer, change the bail
every 2 to 4 weeks; change bait more
frequently when temperatures are
high- Meats must be replaced more
frequently becau-se yellovvjackcls are
nol attracted lo rolling meal. ALso,
periodically check the trap lo remove
lrapp)ed yellowjackets and make sure
workers are still attracted to the trap.
Water Traps. Waler traps are generally
homemade and consist of a 5-galIon
bucket, string, and protein bail (turkey
ham, fish, or liver works well; do nol
use cat food because it may repel the
yellowjackets afler a few days). The
bucket is filled with soapy waler and
the protein bail is suspended 1 to 2
inches above the waler. (The use of a
wide mesh screen over the bucket will
help prevent other animals from reach-
ing and consuming the bail.) Affer lhe
yellowjacket removes the protein, it
flies down and becomes Irapped in the
walcr and drowns. Like the lure Irap,
these traps also work best as queen
traps in lale winler lo early spring. In
summer and fall they may assist in
redudng localized foraging workers
but usually not to acceptable levels.
Place them away from patio or picnic
areas so wasps aren't attracted to your
food as well.
Discouraging or
Eliminating Nests
Early in the season, knocking down
newly started paper wa.sp nesls will
simply cause the founding female lo go
elsewhere lo start again or to join a
neighboring nest as a worker. As there
is little activity around wasp nests
when they are first starting, tliey are
very hard to find. Wasps are more
likely to be noticed later afler nests and
populalions grow. Nesl removal for
controlling subterranean or cavity-
dwelling yellowjackets is not practical
becau.se the nests are underground or
otherwise inaccessible.
Nest Sprays
Aerosol formulations of insecticides on
lhe markel labeled for use on wasp and
homel nests can be effective against
bolh yellowjackets and paper wasps,
bul ihey mu.st bc used with extreme
caution. Wasps will attack applicators
when sensing a poison applied to their
nest.s, and even the freezc-lvpe prod-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
ucis are nol guaranteed lo slop all
wasps thai come flying oul. It is pru-
dent to wear protective clothing that
covers the whole body, including
gloves and a veil over the face. In addi-
tion, you need to wear protecfive
eyewear and other clothing to protect
yourself from pesticide hazards. Wasps
arc most likely to be in lhe nest at
night. But even affer dark and using
formulations thaf shoot an inscch'dde
stream up to 20 feet, stinging inddents
are likely. Underground nests can be
quite a distance from the visible en-
france and the spray may nof get back
far enough fo hit fhe wasps- Parfially
intoxicated, agitated wasps are likely
to be encountered af some distance
from the nest entrance, even on the day
following an insectiddal treatment-
Hiring a pest control professional will
reduce risks to you and your family; in
some areas of Califorrua, this serv-ice
may be available through your local
Mosquito and Vector Confrol District-
REFERENCES
Akre, R. D., A. Green, J. F- MacDonald,
P-J- Landolt, and R G. Davis. 1981.
Tlie Yellmvjackets of America North of
Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook No.
552. 102 pp.
Ebeling, W. 1975. Urban Entomology.
Oakland: Univ. CaliL Agric. Nal. Sd.
Mussen, E. Feb 1998. Pesl Notes: Bee and
Wasp Stings. Oakland: Univ. Calif.
Agric. Nat. Res- Publ- 7449- Also avail-
able online at www.ipm-ucdavis.edu/
PMG / sclectnewpesl-home-h tml
Online References
California Mosquito and Vector Control
Web site (www-sac-yolomvcd com) for
information on yellowjacket control
For more information contact ttie University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty- See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
AUTHOR; E. Mussen
EDITOR: B. Ohiendorl
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M- L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 1; Courtesy of U.S-
Putjlic Health Service; Fig- 2; A_ L- Antonel-
li- Modified afler Wasliington State Universi-
ty Bulletin EB 0643. 'Yellowjackets and
Paper Wasps. Figs. 3 and 4: D. Kidd.
Produced by \PM Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Project. University
of Califomia. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://wvirw.ipm.ucdavts.edu)
UC^IPM REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymously peer
reviewed for technical accuracy by University of
California scientists and other qualified profes-
sionals. This review process wos managed by the
ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management.
To simplify informaiion. trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named producis
is inlended. nor is criticism implied of similar products
that are not mentioned.
This material is partiaUy based upon work
supported by the Extension Service. U. S. Depar&nont
of Agrtcutture. under speciaf project Seclion 3(d).
Integrated Pest Mcinagement.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow aH precautions and safety recommendations
given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and Gvestock.
CooFine chemicals to the properly being treated. Avoid drift onto neighlx)ring properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do nol place containers containing pesticide in Ihe trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either
use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Wasle
CoHection site. Contact your county agricuftural commissioner lor addftional information on safe contanr>er
disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Coitection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such
a manner that they may contaminate water suppfies or natural waterways.
The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employment with the University on tbe basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical
Of mental disability, medical condition (cancer-relatod or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age. sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (spectal disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, orany other veteran who served on active dutyduringa war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended lo be consistent with the provisions
of appficable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding lhe University's nondiscrimination polides may be
directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Diredor. University of California, Agriculture and
Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr.. Oakland. CA 94612-3350: (510) 987-0096.
• 4 •
WHITEFLIES
Integrated Pest IManagement for Home Gardeners and Professional Landscapers
Whiteflies are tiny, sap-sucking insects
that are frequently abundant in veg-
etable and omamental plantings. They
excrete sticky honeydew and cause
yellowing or death of leaves. Out-
breaks often occur when the natural
biological conlrol is disrupted. Man-
agement is difficult.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
Whiteflies usually occur in groups on
the undersides of leaves. They derive
their name from the mealy, white wax
covering the adult's wmgs and body.
Adults are tiny insects with yellowish
bodies and whitish wings. Although
adults of some species have distinctive
wing markings, many spedes are most
readily distinguished in the lasl
n)miphal (immature) stage, which is
wingless (Table 1).
Whiteflies develop rapidly in warm
weatiier, and populations can build up
quickly in situations where natural
enemies are destroyed and weather is
favorable- Most whiteflies, especially
the most common pest spedes—green-
house whitefly (Trialeurodes
vaporariorutn) and silverleaf or
sweetpolalo whiteflies (Bemisia spe-
cies)—have a wide host range lhal
includes many weeds and crops. In
many parts of Califomia, they breed all
year, moving from one host lo another
as plants are harvested or dry up.
Whiteflies normally lay their liny, ob-
long eggs on the undersides of leaves.
The eggs hatch, and the young while-
flies gradually increase in size ihrough
four nymphal stages called inslars (Fig.
1). The first nymphal stage (crawler) is
eggs
adult
fourth
instar
nymph
third instar nymph
Figure 1. Greenhouse whitefly life cycle.
barely visible even with a hand lens.
The crawlers move around for several
hours, tlicn settle and remain immo-
bile. Later nymphal stages are oval and
flattened like small scale insects. Thc
legs and antennae are greatly reduced,
and older nymphs do not move. The
winged adult emerges from lhe last
nymphal stage (for convenience some-
times called a pupa). All stages feed by
sucking planl juices from leaves and
excreting excc>ss liquid as drops of
honeydew as they feed-
Table 1 lists common whiteflies in Cali-
fomia gardens and landscapes.
DAMAGE
Whiteflies suck phloem sap- Large
fXJpulalions can cause leaves to tum
yellow, appear dry, or fall off plants-
Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honey-
dew, so leaves may be sticky or cov-
ered with black sooty mold- The
honeydew attracts anl.s, which inler-
fere wilh the activities of natural en-
emies that may conlrol whiteflies and
other pests.
Feeding by the immature silverleaf
wtiitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, can cause
planl distortion, discoloration, or sil-
vering of leaves and may cause serious
• PEST NQTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7401
Revised September 2002
September 2002 Whiteflies
Table 1. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Whiteflies.
Ash whitefly
{Siphioninus phillyreae)
Host plants: many broadleaved trees and shrubs
including ash. citrus. Bradford pear and other
flowering fruit trees, pomegranate, redbud. toyon
Charaeteristics; Fourlh-instar nymphs have a very thick
band of wax down the back and a fringe of liny lubes,
each with a liquid droplet at the end. Adults are white.
Bandedwinged whitefly
(Trialeurodes abutilonea)
Host plants: very txoad induding cotton, cucurbits,
other vegetatHes
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs have short, waxy
filaments around their edges. Adults have brownish bands
across the wings, and their t)ody is gray.
Citrus whitefly
(Dialeurodes citri)
Host plants: dlrus. gardenia, ash, ficus. pomegranate
Characterisfics: Fourthnnstar nymphs have no fringe
around Iheir edges but have a distinctive Y-shape on ttieir
backs. Adults are white.
Crown whitefly
{Aleuroplatus coronata)
Host plants: oak. chestnut
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs are tilack with
large amounts of white wax arranged in a crownlike
pattern. Adults are wihite.
Giant whitefly
{Aleufodicus dugesii)
Host plants: begonia, hiliiscus. giant bird of paradise,
orchid tree, banana, mulberry, vegetables, and
many ornamentals; currenlly only in Southem
California
CharaGterisflcs: Adults are up to 0.19 inch long. They
leave spirals of wax on leaves. Nymphs have long
filaments of wax lhat can be up to 2 inches long and give
leaves a bearded appearance. For more information, see
Pesf Notes: Giant Whitetly. listed in References.
Greenhouse whitefly Host plants: very broad including most vegetables and
(Trialeurodes vaporariorum) herbaceous ornamentals
1 /-/ Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs have very long
waxy filaments and a marginal fringe. AduKs have whrte
wings and a yellow surface or substrate-
Iris whitefly
{Ateyrodes spiraeoides)
Host plants: iris, gladiolus, many vegetables, cotton and
other herbaceous plants
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs have no fringe or
waxy filaments but are locaied near distinctive circles of
wax where egg laying took place. Adults have a dot on
each wing and are quite waxy.
Continued on next page
losses in some vegetable crops. Some
whiteflies transmit viruses to certain
vegetable crops. Wilh the notable ex-
ception of the citrus whitefly, white-
flies are nol normally a problem in
fruit trees, but several whiteflies can be
problems on omamental trees (see
Table 1). Low levels of whiteflies are
not usually damaging. Adults by them-
selves will not cause significant dam-
age unless they are transmitting a plant
pathogen. Generally, plant losses do
nol occur unless there is a significant
population of whitefly nymphs.
MANAGEMENT
Management of heavy whitefly infesta-
tions is very difficult. Whiteflies are
nol well controlled with any available
insecliddes. The besl strategy is to
prevent problems from developing in
your garden lo the extent possible. In
many situations, natural enemies will
provide adequate conlrol of whiteflies;
outbreaks may occur if natural enemies
lhal provide biological control of
whiteflies are disrupted by insectidde
applications, dusty conditions, or inter-
ference by ants. Avoid or remove
plants that repeatedly host high popu-
lations of whiteflies. In gardens, white-
fly populafions in the early stages of
population development can be held
down by a vigilant program of remov-
ing infested leaves, vacuuming adults,
or hosing down (syringing) with waler
sprays. Aluminum foil or reflective
mulches can repel whiteflies from veg-
etable gardens and sticky traps can be
used lo monitor or, af high levels, re-
duce whitefly numbers. If you choose
to use insecticides, insectiddal soaps or
oils such as neem oil mav reduce but
nol eliminate populafions.
Biological Control
Whiteflies have many natural enemies,
and outbreaks frequently occur when
these natural enemies have been dis-
turbed or destroyed by pestiddes, dusl
buildup, or other factors. General
predators include lacewings, bigeyed
bugs, and minute pirale bugs. Several
small lady beetles including
Clitoflellius arcuatus (on ash whitefly)
and scale predators such ns Scymnits or
CInlocurus species, and the Asian mulli-
• 2 •
September 2002
Tabte 1. continued. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Vl/tiiteflies.
Iklulberry whitefly
(Tetraleurodes mori)
Host plants: citrus, olher trees
Characteristics: Nymphs have blackish, oval bodies
with white, waxy fringe-
Silverleaf and sweetpolalo
whiteflies (Bemisia
argentifolii and B. tat>aci)
Host plants: very broad including many herbaceous and
some woody plants such as cotton, cucurbits, tomatoes,
peppers, lantana, cole crops, and hibiscus
Characteristics: Fourlh-instar nymphs have no waxy
filaments or marginal fringe. Adults have white wings and
yellow t>ody; Ihey hold their wings slightly tilted to surface
or substrate.
Woolly whitefly
(Aleurothrixus floccosus)
Host plants: citrus, eugenia
Characteristics: Nymphs are covered with fluffy, waxy
filaments.
Figure 2. Look af empty nymphal cases
to detect parasitism: a healthy adult
whitefly emerged from the T-shaped
hole in the mature nymph on the left, '
whereas an adult parasite emerged from
Ihe round hole on the right.
colored lady beetle, Hamionia axyridis,
feed on whi lefties. Whiteflies have a
number of naturally occurring para-
sites that can be very imporiant in con-
trolling some spwcies- Encarsia spp.
parasites arc commerdally available
for release in greenhouse situations;
however, they are not generally recom-
mended for outdoor use because they
are not well adapted for survival in
temperate zones- An exception is the
use of parasite releases for bayberry
whitefly in cilrus in southem Califor-
nia- You can evaluate the degree of
natural parasitization in your plants by
checking empty whitefly pupal caseS-
rhose that were parasitized will have
round or oval exit holes and those from
wliich a healthy adult whitefly
emerged will have a T-shaped exit hole
(Fig 2). Whitefly nvmphs can some-
times be checked for parasitization
before emergence bv noting a darken-
ing in their color However, .some
whitefly parasites do not tum hosts
black and many whitefly nymphs lhal
occur on ornamentals are black in their
unparasitized stale.
Avoiding the use of insecticides thai
kill natural enemies is a very important
aspect of whitefly management. Prod-
ucts containing carbaryl, pyrethroids,
diazinon or foliar sprays of imidado-
prid can be partrculeuly dismptive
Control of dust and ants, which protect
whiteflies from their natural enemies,
can also be important, especially in
dlrus or other trees.
Removal
Hand-removal of leaves heavily in-
fested with the norunobile nymphal
and pupal stages may reduce popula-
tions to levels that natural enemies can
conlain. Water sprays (syringing) may
also be useful in dislodging adults.
A small, hand-held, ballery-operalcd
vacuum cleaner has also been recom-
mended for vacuuming adults off
leaves. Vacuum in the early morning
or olher limes when il is cool and
whiteflies are sluggish. Kill vacuumed
insects by placing the vacuum bag in a
pla.slic bag and freezing it ovemighl.
Contents may be disposed of the next
dav-
Mulches
Aluminum foil or reflective pla.slic
mulches can repel whitenie.s, espedally
Whiteflies
away from small plants- Aluminum-
coated constmction paper is available
in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum
Company- Altematively, you can spray
clear plastic mulch with silver paint.
Reflective plaslic mulches are also
available in many garden slores.
To put a mulch in your garden, first
remove all weeds. Place the mulch on
the planl beds and bury the edges with
soil to hold ihem down. Afler the
mulch is in place, cul 3- to 4-inch diam-
eter holes and plant several seeds or
single transplants in each one You
may furrow irrigate or sprinkle your
beds ifyou use aluminum-coaled con-
sfruction paper or other porous mulch;
the mulch is sturdy enough to tolerate
sprinkling. Plastic mulches will require
drip irrigation. In addition to repelling
whiteflies, aphids, and leafhoppers, the
mulch will enhance crop growth and
control weeds. Mulches have been
shown to deter the transmission of
vimses in commerdal vegetable crof>s.
When summertime temperatures get
high, however, remove mulches to
prevent overheating plants.
Traps
In vegetable gardens, yellow sticky
traps can be posted around the garden
lo trap adults. Such traps won't elimi-
nate damaging populations but may
reduce them somewhat as a compo-
nent of an integrated management
program relying on multiple tactics.
Whiteflies do not fly very far, so many
traps may be needed. You may need as
many as one trap for every fwo large
plants, with fhe sticky yellow part of
the trap level with the whitefly infesta-
tion. I'lace traps so the sticky side faces
plants but is out of direct sunlight.
Commercial traps are commonly avail-
able, or you can make traps oul of
S-Vinch plywood or masonite board,
painted bright yellow and mounted on
pointed wooden stakes that can be
driven into the .soil close to the plants
that arc lo be protected. Although com-
mercially available slickv substrates
such as Stickem or Tanglefoot are com-
monlv used as co.itmgs for the traps,
you might u ant to try to make your
September 2002 Whiteflies
own adhesive from one-part petroleum
jelly or mineral oil and one-part
household detergent. This malerial can
be cleaned off boards easily with soap
and waler, whereas a commercial sol-
vent musl be used to remove the other
adhesives. Periodic cleaning is essen-
tial to remove insects and debris from
fhe boards and maintain the sticky
surface.
Insecticide Sprays
Insectiddes have only a limited effect
on whiteflies. Most kill only those
whiteflies that come in direct conlact
with them. For particularly trouble-
some situations, Iry insecticidal soap or
an insecticidal oil such as neem oil or
narrow-range oil. Because these prod-
ucts only kill whitefly nymphs lhat are
directly sprayed, plants must be thor-
oughly covered with fhe spray solu-
tion. Be sure fo cover undersides of all
infested leaves; usually these are the
lowest leaves and the most difficult lo
reach. Use soaps when plants are not
drougbl-stressed and when tempera-
tures are under SO'F to prevent pos-
sible damage to plants. Avoid using
other pestiddes to control whiteflies;
not only do most of them kill natural
enemies, whiteflies quickly build up
resistance lo them, and most are nol
very effective in garden situations.
REFERENCES
Bellows, T. S., J. N. Kabashima, and
K. Robb. Jan. 2002. Pesf Notes: Giant
Whitefly. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric.
Nat. Res. Publ. 7400- Also available
online at http:/ / www-ipm ucdavis.
edu / PMG / PESTNOTES/ pn7400-html
Flint, M- L. 1998. Pests of the Garden and
Small Farm. 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ.
Calif- Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3332-
For more information contact Ihe University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your county.
See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
AUTHOR; M. L. Flint
EDITOR; B- Ohtendorf
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M- Baish
ILLUSTRATIONS: from M- L. Flint- July
1995- Wtiiielties in California: a Resource for
Cooperative Extension. UC IPM Publ. 19.
Giant whitefly in Table 2 by D. H. Hendrick-
Produced by IPI^I Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Program, University
of Califomia. Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
iqjjifl.i
UC
REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymously peer re-
viewed for technical accuracy by University of Cali-
fomia scientists and other qualified professionals.
This review process was managed by thc ANR As-
sociate Editor for Pest Management.
To simplify information, trade names ot products
have been used. No endorsement of narT>ed products
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
that are not mentioned.
This mateiial is partially based upon work supported
by the Extension Service. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, under special project Section 3{d).
Integrated Pest Management.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read arid carefufly follow atl precautions and safety recommendations
given oo the container label. Store atl chemicals in the original labeled containers in a k>cked cabinet or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of ctiildren. unauthorized persons, pets, and fivestock.
Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do not place containers containing pestickle in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either
use the pesticide according to Ihe label or lake unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
Coflection site. Contact your county agrKultural commissioner for additional information on safe container
disposal and for the kjcation of the Household Hazardous Waste CoUection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such
a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways.
The University ol California prohibits discrimination againsl or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employment with the University on the basis of race. cokx. national origin, religion, sex. physical
or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a cannpaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University polkry is inlended to be consistent with Ihe provisions
of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's norKJiscriminalion policies may tw
directed to the Affirmative Action/Staft Personnel Services Director. University of California, Agriculture and
Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Or . Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. ,
• 4 •
WEED MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPES
Integrated Pest Management for Landscape Professionals
and Home Gardeners
Weed managemenl in landscape
plantings is often made difficult by the
complexity of many plantings; usually
more than one species is planted in the
land.scaped area and there is a mix of
annual and perennial ornamentals. The
great variety of ornamental spedes,
soil types, slopes, and mulches creates
the need for a variety of weed manage-
ment options. There are also consider-
ations regiuding public concem about
the use of chemicals lo control weeds.
The choice of a sp>edfic weed manage-
ment program depends on the weeds
present and the types of turf or orna-
mentals planted in fhe area- Because of
the many variables, weeds in land-
scape plantings are controlled by a
combination of nonchcmical and
chemical methods.
Most landscape plantings indude
turfgrass, bedding plants, herbaceous
jjerennials, shrubs, and trees. Informa-
tion on inlegraled p>est managemenl
for turfgrass can be found in LfC fPM
Pesf Management Guidelines: Turfgrass
(see "References"). Use this publication
as a practical review and guide lo
weed management options suited fo
general fypes of landscape plantings.
WEED MANAGEMENT
BEFORE PLANTING
An integrated approach, utilizing sev-
eral options, is the most economical
and effective means of controlling
weeds. Begin your weed managemenl
plan for landscapes fjefore planting by
following these five basic steps:
1- Site assessment. Before soil prepara-
tion and whon the weeds are visible,
evaluate thc soil, mulch, and slope of
the sile. Identify the weed spedes in
the area, with particular emphasis on
perennial weeds. The best time fo
look for winter annual weeds is mid-
to lale winter; perennials and sum-
mer annuals arc easiest to identify in
mid- lo late summer.
2. Sife preparation. The most often over-
looked asf>ect of a landscape mainte-
nance program is site preparaiion.
Conlrol existing weeds, espedally
pereimial.s, before any grading and
development are started. Glyphosate
(Roxmdup, etc.) can be used to kill
existing annual and perennial weeds.
Preplant treatment wifh fumigants
(available to licensed pestidde appli-
cators only) or soil solarization can
be used if time allows; however, 6
weelcs are required for solarization
lo work and it is most effective when
done during the lime of highest sun
radiation—from June to August in
Califomia-
3- Define the type of planting. There are
more weed control opiions if the
planling consists entirely of woody
plants as opposed to herbaceous
annuals or perennial plants, or a
mixture of all thrce-
4. Don't introduce weeds. Weeds are
sometimes infroduced in the soil
brought to the landscape sile either
when amending the soil or in the
potting mix of Iransplants.
5- Encourage rapid establishment of de-
sired plants. Use the best manage-
ment practices lo get the plants
established as quickly as possible so
that they become competitive with
weeds and more tolerant of herbi-
ddes applied lo the site. Hand-
weeding and keeping weeds from
producing seeds in the landscape
will greatly reduce overall weed
populations.
WEED MANAGEMENT
AFTER PLANTING
When developing a weed management
plan for an existing planling or afler an
inslallalion is in place, consider the
types of plants present and the weeds
present and their life cycles (annual,
biennial, perennial) (Tabic 1).
TABLE 1. Common Weeds in
Landscape Plantings.
Annuals
annual bluegrass
clover (black medic and burclover)
common groundsel +
crabgrass (large and smooth) +
little mallow (cheeseweed)
pigweed (redroot and prostrate)
prickly lettuce
purslane
sowthistle
spurge (prostrate and creeping) +
wild barley
wild oat
Biennials
bristly oxtongue +
Perennials
bermudagrass +
creeping woodsonel <•
dandelion
field bindweed *
kikuyugrass
nutsedge (yellow and purple) +
oxalis (creeping woodsorrel and
Bermuda buttercup)
especially troublesome
• pEST NOTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7441
Revised August 2001
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
Weed control options in the landsca[>e
include hnnd-wceding and cxiltivation,
mowing, mulching, hot water treat-
ments, and chemical mntrol. All of
these methods are used at one time or
another in landscape mainlenance op-
erations (Table 2). After elimination by
hand-pulling, cultivation, or a post-
emergent herbicide application, the
subsequent growth of annual weeds
can be discouraged witli mulches and/
or preemergent herbiddes.
Cultivation attd Hand-weeding
Cultivation (hoeing) and hand-
weeding selectively remove weeds
from ornamental plantings. Tiiese
methods are time-consuming, expen-
sive, and must be repeated frequently
until the planfings become established.
Cultivation can damage ornamentals
with shallow roots, bring weed seeds
lo the soil surface, and propagate pe-
rennial weeds. When cultivating, avoid
deep tilling, as this brings buried weed
seeds lo the soil surface where they are
more likely lo germinate. Perennial
weeds are often spread by cultivation
and should be controlled or removed
by other mcthods.
Frequent hand-removal of weeds when
they are small and have not yet sel
seed will rapidly reduce the number of
armual weeds. If weeds are scattered af
a sile, hand-weeding may be the pre-
ferred managemenl method. Hand-
TABLE 2, How to Manage Weeds in Five Types of Landscape Plantings.
Type of planting and comments Recommendations
Woody Trees and Shrub Beds. Densely stiaded plantings
reduce weeds. Preplant weed conlrol is nol as critical as in other
types of plantings. II is often necessary to combine treatments for
complete weed conlrol.
Woody Ground Cover Beds. Woody ground covers should
exclude most weeds; however, weed encroachment during
establishment is likely-
Annual Flower Beds. A dosed canopy will help stiade oul many
weeds. Periodic cultivations (al 3- to 4-week intervals and
between display rotations) will suppress many weeds-
Herbaccous Perennial Beds. Weed management options in
herbaceous perennial beds are similar to those for annual
flowers, except (1) il is more imporiant to eradicate perennial
weeds as there will be no opportunity lo cullivate or renovate the
tied for several years; and (2) fewer species are included on
herbicide latjels.
Mixed Plantings of Woody and Herbaceous Plants. Weed
managemenl is complex because of the diversity of species.
Different areas of the bed could receive different Ireatmenls. Site
preparation is critical because postplant herbicide choices are
few.
Control perennial weeds before planling (although control may lie
possible afler planting); use geotextile fabrics with a shallow layer
of mulch or use a thick layer of mulch wilhoul a geotextile base;
use a preemergent herbicide, if needed, and supplement with spot
applications of postemergent herbiddes and/or hand-weeding.
Perennial weeds may be controlled by manual removal, spot
applications of glyphosate or glufosinate, or, in some instances,
dormant-season applications of preemergent herbicides. Escaped
weeds may be controlled manually or wilh spot applications of
postemergent herbicides.
Control perennial weeds before planting, although perennial
grasses may be selectively controlled after planling wilh fluazifop
(Fusilade, Omamec), clethodim (Envoy), or other selective grass
herbicides. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulch plus a
preemergent herbicide, supplemented with some hand-weeding.
Use geotextiles where possible but do not use them where ground
covers are expected to root and spread. After planting, it is difficult
lo make spot applications of nonselective herbicides without
injuring desirable plants. Postemergent control of most annual and
fierennial grasses is possible-
Control perennial weeds tiefore planting and carefully select flower
species for weed managemenl compatibility- Annual weeds may be
controlled with mulches, preemergent herbicides, frequent
cultivation, and/or hand-weeding. Perennial grasses can be
selectively conlrolled with clethodim or fluazifop. or olher grass-
selective hertiicides, but other perennial weeds cannot be
selectively controlled after planting. Geotextiles generally are not
useful because of the short-term nature of the planting. Avoid
nonselective herbicides afler planting.
Control perennial weeds before planling; use geotextiles where
possible; use mulches with a preemergent herbicide; and
supplement with hand-weeding.
Planl the woody spedes firsl; conlrol perennial weeds in the first
two growing seasons, then introduce the herbaceous species.
Plant close togetiier to shade the entire area Another option may
be lo define use-areas within the bed lhat will receive similar weed
management programs.
• 2 •
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
weeding can be lime consuming and
costly but should bc included in all
weed management programs to keep
weeds from seeding.
Young weeds in open areas al.so can bc
controlled with small flaming unifs:
Propane burners are available lo rap-
idly pass over young weeds to kill
ihem. A quick pass over the plant is all
thaf is necessary; do not bum the weed
lo the ground- Flaming is more effec-
tive on broadleaf weeds lhan grasses-
Be careful not to flame over dry veg-
etation and dry wood chips or near
buildings and other flammable materi-
als, and don't get the flame near de-
sired plants.
The top growth of older weeds can be
controlled by using a string trimmer-
Annual broadleaf weeds are more ef-
fectively controlled than annual
gra.sses because the growing points of
grasses are usually below ground. Pe-
rennial weeds regrow rapidly after
using a string trimmer. Be careful nol
lo girdle and kill desirable shmbs and
trees with repealed use of a string
trimmer.
Mowing
Mowing can bc used to prevent thc
formation and spread of weed seeds
from many broadleaf weeds into culti-
vated areas by cutting off flower heads.
However, weeds that flower lower
than the mowing blade are nol con-
frolled. Repeated mowing fends to
favor the establishment of grasses and
kiw-growing perennial weeds. Mow-
ing of some ground covers can rejuve-
nate them and make them more
competitive against weeds.
Mulches
A mulcfi is any malerial placed on thc
stiil to cover and proiect il. Mulches
suppress annual weeds by limiting
lighl required for weed establishment.
Many types of land.scape mulches are
available. The most common are bark
and olher wood producis and black
plaslic or cloth materials. Other prod-
ucts that are used include paper, yard
compost, hulls from nuts (pecans) or
cereals (rice), municipal composts',
and sloncs-
Organic mulches include wood chip.s,
sawdust, yard waste (leaves, clip-
pings, and wood producis), and hard-
wood or softwood bark chips or
nuggets- Bark chips are moderate-
sized particles (Vi to Vi inch) and have
moderate to good stability, while bark
nuggets are larger in size ('/4 lo VA
inches) and have excellent stability
over time- These materials can be used
in landscape beds containing herba-
ceous or woody ornamentals-
The thickness or deplh of a mulch
necessary lo adequately suppress
weed growth depends on the mulch
tj'pe and the weed pressure. The
larger the particle size of the mulch,
the greater the depth required to ex-
clude all light from the soil .surface
Coarse-textured mulches can be ap-
plied up to 4 inches deep and provide
long-term weed control. Fine-textured
mulches pack more tightly and should
only be applied lo a depth of about 2
inches. If the mulch is too decom-
posed, it may serve better as a weed
propagation medium rather lhan a
means of prevention. Plan lo periodi-
cally replenish landscape mulches,
regardless of partide size, because of
decomposition, movement, or sellling.
If seedlings germinate in mulches, a
lighl raking, hoeing, or hand-weeding
will remove the young weeds.
Inorganic mulches, which include
both natural and synlhetic products,
are generally more expensive and less
widely used in the landscape- Natural
inorganic mulches are stable over lime
and include materials such as sand,
gravel, or pebbles- Most of these prod-
ucts are used in public and commer-
dal plantings- If using a rock mulch,
consider pladng a landscape fabric
undemeath it- The fabric creales a
layer between the mulch and soil,
preventing rock pieces from sinking
into the soil. The fabric prevents soil
from moving above the rock layer,
which would bring weed seed to tho
surface.
Black plastic (solid polyethvlenc) can
be used undemeath mulches to im-
prove weed control. It provides excel-
lent control of annual weeds and
suppresses perennial weed.s, but lacks
porosily imd restricts air and water
movement. For this reason, black plas-
tic may not be the preferred long-term
weed control melhod in landscape
beds.
Synthetic mulches, which are manu-
factured materials that are called
geotextile or land.scape fabrics, have
been developed to replace black plaslic
in the landscape. Geotextiles are
porous and allow water and air to pass
through them, overcoming the major
disadvantage of black plastic. Al-
though these materials are relatively
expensive and time-consuming to in-
stall, they become cost-effective if the
planting is lo remain in place for 4 or
more years. Geotextiles arc used
mainly for long-term weed conlrol in
woody ornamental trees and shrubs.
Geotextiles should nol be used where
the area is to be replanted periodically,
such as in annual flower beds or in
areas where the fabric would inhibit
the rooting and spread of ground cov-
ers. Tree and shrub roots can penetrate
the materials and if thc malerial is re-
moved, damage can occur lo the
plant's root system. This might be a .
concern if a fabric has been in place
longer lhan 5 years. At least one
geotextile fabric (BioBarrier) has an
herbidde encapsulated in nodules on
the fabric thaf reduces roof penetrafion
problems.
Pladng a landscapie fabric under mulch
resulls in greater weed conlrol lhan
mulch used alone There are differ-
ences in the weed-controlling ability
among the gcolcxiiles: fabrics lhal are
thin, lightweight, or have an open
mesh allow for greater weed penetra-
tion than more closely woven or non-
woven fabrics.
To install a landscape fabric, vou can
plant first and then install the fabric
afterwards using U-shaped nails to pog
it down. After laying the cloth close to
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
the groimd, cul an "X" over the plant
and pull it through the cloth. If laying
down a fabric before planting, cut an
"X" through the fabric and dig a planl-
ing hole. Avoid leaving soil from the
planting hole on lop of the fabric be-
cause this could put weed seeds above
the material. Fold the "X" backdown
lo keep the geotextile sheet as continu-
ous as possible. Weeds will grow
through any gap in the landscape fatj-
ric, so il is important lo overlap pieces
of fabric and lack them down tightly.
Apply a shallow mulch layer (about 1
inch deep) lo thoroughly cover the
fabric and prevent photodegradation.
If weeds groiv into or ihrough the
geotextile, remove them when they are
small to prevent ihem from creating
holes in the fabric. Maintain a weed-
free mulch layer on lop of the fabric by
hand-weeding or bv applying herbi-
ddes. Uso of a rock mulch above a
landscape fabric can have grealer weed
conlrol lhan fabric plus organic mulch
combinations-
Ycllow nutsedge grows ihrough all
geotextiles bul some fabrics are beller
at suppressing yellow nutsedge than
others (for more information, see Pest
Notes: Nutsedge, listed in "References")-
Problems with Organic and Natural
Inorganic Mulches. There are several
problems associated wilh the use of
organic and inorganic mulches- Peren-
nial weeds such as field bindweed and
nuLsedges often have suffident root
reserves to enable them lo penetrate
even thick layers of mulches- Some
annual weeds will grow ihrough
mulches, while others may germinate
on top of them as they decompose-
Weeds that arc a particular problem
are those thai have windbome seeds
such as common groundsel, prickly
lettuce, and common sowthistle Ap-
plying mulches at depths of grealer
lhan 4 inches may injure plants by
keeping the soil too wel and limiting
oxygen lo the plant'.s roots. Disease
inddence, such as rool or stem rot,
may increase whon deep mulches aro
maintained.
When mulches are loo fine, applied loo
thickly, or begin to decompose, Ihey
stay wet between rains and allow
weeds to germinate and grow directly
in the mulch. For best weed control,
use a coarse-textured mulch with a low
water-holding capacity. When used
alone, mulches rarely provide 100%
weed control- To improve the level of
weed control, apply preemergent her-
biddes at the same lime as the mulch
(see Table 3). Supplemental hand-
weeding or spot spraying may also be
needed-
Avoid mulches with a pH less lhan 4
or lhat have an "off odor" such as am-
monia, vinegar, or rotten egg smell.
These mulches were stored incorrectly
and conlain chemical compounds lhal
may injure plants, especially herba-
ceous plants.
If using a composted muIcK tempera-
tures achieved during the composting
process should have killed most weed
seeds. However, if the compost was
stored uncovered in the open, weed
seeds may have been blown onto the
mulch. Be sure the mulch is nol con-
taminated with weed seeds or other
propagules such as nutsedge lubers.
Hof Water or
Steam Treatments
There are several machines currently
available lhat use hot waler or steam to
kill weeds. These machines are most
effective on very young annual weeds
or perennials lhat have recently
emerged from seeds. The effect is simi-
lar lo thai of a nonselective, post-
emergent herbidde- Hot water and
steam are nol very effective on peren-
nial weeds wilh established slorage
organs, such as rhizomes and bulb.s,
nor do they control woody plants- In
general, broadleaf weeds are more
easily controlled by this method than
grasses- The equipmeni is expensive to
purdiase and mainlain, so these ma-
chines are nol appropriate for home
use- However, commercial landscap-
ers may find thcni useful in certain
situations i\ here the use of herbicides
is not desired such as when line-
marking playing field.s, in play-
ground.s, around ivoody plants, for
edging, and for weeds growing along
fence lines. Some brands of equipment
trave! slowly (about 2 mile/hour) and
are probably not cost-effective for
weed control along roadsides. Because
these methods employ boiling water or
steam, workers must be adequately
trained in the use of the machines to
prevent severe bums.
Herbicides for
Landscape Plantings
Herbiddes have been effectively used
in many types of landscape planfings
and are most often integrated wifh fhe
cultural pracfices discussed above.
Generally, home gardeners should not
need fo apply herbicides fo exisfing
landscape plantings. Hand-weeding
emd mulching should provide suffi-
dent conlrol and avoid hazards to de-
sirable plants assodated with herbidde
use. Many herbicides listed here are for
use by professional landscape pest
managers and are nol available to
home gardeners. To determine which
herbidde(s) are in a product, look al
the acfive ingredients on the label.
Preemergent Herbicides. When weeds
have been removed from an area,
preemergent herbiddes can then be
applied to prevent tho germination or
survival of weed seedlings. Preemer-
gent herbiddes must be applied before
the weed seedlings emerge. Examples
of preemergent herbiddes include;
DCPA (Dacthal), dilhiopyr (Dimen-
sion), isoxaben (Gallery), melolachlor
(Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol),
oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Stopper),
oxadiazon (Ronstar), oxyfluorfen
(Goal), pondimethalin (Pendulum, Pre-
M), and prodianiine (Barricade).
DCPA, dithiopyr, oryzalin, napro-
pamide, pendimothalin, and prodia-
minc conlrol annual gras.ses and many
broadleaf weeds and can be used
safely around many woody and herba-
ceous ornamentals. Melolachlor has
become popular because it controls
yellow nutsedge as well as most an-
• 4 •
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
nual gras.ses. Isoxaben is u.sed for con-
trol of broadleaf weeds.
Timing of a preemergent herbicide
applicafion is determined by when the
target weed germinates, or by when
the weed is in the stage that is most
sensitive lo the herbidde. In general,
late summer/early fall applications of
preemergent herbiddes are used lo
control winter annuals, while late win-
ter/early spring applications are used
to control summer annuals and seed-
lings of perenrual weeds. If heavy rain-
fall occurs after preemergent herbidde
application or if a short residual prod-
uct was applied, a second preemergent
herbidde application may be needed.
Generally, herbiddes degrade faster
under wet, warm conditions than un-
der dry, cool conditions.
No cultivation should occur after an
application of oxyfluorfen; however,
shallow cultivation (1 lo 2 inches) will
not harm napropamide, pendimoth-
alin, or oryzalin- Also, soil type and pH
can affect the acfivity of some herbi-
ddes. Use the informafion contained in
herbidde labels and from your local
county Cooperative Extension office to
determine the tolerance of an omamen-
lal plant species to a given herbidde.
Match herbiddes ivilli weeds present,
and consider using herbidde combina-
fions. Combinations of herbicides in-
crease the spectrum of weeds con-
trolled and provide effective control of
grasses and many broadleaf weeds.
Commonly used combinations include
tank mixes of the materials listed
above or isoxaben/trifluralin (Snap-
shot), oryzalin/benefin (XL), oxyflu-
orfen/oryzalin (Rout), and oxyflu-
orfen /pondimethalin (Omamenlal
Herbidde II). Check the label lo deter-
mine which omamenlal species the
material can safely be usod around and
which species of weeds are controlled.
Postemergent Herbicides, When
weeds escape preemergent herbicides
or geotextile fabrics, postemcrgoni
herbicides can be used to control estab-
li.shed weeds. Postemergent herbicides
control existing plants only and do not
give residual weed control. Their pri-
mary function is to conlrol young an-
nual spedes, but they are also used to
control perennial spedes. Clethodim
and fluazifop selectively control most
annual and perennial grasses. Glufo-
sinate (Finale), diquat (Reward), and
pelargonic add (Scythe) are nonselec-
tive, contact herbiddes lhat kill or in-
jure any vegetation they contacl. They
kill annual weeds, but 6nly "bum off"
the tops of perennial weeds. Glypho-
sate (Roundup Pro and olhers) is a
systemic herbidde. ll is translocated lo
the roots and growing points of ma-
ture, rapidly growing plants and kills
the entire plant. It is effective on most
annual and perennial weeds.
Mulch and Herbicide Placement. Thc
placement of an herbicide in reiafion lo
an organic mulch can affect the herb-
icide's performance. Additionally, the
characteristics of organic mulches can
affect how herbicides work. A mulch
that primarily consists of fine parficles
can reduce the availability of some
herbiddes. The finer the organic mate-
rial (compost or manure, compared lo
bark), the grealer tlie binding of the
herbidde. Most herbiddes are lighlly
bound by organic matter, and while
the binding minimizes leaching, it can
also minimize an herbidde's aclivily.
Mulch that is made up of coarse par-
ticles will have lillle effect on herbidde
activitv-
Anolher important factor is the depth
of the mulch- An herbicide applied on
top of a thin mulch may be able lo
leach through to where the weed seeds
are germinafing, but when applied lo
the lop of a thick layer of mulch it may
nol get down to the zone of weed seed
germination- Products like oxadiazon
(Ronstar) and oxyfluorfen (Goal) lhal
require a confinuous surface layer
must be placed on the soil surface un-
der the mulch- Suggestions for use of
mulch wilh herbiddes are given in
Table 3.
Avoiding Herbicide Injuiy. Because of
thc close proximity of many different
spedes of plants in the landscape,
herbidde injury may occur, resulting
in visual plant damage Herbidde in-
jiuy symptoms vary according lo planl
spedes and the herbidde and can in-
clude yellowing (chlorosis), bleaching,
root stunfing, distorted growth, and
the death of leaves. Granular formula-
tions of preemergent herbiddes are
less likely lo cause injury lhan spray-
able formulafions- Using a granular
formulation reduces the potenfial for
foliar uptake, bul granules of oxadi-
azon (Konstar) or oxyfluorfen (Goal)
mixtures will injure plants if they col-
lect in the base of leaves or adhere lo
TABLE 3. Suqqestions for Placement of Herbicide with an Organic Mulch.
Herbicide Appiication
Devrinol (napropamide) under the mulch
Gallery (isoxatien) best under the mutch, moderate control
when applied on top of mulch
OHII (pendimethalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well both under or over mulch
Pennant (melolachlor) under the mutch
Ronstar (oxadiazon) over the mulch
Rout (oryzalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well bolh under or over mulch
Surflan (oryzalin) best under the mulch but provides some
conlrol when applied on top of mulch
Surflan plus Gallery under the mulch but will give a fair
amounl of control even when applied on
top of mulch
Treflan (trifluralin) under the mulch
XL (oryzalin/benefin) under the mulch
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
wet leaves. Apply nonselective herbi-
ddes such as diquat, pelargonic add,
or glyphosate with low pressure and
large droplets on a calm day. U.se
shielded sprayers when making appli-
cafions around ornamentals to avoid
contacl wilh nontarget plants.
Herbidde injury to established plants
from soil-applied chemicals is often
lemporary bul can cause serious
growth inhibifion to newly planted
ornamentals. Herbiddes thai contain
oryzalin or isoxaben are more likely to
cause this injury. Injury may result
when persistent herbicides are applied
to surrounding areas for weed control
in turf, agronomic crops, or complete
vegetartve conlrol under pavement.
Activated charcoal incorporated into
lhe soil may adsorb the herbicide and
minimize injury. Usually il just lakes
time for herbidde residues lo com-
pletely degrade. To speed degradation,
supplement the organic conlenl of the
soil and keep il moist but nol wol dur-
ing periods of warm weather.
COMPILED FROM:
Derr, J- F. et al. Feb 1997. Weed Man-
agement in Landscape and Nursery
Planfings, from Weed Management
and Horticultural Crops. WSSA/ASHS
Symposium.
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S. H. 1992- Pests of landscape
Trees and Shrubs. Oakland: Univ- Calif.
Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 3359.
Fischer, B. B-, ed. 1998. GrtTa-er's Weed
Idenlification Hajtdbook. Oakland: Univ.
Calif. Agric NaL Res. Publ. 4030-
UC Statewide IPM Project- Pesf Notes
series: Annual Bluegrass- Bermuda-
grass- Common Knofweed. Common
Purslane- Crabgrass- Crt^eping
Woodsorrel/Bermuda Buttercup- Dande-
lion- Dodder- Field Bindweed- Green
Kyllinga. Kiku3rugrass. Mistletoe- Nut-
sedge. Poison Oak. Plantains- Russian
Thistle. Spotted Spurge. Wild Blackber-
ries. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res.
Also available online at http: / /
wwwjpm.ucdavisedu / PMG /
selectnewpest-homehtml
UC Statewide IPM Project. UC IPM Pest
Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oak-
land: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Publ.
3365-T. Also available onVme at http:/ /
WW w.ipm.ucdavisedu / PMG/
selectnewpest-turfgrass-hhni
For more information contact the University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty- See your phone tiook for addresses and
phone numbers-
AUTHOR; C. A. Wiien and C L. Elmore
EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint
DESIGN ANO PRODUCTION: M. Bmsh
Produced fjy IPM Education and Publica-
tions. UC Statewide IPM Project, University
of CalKomia, Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web {http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC4'IPM PEERM REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymousty peer
reviewed for technical accuracy by University of
California scientists and other qualiried profes-
sionals. This review process was managed by Ihe
ANR Associate Editor lor Pest Management.
To simplify information, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named products
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
lhat are not mentioned.
This material is partially based upon work
supported by Itie Extension Service. U S. Department
ot Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d).
Integtated Pest r^anagement.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEI»I1CALS
Pestiddes are poisonous. Always read and catelully lollow alt precauSons and salety recommendations
given on the container label- Stora alt chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,
away (rom food or feeds, and out ol the reach of chiWren. unaultiorized persons, pets, and livestock-
Confine chemicals to the property being treated- Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, espectalty
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready lo be picked-
Do not place containers containing pestidde in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet- Erther
use the pestickle according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
Collection site. Coniacl your county agricultural commissioner for additkinal informatkin on safe container
disposal and for the tocation of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by folkiwing label directions. Never reuse or bum the containers or dispose of them in such
a manner that they may contaminate waler supplies or natural waterways.
The University of Califomia prohibits discrimination against or harassment ot any person emptoyed by or
seeking employmenl with the University on the basis of race. cokx. national origin, teligkin. sex. physical
or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristcs), ancestry, marital status,
age. sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any olher veteran who served on acUve duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provistons
of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed to ttie Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University ol California. Agriculture and
l^aturat Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr.. Oakland. CA 34512-3350; (510) 987-0096.
• 6 •
TERMITES
Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home
Termites are small, white, tan, or black
insects that can cause severe destruc-
tion to wooden stmctures. Termites
belong to the insect order Lsopfera, an
ancient insect group thaf dales back
more than 100 million years. The Lafin
name Isopfera means "equal wing"
and Prefers to the fact that the front set
of wings on a reproductive termite is
similar in size and shape lo the hind
sel.
Although many people think termites
have only negafive impacts, in nature
they make many jxisifive contributions
to the world's ecosystems- Their great-
est confribution is the role they play in
recycling wood and plant materiaf
Their tunneling efforts also help to
ensure that soils are porous, conlain
nutrients, and are healthy enough to
suppori planl growth- Termites are
very important in the Sahara Desert
where their activity helps to reclaim
soils damaged by drying heal and
wind and thc overgrazing by liveslock-
Termitcs become a problem whon they
consume structural lumber. Each year
thousands of housing units in the
United Stales require trealment for the
control of termites. Termites may also
damage ufility poles and other wooden
Ant
Thin waist
Wings (if
•^^T^ preseni) have
few veins. Hind
wings are
smaller ttian
front wings.
worker soldier winged reproductive
Subterranean Termite
soldier
Pacific Dampwood Termite
soldier reprrxluctive
Drywood Termite
Figure 1. Subterranean, drywood, and dampwood termites.
structures. Termite pests in Califomia
include drywood, dampwood, and
subterranean spedes. These pests
cause serious damage lo wooden struc-
tures and posts and may also attack
stored food, books, and household
furniture
IDENTIFICATION
Termites are sodal and can form large
nests or colonies, consisfing of very
different looking individuals (castes)-
Tennite
Broad waist
Wings (if preseni)
fiave many small ve'ms.
Front and hind wings are
same size.
Figure 2. Disringuishing features of ants and termites.
Physically the largest individual is the
queen. Her function is lo lay eggs,
somefimes thousands in a single day. A
king is fJways by her side. Other indi-
viduals have large heads with powerful
jaws, or a bulblike head lhal squirts
liofuid. 'iTiese individuals are called
soldiers. But the largest group of ter-
mites in a colony is the workers. They
toil long hours tending the queen,
building the nesl, or gathering food.
While other spedes of sodal insects
have workers, termites are unique
among insects in that workers can be
male or female. Surprisingly, termites
can bc long-lived: queens and kings
can live for decades while individual
workers can survive for several years-
Signs of termite infestation include
swarming of winged forms in fall and
spring and evidence of tunneling in
wood- Darkening or blistering of
wooden stmctural members is another
indicafion of an infestation; wood in
• gEST NOTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 741 5
Revised May 2001
May 2001 Termites
damaged areas is tj'pically thin and
easily punctured w-ith a knife or screw-
driver-
There aro more than 2,500 different
types of termites in the world and at
least 17 different types of termites in
Califomia- However, most of this di-
versity can be lumpied into four dis-
tinct groups: dampwood, drywood,
subterranean, and mound builders.
Mound builders do not occur in North
America, bul the other three species do
(Fig. 1). Dampwood ternrulcs are very
limited in their distribution: most spe-
des are found only in California and
the Pacific Northwest- Dampwood
termites derive their name from the
fact that they live and feed in very
moist wood, especially in stumps and
fallen trees on the forest floor-
Diywood termites arc common on
most confinenls and can survive in
very dry conditions, even in dead
wood in deserts- They do nol require
contact wilh moisture or soil- Subterra-
nean termites are very numerous in
many parts of the world and live and
breed in soil, sometimes many feet
deep- Lastly, the mound builders are
capable of building earthen towers 25
feet or more in height- Mounds may be
located either in the soil or in trees, and
where they occur in Africa, Australia,
Southeast Asia, and parts of Soulh
America, they are very noticeable and
remarkable-
Termites are sometimes confused wilh
winged forms of ants, which also leave
their underground nests in large num-
bers lo establish new colonies and
swarm in a manner similar lo lhat of
reprrxluctive stages of termites. How-
ever, ants and termites can bc distin-
guished by checking three features:
antennae, wings, and waist (Fig. 2).
Dampwood Termites
Dampwood termites are fairly com-
mon in cenlral and northern coastal
areas in California- They nesl in wood
buried in the ground, although conlact
with the ground is not nece.ssary when
infested wood is high in moisiure. Be-
c.nuse of thoir high moisture require-
ments, dampwood lormites liiosl often
aro found in cool, humid areas along
the coast and arc tv-pical pests of beach
hou.ses. Winged reproductives typically
swarm between July and October, but it
is not unusual to see them at other
fimes of the year. Dampwood termite
winged reproducfivcs (sometimes
called swarmers) are attracted lo lighlS-
Dampwood termites produce distinc-
tive fecal pellets that are rounded at
both ends, elongate, and lack the clear
longitudinal ridges common to
drywood termite pellets (Fig- 3)- Final
confirmation of pellet identification
may require help from an experL
Tho Nevada dampwood termite,
Zootermopsis nevadensis, occurs in the
higher, drier mountainous areas of the
Sierras where it is an occasional pesl in
mountain cabins and other forest stmc-
tures; it also occurs along the northem
Califomia coast. The Padfic dampwood
termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis, is
almost one inch long, making it the
largest of the termites occurring in Cali-
fomia. Winged reproducfives are dark
brown wilh brown wings. Soldiers
have a flattened broivn or yellowish
brown head with elongated black or
dark brown mandibles- Nymphs are
cream colored with a characteristic
spoiled abdominal pattern caused by
food in their intestines. Nevada
dampwood termites are slightly smaller
and darker than the Pacific species;
reproductives are aboul Yi inch long.
Dryivood Tennites
Drywood termites infest dry, unde-
cayed wood, including structural lum-
ber as well as dead limbs of native trees
and shade and orchard trees, utility
poles, posts, and lumber in storage-
From these areas, winged reproduc-
tives seasonally migrate to nearby
buildings and other structures usually
on sunny days during fall months-
Drywood termites are most prevalent
in southern California (including the
desert areas), but also occur along most
coastal regions and in the Central
Valloy-
Drvwood termites have a low moisture
roquiremcnl and can tolerate dr\' condi-
lions for prolonged periods. Ihey re-
main entirely above ground and do not
connect their nests lo the soil. Piles of
their fecal pellets, which are distinctive
in appearance, may be a clue to their
presence The fecal pellets are elongate
(aboul •'/ioo inch long) with rounded
ends and have six flattened or roundly
depressed surfaces separated by six
longitudinal ridges (see Fig. 3). They
vary considerably in color, but appear
granular and salt and pepperlike in
color and appearance.
Winged adults of westem drywood
termites (Incisitennes minor) are dark
brown with smoky black wings and
have a reddish brown head and thorax;
wing veins are black. These insects are
noficeably larger than .subterranean
termites.
Subterranean Termites
Subterranean termites require moist
environments- To safisfy this need,
they usually nesl in or near the soil and
mainlain some connection wilh the soil
through timnels in wood or through
shelter tubes they construct (Hg. 4).
These shelter tubes are made of soil
with bits of wood or even plasterboard
(drywall). Much of the damage they
cause occurs in foundafion and stmc-
tural suppori wood. Because of the
moisture requirements of subterranean
termites, they are often found in wood
lhal has wood rol.
Thc western subterranean termite,
Reticulitermes hesperus, is the most de-
stmctive termite found in Califomia.
Reproductive winged forms of subter-
ranean termites are dark brown lo
brownish black, wilh brovimish gray
wings. On warm, sunny days follow-
dampwood
termite
Figure 3. Fecal pellets of drywood and
dampwood termites.
May 2001 Termites
working tubes exploratory hibes drop tubes
Figure 4. Subterranean termites constnict three types of tubes or tunnels- Working
tubes (lefl) are constructed from nests in the soil to wooden structures; they may
travel up concrele or slone foundations. Exploratory and migratory tubes (cenier)
arise from the soil but do not connect to wood sfructures. Drop tubes (right) extend
from wooden structures back to the soil.
ing fall or somefimes spring rains,
swarms of reproducfives may be seen.
Soldiers are wingless wilh while bod-
ies and pale yellow heads. Their long,
narrow heads have no eyes. Workers
are slighlly smaller than reproducfives,
wingless, and have a shorter head lhan
.soldiers; their color is similar to that of
soldiers. In the desert areas of Califor-
nia, Heterotermes aureus, is the most
destmctive spedes of subterranean
termites. Another destmctive spedes
in this group, the Formasan subterra-
nean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, is
now in Califomia but restricted lo a
small area near San Diego. Unlike the
western subterranean tcmiite,
Formosan subterranean termites
swarm al dusk and are attracted lo
lights.
LIFE CYCLE
Most termite spedes swarm in late
summer or fall, allhough spring
swarms are not uncommon for subter-
ranean and drywood termites. New
kings and queens are winged during
their early adult life but lose their
wings after dispersing from their origi-
nal colony. An infestation begins when
a mated pair finds a suitable nesting
site near or in wood and constmcfs a
small chamber, which they enter and
seal. Soon afterward, the female begins
egg laying, and both the king and
queen feed the young on predigested
food until ihey aro able to feed them-
selves. Most spedes of lerniiles have
microscopic, one-celled animals callrxl
protozoa within their intestines fhaf
help in converting wood (cellulose)
into food for the colony.
Once workers and nymphs are pro-
duced, the king and queen are fed by
the workers and cease feeding on
wood. Termites go through incomplete
metamorphosis wifh egg, nymph, and
adult stages- Nymphs resemble adults
but are smaller and are the most nu-
merous stage in the colony- They also
groom and feed one another and other
colony members-
MANAGEMENT
Successful termite management re-
quires many special skills, induding a
working knowledge of building con-
stmcfion. An understanding of termite
biology and idenfificafion can help a
homeowner defect problems and un-
derstand methods of conlrol. In most
cases il is advisable to hire a profes-
sional pest conlrol company to carry
out the inspeclion and conlrol
program.
Management techniques vary depend-
ing on the species causing an infesta-
fion. Multiple colonies of the same
species of termite or more than one
species of termite can infest a building
(Fig. 5). Any of these v2uiablcs will
influence your control approach- Sub-
terranean, and less frequently,
dampwixid termites can have nesls at
or near ground level, so control meth-
ods for these can be similar- However,
dryivood termites nesl above ground,
iherefore the approach for eliminafing
them is unique-
Use an inlegraled program to manage
termites- Combine methods such as
modifying habital.s, exduding termites
from tho building by physical and
chemical means, and using mechanical
and chemical methods lo destroy exisl-
ing colonies-
Inspection
Before beginning a conlrol program,
thoroughly inspect the building- Verify
fhaf there are termites, identify them,
and assess the extent of their infesta-
tion and damage- Look for conditions
within and around the building lhat
promote termite attack, such as exces-
sive moisture or wood in conlact with
the .soil- Because locating and identify-
ing termite species is not always easy,
it may be advisable to have a profes-
sional conduct the inspection.
Figure 5. Subterranean termite colony wilh multiple nesting sites.
May 2001 Termites
Table 1. Relative Resistance of Lumber to Termites'
Moderately or Slightly resistant or
very resistant Moderately resistant nonresistant
Arizona cypress bald cypress (young growth) alder
bald cypress (old growth) Douglas fir ashes
black cherry eastern while pine aspens
black kicust honey locust basswood
black walnut loblolly pine beech
bur oak longleaf pine tiirches
catalpa shortleaf pine black oak
cedars swfamp chestnut oak butlemut
chestnut tamarack cottonwood
chestnut oak westem larch elms
gambel oak hemlocks
junipers hickories
mescjuite maples
Oregon white oak pines
osage orange poplars
Pacific yew red oak
post oak spruces
red mulberry true firs
redwood
sassafras
whrte oak
Adapted from: Wood Handboolf: Wood as an Engineering Material. USDA Agriculture
Handbook No. 72.
' The heartwood of the tree offers the greatest resistance to termite atlack.
Prevention
Building design may contribute to
termite invasion- Keep all subslractural
wood at least 12 indies above the soil
beneath thc building- Idenfify and
correcl other structural defidendes
that attract or promote termite infesta-
tions- Stucco siding that reaches the
ground promotes termite infestalions-
Keep attic and foundafion areas well
ventilated and dry. Use screening over
attic vents and seal other openings,
such as knotholes and cracks, to dis-
courage the entry of winged drywood
termites. Allhough screening of foun-
dation vents or sealing other openings
into the substructure helps block the
entry of termites, these procedures
may interfere with adequate ventila-
tion and increase moisture problems,
cspiecially if a very fine mesh is used in
the screening- Inspect utility and .ser-
vice boxes atlached lo the building lo
.see lhal ihey are sealed and do nol
provide sheller or a poinl of entry for
termites. Reduce chances of infestation
by removing or protecting any wood in
contacl wilh the soil. Inspect porches
and olhor structural or foundation
wood for signs of termites- Look for
and remove tree stumps, stored lum-
ber, untreated fence posts, and buried
scrap wood near the structure that may
attract termites- Consult your local dty
building codes before beginning re-
pairs or modifications.
Recent research has proved the effec-
fiveness of foundation sand barriers for
subterranean termite control- Sand
with parficle sizes in the range of 10 lo
16 mesh is used lo replace soil around
the fotmdafion of a building and some-
times in the crawl space. Subterranean
terrrutes are unable to constmct their
tunnels through fhe sand and iherefore
cannot invade wooden stmctures rest-
ing on the foundation. Stainless steel
screening may also be available soon as
a physical barrier for subterranean
termites.
Replacing Lumber in Stractures.
Structural lumber in buildings is usu-
ally Douglas fir, hemlock, or spmcc. Of
those materials, Douglas fir is moder-
ately resistant to termites, whereas the
other two are not (Tablo 1). Lumber
used in foundaiions and oilier wood in
contacl wilh the .soil may be chemically
treated to help protect againsl termite
damage in areas where building de-
signs must be altered or concrete can-
not be used-
The most effective melhod of chemi-
cally treafing wood is ihrough pressure
treatment. Chemicals currently used in
pressurized treatments include
chromated copper arsenate (CCA),
ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate
(ACZA), disodium octoborate
lelrahydrate (DOT), and wolman salts
(sodium fluoride, potassium bichro-
mate, sodium chromate, and dinilro-
phenol). Wood containing CCA is
tinted green and ACZA is brownish.
DOT (borate) is clear in appearance on
the wood surface when used al labeled
amounts. Borates are gaining in popu-
lar usage because of their low mamma-
lian toxidty.
Many of the chemicals used in pressur-
ized lumber can also be applied topi-
cally to the wood by bmshing or
spraying it on- Pressure trealment is
preferred over topical applicalion be-
cause the chemical penetrates the lum-
ber much deeper (V4 lo V2 inch) than it
does when applied by brush or spray.
Some of the more porous lumbers such
as the southem yellow pines (loblolly-
Pinus tneda; longleaf—P. palusiris; and
shortleaf—P. ccliinata) may be com-
pletely penetrated by the chemical
during the pressurized process. Topical
applications are mosl effective when
used as spot treatments on pressure-
treated lumber to treal newly exposed
wood when the lumber is cut and
drilled during conslruclion.
Pressure-treated lumber is toxic to
lormites and discourages new kings
and queens from establishing colonies
in it- If susceptible wood is used above
the freated wood, however, subterra-
nean termites can build their shelter
tubes over chemically treated wood
and infest untreated wood above.
Use only "exterior grade" pressuro-
treatod lumber for areas lhat are ex-
posed to weather; iitherwisc the
chemical in the lumber mav leach from
• 4 •
May 2001 Termites
the wood. All topical treatments, espe-
dally borates, that will be exposed to
wealher, musl also have a .sealer coat
to prevent leaching into the soil follow-
ing rain. Because ihey contain pesti-
cides, disposal of treated lumber
requires special handling. For more
informafion on proper disposal of
treated lumber, contact your local
Household Hazardous Wasle Collec-
tion sile. For the sile nearest you, call
1-80(1-253-2687.
Treating Lumber in Sfructures. Treat-
ing infested lumber in a stmcture re-
quires drilling and injcrrting chemicals
into the wood lo reach the colony.
Because of toxicity and complexity of
use, most wood preservatives that are
applied lo wood in a structure are
professional-use only.
Controlling Drywood Termites
Drywood termite colonies are usually
small and difficult lo delect. Treat-
ments for this pesl include whole-
.slmcturc applicafions of fumigants or
heat and localized or spot treatments
of chomiccUs or treatments that use
heat, freezing, microwaves, or electric-
ity. Techniques lo prevent infestafions
of this spedes include the use of
chemicals, pressure-treated wood,
barriers, and resistant woods. For more
delails on these control methods and
their effectiveness, see Pesf Notes:
Drywood Termites, listed in "Compiled
From."
Controlling Subterranean and
Dampwood Termites
Subterranean and dampwood termites
in stmctures cannot be adequately
conlrolled by fumigation, heal treat-
ment, freezing, or termite electrocution
devices because llie reproductives and
nymphs aro concentrated in nesls near
or below ground level in stmctures oul
of reach of these control methods. TTie
primary methods of controlling tiiese
termites are the application of insecti-
ddes or baiting programs.
U.se of insecticides or baits .should be
supplemented wilh tlio destruction of
thoir access points or nests. To fadlitate
control of subterranean termites, lie-
slroy llieir sheller tubes whenever pos-
sible to interrupt access lo wooden
subslmclures and lo open colonies lo
attack from natural enemies .such as
ants. For dampwood termites, if infes-
tations aro small, destroy accessible
nests by removing infested wood. Re-
moving excess moisture from wood
will also destroy dampwood termite
nests.
Insectiddes- Insectiddes are applied to
the soil either in drenches or by injec-
tion. Special hazards are involved with
applying insectiddes to the soil around
and under buildings and a licensed
professional docs these procedures
best- Applicafions in the wrong place
can cause insectidde contaminafion of
heafing ducts, radiant heal pipes, or
plumbing used for waler or sewage
under the treated building. Soil type,
wealher, and apphcation techniques
influence the mobility of iiisecfiddes in
the .soil; soil-applied insecticides must
not leach through the soil profile to
contaminate groundwaier.
In die past, chlorinated hydrocarbon
insecticides (e.g., chlordane) and orga-
nophosphates (chlorpyrifos) were ex-
tensively used for termite control bul
many of these materials have been
phased out because of health and envi-
ronmental concems. Active ingredients
in currently available Icrmitiddes can
be broadly classified as repellent or
nonrepellent. Pyrethroids, such as
permethrin and cypermethrin (Dragnet
and Demon), are considered to be re-
pellent. This means that the termites
are able fo detect the insecficide, which
basically serves as a barrier, and they
arc repelled by it without receiving a
dose thaf will kill them. Therefore,
when using these materials it is impor-
tant to make sure there are no gaps or
breaches in lhe barrier. Also, any ad-
joining structures musl be monilorod
lo ensure that the repelled termites
don't infest them.
Recently introduced chemicals
(imidacloprid and fipronil) arc now
available lhal are less toxic lo humans
and otiier mammals than the older
insecticides bul highly toxic fo in.secis;
Both of these insecticides are also
nonrepellent to termites and have been
shown lo be effective in killing temiites
at low dosage rales under Califomia's
dimafic conditions. Generally, the
most effective insecficides are only
available lo licensed struclural pest
conlrol operators.
Baiting. Baits for .subterranean termites
are commerdally available in Califor-
nia. While this melhod of controlling
termites is very appealing because it
does not require extensive site prepara-
tion such as drilling or trenching and
extensive applicalion of insectidde lo
the soil or structure, research is still
ongoing to develop the most effective
baits and delivery syslems.
5>everal bait products (e.g., Sentricon
wilh hexaflumuron and Fir.slLine with
sulfluramid) are available for profes-
sional use only. There is also an over-
the-counter product (Terminate with
sulfluramid) available in retail stores.
Currenlly, bails are only available for
subterranean termites, not drywood or
dampwood termites. Because subterra-
nean termites in Califomia vary in
their foraging and in the fimes lhat
they will lake baits, the jjlacement of
bait siafions and the time of installa-
fion is a crudal component in a suc-
cessful bailing program. Be sure to
read and follow all the label directions
for the product you use- Once a termite
infestafion is conlrolled, il is essential
lhat thc bait stafions confinue lo be
monitored monthly- Spring is an espe-
dally crifical time to defect invasion by
new colonies-
Other Methods. Experimental efforts
have been made lo control .soil-
dwelling termites using biological con-
trol agents, including use of Argentine
ants and nematodes. However, these
methods are nol yel effecfive enough
to be recommended.
COMPILED FROM:
Lewis, V. R- July 1997- Pesf Ndfes;
Dnrawif Termites. Oakland: Univ-
Calif- Agric. Nal. Res. Publ. 7440.
Also available online at
www.ipm.ucdavis.ei.lu
May 2001 Termites
Marer, P. \99\ . Residential. Industrial,
and Institutional Pest Control. Oakland:
Univ. Calif Agric. Nal. Res. Publ. 3334.
REFERENCES
Potter, M. F. 1997. Termites. In A.
Mallis, ed. Handbook of Pest Control, 8"'
cd. Qeveland; Franzak Sc Foster Co.
Scheffi-ahn, R. H-, N -Y- Su and P.
Busey. 1997. Laboratory and field
evaluations of selected chemical treat-
ments for control of drywood termites
(Isoptera: Kalotermifidae)- /- Econ-
Entomol. 90: 492-502.
Online References
California:
CAL Termite Web page,
www.crvr.bcrkeley.edu / lewis
International:
UNEP/FAO/Global IPM Fadlity
Workshop on Termite Biology and
Management, www.chem.unep.ch/
pops/pdf/fcrmrpLpdf
For more information contacl the University
of Califomia Ctxiperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's ofTice in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
pfione numtiers-
AUTHOR (revision); V. R. Lewis,
EDITOR; B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDH-OR: M. L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1, 3, 4; D. Kidd; Fig.
2; Adapted from Termites and Other Wood-
Infesting Insects. Oakland; UC DANR Leaf-
let 2532; Fig- 5; Adapted from Ivlallis. A-
1997- Handbook of Pest Control 8th ed-
Cleveland; Franzak & Foster Co-
Pnoduced by IPM Education and Publk:a-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University
of Califomia, Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://www.ipm-ucdavis-edu)
(Tl UC^
UC^^rlWA REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymously peer
reviewed for technical accuracy by University of
Califomia scientists and other qualified profes-
sionals. This review process was managed by the
ANfl Associate Editor for Pest Management
To simplify information, trade names of pro<}ucts
have t>een used. No endorsement of named products
is intended, nor is criticism impfied ol similar products
that are not mentioned.
This malerial is partioiiy bosed upon work
supported by the Extension Service. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d).
Integrated Pest Managemenl.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefufly follow all precauttons and safety recommendatiorts
given on the container label. Store all chemicals in lhe original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and fivestock.
Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially
gardens containing frufts or vegetables ready lo be picked.
Do not place containers containing pestidde in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toileL Either
use Ihe pesticide accordirtg lo the label or take unwanted pesticides to a HousehokJ Hazardous Waste
Collecliort site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe contairter
disposal and for the location of the Househokf Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty contair>ers by foltowing label directiofts- Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such
a manner lhat they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways.
The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employment with the University on the basts of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical or
mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age,
sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions
of applicabte State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director. University of California. Agriculture and
Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr.. Oakland, CA 94607-5200; (510) 987-0096
Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home
Many people fear or dislike spiders
but, for the most part, spiders are ben-
efidal because of their role as predators
of insects and other arthropods, and
most cannot harm people Spiders that
might injure people—for example,
black widows—generally spend most
of their fime hidden under furniture or
boxes, or in woodpiles, corners, or
crevices. The spiders commonly seen
out in the open during the day are
unlikely to bite people.
IDENTinCATION
Spiders resemble insects and some-
times are confused with them, but they
are arachnids, not insects. Spiders have
eight legs and two body parts—a head
region (cephalothorax) and an abdo-
men. They lack wings and antennae.
Although spiders often are found on
plants, they eat mainly insects, oilier
spiders, and related arthropods, nol
plants. Most spiders have toxic venom,
which they use to kill their prey. How-
ever, only those spiders whose venom
typically causes a serious reaction in
humans are called "poisonous"
spiders.
Black Widow Spider
lite black widow spider. Latmdeclus
hesperus (Fig. 1), is the most common
harmful spider in California. Venom
from its bite can cause reactions rang-
ing from mild to painful and serious,
but death is very unlikely and many
symptoms can be alleviated if medical
treatment is obtained. Anyone bitten
by this spider should remain calm and
promptly seek medical advice; it is
helpful ifthe offending spider can bc
caught and saved for identification.
The typical adult female black widow
has a shiny black body, slender black
legs, and a red or orange mark in the
shape of an hourglass on the underside
ofthe large, round abdomen (Fig. 2).
The body, excluding legs, is Vic lo
inch long. Tlie adult male black widow
is one-half to two-thirds the length of
the female, has a small abdomen, and
is seldom noticed. The male black
widow does possess venom, bul its
fangs are too small to break human
skin. The top side of its abdomen is
olive greenish gray with a pattem of
cream-colored areas and one light-
colored band going lengthwise down
the middle. The hourglass mark on the
underside of the abdomen typically is
yellow or yellow-orange and broad-
waisted. The legs arc banded with
alternafing light and dark areas. Con-
trary to popular belief, the female black
widow rarely eats the male afler mat-
ing, bul may do so if hungry. Like
males, young female black widow spi-
ders are patterned on the top side- In
the early stages they greatly resemble
males, bul graduaDy acquire Ihe typi-
cal female coloration witli each shed-
ding of the skin. In intermediate stages
tliey have tan or cream-colored, olive
gray, and orange markings on the top
side of the abdomen, a yellowish or-
ange hourglass mark on the underside,
and banded legs. Only the larger im-
mature female and adull female spi-
ders arc able to bile through a person's
skin and inject enough venom to cause
a painful reaction-
Webs and Egg Sacs. The web of tlic
black widow is an irregular, tough-
stranded, sticky cobweb mesh in which
the spider hangs wilh its underside up.
During Ihe day it often hides under an
object at the edge of the web or stays in
a silken retreat in the center- The black
widow may rush out of its hiding place
when thc web is disturbed, especially if
egg sacs are present- The egg sacs are
mostly spherical, about ''2 inch long
and Vg inch in diameter, creamy yel-
low to lighl tan in color, opaque, and
tough and paperlike on the surface- A
female may produce several egg sacs-
i iiiy, young black widows, which are
% PEST NO^'ES
(actual size
ol body)
Figure I. Adult black widow spider.
nearly white in color, disperse to new
locations by ballooning and infest new
areas-
Where Ihe Spiders Live- Black widow
spiders occur in most parts of Califor-
nia- They and their associated webs
usually are found in dark. dry. shel-
tered, relatively undisturbed places
such as among piles of wood, mbbish,
or siones; in culverts, hollow stumps,
and old animal burrows; in garages,
sheds, barns, crawl spaces, utility
meter boxes, and outhouses: and some-
fimes among plants. People are mosl
likely lo be bitten when they disturb
the spider while they arc cleaning out
or picking up items in such places- A
sensible precaution is to always wear
gloves and a longsleeved shirt when
working in areas that have been undis-
turbed for a fime and where there are
good hiding places for spiders-
Figure 2- Two variations of hourglass
markings of black widow spirlcr-
Publication 7442
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2000
May 2000 Spiders
Effects oflhe Bilc- Thc symptoms ofa
black widow bite are largely internal;
little more than local redness and
swelling may develop at the bite site-
Thc internal effects may range from
mild to severe- Pain tends to spread
from the bile to other parts of the body
and muscular spasms may develop- In
severe cases the abdominal muscles
may become quite rigid- Other efTecis
can include profuse sweating, fever,
increased blood pressure, difficulty
breathing and speaking, restlessness,
and nausea. Typically, the pain and
other symptoms reach a maximum
within a day oflhe bite, then gradually
subside over the next 2 to 3 days. Mosl
people who are bitten spend a few
hours under observation by a physi-
dan but do not develop symptoms
severe enough to require treatment.
Small children, the elderly, and per-
sons with health problems are likely to
suffer some of the more severe conse-
quences of thc bite Black widow bites
are fairly common in California.
YelJow Sac Spider
The common housedwelling agrarian
sac or yellow sac spider. C/ieiracan-
tfiium iiic/usum. is a small spider that
spins a silken sac web in the corners of
ceilings and walls, and bctiind shelves
and pictures: it is also commonly
found outdoors in shrubbery. Tliis
spider is light yellow and has a slightly
darker stripe on lhe upper middle of
the abdomen (Fig 3). llie eight eyes of
this spider are all about equal in size
and aiTanged in two horizontal rows
(Fig- 4).
Yellow sac spiders can be seen running
on walls and ceilings at night and
quickly drop to the floor to escape if
they are disturbed. Bites usually occur
when the spider becomes trapped
against a person's skin in clolliing or
bedding. It is estimated that sac spiders
are responsible for more bites on
people than any other spider. Typical
symptoms of a bite include inib'al pain,
redness, and sometimes swelling- A
small blister may form, often breaking,
leaving a sore that heals over a period
of several weeks. Soreness near the bite
may last for a few days to several
weeks or may not occur at all, depend-
ing on the individual.
Recluse Spiders
Recluse spiders of the genus Loxoscefes
include the well-known brown recluse
spider. L. reclusa. which does not occur
Spider Bites
Unlike mosquitoes, spiders do nol seek people in order to bile them. Generally,
a spider doesn't try to bite a person unless il has been squeezed, lain on. or similarly
provoked to defend itself. Moreover, the jaws of most spiders are so small thai the
fangs cannot penetrate the skin ofan adult person. Sometimes when a spider is
disturbed in its web. it may bite insUncUvely becau.se it mistakenly senses that an
insect has been caught.
The severity ofa spider bite depends on factors such as the kind of spider, the
amount of venom injected, and the age and health of the person bitten. A spider bite
might cau.sc no reaction at all. or il might result in varying amounts of itching,
redness, stiffness, swelling, and pain—al worst, usually no more severe than a bee
sting. Typically the symptoms persist from a few minutes to a few hours. Like
reactions to bee stings, however, people vary in their responses to spider bites, so if
the bite of any spider causes an unusual or severe reaction, such as increasing pain
or extreme swelling, contact a physician, hospital, or poison control center (in
California, the number is 1 800-876-4766 or 1-800-8-POISON).
.Sometimes a person may not be aware of having been bitten until pain and
other symptoms begin to develop. Olher species of arthropods whose bites or .stings
rnay bc mistaken for that of a spider include ticks. Ocas. bees, wasps, bedbugs,
mosquiloci, the conenose (kissing) bug (Triatoitia protractaL deer flies, hoisc flies,
and wator bugs (I.clhocrnis spp ).
For first aid treatment of a spider bite, wash the bite, apply an antiseptic to
prevent infection, and use irc or ire waler tn reduce swelling and discomfort. If you
receive a bite that rauses an unusual or severe reaction, contact a physidan. Ifyou
calch the critlcr in thc act. capture it for identificitioii. preserve it (or whatever parts
of it loiiiaiii). and lake il to your county UC Coopcrafive Extension office. If no one
there can idenlifv it. ask lhat il be forwarded to a qualified aracluiologist.
(actual size
ol botjy)
Figure 3. Adull yellow sac spider-
Figure 4- Head region of recluse spider
(left) and yellow sac spider (right)- Note
the arrangements of the eyes: the recluse
spider has six eyes arranged in three pairs
and Ihe yellow sac spider has eight eyes
arranged in two rows of four.
in California. While the brown recluse
has occasionally been brought into
California in household furnishings,
firewood, and motor vehicles, it does
not reside in the state However, an-
other recluse spider, the Chilean re-
cluse spider (I, Jaetaj. was introduced
into Los Angeles County in the late
19G0s- In Chile. South America it is
known to have a bite that is toxic to
humans. The nafive recluse spider of
California (L. deserta) is found in tlie
desert regions of southern California
and neighboring states- Its bite can
cause problems, but it is not as toxic as
that of the Chilean recluse. In any case,
bites from either species are rare- Both
the native desert recluse spider and the
Chilean recluse spider occur princi-
pally in the drier areas of southern
California.
Rediisc spiders can have a violin-
shaped mark (with the neck of the vio-
lin pointing backward) on the lop side
ofthe head region (cephalothorax).
However, the mark is not always dis-
tinct, so it should not be used as an
idonlifying character. A unique feature
of recluse spiders is their six eyes, ar-
ranged in pairs in a semicircle (Fig. -1).
May 2000 Spiders
which can be seen with the use ofa
good hand leiis- Most other spiders
have eight eyes.
All recluse spiders make large, irregu-
lar, flaltencd, cobweb-type webs with
tiiick strands extending in all direc-
fions. These spiders avoid light, are
active at night, and tend to build their
webs in out-of-the-way places. Chilean
recluse spiders may be found indoors
in boxes, in comers, behind pictures, in
old clothing hanging undisturbed, and
in other similar places. Desert recluse
spiders appear outdoors where they
may be found under rocks or wood.
A person bitten by a recluse spider
may not be aware of having been bit-
ten at the time of the bite. The first
symptoms often appear several hours
later. They consist of pain, formafion of
a small blister, redness, and swelling at
the bite site. In the days following lhe
initial bite, the tissue dies and sloughs
off, exposing underlying flesh. The
area develops into an open sore that is
very slow to heal and may leave a
sunken scar after healing. There may
be accompanying flulike effects such as
nausea, fever, chills, and restlessncss.
Bites from brown recluse spiders have
never been confirmed in California.
More detailed information on Ihese
spiders is available in Pest Notes; Brown
Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders, listed
in the "Suggested Reading" section-
Other Spiders
In addiUon to the spedes mentioned
above, there are only a few other spe-
des of spiders in Califomia lhat may
on occasion bite luimans- (Remember,
if Ihe bite of any spider causes an un-
usual or severe reaction, contacl a
physician)
One kind of red and black jumping
spider. Phidippus jobrisoni. may bite if it
is disturbed, bul the bites are usually
nol serious- Tlic female spiders are
black with red on the top side ofthe
abdomen whereas the males are all
red- These spiders range in size from
'''4 to "-'a inch long-
Tarantulas are long lived spiders that
occupy burrows in the ground during
the day but often come out at night to
hunt insects near the burrow, flicy
commonly are feared because of thoir
large size and hairy appearance. Some
poisonous tarantulas occur in tropical
parts ofthe world, bul Ihe bites of Cali-
fornia laranUilas are nol likely to be
serious--3t worst, they are similar to a
bee sting.
The hobo spider. Tegcnaria agrestis,
also called the aggressive house spider,
is a common spider in the Padfic
Northwest. It builds funnel-shaped
webs in dark, moist areas such as base-
ments, window wells, wood piles, and
around the perimeter of homes. It is a
large (1 to p/i inch, including legs),
fast-running brown spider wilh a her-
ringbone or mulfiple chevron pattern
on the lop of the abdomen.
Biles most commonly occur when a
person picks up firewood with a spider
on it or when a spider finds ils way
into clothing or bedding- Reactions to
bites ofthe hobo spider are siirular to
those caused by brown recluse spiders.
The major difference between the two
is that sometimes Ihe bite ofthe hobo
spider is accompanied by a severe
headache lhat does not respond to
aspirin- Thc hobo spider has not been
documented in California, but it has
been documented as expanding its
range into olher states that border
Washington and Oregon-
One spider frequently found indoors is
the common house spider. Achacaranea
tppidariorum (Fig- 5). which makes a
cobweb in corners of rooms, in win-
dows, and in similar places. Another is
Ihe marbled cellar spider. Ho/ocncmus
p/uchci. which was introduced into the
state in the 1970s and has since dis-
placed the once common longbodicd
cellar spider. Pholcus phaJangio/des
(Fig. 6), 9 loiiglegged spider that re-
sembles a daddy-longlegs. These spi-
ders are incapable of biting humans
because tiieir fangs are too short to
pierce people s skin; they primarily
cause problems by producing messy
cobwebs.
Various kinds of sinall hunting spiders
may wander indoors and occasionally,
rather large, hunting-type spiders are
discovered in hoiues or garages. Often
these are fully grown wolf spider or
tarantula males that have reached ma-
turity and are searching for femalcs-
Wheii these spiders aro wandering, one
Figure 5. Adult common house spider.
(actual size
ol Ixidy)
Figure 6. Adult longbodied cellar spider.
or more may accidentally get indoors.
New houses and other structures in
developmenLs may be invaded by wolf
spiders that have lost their usual out-
door living places. The more insects
there are inside a building, the more
Ukely it is to have spiders living there.
Usually spiders are most abundant in
fall following Uic first few rains of the
season. Immature and adult female
burrow-living spiders somefimes wan-
der for a time during the rainy season
if they have had to abandon wel
burrows.
IVL\NAGEMENT
Remember that spiders are primarily
benefidal and their activifies should be
encouraged in the garden- Pesticide
control is difficult and rarely neces-
sary- The best approach to controlling
spiders in and around the home is to
remove hiding spots for reclusive spi-
ders such as black widows and regu-
larly clean webs off the house with
brushes and vacuiiins-
Pre ven tion and
Noncbemical Control
Spiders may enter houses and other
structures through cracks and other
openings. They also may be carried in
on items like plants, firewood, and
boxes. Regular vacuuming or sweeping
of windows, corners of rooms, slorage
areas, basements, and other seldomly
used areas helps remove spiders and
their webs. Vacuuming spiders can bc
May 2000 Spiders
an effective control technique because
their soft bodies usually do not surv ive
this proce.ss. Indoors, a web on which
dust has gathered is an old web that is
no longer being usod by a spider.
Individual spiders can also bc removed
from indoor areas by placing a jar over
them and slipping a piece of paper
under the jar lhat then seals off the
opening of the jar when it is lifted up.
To prevent spiders from coming in-
doors, seal cracks in the foundation
and olher parts ofthe structure and
gaps around windows and doors.
Good screening not only will keep out
many spiders but also will discourage
them by keeping out insects lhat they
must have for food.
In indoor storage areas, place boxes off
the fioor and away from walls, when-
ever possible, lo help reduce Iheir use-
fulness as a harborage for spiders.
Seeding the boxes with tape will pre-
vent spiders from taking up residence
witliin. Clean up clutter in garages,
sheds, basements, and other storage
areas. Be sure to wear gloves to avoid
accidental bites.
For more information contacl the University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural (ximmissioner's office in your courv
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
CONTRIBUTORS; R. VeUer. P. O'Connor-
Marer, E. Mussen. L. Allen, K. Daane, G.
Hickman, A. Slater. P. Phiinps, R. Hanna
EDITOR; B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR; M. L. Rinl
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Bmsh
ILLUSTRATIONS; Fig. 3; J. L. Lockwood;
Fig. 5; V- Winemiller
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi-
cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer-
sity of California, Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on fhe World
Wide Web (http;//www.ipm-ucdavis-edu)
To simplify informaiion. trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named prod-
ucts is intended, nor rs criticism implied of similar
products that are not menlioned-
This malerial is partially based upon work supported
by the Extension Service, U S. Department of Agri-
culture, under special project Section 3(d). Integr.nt-
ed Pesl IVIanagement.
C>iitdoors. eliminate places for spiders
to hide and build their webs by keep-
ing the area next to the foundation free
of trash, leaf litter, heavy vegetafion,
and olher accumulations of niaterials.
Trimming plant growth away from thc
house and olher structures will dis-
courage spiders from first laking up
residence near the structure and then
moving indoors. Outdoor lighting at-
tracts insects, which in turn attracts
spiders. If possible, keep lighting fix-
tures off structures and away from
windows and doorways. Sweep, mop.
hose, or vacuum webs and spiders off
buildings regularly. Insecticides will
nol provide long-term control and
should not generally be used against
spiders outdoors.
Chemical ControJ
Typically pesticide control of spiders is
difficult unless you actually see the
spider and are able lo spray it. There
are various insecticides available in
retail outlets labeled for spider control,
including pyrethrins, resmetlirin. al-
lelhrin. or combinafions ofthese prod-
ucts. Avoid products containing
chlorpyrifos or diazinon because they
have been implicated in storm water
contaminafion. If you spray a spider, it
will be killed only if the spray lands
directly on it: the spray residual does
not have a long-lasting effect. This
means a spider can walk over a
sprayed surface a few days (and in
many cases, a few hours) after treal-
ment and not bc affected. Control by
spraying is only temporary unless ac-
companied by housekeeping. It is just
as easy and much less loxic to crush
the spider with a rolled up newspaper
or your shoe or lo vacuum it up.
Sorptivc dusts containing amorphous
silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyre
thrins. which can be applied by profes-
sional pest control applicators only,
may bc useful in certain indoor situa-
tions. Particles of the dust affect the
outer covering of spiders (and also
insects) that have crawled over a
treated surface, causing them to dry
out. When applied as a dustlike film
and left in place, a sorptive dust pro-
vides permanent protecfion against
spiders. The dust is rnost advanta-
geously used in cracks and crevices
and in attics, wall voids, and other
enclosed or unused places.
COMPILED FROM:
Barr. B. A.. G. W. Hickman, and C. S.
Koehler. 1984. Spiders. Oakland: Univ.
Calif- Div. Agric. Nat. Res- Leaflet
2531-
SUGGESTED READING
Akre. R. D.. and E. P. Calls. 1992.
Spiders. Pullman: Wash. State Univ-.
Cooperafive Extension Publ. EBl548.
Hedges. S. A., and M- S- Lacey. 1995.
FieW Guide for die Management of Urban
Spiders. Cleveland; Franzak and
Foster Co-
Marer, P. 1991. ResidenUal, Industrial,
and J/jsfitufionaf Pcsl Confrol. Oakland;
Univ- Calif DiV- Agric. Nat. Res-
Publ- 3334-
Vetler. R. S- Jan. 2000. Pest Notes; Brown
Recluse and Other Recluse Sptders.
Oakland; Univ. Calif Div- Agric. Nat.
Hes- Publ- 74G8. Also available online
at; /i(!py/Hivw.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMC/
se/ectricwpest.fiome.litml
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides ore poisonous. Always read and carefully lollow all precautions and safety recommendahons
given on the conlainer label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out ol Ihe reach ol children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Connno chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drill onto neighboring properties, especially gardens
containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked.
Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow labet inslructions for disposal. Never reuse the containers.
Make sure empty containers are nol accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where
they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your
couniy agricullural commissioner lor correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never burn pestickle
containeis.
The University ol Calilornia prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical or
mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age,
sexual orientation, citizenship, ot status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for whkJi
a campaign badge has been auttiorized). University Policy is inlended lo be consistent with Ihc proviskins
of applicable Slate and Federal lavre. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed lo the Affirmative Action/SlafI Personnel Services Director. University of California, Agriculture and
Natuial Resources. IIII Franklin. 6tli Floor. Oakland. CA 94607-5200; (SIO) 987-0096.
SNAILS AND SLUGS
Integrated Fest Management for the Home Gardener
Figure 1. Brown garden snail.
Snails and slugs are among the most
bothersome pests in many garden and
limdscape situations. Thc brown gar-
den snail (Helix aspersa) (Fig. 1), is
lhe most common snail causing prob-
lems in California gardens; if was in-
froduced from France during fhe
1850s for use as food-
Several spedes of slugs arc frequently
damaging, including the gray garden
slug (Peroceras reticulatum) (Fig- 2),
the baiuled slug {Umax poirieri) and
the greenhouse slug (Milax gagates).
Both snails and slugs are members of
lhe mollusk phylum and are .similar in
structure and biology, except slugs
lack the snail's external spiral shell.
mENTIFICATION AND
BIOLOGY
Snails and slugs move by gliding along
on a muscular "foot." This muscle
constantly secretes mucus, which
later dries lo form the silvery "slime
trail" thaf signals the presence of
these pestS- Adult brown garden
snails lay about 80 spherical, piearly
white eggs af a fime info a hole in the
topsoil- They may lay eggs up to six
fimes a year- It takes about 2 years for
snails to mature. Slugs reach maturity
in about a year-
Snails and slugs are most acfive al
night and on cloudy or foggy days- On
sunny days they seek hiding places
out of the heat and sun; often the only
clues to their presence are their sil-
very trails and plant damage. In mild-
winter areas such as in southem
Califomia and in coastal locafions,
young snails and slugs are acfive
throughout thc year-
During cold weather, snails and slugs
hibernate in flic fop.soil. During hof,
dry periods, snails seal themselves off
wifh a parchnientlike membrane and
often attach themselves to tree
trunks, fences, or walls.
DA/vAAGE
Snails and slugs feed on a variety of
living plants as well as on decaying
plant matter- On plants they chew
irregular holes vvith smooth edges in
leaves and can clip succulent plant
parts- They can also chew fruit and
young plant bark- Because they prefer
succulent foliage, they are primarily
pests of seedlings, herbaceous plants,
and ripening fruits, such as strawber-
ries, artichokes, and tomatoes, that
are close lo the ground- However,
they will also feed on foliage and fruit
of some trees; dlrus are especially
suscepfible fo damage
MANAGEMENT
A good snail and .slug management
program relies on a combinafion of
methods- The first step is fo elimi-
nate, fo thc extent possible, all places
where snails or slugs can hide during
the day- Boards, stones, debris,
weedy areas around tree trunks, leafy
branches growing close to fhe
ground, and dense ground covers
such as ivy are ideal sheltering spofs-
Therc will be shelters lhat are nol
possible lo eliminale — e.g., low
ledges on fences, the undersides of
wooden deck.s, and water meter
boxes. Make a regular pracfice of TC-
moving snails and slugs in these ar-
eas. Also, locale vegetable gardens or
susceptible plants as far away as pos-
sible from these areas. Redudng hid-
ing places allows fewer snails and
slugs to survive The survivors con-
gregate in the remaining .shelters,
where they can moro easily be lo-
cated and controlled- Also, switching
from sprinkler irrigalion to drip irriga-
Figure 2. Gray garden slug.
pEST |S4QTES Publication 7427
University of California
Division of Agriculttire and N.iiuial Resotirc es revise< I Aiif;List IOOO
August 1999 Snails and Slugs
large paper clips fo allow the copper
band fo slide as fhe trunk grows.
Bend the tabs ouf af a 90 degree angle
from the trunk. The bands need lo be
cleaned occasionally. When using
copper bands on planter boxes, be
sure the .soil within fhe boxes is snail-
free before applying bands. If if is not,
handpick the .snails and slugs from
the .soil after applying the band unfil
the box is free of these pests.
Instead of copper bands, Bordeaux
mixture (a copper sulfate and hy-
drafed lime mixture) can be bmshed
on trunks to repel snails. One Ireat-
rnent should last about a year. Adding
Figure 3. A snail trap can be made from a board with 1 -inch risers. a commerdal spreader may increase
the persistence of Bordeaux mixture
through fwo seasons. Sficky material
fion will reduce humidity and moist snails; however, they attract slugs (such as Sfickem Green, which con-
surfaces, making the habitat less fa- and snails within an area of only a few tains copper) applied fo trunks ex-
vorable for fhese pests. fcof, and must be refilled every few eludes snails, slugs, ants, and
days to keep the level deep enough to flightless species of weevils. Barriers
Handpicking drown the mollusks. If using beer, it is of dry ashes or diatomaceous earth
Handpicking can be very effective if more effecfive fresh than flat. Traps heaped in a band 1 inch high and 3
done thoroughly on a regular basis. At must have verficai sides to keep the inches wide around the garden have
firsl it should be done daily; after the snails and slugs from crawling out. also been shown fo bc effecfive. How-
population has noficeably declined, a Snail and slug traps can also be pur- ever, these barriers lose their offec-
weekly handpicking may be suffident- chased at garden supply stores- fiveness after becoming damp and are
To draw out snails, water the infested therefore difficult fo maintain-
area in fhe late afternoon. AStei dark. Barriers
search fhem ouf using a flashlight. Several fypes of barriers will keep Natural Enemies
pick fhem up (rubber gloves are snails and slugs out of planfing beds- Snails and .slugs have many natural
handy when slugs are involved), place The easiest to maintain are those enemies, including groimd beetles,
them in a plastic bag, and dispose of made with copper flashing and pathogens, snakes, toads, turtles, and
them in fhe trash; or they can be put screens. Copper barriers are effecfive birds (including ducks, geese, and
in a bucket wilh soapy water and then because it is thought that the copper chickens), but they are rarely effec-
disposed of in your compost pile. Al- reacts wilh the slime that the snail or tive enough lo provide satisfadory
temafively, captured snails and slugs slug secretes, causing a flow of elec- control in the garden. A predaceous
can be crushed and lefl in lhe garden. tridly. Verficai copper screens can be snaiL the decollate snail (Rumina
erected around planting beds. The decollala) has been released in south-
Traps screen should he 6 indies fall and em Califomia citrus orchards for con-
Snails and slugs can be trapped under buried several inches below the soi! trol of the brown garden snail and is
boards or flower pots positioned to prevent slugs from crawling be- providing very effective biological
throughout the garden and landscape. nealh the soil. control- It feeds only on small snails.
You can make traps from 12" x 15" not full-sized ones. Because of fhe
boards (or any easy-to-handle size) Copper foil (for example, Snail-Barr) potenfial impact of the decollate snail
raised off fhe ground by 1-inch run- can be wrapped around planfing on certain endangered mollusk spe-
ners (Fig- 3)- "The mrmcrs make if easy boxes, headers, or tmnks fo repel cies, it cannot be released oulside of
for the pests to crawl undemeath- snails for several years- When band- Fresno, Imperial, Kem, Los Angeles,
Scrape off the accumulated snails and ing tmnks, wrap the copper foil Madera, Orange, Riverside, Santa Bar-
slugs daily and destroy them- Crush- around the tmnk, lab side down, and bara, San Bemardino, San Diego,
ing is the mosl common metiiod of cut it fo allow an 8-inch overlap. At- Ventura, or Tulare counties in Califor-
dcslruction. Do not use salt to destroy 'ach one end or fhe middle of fhe nia Also, decollate snails nun/ feed on
snails and slugs; if will increase soil band to the trunk wilh one staple seedlings, small plants, and fluwers as
.salinity. Becr-baitcd traps have boon oriented parallel lo the trunk. Overlap u,eU ,,5 (,<• « nuisuiicr when Ihey cover
used to Irap and drown slugs and -md fasten the ends with one or two the back patio on a niifty day.
August 1999 Snails and Slugs
Baits
Snail and slug baits can be effective
when used properly in amjuncfion
wifh a cultural program incorporating
fhe other methods disaissed above.
Baits will kill decollate snails if they
are present-
Mcfaldehyde or melaldehyde/car-
baryl snail bails can be hazardous
and should not be u.sed where chil-
dren and pets cannot be kepi away
from them. A recently regisiered snail
and slug bait, iron phosphate (Sluggo
or Escar-Go), has the advantage of
being safe for use around domesfic
animals and wildlife.
Never pile bait in mounds or clumps,
espedally those bails that are hazard-
ous, because piling makes a bait
attractive lo pels and children- Place-
ment of the bail in a commerdal bail
fiap reduces hazards to pets and chil-
dren and can proiect baits from mois-
ture, but may also reduce their
effectiveness. Thick liquid baits may
persist befter under condifions of rain
and sprinklers.
For more informaiion contacl lhe University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commi-ssioner's office in your coun-
ty- Sec your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
CONTRIBUTORS: )- Kailik, P. Phill ips, and
N. Sakovich
IlLUSTRATIONS: Figs.l, 2-Valerie
Winemullcr; Fig. .^-DANR leaflet 2530
EDITOR: B. Ofilcndrxf
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M- L. Flint
DESICN AND PKODUCTION: M. Brush
PRODUCED BY \PfA Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University
ot California. Davis, CA 95616-8620.
This Pesl Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://wwiv-ipm-ucdavis-cdu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify infoini.HKin, li.idc n.imes oi producis
have been used. No endorsemt nt ni named products
is intended, nor is riilicism implied ol simiiiii prod-
ucts lhat mc nol menlioni'd.
This m.Heii.il is (j,n1i,illy hjscd upon ivork supported
by Ihe f vtcniion Sen-it e. U S Dquitmerit ol Agric ul-
lure, unrlcr ^-cijl pnijrrt Settion Jldl, lnlc-f.r,ili-d
Pr-sl M.mjj^rrncMl
The liming of any bailing is criticnl;
baiting is le.ss effective during very
hot, very dry, or cold fimes of llie
year because .snails and slugs are less
active during these periods. Irrigate
before applying a bail to promote
snail activity. Make .spot applicafions
instead of widespread applications.
Apply bail in a narrow strip around
sprinklers or in other moist and pro-
tected locations or scatter it along
areas fhat snails and slugs cross to
get from sheltered areas to the
garden.
Ingestion of the iron phosphate bail,
even in small amounts, will cause
snails and slugs lo cease feeding, al-
though il may lake several days for
tlie .snails to die. Iron phosphate bait
can be scattered on lawns or on the
soil around any vegetables, omamen-
fal.s, or fmit trees fo be protected. It
breaks down less rapidly than
metaldehyde and may remain effec-
five for several weeks, even affer uri-
gafion-
Avoid getting metaldehyde bail on
plants, espedally vegetables- Baits
containing only metaldehyde are reli-
able when condifions arc dry and hof
or followrng a rain when snails and
slugs are acfive. Metaldehyde does
not kill snails and slugs directly un-
less they eat a substanfial amount of
it; rather, if stimulates their mucxius-
produdng cells lo overproduce
mucous in an attempt to detoxify the
bait- The cells eventually fail and the
snail dies- When il is surmy or hot,
they die from desiccafion- If il is cool
and wet, they may recover if liiey
ingest a .sublethal dose. Do not wafer
heavily for at least 3 or 4 days after
bait placement; watering will reduce
effectiveness and snails may recover
from metaldehyde poisoning if high
moisture condifions occur. Metalde-
hyde breaks down rapidly when ex-
posed to sunlight; however. Deadline,
a special formulation of metaldehyde,
does not- Deadline holds up well in
wot weather and does not have the
problem with sublethal doses thaf
other metalde-hyde baits have.
COMPILED FROM
DreistadL S. H., J. K- Qark, and M- L-
Flinf- 1994- Pesfs of Landscape Trees
and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Manage-
ment Guide. Oakland; Univ- Calif Div.
Agric- and Naf- Resources, Publica-
fion 3359.
Flint, M. L. 1998- Pesfs oflhe Garden
and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to
Using less Pesticide, 2nd ed. Oakland:
Univ. CaliL Div. Agric. and Naf. Re-
sources, Publication 3332.
Hesketh, K. A. and W- S. Moore. 1979.
Snails and Slugs in the Home Garden.
Oakland: Univ- Calif- Div- Agric. and
Nat. Resources, Leaflet 2530.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always reod .ind carefully folloivall pr<.cautions and safetv recommendaiions given
on Ihe conlainer label. Store all chemicals in ihe original labeled tonlainers in a locked cabinel or shed away
from food or feeds, and oul of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pds, and livestock.
Confine chemicals to the propeny being treated. Avoid drift onto n. ighboring piojicnies, cspeciallv gardens
conlaming fruits and/or vegetables readv to be picked.
Dispose of tmply conuiners carefully. Follow lalicl instructions for disposal. Neva revsc Ihc containers Make
sure empty containers are not accessible lo childrcr. or animals. Never dispose of containers where lhc>- mav
contarnmale w.iler supplies or natural walct^vays. Do nor pour down sink or toilet Consult vour couniy
agricultural commissioner fo. conect ways ofdisposing of excess ^.eslicides. Neve, bum pcsticidecontainers
The Uniwrsily of Californi.-i prohibits discrimin.ilion againsl or h.irassment or' any (H-tson employed hy or
seekmg employment wilh lhe University on the basis of race, color, nalional origin, religion sex physical or
menial dis.ibilily. medical condition (cancer-related or genetic ch.ir.xterislii si. ancestry marital sLiius age
s<-xu.il orienialion, citizenship, or status as a covered vrfeion ispccial disabled veteran Vicinam era veteran'
or any other veteran who served on active duly during a wa, o. in a campaign or expctlilion lor which a
campaign badge has lK.-r.-n authorized) Univcrsily Policy is intend.-d to be consistent with the provisions of
applicable Stale ami Pedrrral laws. Inquiries regarding Ihe L'niversitY s nondiscrimination policies mav be
riirecteil in the Aifnmalive AcliorvSlaff Personnel Services Dire< tor. L'nive.sily of California Agriculture'.ind
Nanual,Kf-sourcfS. llll IranHln, 6lh floor. Oakland. CA «.l(-0,' Sl'PO: iSIOi "87.0006
ROSES IN THE GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE:
INSECT AND MITE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
Roses are among fhe most intensively
managed plants in many home land-
scapes. Part of this intensive manage-
ment is the frequenl applicafion of
pesticides. However, while insects
and miles may attack roses from time
to time, many rose enthusiasts are
able to maintain vigorous plants and
produce high quality blooms wilh
little or no use of insectiddes, espe-
dally in Califomia's dry "mterior val-
leys. The key is careful selection of
varieties, which vary significantly in
susixptibility lo insect and di.sease
problems, good attenfion to appropri-
ate cultural practices, and occasional
handpicking or using wafer fo spray
away pests. Keep an eye out for rising
populafions of natural enemies thaf
often rapidly reduce the numbers of
aphids, mites, and other pesfs. For
management of diseases see UC IPM
Pest Notes Publication 7463, Roses in
the Garden and Landscape: Diseases
and Abiotic Disorders, and for general
Hps on cultural practices and weed
control, see UC IPM Pest Notes Publica-
fion 7465, Roses in the Garden und
Landscape: Cultural Practices and
Weed Controt.
COMMON INSECT
AND MITE PESTS
Aphids are the most
common insect
pests on roses.
The actual spedes
involved depends
on where the roses
are grown in the sfate
and includes fhe rose aphid,
Macrosiphum rosae, the potato aphid,
M. euphorbiae, and the cotton aphid.
Aphis gossypii among others. Aphids
favor rapidly growing tissue such as
buds and shoots. Low lo moderate
levels of aphids do little damage to
plants, although many gardeners are
concemed with their very presence.
Moderate lo high populations can
secrete copious amounts of honey-
dew, resulting in the growth of sooty
mold, which blackens leaves. Very
high nimibers may kill buds or reduce
flower size- Aphids have many natural
enemies including lady beetles, soldier
beetles, and syrphid flies (sec the
section on Common Natural Enemies)
lhal may rapidly reduce increasing
populations- Keep ants out of bushes
writh sficky barriers or traps to im-
prove biological conlrol. Lady beetles
often increase in number when aphid
populafions are high. The convergent
lady beetle is sold at nurseries for
release against aphids and may reduce
numbers when properly released-
Releasing green lacewings against the
rose aphid has not been shown lo
offer significant control in research
trials-
A naturally occurring fungal pathogen
may control aphids when condifions
are wet or humid. In most areas
aphids are nomially a problem for
only about 4 to 6 weeks in spring and
early summer before high summer
temperatures reduce their numbers. In
many landscapo sihialions, knocking
aphids off with a forceful spray of
walcr early in the day is all lhal is
needed to .supplement natural confrol.
Insectiddal soaps or neem oil can also
be used to increase mortality of
aphids wifh onlv moderate impacf on
natural enemies. Aphids are easy to
confrol with in.secfiddos such as the
foliar systemic acophate (Orthene) or
malathion, but such applications are
seldom necessary Soil-applied .sys-
temic insecticides may be effecfive
but are not usually necessary.
Insects and Mites That Cause
Leaves to Stipple or Yellow
Spider mites, Tetranychus spp., cause
leaves to be stippled or bleached,
offen with webbing, or ihey may
cause leaves to dry up and fall. They
are tiny (aboul the size of the period
at the end of this .sentence) and are
best seen wilh Ihe use of a hand lens.
High numbers are u.sually
assodated with dry,
dusty conditions. Spider
mite numbers may
greafiy increase if their
many natural enemies
are killed hy broad-
specfrum insectiddes
applied for other pests.
For instance, applications
of carbaryl (Sevin) applied lo conlrol
other pests are frequently foDowed by
an increase in mite populations.
Conserving natural enemies, provid-
ing sufficient irrigation, and reducing
dusl may all help control mites. Over-
head irrigation or periodic washing of
leaves with waler can be very effec-
tive in reducing mite numbers. If
treatment is necessary, spider mites
can be controlled with insectiddal
soap, horticultural oil, or neem oil.
Releases of predator mites have been
used in some situations.
Rose leafhopper,
Edwardsianna
rosae, causes
stippling larger
than mite stip-
pling but fends
to bc a problem
only in certain
pEST fSlOTES Publication 74G6
U niversity of Ca 1 iforn ia
Division of Agri cu I tt_i re and NIatural Resci ii rc es Se-f )tenil;ier 1999
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials
localifies. Cast skins and the ab-
.scnce of ivebbLng on the underside
of leaves is a good indicafion lhal
these pests are preseni. Plants can
tolerate moderate sfippling. Use an
insectiddal soap if an infestation is
severe.
Insects Tbat Distort or
Discolor Blossoms
Thrips. Western flower ihrips, frun-
klinielta occidentalis, and Madrone
Ihrips, Thrips madroni, cause injury
primarily fo rose flowers,
causing blossom petals
lo slreaik with brown or
become distorted. The
tiny yellow or black
thrips insects can be
found ivithin the blos-
.soms. Thrips problems
are more likely lo be severe where
many rose bushes located close to-
gether provide a confinuously bloom-
ing habitat- Fragrant light-colored or
while roses are mosl often attacked
and can be severely damaged. Culfi-
. vars with sepals lhat remain tightly
wrapped around thc bud until blooms
open have fewer problems. In most
home garden and landscape situa-
tions, thrips can be tolerated. Fre-
quent clipping and disposal of spent
blooms may reduce thrips probleras.
Control with insectiddes is diffirmlt
because materials are mostly effective
on early developmental stages, which
arc commonly found within buds or
flowers whore most pestidde applica-
fions cannot penetrate. It should be
noted lhal western flower ihrips can
have a beneficial role as a predator of
spider mitcs.
Insects That May Chew
Blossoms and/or Leaves
Fuller rose beetle. Adults of Fuller
rose beetle, Asyitonychus godmani,
chew flowers and foliage leaving
notched or ragged
edges. Adult beetles
are pale brown woe-
1 11 vils that arc about
jfflj [u Hfi 3/8 inch long. They
llllll )^ are flightless and
(adual l\vlllilr fl hide during the day,
often on fhe under-
sides of leaves; feeding takes place at
night- Thc larvae arc root feeders bul
do not seriously damage rosos- Low
numbers can be ignored; otherwise,
handpick the beetles off the plant, use
sticky material on stems, and trim
branches that create bridges to walls
and other plants- The adults are diffi-
cult to control wilh insecticides be-
cause they have a long emergence
period lhal goes from June lo Novem-
ber. Para.silic nematodes may be hclpi-
ful if applied to the soil in early to
midsummer.
Hoplia beetle, Hoplia callipyge, is
about 1 /4 inch long and chews holes
mostly in the petals of open flowers- ll
is primarily a problem in the Central
Valley from Sacramenio soulh to
Bakersfield- Thc hoplia beetle prefers
feeding on light-colored roses (white,
pink, apricot, and yellow) but does
nol damage leaves- Larvae are root
feeders bul do nol feed on the roots
of rose plants- There
is only one genera-
I /S^ .V Ks fion a year and
J1''\]VV\ . . „
^ftfi'Iu ' damage IS usually
confined lo a 2- to
4-week period in late
spring- Adult hoplia
beetles can be handpicked or infested
rose blooms clipped off plants- Sprays
are nof very cffectrve and should not
be necessary in a garden situafion.
(actual
size)
length of bee)
Leafcutter bees,
Megachile spp., cut
semicircoilar holes
in the margins of
leaves and carry
leaf material back
to use in lining their
nests. Bees are impor
tant pollinators and should nof bc
killed. Tolerate fhis pesf as there are
no effective confrols.
Rose curculio, Merhynchiles spp.,
red fo black snout weevil about 1
inch long that prefers yellow and
white ro.ses. If punch-
es holes in flowers
and buds and may
create ragged
holes in blossoms
or kill ihc develop-
ing bud If weevils
, IS a
/4
are numerous, temiinal shtxits may be
killed as well. Larvae feed within buds,
often killing them before they open.
Handpick adults off plants and destroy
infested buds. A broad-spectmm insec-
ticide can be applied lo kill adults if the
infestafion is severe.
Caterpillars such as orange tortrix,
tussock moth, fmittree leafroller, lent
caterpillar, and omnivorous looper may
feed on rose leaves; some of fhese cat-
erpillars may also fie leaves with silk.
Damage is usually nol severe and treat-
ment not usually necessary. Handpick
or clip out rolled leaves. Small leaf-
feeding caterpillars can bc killed wilh
an application of the microbial insecti-
dde Bacillus thuringiensis. Some cater-
pillars, like the tobacco budworm, may
occasionally bore into flower buds.
Look for the caterpillar or ils fra.ss in-
side. Pmne and destroy damaged buds.
Rose sing, Endelomyia aethiops, is the
black to pale green, sluglike larva of a
sawfly. Unlike pear slug, this spedes
has apparent legs and looks like a cat-
erpillar. Young larvae
skeletonize the lower
leaf surface while
mature larvae chew
large holes in leaves-
Thesc pests have
many natural ene-
mies- They may be
washed off with a
strong stream of
water or killed wilh
an applicalion of
insectiddal soap- (Bacillus thuringiensis
will nol work because these are wasp
larvae and not the larvae of butterflies
or moths )
Insects That Cause
Canes to Die Back
Flatheaded borers,
Chrysobolhris spp,
may kill canes or an
enfire plant- Larvae arc
white and up lo 1 inch
long with enlarged
heads. Adult beetles do
nof significantly damage i.niual
roses- Eggs tend fo be laid ^i'ei
on stressed rose plants, espedally in
bark wounds.caused by sunburn or
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mile Pests and Beneficials
disease- Remove and destroy infested
material and keep plants healthy by
providing sufficient irrigafion and
avoiding excessive summer pmning-
Raspberry homtail, Hartigia cressoni,
larvae are white, segmented caterpil-
lars up to 1 inch long lhat can cause
tips of canes lo wilt and die in spring,
redudng second cycle blooms- Adults
are wasplike, black or black and yel-
low, and about 1/2 inch long. Inspect
canes in spring (mid-April to mid-
June) for egg laying incisions or swell-
ings caused by larvae and cuf them off
below the infestation. Prune off infest-
ed canes unfil healthy pith is found.
(actual size)
Scale insects including rose scale,
Aulacaspis rosae, and San Jose scale,
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, are occa-
sionally the cau.se of cane dedine or
dieback when numbers are high-
These armored scales can be ob-
served on canes as small, grayish,
round to oval encrusta-
tions, ranging in size from
1/8 fo 1/4 inch- These in-
sects have no legs or an-
tennae for most of their
lives and are immobile-
In winter, cuf back and
destroy infested
canes and apply
insecfiddal oil to
remaining infested canes if necessary-
Scales are attacked by many natural
enemies- Look for exit holes in mature
scale covers, which indicate parasiti-
zafion-
An Insect Rarely Found
in California
Rose midge, Dasincura rhodophaga,
was reported infesting roses in a nurs-
ery in Petaluma, California in August
1996. Ro-se midges are liny flies lhal
lay their eggs inside thc sepals of flow-
er buds or on plant terminals- Hatch-
ing larvae move into flower buds to
feed, leaving the injured buds to with-
er, blacken, and dio. Pupation occurs
(actual size)
in tlie soil and two fo four generations
can occur annually. When first reptirt-
ed in 1996, there was widespread fear
lhat this pest would move rapidly
through the sfate, caus-
ing severe damage to
roses in gardens and
commerdal nurseries-
However, few midges
were found in 1997-
The pest has been
present in central Ore-
gon and Washington for many years
and is not known fo be a major pest
there Hopefully il will not become a
problem in Califorrua. Take any sus-
pected infested malerial to your coun-
iy Agricultural Commissioner for
idenfificafion. Don't confuse the rose
midge willi the similar looking benefi-
dal midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza,
which feeds on aphids- Aphidoletes
larvae are found on stem, bud, or leaf
surfaces fr^^ding within aphid colo-
nies, whereas Dasincura larvae are
out of view al the ba.sc of developing
buds in lemru'nals.
COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES
OF INSECT AND MITE
PESTS IN ROSES
Aphid parasites. Tiny parasific wasps
are very important rn the control of
aphids in roses. Adults lay their eggs
within the aphid and developing lar-
vae, rapidly immobilizing them. Even-
tually, the parasite kills them and
turns them into bronze or black
crusty, bloated mummies. The para-
site pupates wilhin the mummy and
then cuts a neat roimd hole and
emerges as a full grown wasp. Once
you see one mum-
my in the aphid
colony, you
/ fi>JS^'^\f are likely to
see more.
Parasitic
wasps are
also important in the conlrol of scale
insects, caterpillars, and many other
insect pests.
Minule pirate bug- Minute pirate
hugs, Orius tristicolor, are tiny true
bugs with black and while markings
as adults- They are often among the
tactual
size)
first predators to ap-
pear in spring, and
they feed on mites,
insect and mite eggs,
immature .scales, and
thrips.
Lacewings. Careen lacewings in the
genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are
common natural enemies of aphids
and other soft-bodied in-
sects. The gray-green to
brown alligator-shaped
I /^feT^ larvae are the predatory
^.^g^ stage of the Chrysoperla
species. The green lacy-
(actual W winged adults feed on size) f honeydew.
(actual size)
Lady beetles. Many different red and
black lady beetle spedes are predators
of aphids; the most common is the
convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia
convcrgciis (see drawing). Another
common spedes in the garden is the
mulfi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmo-
nia axyridis. These lady beetles have
the advantage of feeding primarily on
aphids and are predators in both the
adult and larval stages. Look for the
black, alligator-shaped larva wilh or-
ange dots and the
oblong, yellow eggs
that are laid on end
in groups. Releases
of commerdally
available conver-
gent lady beetles
can reduce aphid
numbers- However,
large numbers must
be released on each
individual rose plant-
Mist lady beetles with
a water spray before release. Make
releases in the evening at dusk by plac-
ing beetles on canos at the base of
plants. Wet plants first with a fine
spray of waler. Expect 90% of the lady
beetles lo fly away in lhe first 24 hours.
All released lady becllos are unlikely to
lay eggs and will fly away once aphid
populations have been substanfially
reduced.
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials
Leatherwings or soldier beetles.
These moderate to large-sized beetles
in thc Canlharid family have leather-
like dark wings and orange or red
heads and thoraxes. They feed on
aphids and are very common on
roses. Many people mistake them for
pests, but ihey are predaceous both
as adults and larvae (in the soil).
Somelimcs they leave dark splotches
of excrement on Icaves-
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S- H- 1994- Pc.<:ls of Ijind-
scape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland:
Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat- Res- Publ-
3359.
Flint, M- L, and S- H- Dreistadt- 1998-
Natural Enemies Handbook. Oakland:
Univ- Calif Div- Agric. Nal. Res. Publ.
3386.
Kadik, J., P. B. Goodell, and
G- W- Osteen- 1995- Improved mile
sampling may reduce acaridde use in
roses- Calif Agric. 49(3):38-40-
UC IPM Pest Notes: various pests of
gardens and landscape- World Wide
Web (http: / / www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
and Univ. Calif Div. Agric. Nal. Res.
(actual
size)
Syrphid flies. Syrphids, sometimes
called flower files or hover flies, are
important predators of aphids and
very common on roses. Adults, which
superfidally resemble wasps, feed on
nectar and pollen before reproducing
and are often seen hovering above
flowers. Larvae, often found within
aphid colonies, are legless and mag-
got shaped. There
1 -^ are many spedes in
Mwj California and they
y^SHSJk vary in color from
dull bro-wn or
yellow to bright
green, but most
have a yellow
longifudinal
stripe on the
back. Don't mi.s-
fako fhem for molh
or butterfly larvae!
Predaceous miles. A number of pred-
atory mites feed on spider miles, fre-
quently keeping thom at tolerable
levels. Predatory miles can be distin-
guished from the plant-feeding spider
mites by the absence of the two spots
on either side of thc body, their pear
shape, and their more active habits.
Compared fo the plant-feeding spe-
cies of mites that remain in one loca-
tion feeding, predatory mifos move
rapidly around the leaf looking for
prev. Because they arc so small, a
hand lens is helpful in viewing thcm.
Spiders. All spiders are predators and
many contribute significantlv to bio-
logical control. Many types of spiders
including crab spiders, jumping spi-
ders, cobweb spiders, and lhe orb-
weavers occur in landscapes.
For more information contacl the University
of Califotnia Coofierative Extension or
agricultural commissioner's office in your
county. See yout phono book for addresses
and phone numbcrs.
AUTHORS: Mary Louise Flint and Jolin Kadik
ILLUSTRATIONS:
Child, Ashley: Fuller rose beetle; Hoplia
beetle; Lacewing larva; Lady beetle adull;
Lady beetle larva; Leafcutter bee; Rose
curculio; Rose leafhopper; Scale insects;
Syrphid fly larva
Flint, M- L-, and S- H. Dreistadt 1998.
Natural Enemies Handbook. Oakland;
Univ. Calif. Div. Agric & Natural Res.,
Publ 3386: Aphid parasite (Table 7-1-A);
Lacewing adull (Fig- 8-13); Minute pirate
bug (Table 8 2.A); Syrphid adult (Table 8-
3.1)
Packard, A. S. 1876. Guide to the Study of
Insects. New York: Henry Holt & Co ; Rose
slug (Fig. H8)
Sanderson, E. O., .ind C- F. Jackson. 1912.
elementary [ntomolof^. Boston: Ginn &
Co.: Flatheaded borer (Fig. 208)
Sasscher, E. R., and A. D- Borden. 1919.
The Rose Midge. Washington, DC: USDA,
Bulletin 778: Rose midge
UCIPM Pest Notes. Oakland: Univ. Calif.
Div. Agric. and Nat. Resourses: Aphid
(Publ. 7404, Jan. 1995); Raspberry hornlail
larva (Publ- 7407, Jan- 1995); Spider mite
{Publ-7429, Jan- 1995); Thrips (Publ- 30,
Feb 1996)
EDITOR: B- Ohiendorf
DESICN AND PRODUCTION: M- Brush
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi-
cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer-
sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pesl Nole is available on
the World Wide Web
(http: //www.ipm.ucdavis-edu)
UC^IPM
To simplify information, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named
products is intended, nor is crtticrsm implied of
srmHar products thai arc nol mentioned.
This material is partially based upon work
supported by (he Extension Service, U.S. Depart-
ment of Agriculture, under S[>ecial project Section
3(d). Integrated Pcsl Management.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides atopoisont)ui. .MW.TV'S read ami carefully foltow all precautions arxl sat'tMy fecommendallons given
onlheconiainf-i labe l. Store all chemicals in the original labeled conlainers in a locked cabinet or shed, away
frorn food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons., pels, and livestock.
Confine chemicals to the |KOperty IxHng treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially garderts
containing fruits and-'or vegetables (eady to be picked.
Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow label inslructions for disposal. Never reuse the containers. Make
sure empty conlainers arc not acc(rssible lo children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may
coniamtnale water sopplK-s or natural waterways. Do nol pour down sink or toilet. Consul! your courity
agricultural commissioner tor correct wa>'S of disposing of excess pesticides. Never burn pesticide containers.
Thcr Univrrsitv of California prodihtts discriminaliori against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employmenl vvith the University on the basis of race, color, nalional origin, religion, sex, physical or
mental disahiliry. me^1i<.il condiiion icancer-fefaied or genetic characteristics), anccslry, marital status, age,
sexual orient jiifiit. cilt/ertship. or stalus as a covered veteran fspetial disabled veteran. Vit^nam era veteran,
or any other veteran who served on attive duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a
campaign batlge has hcei» audioti?ed(. University Policy is intended to be (.orisistent with the provisions of
applicable 5t.it<' .ui<I [<-<fc'al taws Inquiries regarding Ihe t/niversiiy's rKiodiscriniinaiion policies may be
drrtx^ied tn the -Xfi'timjiive ,Acii(<n/Siaff Personnel Services Direc tor, Uno-'eisiiy of Calilornia. Agriculture arwi
Natural Rcwurrcs. Hill tanklin. 6ih floor. Oakland. CA 94f,07 .^200; iS lOs 9S:-m(y
• 4 •
LAWN INSECTS
Integrated Pest Management for the Home Gardener
Insects are not a common cause of resi-
dential lawn damage in Califomia, but
certain species occasionally damage or
kill turfgrass- Insect feeding can cause
grass lo turn yellow or brown, or die,
especially if the grass is already
stressed- Damage usually begins in
.smaU, scattered patches, which may
merge info large dead areas. However,
lack of proper cultural care and use of
inappropriate grass species in a par-
ficular locafion are more likely respon-
sible for unhealthy or dying lawns than
insects. Disease-causing pathogens,
excessive or inappropriate use of
chemicals such as fcrfilizers and herbi-
cides, and dog urine also produce
damage resembling lhat of Insects- Be-
fore laking any insed control action, be
sure that it is in.secfs causing the prob-
lem and not something else.
Insects lhaf may cause damage in Cali-
fomia lawns include various root-,
crown-, and leaf-feeding caterpillars;
white gmbs, which are the larvae of
scarab beetles such as the black
turfgrass alaenius and masked chafers;
billbugs, which are weevils with white,
gmblike larvae; and chinch bugs,
which are tme bugs in the order He-
miptcra. Eadi species produces some-
what different damage symptoms and
must be managed differently. Study
Figure 1 for identifying characteristics
and Table 1 for damage symptoms as-
sodated with each species. In addition
fo the pests in Table 1, leafhoppers
may occur in lawrns, sometimes caus-
ing yellowing of leaf blades, but rarely
occur in numbers justifying treafmenf.
Many other insects may be obsen.'ed
while examining grass. However, con-
frol is rarely or never needed for most
fypes of insects because they are harm-
less or beneficial. Common benefidal
insects include predatory ants, ground
beetles, rove beetles, and blister
Figure 1. Identifying features of various lawn pests.
Billbug adult is a small weevil (snout beetle),' /3 inch long, with
a long, downward-poinfing snout and elbowed, clubbed
antennae. It is often seen walking on paved areas but is difficult
to find in turf unless a drench test is used.
Billbug larva is a creamy while, legless, '/8-inch-long grub with
a brown head. The absence of legs distinguishes a billbug larva
from a white grub larva.
Black turfgrass afaenius adull is a shiny jet black beetle,
' /5 inch long, wilh club-end antermae
Chinch bug (southem) adult is small (less than V5 inch long)
and black with mostly white wings folded flat over the body.
Both long- and short-wnnged forms may be prc-scnt. Nymphs are
bright red to black.
Armyworm and cutworm adults are dull broivn or grayisK
relafively large (up to 1' /2 inches long), night-acfivc moths.
Armyworm and cutworm larvae arc up to 2 indies long at
maturity; lan'ae often cud up and lie still when disturbed.
Skipper (fiery) adult is a 1-incb-long, orange to brownish
bufterflv wilh a hooked knob af the end of the antennae.
Lawn moth has an appendage in front of fhe head resembling a
snout. Resting adults appear slender. When disturbed, the moth
makes a short flight close lo the grass. Adults are up lo '/4 inch
long.
.^«ib^»^i^A.V?;fi?-ii^<^ Sod webworm (lawn moth) larva is cream colored, '/4 inch
^y^^SiSil^PiU:^ long, and has a distinctive double row of brown or black spots
down its back, located at the base of long bristles.
White grub (chafer) adult is a golden brown, up to '/i-inch-
long beetle with a dark brown head; it is hairy on the underside
of its thorax.
White grub larva has a distinct brown head capsule and legs, is
up to 1inches long; the posterior portion of its abdomen is
enlarged, and il tvpically curls tightly into a C-shape
• ^ESTJJOTES
IJniversity of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7476
Revised May 2001
May 2001 Lawn Insects
beetles. Othor common arthropods that
are primarily decomposers and do no
significant injury to turfgrass indude
springtails and millipedes.
MANAGING LAWN
INSECTS
Good cultural pracfitxs are fhe primary
method for managing irusect damage to
lawns. Growing appropriate grass spe-
cies for a parficular location and pro-
viding lawns wifh proper care are
espedally important. Pracfices such as
irrigating and fertilizing have a major
impact on lawn health. Physical con-
trols, such as thatch removal, choice of
mowing height and frequency, and
providing grass wilh more light by
pmning tree branches, are also impor-
tant Ln certain situations. Naturally
occurring biological control may limil
some insect pests. Most home lawns in
California do not need lo be treated
with insectiddes if proper cultural
practices are followed. Insectiddes
should never be applied unless a pest
is identified and delected at damaging
levels. If insecficides are necessary,
choose materials that have minimum
impacts on beneficial organisms and
fhe environment.
Preventing Pest Problems
The best way to prevent damage from
lawn pests is to keep grass healthy-
Healthy lawns require few, if any, in-
sectidde treatments- Also, if the
turfgrass is under stress and a pestidde
is applied, it stands a greater chance of
suffering phytotoxic damage from the
pestidde itself The publications on
managing your lawn listed in "Sug-
gested Reading" give detailed informa-
iion on how lo grow a healthy lawn-
Choose Appropriale Varieties. There
are a number of grasses available for
planfing in California- These grasses
aro often referred to as either cool-sca-
son grasses (examples indude annual
ryegrass, bentgrass, fine fescue, Ken-
tucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass,
and tall fescue) or warm-season gra.ssos
(bermudagrass, kikuyugra.ss, St.
Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass).
Warm-sea.son grasses produce most of
their growth during summer and usu-
ally have a dormant period w-hen they
turn browm during winter. Cool-scason
grasses are green year-round, but pro-
duce most of their growth in spring
and fall. The type of grass and fhe vari-
eties within each fype vary in their
shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, wa-
ter needs, disease resistance, and cul-
tural needs. A formerly thriving lawn
variety may dedine wilh changes in
light, such as more or less shade
caused by growth or removal of nearby
trees. These faclors are outlined in Se-
lecting the Best Turfgrass, listed in "Sug-
gested Reading." Selection of the
appropriate grass spedes and variety
will allow you lo grow a hardy lawn
with minimal maintenance inputs.
Care for Lawns Properly. Inappropri-
ate irrigafion is the most common
cause of lawn damage Overwatering
(shallow, frequent sprinkling) retards
deep root growlli and increases lawn
Table 1. Some Lawn Tests, App earance of Their Damage, and Cultural ControLMetJ|iyds-
Pest (Scientific name) Hosts Damage appearance Cultural control
armyvvorms, cutworms
[Pseudaletia umpunctd,
Pcridronui saucla, Agroiis Spp.)
all grasses, dichondra leaves and base of leaves chewed and cut
beginrung Ln small, irregular spots lhat can
spread to patches extending many feet in
width
reduce thatch; eliminate soggy
areas; overseed lawn
billbups
{Sphenophorus spp.)
all grasses brown, tl\irv, dying grass, beginning in
small, irregular spots that can spread lo
patches extending many feet in widlh
irrigate and fertilize adequately;
increase mowing height
black (urfgrass ataenius
{Atacrtius sprctulus)
annual bluegrass,
bentgrass, ryegrass,
Kentucky bluegrass
brovm, dying grass, few roots; lawn is
easily peeled off soil
increase mowing height; aerate lo
improve rool growth
fiery skipper
{Hylcphila phyleus)
bentgrass,
bermudagrass,
St. Augustinegrass
1- to 2-inch-diamcler spots of lawn lum
brown; spots may join to form large,
irregular dead patches; leaves chewed or
missing
reduce thatch; overseed vvith grass
species lhat are nol preferred
lawn moth.s, sod webwornns
(Crambus i:pcrTyellus. Tehama
bonifatella)
all grasses, espedally
bentgrass, bluegrass,
clovers
iawn brown; leaves chewed or missing reduce lhalch; irrigate and fertilize
appropriately
southern chinch bug
{IMir-siis xusuinris)
primarilv St.
A ugiistinegrass
irregular patches of lawn tum yello\vii;h,
then brown and begin dying during hoi
weadier
reduce thatch; reduce nilrogen
fertilLzalion; irrigate adequately;
plant resistant varieties such as
Floralawn, rioratam, or I-X-10 if
growing St. Augustinegrass
white grubs—iniiiiaturcs of
inn.'skcd cliafer.s {Cvdocephala
spp.), Mny and June beetles
{Ph^/llo^^h^lga spp.)
all gras.ses. espec~iaily
bluegrass, ryegrass
brown dyirig grass; lawn cnn be rolled up
if hcavilv infested
irrigate and fertilize approprialciv;
overseed lawp
Some pests spedfic lo bermudagrass and dichondra are not included in this lable. Other invertebrates tliat ooLabionally dainage lawns
include crane flics, frit flies and other flies, flea [H:etles, leafhoppers. Lucerne moths, planl buj^s, mealybugs, scaie insect.s, and mitcs.
Adapted from Ali and Elmore (1989) and Cosla el al. (200n); for more information consull publications in "Suggested Reading."
• 2 •
May 2001 Lawn Insects
susceptibility to stress. Poorly main-
tained sprinklers can apply too much
waler in certain spots while under-
watering other areas. Brown spots
from uneven water applications occur
frequently and are often caused by im-
properly .spaced irrigalion heads,
sunken or tilled heads, or unmatched
heads lhal apply differing amounts of
water- Correcting these physical prob-
lems with irrigation systems can de-
crease ivalcr waste by over 50%,
decrease water bills, and most impor-
tantly, improve fhe health of your
lawn- Lawns should bc irrigated
deeply and no more often than tivice a
week-
Appropriate fertilization encourages a
dense, thick lawn that allows grass to
tolerate .some insect feeding. The ap-
propriate timing and amount of fertil-
izer (primarily nilrogen) varies
depending on factors including season,
grass species, and local growing condi-
tions. In general, most Califomia
grasses used for lawns require from 3
to 6 pounds of actual nitrogen over a
1,000-square-fool area annually during
llieir active growing season.
Keep the blades on your lawn mower
.sharp and cut your turf at a mowing
height appropriate for thc type of lawn
grass fo minimize deplefion of food
reserves needed to outgrow insect in-
jury. Mowing frequency and heighl
depend on grass spedes, season, and
the particular use of that lawn. Cool-
season lawns have suggested mowing
heights of l'/2 fo 2'/2 inches, while
warm-season lawns should be mowed
to a heighl of '/< to 1 inch. No more
lhan one-lhird of the grass height
should bo removed at one time.
Lawns also benefit from aeration. To
increase wator penetration and reduce
soil compacfion, periodically remove
soil plugs using hollow tines. Thatch,
which is the layer of undccomposed
organic material on the .soil surface,
can build up and result in poor water,
fertilizer, and air penetration. Thatch
that is greater lhan '/2 inch thick en-
courages caterpillar nnd chinch bug
populatiuiis. Thatch also reduces insec-
ticide efficacy' because insecticides can-
not penetrate to reach root-feeding
insects Prevent thatch by avoiding ex-
cess nitrogen applicalion. irrigating
deeply and infrequently, and minimiz-
ing the use of lawn pestiddes thaf can
reduce populafions of microorganisms
responsible for decomposing fhe
thatch- If it is more than •/: inch thick,
physically remove thatch with a gar-
den rake, mechanical delhalcher, verti-
cal mower, or power rakc- Olher
methods indude lopdressing lawns by
adding a thin layer (l/»-'/4 indi) of .soil
and raking or sweeping it into the
thatch to encourage decomposer
microorganisms. Core aerification also
mixes soil into thatch, speeding
dccomposition-
Biological Cojttrol
Certain insects, odier invertebrates,
and microorganisms that occur natu-
rally in lawns feed on or parasitize
lawn pests- This type of control, called
biological control, may help to prevent
many lawn-dwelling insects from be-
coming pestS- To proiect benefidal in-
sects, avoid using broad-spectrum
pesticides lhat will kill them along
with the pests- Biological pesficides
containing organisms such as Bacillus
thuringiensis (Bt) and benefidal nema-
todes are commerdally available for
controlling specific lawn insects- These
materials have minimal impacts on
natural enemies of insect pests and
other beneficial organisms such as
earthworms- Birds, moles, and other
vertebrates also feed on lawn insc^cts
from time fo time-
Detecting Problems in
Your Lawn
Examine your lawn weekly or just be-
fore each mowing lo detect problem
areas- Al the same time, look for
weeds- A donse stand of healthy grass
prevents most weeds fiom growing, so
abundant weed growth indicates that
tho lawn is unhealthy and susceptible
lo other pesls- New turfgrass is espe-
cially vulnerable to problems and has
differoni irrigalion and fertilizer re-
quirements than established turfgrass
An indicafion fhat a lawn may bo in-
fested with insects is whon thc adults
(e-g., moth or beetle stage) of pests are
drawn to lights af night or whon vcrto-
brate predators (birds, raccoons, or
skunks) are digging in your lawn for
caterpillars and grubs However, the
insects coming to light may bo draivn
from far awav and vertebrate adivity
is not a foolproof indicator. T hey may
be feeding on earthworms instead of
insects; also, vertebrates will rehirn fo
whore they previously found food, so
ihey may dig in lawns even if insect
pests are no longer abundant.
If you observe damage, the next step is
fo determine tlie actual cause. If you
think fhe damage is caused by insects,
confirm your suspidons by looking for
the pest. The most accurate way fo do
fhis is by u.sing either the drench lest or
by inspecting around roots (Table 2).
The drench test is effective for delect-
ing chinch bugs and caterpillars in-
cluding armywomis, cutworms, and
sod webworms, but il does not delect
gmbs. Locafing and correctly identify-
ing a pest is important because differ-
ent pesls require different treatment
materials. Inning, and application
methods-
Identify the insects you find using de-
scriptions in this publicafion (Fig- 1)
and olher publications such as Hand-
book of Turfgrass Pests or Turfgrass Pesls
listed in "Suggested Reading " Thc UC
7PM Pesf Management Guidelines:
Turfgrass is available on the World
Wide Web (wiuw.ipm.ucdavis.edulPMGI
sclectnewpest.lurfgrass.html) and con-
tains color photos of some turfgrass
pests. After identifj'ing the insects,
count tlie number of each type of in.scct
found Some of fhe inserts you find
may be beneficial or nondamaging. In
home lawns, you usually need only to
be concerned wifh the insects listed in
Table 1.
Remember thaf the mere presence of
an insect post does not imply fhaf if is
fhe cause of unhealthy lawns or thaf an
in.secticide treatment is needed. It is
nomial to find a few pest insects in any
healthy lawn. Generally treatments are
not recommended unless the popula-
tion level of the insect pest reaches a
predetermined level called a threshold
(Table 2). Thresholds are fhe popula-
tion levels at which thc nuniber of in-
sr^cts feeding exceeds the abilily of a
healthy lawn to withstand the damage
thev cause. For example, an insecticide
usually is not needed unloss there are
more than about 5 arniywtirms and
cutworms or 15 lawn moth larvae per
May 2001 Lawn Insects
Table 2, Lawn Pesl Detection Methods, Treatment Targets, Thresholds, and IPM-compatible Materials.
Insect Detection melhod Treatment target
Suggested
treatment
threshold
IPM-compatible
materials
anmyworms,
cutworms
drench test for fat, dull gray, green, or brownish
larvae up l<» 2 inches long; inspect outdoor lights
around dawn for I '/4 inch brownish to gray moths
crowns, leaves,
lhalch
5/yd^ A, Ut, r, Sc
billbugs dig aroimd rtKjts for whitish, C-shaped, legless grubs
up to -^/R inch long with reddish heads; inspect
outdoor lights around dawn for '/? inch browni.sh lo
gray snout beelles
crown, roots 1/ft^ l,Sc
black turfgrass
ataenius (see also
white grubs)
dig around roots for whitish, C-shaped grubs up to
'/3 inch long with 6 legs and reddish heads; inspect
outdoor lights around dawn for shiny black adults '/
5 inch long
roots, thatch soil
interface
40/fl= Hb, 1, Sc
chinch bug, southem drench test or insp>ect around grass bases for reddish,
purple, black, or gray bugs up to Vz inch long
crowns, stems USlyd^ or
15 nymphs &
adulls/ft=
P
lawn moths (sod
webworms)
drench lest for slender, grayish lan^ae up to inch
long; whitish or bro"wnish moths up to A inch long
fly when grass is disturbed
crowns, leaves,
thatch
15/yd^ A, Bl, P, Sc
skipper, fiery drench lest for larvae up to I inch long with pink-
green body and red and black head; orangish
butterflies 1 inch wide with knobbed antennae feed at
flowers; mere presence of this insect does nol warrant
control
leaves, stems 15/yd' Bt, Hb, P
white grubs (the
immatures of masked
chafers. May and June
beetles; see also black
turfgrass ataer\ius)
dig around roots in late ivinter or summer for whitish
to yellow, wrir\kled, C-shaped grub up to IV2 inches
long with 6 legs and a reddish head; look for
vellowish brown adults ^(2 inch long.
roots 6/ft= Hb. 1, Sg
Check current labels for permitted uses and proper application methods.
Adapted from Ali and Elmore (1989) and Cosla et al. (2(XX)).
IPM-compafible materials
A = azadirachtin or neem (Safer BioNeeni)
Bt = Bacillus thuringiensis (DT WormKiller, Caterpillar Qobber)
I = imidacloprid (Bayer Advanced Laivn Grub Conlrol, GrubEx, etc.)
I' = pvrethjrin (Safer Yard & Garden Insect Killer)
Predaceous nematodes
Hb = Hcterorhahditis bacteriopliora
Sc = Stcincmema ctirpocapsnc
Sg = Steineriicma glasert
square yard. Sample several different
areas of the lawn to belter estimate
populalions overall, espedally if num-
bers are close to suggested thresholds.
Drench Test. To defect chinch bugs,
adult billbugs, and caterpillars includ-
ing armyworm.s, cutworms, and larvae
of lawn moths (sod webworms), per-
form a drench test by mixing 1 lo 2 fluid
ounces (2-4 tablespoons) of dish%vash-
ing liquid (such as Lemon )oy) lo a gal-
lon of waler. If you are using a concen-
trate (i.e.. Ultra) version of a dish-
washing liquid, 11/2 tablespoons per g.il-
lon of walcr is adequate. Two gallons
may be required where soils are drv
Apply the solufion fo 1 sc|uare vard of
lawn as evenly as possible using a
sprinkling can (Fig- 2) Test <in area lh.it
includes both relatively healthy gra.ss
and adjoining unhealthy grass- The
drench will cause insects to move fo
Ihe surface- During the nexf 10 min-
utes, identify and count thc numbcr of
post insects-
Inspect Around Roots. Thc drench lost
docs not indicale Ihe presence of bill-
bug larvae, black turfgrass ataenius
larvae, or while gmbs (masked chafers.
May beelles, and June beetles). To de-
tect white grubs, dig or ail beneath
thatch (Fig- 3) and examine the soil
around roots and crowns (where roots
and stems meet)- Look for the white,
legless larvae of billbugs (a weevil) or
the C-shaped, six-legged lan-ao of
scarab beelles such as black turfgrass
ataenius and masked chafers. When
these are numerous, roots are eaten
away and turf often can bc rolled back
like a carpet- If you find more than
about one billbug larva, six white
gmbs, or 40 black turfgrass afaenius
gmbs per square foof, confrol may be
needed-
TREATMENT
If cultural practices arc nof enough lo
prevent damage, and a drench test or
rtxif in.spection indicates treatment is
warranted, choose selective, least toxic,
IPM-compafible products (Table 2)
whenever possible fo confrol posts. The
microbial insecticide Bacillus
thuringiensis and insect-killing nema-
tode products that can bo applied like
insectiddes have minimal negafive im-
pacts on nontarget organisms. The in-
sectiddes azadirachtin, pyrothmm
(pyrethrins), and imidacloprid arc also
• 4 •
May 2001 Lawn Insects
Figure 2. Defect chinch bugs, adult bill-
bugs, and caterpillars by drenching a 1-
square-yard area of lawn with a soap
solufion fo irritate insects so they come
lo fhe surface.
relafively safe produds for lawn in.sect
management- Each of fhese produrts is
effective only on certain pests and all
musl be properly limed and applied to
be effective- Avoid the use of chlorpy-
rifos and diazinon; urban use of these
materials has been identified as a
source of pollution in Califomia's
creeks and rivers- Other broad-
spectmm insectiddes, induding car-
baryl, pyrethroids, and acephate, are
available- However, these materials
pose risks for benefidal and nontarget
organisms- Use them only when IPM-
compatible inserticides cannoi control
Ihe infeslation-
Avoid lhe use of lawn ferfilizer prod-
urts lhat also conlain inserticides for
preventative treatment. Insectidde
treatment at lhe time of fertilizing is
u.sually nol justified and may reduce
the presence of beneficial insects.
Mow the lawn and reduce excess
lhalch (greater lhan '/2 inch) before
applying insecticides. Unless othenvise
directed on the produrt label, irrigate
and allow grass blades lo dr)' before
treating caterpillars and other insects
that feed on grass blades and stems. Do
not treal if rainfall is expected and do
not irrigate for at least 48 hours after
spraying for leaf-feeders to allow the
insecticide to remain on grass blades as
long as possible When treating white
grubs and other root-feeders, wait to
irrigate until after application so the
insectidde is moved down into tho
soil-
Certain chemicals may injure lawns,
espedally if used on seedlings, when
temperatures arc too high, or if grass is
stressed- Injury may also result from
excess amounts, repeated applications,
the wrong formulafion, or from mixing
incompatible materials- Inert ingredi-
ents, such as welters, spreaders, emul-
sifiers, diluents, and solvents, may also
injure lawns-
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bl). Bt kills only
caterpillars- When inferted wilh Bt,
caterpillars slop feeding within a day
and u.sually die wilhin a few days.
Unlike broad-spectmm insecfiddes
lhal kill on contact, caterpillars musl
cat Bl-sprayed foliage lo be killed, so
proper liming and thorough spray cov-
erage are very important. Bt is mosl
effective on caterpillars when they are
young- Once the caterpillars become
large they are harder lo kill wilh this
malerial, and other conlrol measures
may be necessary. Apply Bt during
warm, dry weather when caterpillars
are feeding adively- Sunlight inacri-
vates Bt on foliage, so make applica-
tions in the evening- Repeat treatment
after about 7 lo 10 days-
Nematodes. Insert-attacking nema-
todes can be applied lo conlrol cater-
pillars or grubs- Eadi nematode s-pedes
is effecfive on a different range of
pests- Select lhe nematode .spedes most
effertive againsl the target pest(s)
(Table 2)- All nematode spedes are
most effecfive when applied during thc
earlv part of the season for lhal pesl
(Fig- 4) when grubs or caterpillars are
active. A second applicalion aboul 2
weeks afier lhe first increa.scs the likeli-
hood that nematodes will reproduce
and provide long-temi pest conlrol.
Irrigate before and after application.
Apply lo warm (al least 60°F), moist
bul nol soggy soil. Several irrigations
may be needed during lhe 2 weeks af-
ler each applicalion to keep soil moist.
Because nematodes are killed by light
and heal, apply them in the evening,
especially in hot areas-
Nematodes usually musl be mail or-
dered- Because ihey are very pierish-
able, store them as directed (usually
under cool, dark conditions) and do nol
store thom for long periods. Purchase
from a reputable producer or supplier
of fresh nematodes. Sources indude
those listed in the free pamphlet Suppli-
ers of Beneficial Organisms in North
America available from the California
Department of Pestidde Regulation,
8.30 K Street, Sacramento, CA 95814-
3510, phone 916-324-4100, or on the
World Wide Web al immo.cdpr.ca.gov/
dprncius.htm. Suppliers and details on
nematode use are also available al httpf
/w-J.m)2.oardc.ohio-state.edu/nematodes.
Azadirachtin- The botanical pestidde
azadirachtin is extrarted from the seeds
of the nocm tree. Il is used lo control
cutworms, armyworms, and lhe larvae
of lawn moths. Azadirachtin is ab-
sorbed by tho planl and is able to move
to a limiled degree wilhin the planl.
Because azadirachtin arts partly as an
insect growth regulator (i.e., it prevents
the caterpillar from reaching maturity),
mosl caterpillars are nol killed unlil
Figure 3. Detect billbug larvae, black turfgrass ataenius, and white grubs by dig-
ging around the rool zone with a hand trowel. Alternafively, make three connected
cuts Ihrough grass and thatch in thc shape of a capital "1" (a); then lift back (b) and
inspect underneath. If the area examined is 6 inches long and 4 inches wide, inspect
six such areas to uncover a total of 1 square fool and compare the number of insects
discovered to the suggested thresholds-
May 2001 Lawn Insects
Figure 4- Approximate limes to monitor for some lawn insects- Actual treatment time
varies depending in part on location, tempcrafure, rain/all, and the specific insecticide
used- Before applying an insecticide, monitor for insects to confirm pest presence and
lhat their numbers exceed thresholds.
Insect Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
annyworm, cutworm
billbug
black turfgrass ataenius
chinch bug
fiery skipper
sod webworm, lawn moth
white grub
several days affer applicafion, and
azadirachtin's effectiveness is not im-
mediately apparent.
For more information contact the University
of Califomia Cooperative F-xtension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
AUTHORS: S. H. DreLstadI, M. A. Harivan-
rli, H- Costa, and J. Hartin
EDITOR; B- Oldendorf
TEQINICAL EDITOR: M- L- Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCmON: M- Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig 1: Adult chafer from
A- S- Packard. 1876. Guide lo ttie Study of In-
sects. New York: Henry Holt; Sod webworm
by R. M- Bohart- 1947- Hilgardia 17(8):275;
other in.sect line art by Chittenden, Marlaft,
or Webster from Sanderson, E- D- and C- 1--
Jackson- 1912- Elementary Entomology. Bos-
ton: Ginn-; Fig- 2: C. M. Deivec-s; Fig- 3:
adapted from Gelenter, W- D- Calif Fair-
ways, )an-Feb: pp- 6-8; Fig- 4: adapted from
Ali, A- D , and C L. Elmore, eds. 1989. Turf-
grass Pests. Oakland: UC DANR Publ- 4053-
PRODUCED BY IPM Educarion and Publi-
cations. UC Statewide IPM Projecf, Univer-
sity of Califomia. Davis. CA 95616-S620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://www ipm-ucdavis edu)
UC^iPM
UCI
PEER! REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymousty peor
reviewed tor technical accuracy by University ol
Calitotnia scientists and other qualitied profes-
sionals- This iQview process was managed by lhe
ANR Associate Editor lor Pest Management.
To simplify iiifarnwtion, trade names of produtls
Kavp been used. No endorsement of named prorlutls
Is intended, nor is nit itS-*;m implied ol similar prtxiiicts
llial an- not mentioiu-d
This material |5 p.lrti.inv ba.sed upon work
suppirted bv the HxtcnsicnSer^ ia-, U Oepartmenl
of AgriL-ullure. uniier siK-ciai project Section 3(d),
Inlegraled test Manaf.enient.
Imidacloprid. Imidacloprid is a
diloronicotinyl insecticide that moves
.systemically within plants. Il is effec-
tive againsl black turfgrass ataenius,
while gmbs, and weevils. Imidacloprid
has relalively long persistence. Because
initial effecfiveness can bc delayed for
days after applicalion, il may be best to
apply it during the early part of the
season (Fig. 4), when the gmbs are in
their earliest stages. In lawns that had
damaging infestations the previous
year, make treatments when adults are
found in early to midsummer. If lawns
are heavily infested with damaging
levels of gmbs later in the season, a
more quick-acting, broad-spectrum in-
sectidde may be necessary.
Pyrefhrin. Pyrothmm, a botanical from
fiowers of certain chrysanthemums,
contains pyrethrin-s, which are loxic fo
inserts. Many pyrethmm produrts in-
clude the .synergist piperonyl butoxide.
Inserts may only be temporarily para-
lyzed (knocked-down) and pests may
recover from temporary effects of expo-
sure lo pyrethrum unless piperonyl
butoxide is added.
SUGGESTED READING
Ali, A. D., and C. L. Elmore, eds. 1989.
Turfgrass Pests. Oakland; Univ. Calif
Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 4053-
Brandenburg, R- L., and M. G- Villani,
eds- 1995- Handbook of Turfgrass Pests.
Lanham, MD; Entomological Sodety of
America-
Costa, H-, R- Cowles, J- Hartin, K- Kido,
and H- Kaya- 2000. Inserts and Mites in
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines:
Turfgrass. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric.
Nal. Res. Publ. 3365-T.
Flint, M- L., and S. H- Dreistadt. 1998.
Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated
Guide to Biological Pest Control. Oakland;
Univ. Calif Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3386.
Harivandi, M- A-, and V- A- Gibeaull-
1996- Managing Laums in Shade- Oak-
land: Univ. Calif. Agrie Nat Res. Publ.
7214-
Harivandi, M- A-, and V. A. Gibeault.
1996. Mowing Your Lawn and Grass-
cycling. Oakland; Univ. Calif Agric.
Nal. Res- Publ- 8006-
Harivandi, M. A., and V. A. Gibeault.
1997. Managing Lawns on Heavy Soils.
Oakland; Univ. CaliL Agric. Nal. Res.
Publ. 7227.
Harivandi, M. A-, W. B. Davi.s, V. A.
Gibeault, M. J. Henry, J. A. Van Dam, L-
Wu, and V- B- Younger-1990. Selecting
the Best Turfgrass. Oakland; Univ. CaliL
Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2589.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICAtS
I'eslicides arc poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations
given on Ihe container label. Store all chemicak in the original labeled containers in a locl<ed cabinet or shed,
awav from food or feed?, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestoclc.
(Tonfme chemicals to llie property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring pmperties. especially
gardens conlaijwig fruits or vegetables ready to t>e picket!.
Do not place containers containing pesticide in thc tra.sh nor [>our pesticides doism sink or toilet- Either use
llie pestidde according lo the label or take un^^•anted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection
site- Contad your county agncultural commissioner for additiimal infomiation on safe container disposal and
for thc location of die Hazardous Waste Collection sife nearest you Di-sposeof empty containers by following
label directions- Never reuse or bum lhe containers or dispose ol them in such a manner that tliey may
contaminate water --nipplics or natural watenvays- ^
The University of California prohibits discrimination agaiiist or hara-ssmeni of any person employed by or
-seeking emplt'»Tnent with the Universil>- on the basLs of race, color, oational origin, religion, -sex. physical or
mentardisabili'ty, mcdicil condition (canccr-retited or gem-tn- char.ictetislicsl anceslrv-, marital status, age,
-sexual orientatioiv dlizenship, or stalus as a covered eeter.-in (-Special disabled veteran. Vieliiam-era veferaa
or any Pther veter.-tii who sencd on active duty during a war or in a campaigji or expedition for which a
campaign badge has 1-een authorized). Univcrsily Policy- is ir>t< nded lo be consistent vvitli die provisions ol
applicable Stale and Federal lavvs. Inquiries regarding IIH- Universily;s nondiscrimination policies may be
directed lo Ihe Affinnative Adion /Staff Personnel Services Uiret-tor, Uiiiver^itv of Califomia, Agricultun- and
Natural Resourci-"^ 100 Lakeside Ur, Oakland. CA 94frI2-.-l»; ISW)1B7-Imh
FLIES
integrated Pest /Management In and Around the Home
LARVA
Figure 1. life cycle of the fly.
Of the thousands of species of fiies,
only a few are common pests in and
around the home. Four of the more
frequent pests are the house fly
(Musca domestica), the face fly (Musta
autumnalis), the stable fiy (Stotnoxys
caid trans), and the little house fly
(Farinifl spp.). These pests breed in
fUthy locations from which they can
contaminate food and transmil dis-
eases; stable flies feed on mammalian
blood.
All flies undergo complete metamor-
phosis with egg, larva, pupa, and
adull stages in their development
(Fig. 1). The female fly deposits her
eggs in moist organic material where
the larvae, or "maggots," complele
their development. When the maggots
have compleled their developmenl
and are ready lo undergo the next
step in their metamorphosis, they
convert their last larval skin into thc
puparium, a hardened shell within
whidi the pupa develops. The pupa
then transforms into the adult fly,
which pops off the end of the pu-
parium and emerges. By pumping
body fluids into the veins, the fly un-
folds and expands ils wings, allowing
ihem lo dry and harden before it can
fly. Under optimal condifions the egg-
lo-adult development may require as
lillle as 7 lo 10 days. Once the female
fly has mated, she can lay several
batches of eggs, typically containing
over 100 eggs each.
While humans are most commonly
bothered by thc adull stage, the larval
stage .should be the prime target for
control. Eliminafion of lan-al habilal
is the preferred melhod of pesl fly
suppression. By removing the matc;-
rial in which larvae develop, the life
cyde of the fly can be broken, pre-
venfing subsequent production of thc
adult pests. While chemical pestiddes
may be necessary for suppressing
adult fly populafions in some situa-
fions, they are not a substitute for
prevention through the elimination of
breeding sites. Because flies can
quickly develop resistance to insecti-
ddes in a few generations, use them
only as a last resort lo obtain immedi-
ate control.
HOUSE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
The house fly fMusca domestica) is a
cosmopolitan companion of humans
and domesfic animals. House flies are
less than one-half inch in length. They
are gray, with four dark stripes down
thc dors-um of lhe thorax (Fig- 2)-
House flies have .sponging moulhparls
and can ingest only licjuids- However,
ihoy can cat solid food (e-g-, sugar,
flour, pollen) by first liquefying if wilh
their saliva.
Under favorable condilions the house
fly can reprcxiuce prodigiously be-
cause of its short generation fime and
(actual size)
Figure 2. House fly.
PFST [SjOTES Publication 7457
University nf Call forn iii
Divisitm of Agriculture- and N<iiui-al Resources Lebri-iary I 999
Februarv 1999 Flies
I [ (actual size)
Figure 3. House fly larva.
the large numbcr of eggs produced
by each female—several batches of
aboul 150 eggs. Eggs are laid in
warm, moist, organic materials such
as manure, garbage, lawn clippings,
decaying vegetables and fruits, or
soils contaminated with any of these
materials- Under good condifions the
eggs hatch in less than a day. The
cream-colorcd larvae can then com-
plele development wilJiin a week-
Larvae of the house fly have a blunt
posterior end and taper to a poinl al
the head end (Fig- 3)- Larvae seek
drier areas to pupate- Pupation lasts
4 to 5 days and a generation can be
completed in less than 2 weeks; dur-
ing the summer 10 lo 12 generations
can dcvelop-
Damage
Because they have sponging mouth-
parts, house flies cannot bite; how-
ever, they have been demonstrated
lo mechanically transmit the caus-
ative agenls of diarrhea, cholera,
yaws, dysentery, and eye infertions.
Flies are also implicated as mechani-
cal vectors of Shigella and Salmo-
nella, the latter being a pathogen
responsible for food poisoning.
Management of House Flies
Mosl measures lo control house flies
are nonchcmical. In almost all cases
where flies are seen inside a building
they have entered from the outside.
Therefore, mechanical control re-
mains thc first line of defense against
house flieS- Cracks around windows
and doors where flics are entering
should be sealed. Well-fitted .screens
will also limit their access fo build-
ings. For commercial facilities, air
doors can provide effecfive barriers
fo fly entry, and lighf traps attract
any of those that slill manage lo get
in. A fly swatter can be u.sed effec-
tively againsl tho stray individual
thaf finds its way into a house. Out-
doors, regularly remove (at least
twice a week) and dispose of or-
ganic waste, including dog feces, fo
reduce the altractivoncss of a sile lo
flies and limit their breeding areas.
Garbage should not be allowed to
accumulate and should be kept in
containers with fight-fitting lids- In
general, poor exclusion and lack of
sanitafion are the major contribu-
tors fo fly problems-
Fly papers or ribbons are effective
at eliminafing a few flies, but are not
effective enough to manage heavy
infc"stationS- Inverted cone fraps can
be effertive if the food affractanf
used draws flie.s, but they cannot
compete wifh garbage or other aro-
matic substances in the surrounding
area. Bug zappers .should only be
used indoors and not be visible
from the outside through windows
or open doorways- Rug zappers
outdoors or improper placement
indoors can attrad more flies than
they kill- They should also not be
used near food preparation areas
because they may actually result in
increased food contamination with
in.sect parts.
Selcclive use of insecficides againsl
hou.se flies is one component of a
total fly management program but
.should only be used afler all pos-
sible nonchcmical .strategies have
been employed. To kill flies indoors,
a nonresidual pyrelhrin space spray
or aerosol can be used. Keep the
room closed for several minutes
after treatment until all Uie flies are
dead- Outside, apply residual insec-
ticides to surfaces such as walls and
ceilings lhat aro being used by the
flics as resting areas- Fly baits used
in trash areas arc effective in reduc-
ing the number of flics around build-
ings if good sanitation practices are
followed. When flies have access to
garbage, hiiwovor, tliey will not be
controlled bv baits. Always follow
the direcfions on the in.serticide label
for safe applicafion.
LITTLE HOUSE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
While little house flies (Fannia spp.)
are found throughout the United
Stafes, populafions of two species
thrive in the particular dimafic condi-
tions of southem Califomia. Both Fan-
nia canicularis and Fannia femoralis
can be abundant during the cooler
months in southem Califomia and are
considori?d major winter pest flies.
Adults are approximately one-half lo
two-thirds the size of the house fly,
Musca domestica, and they lack its
disfinctive thoradc markings (Fig. 4).
Fannia at rest hold their wings more
over the back lhan Musca, creating a
narrower V-shape to the wing outline.
Flying clusters of male Fannia typically
form in areas with still air; these mill-
ing groups mainlain a position 5 or 6
foot above the ground-
Females typically spend mosl of their
time feeding and laying eggs near the
larval developmenl site- The immature
stages are adapted lo tolerate a wide
moisture range in the larval developi-
menl substrate. Egg laying and larval
developmenl frequently occur in ani-
mal wastes, but various moist organic
materials can serve as suitable sub-
strates. Larvae of Fannia spp. arc
brown in color and spiny (Fig. 5).
Backyard composl heaps and decom-
posing piles of grass clippings can
produce large numbers of Fannia.
Figure 4. Lillle house fly.
Februarv 1999 Flies
Figure 5. Little house fly larva.
Damage
Little house flies are more reluctant lo
enter homes than are house flies;
instead, they tend lo congregate in
outdoor areas such as patios,
entryways, and garages. Their habit of
hovering at face height makes them
annoying, ihough they move readily
oul of the way when approached-
They seldom land and arc nol con.sid-
ered a significant disease vector-
Strong air currents tend to disperse
the male aggregations. As tempera-
tures decline, tliey seek cover in
buildings or protective vegetation. As
temperatures rise in late spring and
early summer, populations of Fannia
diminish. In southem Califomia Fnn-
nia are the main pest fly from Novem-
ber fo June, with Musca domestica
assuming major pest status between
June and November.
Management of Little House Flies
Eliminafing the breeding sile is the
preferred melhod of controlling Fan-
nia. Piles of moist, decaying grass
clippings are ideal developmental
sites, as are accumulations of moist
manure. Fannia arc nol attracted lo
the .same fly baits or traps lhat collect
house flies.
FACE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
Face flies (Musca antumnalis) are par-
ticularly a problem in mral areas of
norlhern and central Califomia where
livestock are preseni. The holler,
drier weatiier in southern California is
nol condudve lo their devekipment
The face fly looks virtually identical to
the house fly but is soinowhal larger
and darker in color. Like lhe house fly
it also has .sponging moulhparls and
cannot bile Hoivever, face fly behav-
ior is distinctive because they are
attracted to the eyes, nose, and
mouth of cattle and horscs-
Female face flies lay their tiny stalked
eggs in fresh manure. The yellowish
larvae feed on the manure imtil ma-
ture, when they crawl away to a suit-
able site and pupate in iJie soil- The
life cyde is completed in about 2
weeks.
Damage
Face flies feed on the secretions and
sweat of cattle and horses in the sum-
mer months. Their habit of feeding
around the eyes makes them success-
ful vertors of the causative agent of
pinkeye in livestock. They can be-
come pests of humans in fall when
swarms of flies enter the walls of
buildings to hibernate. Then, on warm
days, these hibernating flies can be-
come artivc and move in large num-
bers lo the inside of the building.
Once inside tho building ihey are at-
tracted to light, so ihey are frequently
found flying around windows or
lights.
Management of Face Flies
The first step in confrol is fo locate
fhe area where the face flics are hiber-
nating and then treat fhem direcfly.
The inspection should start on the
outside of the south and wesf sides of
the building, because these walls re-
ceive the majority of the sun's rays in
fall and winter and are therefore usu-
ally the warmest parts of thc building-
The fiies are attrarted to these warm
areas in search of protective harbor-
age for thc winter. Those flies swarm,
fhen enter cracks and crevices thaf
offen lead to sfmrtural voids. Some-
times these void spaces are acces-
sible for inspection .such as in a crawl
space, attic, or false ceiling.
The best nonchcmical conlrol method
is to vaoium the flics off tho surfaces
on which thoy aro resting. In areas
inaccessible tii vacuuming, a residua!
insectidde such as a pyrethroid can
be applied. For application of residual
inserticides, contacl a reputable pest
control company. Dusts arc ideal for-
mulations for use in void spaces, but
avoid bendiocarb or boric add dusts
because they have given poor results.
To prevent future infestations, cracks
on the outside that may serve as entry
points for flics should be .scaled.
STABLE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
The stable fly (Stotnoxys calcitrans),
sometimes called the "biting fly" or
"dog fly," is a common fly attacking
people living in neighborhoods with
populalions of animals or that are
close lo livestock fadlifies. These flies
are almost incfisfinguishable from
house flie.s, except thai stable flies
have a bayonellike mouthparf (pro-
bosds) protmding from the front of
the head (Fig- 6)-
Depending on weather condifions,
stable flies typically appear in mid-
spring, become severe in early sum-
mer, and decrease in numbers by late
summer- During prime breeding fimes
in summer, the stable fly can develop
from egg to adult in just 2 weeks- The
female fly lays over 100 eggs per balch
and may lay four or five such batches
in her lifetime, so there is potential for
rapid population increases. Piles of
moist, decaying plant refuse (grass
clippings, hay, silage, etc-) should be
considered potential sources of stable
flies; this is where female stable flies
^^^^
Figure fc. Stable fly.
February 1999 Flies
lay their eggs and where the larvae
develop- Larvae of fhe stable fly re-
semble larvae of the house flv (Fig. 3).
Stable flics do not breed in pure, fresh
manure but will develop quite well in
manure mixed with hay or other plant
material, espedally when dampened
by urine. Backyard compost heaps
and piles of grass clippings are ideal
breeding sites for stable fly larvae and
may serve as tho production source
for an entire neighborhood infesta-
tion.
Damage
Stable flies bile people and feed on
their blood bul are nol known to be
significant vertors of disease Stable
flies also bite animals and fend lo feed
preferentially on the legs and under-
side of animals such as cattle and
horses. On dog.s, stable flies typically
feed around the periphery of the ear-
Undisturbed, the stable fly can hilly
engorge in less than 5 minutes- If then
flies away to a suitable resting sile
whore it is proterted while the blood
meal is digested. It is seldom neces-
sary for this pest lo fly far lo find
hosts from which to lake a blood
meal. When stable flies are a problem
in an area, they probably are originat-
ing locally.
Management of Stable Flies
The mosl effective and economical
melhod for redudng populations of
ihc stable (ly is eliminafion of breed-
ing sources. To prevent larval devel-
opment, moist grass clippings should
be spread thinly fo dry. Maintain com-
post piles lo promote rapid decompo-
sition of organic matter, which
generates heal and makes the pile
unsuitable lo fly larvae. Another
nonchcmical measure is pcst-proofing
the outside of a stmcture lo prevent
flies from entering. This technique
includes caulking craclcs, weather-
stripping doors, and installing
screens. For protertion of dogs and
horses lhat are bothered by stable
flies, insert repellents containing
permethrin or pyrethrins are effec-
tive, but neither provides long-term
control, .so repeated applications ev-
ery other day are necessary. Because
the stable fly season is relafively
short, this approach may be feasible.
REFERENCES
Ebeling, Waller. 1975. Urban Entomol-
ogy. Oakland; Univ. Calif Agric. and
Nat. Resources.
Hedgc-s, Stoy. 1994. Field Guide for the
Management af Structure-Infesting Flies.
Cleveland; Franzak & Foster Co-
For more information contacl the University
of California Crxipcrative Extension or agri-
cultural ct^missioner's office in your coun-
ty- See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
WRITTEN BY John Klotz, Les Creeiiberg,
Nancy Hinlcle, and Stepfion A. Klotz
ILLUSTRATIONS: Ellen Montgomery Parker
and D. E. Cardwell
EDITOR: B. Ohlendort
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint.
DESICN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brtisfi.
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University
of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620.
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (htlp://wivw-ipm-ucdavis.edu)
UC^IPM
To stmplifv in(oimoii(>n. (rade nanit-s cif p(0<)uc(s
I>ave been used No endfjrsemeni <>( njnitij prcxJucls
is inlended, not is ctilkism inipliod (>( similaf prod-
ucts that aie nol nicnitoned.
This materiof is p.ifli.ally h^iicd upt>n woik suppoilc-d
byilicE.xiension Srrvirr, K) S. Dep.til»nt-ni ot-Agiicul-
Iitif. undec speci.il projfxl Sedion .tld.t. Irilt^gralc-d
FVr.l Manageritt-tit
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow atl precautions and safety recommendations given
on ll»e conlainer label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away
from food (>f feeds, and oul of ihc reach of children, unauthorized persons, p<*ts, and livestoclc.
Confine chemicals to thc property being treated. Avoid diifl onto neighboring properties, especially gardens
containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked.
Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reiiscihc containers. Make
sure empty Conlainers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may
contaminate water supplies or natural wjterways. Do rwi pouf tJown sink or toifct. Cor»fult yoin couniy
agricultural commissioner for correct ways of (fisposing of excess [>estit ides. Nev t-r Imm prsiicidecontainers-
The Universiiv ol California, in accordance with applicable Fedeial aeid State law and L'niversit)' policy,
tloes nol discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sev. disabilitv. age, medical
condition (rarKer-related), ancestr>', marital stalus. citizenship, sexual ortentati<ni. or stalus as a Vietnam-
era vctciunoi special disabled veteran. The University also prohibits sexual h.iijssment, Inf]uiries regarding
the Universilv's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirntaiive Action Oirecior. University
of California. Agriculiurrand Natural Resources, IIII Franklin St . Oakland, (alifomi.i 94f,o;->200:(5I01
98/ 00'i(».
• 4 •
Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home
Cat fleas fClenocephalides tclis) are fre-
quendy encountered in homes and are
common pests on domestic cats and
dogs. Dog fleas (Cicrioccphalides canis)
look like cat fleas, but are rare in Cali-
fornia. Sficktight fleas (Echidnophaga
gal/inacea) can become a problem when
pets frequent areas near poultry.
Female sUckfighl fleas firmly attach
themselves around the cars and eyes of
their host. Fleas on either cats or dogs
in California are most likely cat fleas.
IDENTIFICATION
Adult fleas (Fig. I) are very small in-
sects (up lo 'A inch), so it is difficult to
see a number of the characterisfics
used to describe them. These reddish
brown to black, wingless insects are
compressed from side to side so that
they look like they are walking "on
edge." They have piercing-sucking
mouthparts through which they oblain
blood meals from their hosts. Flea lar-
vae are tiny (up lo 'As inch long), hairy,
and wormlike with a distinct, brownish
head, but no eyes or legs.
LIFE CYCLE
Female cat fleas remain on the host
(unlike most other fleas) and lay about
20 to 30 eggs per day on the animal-
Cat flea eggs are pearly white, oval,
and about "/iz inch long- The eggs are
smootii: they readily fall from Ihe pet
and land on surfaces like bedding and
carpeting in the animal's environment-
They hatch in about 2 days- The whit-
ish, wormlike larvae (Fig. 2) feed on
dried blood and excrement produced
by adult fleas feeding on Ihe pet. Lar-
val development is normally restricted
to protected places where Ihere is al
least 75% relative humidity. They feed
and crawl aiound for 5 to 15 days at
70" lo 90°F before they build small
silken cocoons in vvhich they develop
into adult fleas (pupate). Tlie pupae are
usually covered with local debris for
visual camouflage. Flea larvae develop
more quickly at higher temperatures-
At cool temperatures, fully fonned
fleas may remain in their cocoons for
up to 12 months- Warm temperatures
and mechanical pressure, caused by
walking on tlie carpet, vacuuming, and
so on. stimulate emergence from the
cocoon- At room temperatures, the en-
tire life cycle may be completed in
about 18 days. An adult cat flea gener-
ally fives about 30 to 40 days on the
host; it is the only stage that feeds on
blood. Fleas may be found on pets
throughout the year, bul numbers tend
to increase dramatically during spring
and early summer.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH FLEAS
The cat flea is suspected of transmit-
ting murine typhus to humans, but its
primary iniportance is in its annoyance
fo people and pets. Cat fleas readily try
(artual size)
Figure 1. Adult flea.
to feed on almost any warm-blooded
animal. Some people are bothered by
tlie sensation of fleas walking on their
skin, but biles are Ihe major nuisance.
Bites tend to be concentrated on the
lower legs but can also occur on other
parts oflhe body. The bite consists ofa
smaU, central red spot surrounded by a
red halo, usually without excessive
swelling. Flea biles usuaUy cause mi-
nor itching but may become increas-
ingly irritating to people with sensitive
or reactive skin. Some people and pets
suffer from flea bilc allergic dermatitis,
characterized by intense itching, hair
adull larva
Figure 2. Life stages of the flea (egg not shown).
PEST NOTES
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7419
Revised November 2000
November 2000 Fleas
loss, reddening ofthe skin, and sec-
ondary infection. Just one bite may ini-
tiate an allergic reaction, and itching
may persist up lo 5 days after Ihc bite.
Cat fleas may also serve as intermedi-
ary hosts of dog tapeworms. Cats or
dogs may acquire this intestinal para-
site while grooming themselves by in-
gesting adult fleas that contain a cyst
of the tapeworm.
MANAGEMENT
The best approach to managing fleas is
prevenlion- New, safer, and more ef-
fective products aimed al controlling
fleas on the pet have made flea man-
agement without pesticide sprays fea-
sible in many situations. Management
of fleas on the pet must be accompa-
nied by regular, thorough cleaning of
pet resting areas indoors and outside
Once fleas infest a home, control will
require a vigilant program that in-
cludes cleaning and treating infested
areas indoors, eliminafing fleas on
pets, and cleaning up and possibly
treating shaded outdoor locations
where pets rest-
On the Pet
Several types of products are available
to control fleas on dogs and cats. The
most effective and safest products in-
hibit normal growth or reproduction of
fleas. Use of these products must be
supplemented with good housekeep-
ing in areas where Ihe p>et rests. Con-
tact your veterinarian for advice and
assistance in selecfing the best flea con-
trol product for your situation.
Preferred On-pet Flea Treafmenf
Products. New product innovations
have made if possible to effectively,
conveniently, and safely prevent flea
populalions from building up on pels.
These products arc more effective and
safer than the traditional insecticide
dusts and sprays, which until a few
years ago were the only choices for pet
owners. The new products contain in-
sect growth regulators (ICRs) such as
mctlioprcnc (Precor) or pyriproxyfen
(Nylar). and insect devolopiiient in-
hibitors (IDIs) such as lufenuron (Pro-
gram). The ICRs are available as flea
collars or spol-ons applied lo one or
two places on the pet's coat. IDIs come
formulated as a systemic Irealmenl
that must be administered orally and
are available from veterinarians. These
products work by either preventing the
larvae from tuming into adults (ICRs),
or the eggs from hatching (IDIs), and
are virtually nontoxic to pets and
people- Two other new types of safe
and effective chemicals are fipronil and
imidacloprid, which are used as spot-
ons. If properly applied before flea sea-
son begins and reapplied as necessary,
any ofthese products can prevent a
flea infeslation-
Spot-on Formulations- Intudacloprid (Ad-
vantage) and fipronil (Front-Line) are
available from veterinarians and are
applied to the animal's skin; a single
applicafion provides flea control for 1
fo 3 months- Tliesc spray and spot-on
formulafions are much easier to use
than baths and are more acceptable to
the animal- A few drops of the spot-on
formula applied to thc animal's shoul-
der blades move through the animal's
coat, providing whole-body treatrnent-
Both materials kill adult fleas within
hours of the flea jumping on the ani-
mal. Also, these compounds have
lower mammahan toxidty than tradi-
tionally used flea control products con-
taining carbamates and organophos-
phates and are safer to use on pels.
Generally the spot-on formulations can
withstand bathing; check the label for
specific instructions.
Systemic Oral Treatnients. Several flea
conlrol products are internal medica-
tions that are administered on a regu-
lar basis in the form ofa pill or food
additive Older types of medications
contained insecticidal materials, mostly
organophosphates, that were trans-
ported to all skin areas Ihrough the
animal s blood. Newer products con-
tain insect development inhibitors that
do not have Ihe toxicity ofthe older
materials and are much safer to use.
Tlie insect development inhibitor
lufenuron (Program) can be given as a
pill (dogs) or as a food additive (cats)
once a mriiilh lo suppress flea popula-
tions It can also be administered as an
injection evei^ 6 montiis. While this
compound does not kill adult fleas, it
does prevent flea reproduction- If its
use is initialed early in the year before
flea populalions begin to build, it can
prevent the establishment of a flea
population in the home, though an oc-
casional adull flea may be sighted on
the animal-
Flea Collars. Flea collars containing the
insect growth regulators melhoprene
and pyriproxyfen are virtually non-
toxic lo pets and humans and can be
used on both cats and dogs- The
growth regulator is released by the col-
lar and distributed tiiroughout the coat
of the pet- Adult fleas coming in con-
tact with the growth regulator absorb it
into their bodies where it accumulates
in their rcproducfive organs- Eggs laid
by the adult female do not hatch- Flea
collars may contain Ihe insect growth
regulator as the sole active ingredient
or it may be combined with an insecti-
cide- If the collar contains only Ihe in-
sect growth regulator, use another
treatment, such as a spot-on produd.
to conlrol adult fleas if necessary. Flea
collars containing melhoprene are ef-
fedive for 4 to 6 months on dogs and
up to a year on cats
Traditional Insecticide Products. Until
recently, pet owners had to rely on
products containing conventional in-
secticides (pyrethrins. permethrin.
d-Iimonene, chlorpyrifos. or carbaryl)
fo control fleas on their pets. These
products were formulated as soaps,
shampoos, fjowders, dusts, spray-on
liquids, and dips. Although many of
Ihese products are still available. Ihey
are not as effecfive or as safe to use as
fhe products listed in fhe section above
titled "Preferred On-pet Flea Treat-
ment Products." Some products are not
safe for some pets, such as permethrin
products on some cats, and small chil-
dren and infants should be kept away
from animals treated with any ofthese
materials for at least a day or two.
Nonchcmical Treatments. Spedal
combs are available that help remove
adult fleas from the coat ofa short-
haired pef. Removing fleas may pro
vide comfurt to the animal and reduce
November 2000 Fleas
flea breeding. Combing pets af regular
intervals is also a good way to monitor
the flea population and help you de-
cide when other control measures may
be necessary-
Studies have shown that neither Vita-
min Bl (thiamine hydrochloride)
supplements nor brewer's yeast pre-
vents fleas from feeding; also, herbal
collars and ultrasonic devices are not
effective flea repellents.
Inffoors
Controlling cat fleas in buildings re-
quires a variety of approaches. Before
starting a control program, look
through each room in the building to
determine areas where larval develop-
ment occurs. Flea populalions are
highest in places where dogs or cats
regularly sleep. Flea larvae are not usu-
ally found in areas of heavy pedestrian
traffic or localions that receive expo-
sure to sunlight; they are likely to be
present in areas where adult fleas have
left dried blood and feces.
Sanitation- Thoroughly and regularly
clean areas where adult fleas, flea lar-
vae, and flea eggs are found. Vacuum
floors, mgs, carpets, upholstered furni-
ture, and crevices around baseboards
and cabinets daily or every other day
to remove flea eggs, larvae, adults, and
food .sources. Vacuuming is very effec-
tive in picking up adults and stimulat-
ing preemerged adults to leave their
cocoons. Flea eggs can survive and de-
velop inside vacuum bags and adults
may be able lo escape to the outside, so
immediately destroy bags by burning
or by sealing Ihem in a plastic trash
hag and placing Ihem in a covered
trash container. Launder pet bedding
in hot, soapy water at least once a
week.
Thoroughly clean items brought into
the building, such as used carpets or
upholstered furniture, to prevent fhese
from being a source of flea infcstalion.
Insecficides. Several inseclicirles are
registered for controlling fleas indoors.
Sprays are only needed when you de-
tect an infestation in your home. The
most effective products contain one of
Ihe insect growth regulators; melho-
prene or pyriproxyfen. Fleas are
known lo build up resistance lo insecti-
cides, so always supplement sprays
wilh other methods of control such as
thorough. frc<|uent vacuuming.
Use a hand sprayer or aerosol lo apply
insectiddes directly to infested areas of
carpets and furniture. Total release
aerosols ("room foggers") do not pro-
vide the coverage and long-term effec-
tiveness of direcl sprays unless they
contain an insect growth regulator.
Treatments with insectiddes other than
ICRs often fail to control flea larvae
because the treatment material fails to
contact them at the base of carpet fibers
where Ihey develop.
Spray carpets, pet sleeping areas, car-
peted areas beneath furniture,
baseboards, window sills, and other
areas harboring adults or larvae. Use
an insect growth regulator (melho-
prene or pyriproxyfen) that spedfically
targets the larvae and has a long re
sidual life. As soon as the spray dries,
vacuum lo remove additional fleas that
emerge from die pupal stage in carpets
and upholstery- Fleas will confinue to
emerge for about 2 weeks after treat-
ment because pupae are not killed by
sprays. Continue to vacuum and do
not treat again for at least several
weeks- Always .seal and discard
vacuum bags so fleas don't escape.
Outdoors
Outdoor flea populations are most
prevalent in coastal localities and other
places with moderate daytime tem-
peratures and fairly high huinidities-
In Central Valley locations, popula-
tions can become very numerous in
shaded and protected areas such as
sheltered animal enclosures, crawl
spaces whore pels may sleep, or
vegetated areas adjacent to buildingS-
If an infested outdoor localion is not
treated, the flea problem may reoccur
if pels are reinfcsted. However, treat-
ment of tho pet w ith any of Ihe pre-
ferred pot treatment products listed
above will normally prevent
reinfestatioii.
Outdoor sprays are not necessary un-
less you detect signilicant numbers of
adult fleas. One wav lo do this is to
Handling a Flea Emergency
ff vour Jionic i.s fieavily infested with
fleas, take these steps lo get t/ie
sitiiatitin tijK/er control.
Inside the Home
1- Locate heavily infested areas and
concentrate efforts on these areas-
2- Wash throw rugs and the pet's
bedding-
3- Vacuum upholstered furniture-
Remove and vacuum under
cushions and in cracks and
crevices of furnilure-
4. Vacuum carpets, espedally
beneath furniture and In areas
frequented by pets. Use a hand
sprayer to treat all carpets with
an Insecticide that contains an
insect growth regulator.
5. Allow carpet to dry and vacuum
a .second lime to remove addi-
tional fleas fhat were induced to
emerge.
6- Confinue to vacuum for 10 days
to 2 weeks to kill adult fleas that
continue lo emerge from pupal
cocoons-
On fhe Pet '
1- Use a spot-on treatment, which
can be purchased in pel stores or
from vets, or a systemic oral
treatment, which is available
from vets only,
Oulside lhe Home
1- Sprays are only necessary
outdoors ifyou detect lots of
fleas.
2. Locate and remove debris in
heavily infested areas, especially
where pets rest. Concentrate
trcatiiieiif in these areas with a
spray containing a residual
in.secticide ami the insect growth
regulator pyriproxyfen. Open
areas 10 sunlight by removing
low hanging vegetation-
walk around pet resting areas wearing
while socks pulled up to the knec- If
fleas are present, they will jump onto
socks and bc readily visible
The best products for elimination
of fleas outdoors are fomiulafions that
contain a knockdown material such as
November 2000 Fleas
pyrefhrin or permethrin plus an insect
growth regulator (pyriproxyfen) fo in-
hibit larval maturation. Avoid prod-
ucts containing diazinon or chlorpy-
rifos as these materials pollute water-
ways when they are washed into sform
drains by rain, hosing, or irrigation.
Apply sprays directly in locafions
wliere pets rest and sleep such as dog-
house and kennel areas, under decks,
and next to the foundation. It is seldom
necessary to treat the whole yard or
lawn areas- Flea larvae are unlikely lo
survive in areas wilh sunlight exposure
or substantial foot traffic-
Regular lawn v\'3tering will help destroy
larvae and prevent development of ex-
cessive flea populations- If fiossiblc.
open pet sleeping areas to sunlight by
removing low-hanging vegetafi'on.
SUGGESTED READING
Dryden. M. W.. and M- K- Rust. 1994.
The cat flea; Biology, ecology and con-
trol. Veterinary Parasitology 52;I -19.
Hinkle, N. C. M. K. Rust, and D. A.
Reierson. 1997. Biorational approaches
to flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) sup-
pression. J. Agric. Entomol. 14(3);309-321.
Potter. M- 1997- RifJdirig Your Home of
Fleas. Lexington; University of Ken-
tucky. (hllpyAv^vw.iiJcy ediiMgricuIlure/
Enloniology/'entfacts/struc/cf602./ilm; and
(ittp./Avww.ulty. edu/Agriciilliire/Erilomol-
ogy/cnlfacts/stnii:r'pf628.hfii7)
Rust, M. K.. and M- W- Dryden- 1997.
The biology, ecology, and management
of the cat flea. Annti. Rev. Entomol.
42;451-473.
For more Information conlact Ihe University
of California Cooperafive Exlensron or agri-
cultural tximmissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book tor addresses and
phone numbers.
CONTRIBUTORS: M. Rust. M. Dryden,
M. L. Flint. N. Hinkle, E. Mussen, J. Glenn,
V. Lazaneo, V. Lewis, P. O'Connor-li/larer
EDITOR; B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Bmsh
ILLUSTRATIONS; D. Kidd
PRODUCED BY IPM EducaUon and PubH-
calions, UC Statewide IPM Projecl, Unrver-
sity of Califomia, Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pesl Nole is available on the Workl
Wide Web (hltp:/Avww.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify information, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named prod-
ucts is Intended, nor is criticism implied of similar
products that are nol mentioned.
This material is partialty based upon work supported
by the Exteiision Service. U S. Department of Agri-
culture, uivies special project Section 3(d), integrat-
ed Post Manogement.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautiorvs and safety recommendations
given on (he container label. Store all chemicals in the onginal labeled containers in a locked cabinet or
shed, away from food or feeds. arKl out of the reach of chikiren, unauthorized persons, pets, arxl livestock.
Confine chemicals to the property being (reated. Avoid drift onto f»eightx>fing properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do not place containers containir>g pesticide in the trash nor pour pestfcides down sink or toiIeL Either
ose ttie pesticide accordir^g to the label or take unwanted pestKides to a Household Hazardous Waste
CoHection site. Contact your county agrk:uttural commissfoner for additional information on safe container
disposal and for the locaXlon of the Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty
containers by following labet directions. Never reuse or bum thc containers or dispose of them in such a
manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways.
The University ol California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seekir>g employment with the University on tfic basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical or
mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age.
sexual orientation, citizenship, or stalus as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition fot which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to t>e consistent with the provisions
of appficable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed to the Aflirmative Action/Staff Personnel Servkies D'rector, University ot California, Agriculture and
Natural Resources. 1111 Franklin. 6(h Floor. OakUind. CA 94607-5200; (510) 987 0096.
• 4 •
COCKROACHES
Integrated Pest /vlanagement in anc] around the Home
Figure 1. German cockroach nymph
There are five spedes of cockroaches
in California lhal can become pests;
German cockroacJi, brownbanded
cockroach, oriental cockroach,
smokybrown cockroach, and Ameri-
can cockroach. Of these, the one that
has the greatest potential of becom-
ing persistent and troublesome is the
German cockroach, which prefers
indoor locations. Oriental and Ameri-
can cockroaches occasionally pose
problems in moist, humid areas.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH COCKROACHES
Cockroaches may become pesls in
homes, restaurants, hospitals, ware-
houses, offices, and virtually any
structure that has food preparafion or
slorage areas- They contaminate food
and eating utensils, destroy fabric and
paper products, and impart stains
and unpleasant odors to surfaces they
contact-
Cockroaches (espedally the American
cockroach, which comtrs into contact
with human excrement in sewers or
vvith pet droppings) may transmit
bacteria lhat cause food poisoning
{Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp-)-
Gcrman cockroaches are believed lo
be capable of transmitting disease-
causing organisms such as Staphylo-
coccus spp.. Streptococcus spp., hepali-
lis virus, and coliform bacteria. They
also have been implicated in the
spread of typhoid and dysentery.
Some people, espedally those with
aslhma, arc sensitive to the allergens
produced by these cockroaches. How-
ever, a major concem with cock-
roaches is that people are repulsed
whon they find cockroaches in their
homes and kitchens.
IDENTIFICATION
Cockroaches are medium-sized lo
large in.sccls in the order Dictyoplera
(formerly Orthoptera). They are
broad, flattened in.secis wilh long
antennae and a prominent pronotum
(Fig. 1). Some people confuse them
with beetles, but adult cockroaches
have membranous wings and lack the
thick, hardened forewings or elytra of
beetles. They are noctumal and run
rapidly when disturbed. Immature
cockroaches (nymphs) look like
adults, bul arc smaller and do not
have wings.
Of the five common pest spedes, (Ger-
man and brownbanded cockroaches
inhabit buildings, whereas the orien-
tal, smokybrown, and American cock-
roaches usually live outdoors, only
occasionally invading building.s. It is
important to correctly identify the
species involved in a cockroach infes-
tation .so that the most effective con-
trol inethod(s) for the spedes
involved-is chosen (Fig- 2)-
Cerman Cockroach
The German cockroach, Blattella
gernuinica, is the most common in-
door species, especially in multiple-
family dwellings. They prefer food
preparation arca.s, kitchens, and bath-
rooms bccau.se thev favor warm (70°
to 7S"r). humid areas lhal are clo.se lo
food and water. Severe infestations
may spread to other parts of build-
ings. This spedes reproduces thc
fastest of the common pest cock-
roaches: a single female and her off-
spring can produce over 30,000
individuals in a year, but many suc-
cumb to cannibalism and other popu-
lation pressures. Egg laying occurs
more frequently during warm
wealher. The female carries around a
light tan egg case (about 1 /4 inch
long) until 1 to 2 days before it
hatches, when she drops il. Some-
fimes the egg case hatches while it is
sfill being carried by the female Each
egg case confains about 30 young,
and a female may produce a new egg
case every few weeks-
Brownbanded Cockroach
The brownbanded cockroach, Supella
longipalpa, is nof as common as the
German cockroach in Califomia and
accounts for only about 1% of all in-
door infestations. This spedes seeks
ouf areas that are very warm most of
the time, preferring temperatures of
about 80°F, about 5° to lO'F warmer
than what German cockroaches pre-
fer Favorite locations include near
the warm electrical components of
appliances such as radios, televisions,
and refrigerators. Brownbanded cock-
roaches prefer stardiy food (e.g., glue
on stamps and envelopes), arc often
found in offices and other places
where paper is stored, and are more
common in apartments or homes that
are not air conditioned. They also
infest animal-rearing facilities, kitch-
ens, and hospitals. Adult males some-
times fly when disturbed, bul females
do nol fly. Females glue lighl brown
egg cases, which are aboul 1/4 inch
long, lo ceilings, beneath furniture, or
in closets or other dark places whore
eggs incubate for .several weeks
PEST [SJOTES Publication 7467
l.Ijiiversity c">f California
Oivision of Agrictiltuif .incl Nlaiur;il Resouic es Ncivember 1 <>00
November I 999 Cockroaches
FIGURE 2. Identifying features of the different species of pesl cockroaches
GERMAN
Adult: 0.5 inch; light brown, two dark stripes on
pronotum
Preferred location: kitchens, bathrooms, food
preparation and slorage areas
nymph
BROWNBANDED
Adult: 0.5 inch; males are golden lan; females
are darker brown; both have light-colored bands
on abdomen, wings, and sides of pronotum
Preferred location: warm areas indoors
adult female nymph
ORIENTAL
Adult: 1.25 inch; almost black; male, wings are
shorter lhan body; female, wings arc rudimentary
Preferred locafion: damp, dark places—
woodpiles, garages, basements, and in drains
SMOKYBROWN
Adult: 0.5 inch; dark brown lo mahogany;
almost black pronotiim
Nymph: banded pattern on antennae
Preferred location: trees, shrubs, vegetation
adult
AMERICAN
Adult: 2 inches; reddish brown; large body,
edges of pronotum are light colored
Preferred location: sewers, steam tunnels,
.mimal-rearing facilities
before hatching. Each female and her
offspring aro capable of producing
over 600 cockroaches in one year.
Oriental Cockroach
The oriental cockroach, Blatta
oriental is. is sometimes referred fo as
a waferbug or waterbeetle. It lives in
dark, damp places like indoor and
outdoor drains, water control boxes,
woodpiIt>s, basements, garages, trash
cans, and damp areas under hou.ses.
It is most likely lo occur in single-
family dwellings lhat are surrounded
by vegetation. It is also common in
ivy, ground cover, and outside loca-
tions IV here people feed pets. They
prefer cooler temperatures than the
other spedes do, and populations of
this species often build lo large num-
bers in masonry endosures such as
waler meter boxes. Al nighl, oriental
cockroaches may migrate into build-
ings in search of food. They usually
remain on tlie ground floor of build-
ings and move more slowly lhan the
other spedes. Oriental cockroaches
do nol fly and are unable lo climb
smooth vertical surfaces; conse-
quently they are rximmonly found
trapped in porcelain sinks or tubs.
Females deposit dark red-brown egg
cases, which are about 3/8 inch long,
in debris or food located in sheltered
places- Each female and her offspring
can produce nearly 200 cockroaches
in one year. Development from a
newly emerged nymph to adult can
take from 1 to 2 years or more
Smokybrown Cockroach
The smokybrown cockroach, Periplan-
eta fuliginosa, is usually found in
decorative plantings and planter
boxes, woodpiles, garages, and waler
meter boxes; il may occasionally in-
habit munidpal sowers. Thoy some-
fimes invade homes, taking refuge in
areas such as tho attic- Nymphs are
dark brown and have white segments
af the end of their antennae and
across their backs. Smokybrown cock-
roaches prefer tho upper parts of
buildings; they also may live under
shingles or siding and sometimes gel
into trees, shrubs, and olher vogcta-
lion during summer months. Females
carry thc dark brown In black egg
case, which measures aboul 3/8 inch
November 1999 Cockroaches
long, for about 1 day before dropping
it; eggs can hatch in as .soon as 24
days after being laid or as long as 70
days after laying, depending on tem-
perature Aboul 40 to 45 nymphs
hatch from a single egg case.
American Cockroach
The American cockroach, Per'rplaneta
americana, prefers warm and humid
environments, usually wilh tempera-
tures in excess of 82°F- Under the
right conditions, they readily live
outdoors and are common pesls in
zoos Emd animal-rearing fadlities.
Thoy are also common in sewers,
steam tunnels, and masonry storm
drains. Occasionally they forage from
sewers and other areas into the
ground floor of buildings. Adult fe-
males carry the egg cases around for
aboul 6 days and then cement them
lo a protected surface where they
incubate for about 2 months or
longer- The egg cases, which are
aboul 3/8 inch long, are brown when
laid bul turn black in 1 to 2 days- Each
egg capsule contains about 12 young;
a female and her offspring can pro-
duct! over 800 cockroaches in ono
year-
LIFE CYCLE
An adult female cockroach produces
an egg capsule, called an oolheca,
which it carries around protruding
from the tip of the abdomen- The Ger-
man cockroach carries the oothcca
for most of the 30-day incubation pe-
riod and then drops it aboul the lime
the eggs hatch; the other four spedes
carry it for only aboul a day before
depositing il in a suitable location
where if incubates for wt;eks or
months- Young or immature cock-
roaches undergo gradual metamor-
phosis, which means they resemble
adults and have similar feeding hab-
its, but tliey do not have fully devel-
oped wings and are not reproduc-
tivclv active- Immediately affer molt-
ing, cockroaches are white, but their
outer covering darkens as it harden.s,
usuallv within hours.
Cockroaches are nocturnal. They hide
in dark, wami arca.s, espedally nar-
row spacos where surfaces touch
them on bolh sides. Adult German
cockroaches can hide in a crack 1/16
inch or 1.6 mm wide. Immature cock-
roaches lend lo stay in even smaller
cracks whore they are well protected.
Cockroaches tend lo aggregato in
corners and generally travel along tho
edges of walls or other surfaces.
MANAGEMENT
Managing cockroaches is not easy.
You must firsl determine where the
roaches are located. The more har-
borages you locate and treat, the
more successful your control pro-
gram will be. Remember lhat cock-
roaches are tropical and like warm
hiding places wilh access to water-
Some localions will be difficult to got
to- If cockroaches have access lo
food, baits will have limited effect.
Sprays alone will nof eliminate cock-
roaches. An approach fhat integrates
several strategics is required.
If you know the species of cockroach,
you will be better able to determine
where the source of infestation is and
where lo place Irap.s, baits, or inserti-
ddes. Note locations of suspected
infestation and concentrate confrol
measures in these areas. The keys fo
confrolling cockroaches are sanita-
tion and exclusion: cockroaches will
continue to reinvade as long as a habi-
tat is suitable to them (i.e., food, wa-
ler, and shelter are available), so the
condifions fhaf attracted and favored
the infestation must be changed. In
addition fo sanitation and exclusion,
baits and sficky fraps con be effertive
against most species of cockroadies.
As a last resort, sprays or dusts fhaf
are registered for use on cockroaches
may temporarily suppress popula-
tions, but they do nol provide long-
term solutions. Commercially
available devices that emit sound to
repel cockroaches are not effertive.
Monitoring Cockroaches
Traps offer the best way to monitor
cockroach populations. By pladng
traps in several locations and inspect-
ing them regularly, you can identify
thc areas of most severe infestation
and know where to conceiitrato con-
lrol efforts. Traps also can bo very
helpful in evaluating thc effecfiveness
of conlrol strategics.
Traps can be purchased or made.
Most commercially available cock-
roach traps are open-ended and con-
fain an atlrartanl substance along
with a sticky material lhat lines the
inside. An alternative is lo make a
cockroach trap from a quart-sLzcd
can. Tho inside top of the can is
coated with a petroleum jelly lo pre-
vent the roaches from escaping, and a
slice of white bread is placed in the
can as bait-
To be effective, traps musl be placed
where cockroaches are likely to en-
counter ihem when foraging- Thc best
places are along the edges of floors
and WiJls and dose lo sites where
cockroadies are numerous; these
sites can be determined by accumula-
tions of fecal matter (e g-, dark spots
or smears), cast skins, egg cases, and
live or dead cockroaches- In the
kilchen put traps against walls behind
the stove and the refrigerator and in
cabLnofs. Check the traps daily for
several days unfil il is apparent where
the greatest number of roaches are
caught; usually this is within the first
24 hours of placing a trap—after that
cockroaches may become wary of the
Irap. Trapped cockroaches may be
destroyed writh hot, soapy water.
You can also monitor a cockroach
population al night using a fla.shlight
to inspect cracks, undemeath
counters, around water healers, and
in other dark locations. Look for live
and dead cockroarJies, cast .skins, egg
capsules, and droppings, all of whitdi
aid in identification and are evidence
of an infestation.
Sticky Traps with Pheromones
Continuous trapping, especially of
slow-developing species such as the
oriental cockroach, may bc helpful.
Trapping by itself has not boon shown
lo be effective in controlling German
or brownbanded cockroaches bc-
cau.se these species have such a high
reproductive rate. A reconi develop-
ment in the use of sticky Iraps, how-
over, has been Iho addition of an
aggregation phcromone atlractanl.
With this development, sticky traps
have become more u.seful as a control
tool for Gorman cockroaches. An ad-
November 1999 Cockroaches
dirional benefit of pheromone sticky
Iraps is thai the bodies of trapped
roachtrs arc removed with the traps.
Dead roaches conlain proteins lhal
can cause asthma symptoms when
they are inlialed by susceptible indi-
vidual.s, so the removal of dead cock-
roaches may be benefidal in certain
situations- Intensive trapping may
provide a reduction in German cock-
roach populalions but the number of
traps and iheir placement are critical;
follow the manufacturer's recommen-
dalions-
Sanitation
Cockroaches thrive where food and
water are available lo them- Even tiny
amounts of crumbs or liquids caught
between cracks provide a food
source. Important sanitation mea-
sures include the following;
• Store food in insect-proof contain-
ers such as glass jars or scalable
plaslic conlainers.
• Keep garbage and trash in conlain-
ers wilh tight-filling lids. Remove
Irash, newspapers, magazines, piles
of paper bags, rags, boxes, and
othor items that provide hiding
places and harboragc-
• Eliminale plumbing leaks and cor-
rect other sources of free moisture-
Increase ventilation where conden-
sation is a problem-
• Vacuum cracks and crevices lo
remove food and debris- Be sure
surfaces where food or beverages
have been spilled are cleaned up
immediately- Vacuuming also re-
moves cockroaches, shed skin.s,
and egg capsules. Removing cock-
roaches reduces thoir numbers and
slows development. Vacuumed
cockroaches and debris should be
destroyed. Because bits of ailicle
and droppings mav be allergenic, it
is recommended that the vac"uuni
cleaner have MEPA (high efficiency
particulate absorber) or triple
filters.
• Trim shrubbery around buildings lo
increase light and air circulation,
especially near vents, and eliminate
ivy or other dense ground covers
near thc house, as these may har-
bor cockroaches-
• Remove trash and stored items
such as stacks of lumber or fire-
wood that provide hiding places for
cockroaches from around the out-
side of buildings.
Exclusion and Removal
of Hiding Places
During the day cockroaches hide
around waler healers, in cupboard
cracks, stoves, crawl sparx-s, outdoor
vegeiation, and many other localions-
Tlicy invade kjl(;Jiens and olher areas
al nighl. Limiting hiding areas or av-
enues of access to living areas is an
essential pari of an effertive manage-
ment strategy. False-bottom cup-
boards, hollow walls, and similar
areas are common cockroach refuges-
Prcvcnl access lo the inside of build-
ings through cracks, conduits, under
doors, or through olher structural
flaws. If il is nol praciical lo remedy
these problem areas, treat them with
boric add powder.
Take the following mea.sures if
roaches are migrating into a building
from outdoors or olher areas of the
building;
• Seal cracks and other openings to
the outside.
• Look for olher methods of entry,
such as from items being brought
into the building, espedally appli-
ances, furniture, and items that
were recently in storage.
• Look for oolhecae glued to under-
sides of furniture, in refrigerator
and other appliance motors, boxes,
and other items. Remove and de-
stroy any lhal are locaied.
• Locate and seal cracks inside the
treatment area where cockroaches
can hide
Chemical Control
Insecticides are most effective in con-
trolling cockroaches when combined
with sanitation and exclusion prac-
tices flint limit the cockroach's abilily
to establish or reinvade; dioniical
control alone will not solve the prob-
lem. If insecticides are used, they
must always bo used with extreme
care Indoor chemical confrol is war-
ranted only if the cockroach popula-
tion is established bul not for an
incidental intruder or two-
Dusts. One effective dusl for control
of cockroaches is boric add powder,
which is a contart poison. Il is the
least repellent of all the insectiddes
for cockroach conlrol, and if it re-
mains dry and undisturbed, il pro-
vides conlrol for a very long time.
Because it has a positive elertrostatic
charge, the dust clings lo the body of
a cockroach as il walks ihrough a
treated area and the cockroach in-
gests small amounts when il grooms
itself Because boric add powder is
fairly slow acting, il may take 7 days
or more lo have a significant effect on
a cockroach population. Because of
ils toxicity to plants, boric acid is not
recommended for outdoor use.
Blow dusl into cracks and crevices or
lighlly spread it in areas where visible
residues are nol a problem and where
people will nol contart it. Remove
kick panels on refrigerators and
stoves and apply a light film of dust
throughout the entire area under-
neath these appliances- A thin film of
dust is more effective than a thick
layer- Holes that are the same size as
the tip of a puff-type applicator can be
drilled into the top of kick panels be-
neath cabinets and powder may be
applied ihrough the holes to these
areas as well as under the sink, in the
dead space between the sink and wall,
and around utility pipes. Also treal
along the back edges and in corners
of shelves in cabinets, cupboards,
pantries, and closets.
Boric acid powder does not decom-
pose and is effective for as long as it
is loft in place, if il remains dr\'. For-
mulated as an insectidde, boric acid
dusts usually conlain about 1% of an
additive lhat prevents the powder
from caking and improves dusting
properties. If it gets wel and thon
dries and cakes, il lo.ses its electro-
static charge and will not be picked
• 4 •
November 1999 Cockroaches
up readily by the cockroach. If this
occurs, reapply powder to these
areas.
Baits. Baits are fonmulated as pastes,
gels, granules, and dusts. The most
popular u.se of baits in homes is
within bait stations, which are .small
plastic or cardboard units that con-
tain an attractive food base along with
an insectidde. Bait gels aro placed in
small dabs in cracks and crevices
where cockroaches will find it. The
advantage of bait stations is lhat in-
sectiddes can be confined to a small
area rather than being dispersed and
they arc relatively child resistant.
Bails in plastic containers also remain
effective for many months whereas
the bait gels dehydrate in about 3
days when left in the open air. Bul
while they are hcsh, bait gols are very
effertive when placed in locafions
where they will be found by cock-
roaches. To remain effertive, how-
ever, thc gels need lo be reapplied
frequently.
Most insecfiddes used in baits are
slow acting; cockroaches quickly
leam to avoid fasl-ading ones. Conse-
quenfiy an effecfive bait program
does not give immediate resulls, but
may lake 7 days or longer Bails can
be quite effecfive for long-term con-
trol of cockroadies unless the cock-
roaches have other fixid sources
available to ihem.
Baits do nol control all cockroaches
equally. Female cockroadies with egg
cases do very little feeding and avoid
open spaces; consequently they arc
le.ss likely to be immediately affected
by a bail.
Commerdal baits available (sec Table
1) conlain abamectin, boric acid,
fipronil, hydramelhylnon, or
sulfluramid mixed with a food base
Sulfluramid is not as effective as thc
other materials because il is some-
what volatile and there has been some
development of resistance lo it.
As wilh sticky traps, baits do not at-
tract cockroaches so place them near
hiding spaces or where roaches are
likely to encounter them when forag-
ing. When placed next lo a sticky Irap
thai contains an altraclanl phcro-
mone, bail consumplion by the
roaches is reporled to increase. Bail
stations can also bo placed next lo
fecal specks and droppings of cock-
roaches, whicJi contain a natural ag-
gregation pheromone. Look for these
fecal specks and droppings under
kitchen counters, behind kilchen
drawers, and in the back of cabinets.
Insert Growth Regulators. The insect
growth regulator (IGR) hydroprene
prevents immature cockroaches from
becoming sexually mature- It also has
lhe added advantage of slimulafing
cockroaches lo feed- When placed
TABLE 1. Bails Currenlly Available for Use in Homes
Active Ingrcdienl Brand name Formulation Where lo gel product
abamectin Avert gel, powder pesl control company
abamectin
retail stoies plus hydroprene Raid Max Plus bail station retail stoies
Egg Stoppers
boric acid Staplelon's Magciitic paste Blue Diamond Staplelon's Magciitic
I'hone: 1800) 2.T 7-5705
Niban granules pcsl conlrol company
and others
fipronil Maxfotce hail station pest control supply store
Max force gel pest control supply stoie
Indr.iinollivlnon Combat bail station reiail stoios
Combat granules letail stoics
Max force gel pest control supply store
Sie^.e gel pest control r ompany
nexl lo a bait it can increase bait con-
sumplion. Under normal circum-
stances an adult female cockroacji
carrying an egg case doesn't (eed
much, but exposure lo an ICR will
induce hor to feed.
Sprays and Aerosols. Applying low-
residual inserticides to get a quick
knockdown of cockroaches in an in-
fested area can provide immediate
relief from a cockroach infestation bul
generally does nol give long-term
conlrol. Common homo use insecti-
cides indude combinations of pyre-
lhrin and piperonyl butoxide or
pyrethroids such as cyflulhrin, cyper-
methrin, and permethrin. The safest
application method for home users is
the crack-and-crevice spray used in
combinaiion wilh sanitation and ex-
clusion. Avoid the use of insecticide
aerosol sprays, bombs, or foggers, as
these will just disperse the cock-
roaches and may actually increase
problems.
The faster the knockdown activity of
an insectidde, the quicker cock-
roaches leam to avoid it. Cock-
roaches are repelled by deposits of
residual inserticides such as syner-
gized pyrethrins and emulsifiable
concentrate formulations of pyre-
throids sudi as cyflulhrin, cyper-
methrin, and permethrin. Wellable
powder formulations are generally
less repellent and more effective on a
wide range of surfaces; however, they
may be unsighllv-
II should be noted lhat many cock-
roach population.s, especially the
German cockroach, have developed
resistance (or tolerance) to many
insecliddes used for iheir control-
Resistance has been documented wilh
allethrin, chlorpyrifos, cyflulhrin,
cypermelhin, fenvaleratc, and others.
Do not expect instanl results from an
insectidde spray application, but if
the cockroaches seem lo be unaf-
fected the following day. a diffcreni
malerial or strategy may bc required.
Under extreme circumstances w hen
professional pest control services are
warranted lo alleviate a pcrsislcnl
Cockroaches
cockroach infestation, everything
should be removed from kilchen
drawers, cabinets, cupboards, and
closets and slacked in out-of-the-way
places and covered to prevent their
contamination wilh the spray. This
also allows for thorough coverage of
surfaces. Do not replace these items
until the spray is dry. Treated sur-
faces should nol be washed or the
effertiveness of the treatinent will be
reduced.
Always combine the use of inserti-
ddes with sanitation and exdusion,
apply dusts or use bail stations, alter-
nate the types of active ingredients
and formulations fhat are used, or use
insectiddes, such as boric acid, that
do nol repel cockroaches or for which
cockroaches have nol developed
resistance.
If you wish to avoid sprays and aercH
sols completely, a thorough vacuum-
ing wilh a FIEPA or triple filter
vacuum cleaner followed by the use
of boric add dusl in cracks and crev-
ices and a baiting program can effec-
tively conlrol severe infestations.
Follow-Up
After a cockroach conti'ol program
has been started, evaluate the effec-
fiveness of the methods that are being
used. U.SC traps or visual inspections
to help determine if further treatment
is necessary.
If populafions persist, reevaluate the
situation. Look for olher sources of
infestafions, make sure that all pos-
sible enlryivays are blocked, be cer-
tain that food and water sources arc
eliminated as much as possible, and
confinue scaling and eliminating hid-
ing places-
ilh
When cockroach populations arc un
dor confrol, continue moniloring wi
traps on a regular basis lo make sure
reinfeslation is not taking place- Main-
lain sanitation and exclusion tech-
niques lo avoid encouraging a new
infestation- If severe reinfestalions con-
tinue lo recur, consider having the
infested areas modified or remodeled
lo reduce the amounl of suitable habi-
tat for cockroaches.
REFERENCES
Ebeling, W. 1974- Boric Acid Powder for
Cockroach Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif.
Div- Agric. Nat- Rcs- One-Sheet Answers
(»206-
Quaries, W- 1998- Pheromones and non-
toxic cockroach control- IPM
Practitioner, Vol- XX {5/6);l-7-
RusL M- K-, J. M. Owens, and D. A.
Reierson, eds. 1995. Understanding and
Controlling the German Cockroach. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Slater, A. J. 1978. Controlling Household
Codtroflc/ics. Oakland; Univ- CaliL Div-
Agric. Nat- Rcs- Leaflet 21035.
For more information contact the University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
iy. Sec your phone bcxik for addresses and
plione numbers.
CONTRIBUTORS: M. K. Rust, D. A. Reier-
son, and A.). Slater
EDITOR; B- Ohiendorf
IllUSTKATIONS; U-S- Depts- of Food and
Agric- and Health and Human Services-
1991. Insect and Mite Pests in Food, Vol. II.
Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing
Office, Ag. Handbook No. 655.
TECHNICAL EDITOR; M. I. Flint.
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Brush
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University
of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pesl Nole is available on the World
Wide Web (http://wwwf.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC4'IPM
fo simplify infoimation, trade nanits "f products
e been used. .N'u i-ndoisemeni of named pioducis
is intended, noi is < lilicism implied of simil.it piod-
tn Is that .itc not mentioned.
Tliis ni.ilriial is pjrtially liascd upon work supported
hv llic f.<lrnsion Scfvire, U.S. Dop.iilrnenI ol Agrir ul
luif. iindot speri.il pioi«l Seclion 3ldl, Integutcd
I'l-M M,in.iv',vnienl
WARNING ON THE USE Of CHEMICALS
• J - ..^ , »iw:.v.^,Mdandcarclullvlollowj|lpif<.autionsandsafelyre<ommcmliilionsgivcn
Pcs.K,dcsa,e,K,,soivous -^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^ 1^,^ „bine. orshod, aw.v
^::zi:T:!r^z::i^:o, cu..,.'.. ..a....... peons, pe,s, ,„d uv«.oc..
C-onlin. chemicals to the property being t.eal.^. Avoid d„ft onto neighboring properties, especially gardens
toolaining fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked.
; •• .,„l„llv fol!o«labei;nstructlonsfordisposal.Neverreusetliecontaincrs.Make Dispose rrf empty ° '^/iW^n m an.mals NeveVdispose of conlainers where ihey may sorec^p.ycoo,ain.:rsare not access b e^ c^ Idrenoi^^ .^^^ ^P^ ^^.^^^ ^^^^^^^
socking onploymeni v..lh the '^"'''^' ''^ ^„ . h.,,,,,c.MS.ics,, mceslry, marital status, age,
mental disaliihtv. mc-dicai .^..n (special dis.ihlcd veteran. Vielnam era veteran,
sexual orienlation. c,l,«nsh,p, statu a a ^^Z " ;...."^In a campaign or expedition for which a
or any othe, vHeran who -';<^ °" f ^^.^^ ,'p„,;f, „ i,„e„Hed lo be consislent with the piov.sions of
. .impaiEO badge Kas been •-'^'"''''^^ ,JT^^^^^i,„,v..,sitv s nondiscrimin.ition polices n,ay be
.rppli, able State .ind Federal ^^ ^^^^'^^l^J^,,,,., University of California. Ae"<"l>-e
";::;::r^::.:!:'Tni'r:^;:?"'Mh f^:; ;ik,a,,d <. na,^™^
APHIDS
Integrated Pest /Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
I
Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects
Willi long, slender mouth parts fhat
tliey use fo pierce stems, leaves, and
other tender plant parts and suck ouf
plant fluids- Almost every planl has
one or more aphid species lhat occa-
sionally feeds on it- Many aphid spe-
des are difficult lo disfinguish;
however, identification lo spedes is
not necessary lo contiol them in most
situations-
IDENTIFICATION
Aphids may be green, yellow, brown,
red, or black depending on the spedes
and the plants ihey feed on- A few
.species appear waxy or woolly due lo
the secretion of a waxy white or gray
substance over their body surface All
are small, pear-shaped inserts with
long legs and antennae (Fig-1) Most
species have a pair of tubelike struc-
tures called cornicles projecfing back-
vvards out of the hind end of their
bodies- The presence of cornicles
distinguishes aphids from all other
insecls-
Generally adull aphids are wingless,
but most s-pc-dcs also occur in winged
forms, especially when populations are
high or during spring and fall- The
ability lo produce winged individuals
provides the pesl with a way to dis-
perse to olher plants when the qualily
of the food source dcleriorates-
Although they may be found singly,
aphids often feed in den.sc groups on
leaves or stems- Unlike leafhoppers,
plant bugs, and certain other insects
that might be confused with thom,
most aphids do not move rapidly when
disturbed.
LIFE CYCLE
Aphids have many generations a year
(Fig. 2). Most aphids in Califomia's
mild climate reproduce ascxually
throughout most or all of the year with
adult females giving birth lo live off-
spring (often as many as 12 per day)
without mating. Young aphids are
called nymphs. They molt, shedding
their skins about four times before be-
coming adults- There is no pupal stage-
Some spedes male and produce eggs in
fall or winter, which provides them a
more hardy stage lo survive harsh
wealher. In .some cases, these eggs are
laid on an alternative host, usually a
perennial plant, for winler survival.
When the weather is warm, many spe-
des of aphids can develop from new-
bom nymph to reprodudng adull in 7
lo 8 days. Because each adult aphid can
produce up lo 80 offspring in a mailer
of a week aphid populafions can in-
crease wilh greal speed.
DAMAGE
Low to moderate numbers of leaf-
feeding aphids are usually nol damag-
Cornicle
Figure 1. A wingless aphid.
ing in gardens or on trees. However,
large populalions cause curling, yellow-
ing, and distortion of leaves and stunting
of shoots; they can also produce large
quantities of a sticky exudate known as
honeydew, which often turns black with
the growth of a .sooty mold fungus.
Some aphid spedes inject a toxin into
plants, which further distorts growth- A
few spedes cause gal! formations-
t Summer Cycle j-y^
(many generations) Yy°j
Ifsecond j
/-t "instar 1^ -'AJl /live
fall sexual
s reproductive
^ (female)
1 Winter Cycle
(one generation)
(male and
female)
first
instar
X live y birth
fundatrix
Fieure 2 General life cycle of aphids. A.sexual reproduction occurs during most of
the year (summer cyde). Some aphid spedes produce a generation of sexual indi-
viduals lhaf produce ovenvintering eggs as shown in the winler cyde.
• ^>EST_^S|QTES
University of California
Division of Agriculture and-Natural Resources
Publication 7404
Revised May 2000
May 2000 Aphids
Aphids may transmil viruses from
plant to plant on certain vegetable
and ornamental plants. S<]uashes, cu-
cumbers, pumpkin.s, melons, beans,
potatoes, lettuces, beets, chards, and
bok dioy are crops lhal ofien have
aphid-transmitted viruses assodated
wilh them. The vimses cause mottling,
yellowing, or curling of leaves and
stunfing of plant growth. Although
losses can be greal, they arc difficult lo
prevent ihrough the control of aphids
because infection occurs even when
aphid numbers are very low; il only
fakes a few minutes for the aphid lo
transmit the virus while il lakes a
much longer time lo kill the aphid with
an insecticide.
A few aphid species attack parts of
plants olher lhan leaves and shoots.
The lettuce root aphid is a .soil dweller
that attacks lettuce roots during most
of its cycle, causing lettuce plants to
wilt and occasionally die if populations
are high. The lettuce rool aphid over-
winters as eggs on poplar trees, where
it produces leaf galls in spring and
summer The woolly apple aphid in-
fests woody parts of apple roots and
limbs, often near pruning wounds, and
can cause overall tree dedine if roots
are infested for .several years.
MANAGEMENT
Although aphids seldom kill a mature
planL the damage and unsightly hon-
eydew they generate sometimes war-
rant control. Consider thc nonchcmical
controls discussed below; most insecfi-
ddes, if used, will destroy benefidal
insects along wilh the pesl. On mature
trees, such as in dlrus orchards, aphids
and the honeydew they produce can
provide a valuable food source for
beneficial in.sccts.
Monitoring
Check your plants regularly for
aphid.s—at least twice weekly when
plants arc grow ing rapidly. Many spe-
cies of aphids cause the greatest dam-
age when temperatures are warm but
not hot (6.5" to SOH-). Catch infeslntions
early. Once aphid numbers are high
and they have begun to distort and
curl loaves, it is often hard fo control
fhem because thc ctirlcd leaves .shelter
aphids from in.socfiddes or natural
enemies.
Aphids tend fo bc most prevalent along
fhe upwind edge of the garden and
close fo other sources of aphids, .so
make a spoaal effort fo check these
areas. Many aphid sfjedes prefer fhe
undersides of leaves, so turn them over
to check fhem. On h^ees, clip off leaves
from several areas of the tree to check
for aphids. Also check for ovidence of
natural enemies such as lady beetles,
lacewings, syrphid fly larvae, and the
mummified skins of parasitized aphids.
Look for disease-killed aphids as well;
they may appear off-color, bloated, or
flaltencd. Substantial numbers of any of
these natural control factors can mean
that the aphid population may be re-
duced rapidly without the need for
treatment.
Ants are often assodated with aphid
populations, espedally on tret^s and
shrubs, and often are a tip-off that an
aphid infestation is present. If you sec
large numbers of ants climbing up your
tree trunks, check for aphids (or othor
honeydew-produdng inserts) on limbs
and leaves above. To protect their food
source, ants ward off many predators
and parasites of aphids. Management
of ants is a key componeni of aphid
management and is discus.sed under
cultural controls.
In landscape settings, aphids can be
monitored by using water-.sensifive
paper to measure honeydew dripping
from the tree. This type of monitoring
is of particular interest where there is a
low tolerance for dripping honeydew,
such as in groups of trees along dty
stieets or in parks and for tall trees
where aphid colonies may be locaied
too high to deiert- See Dreistadt el al-
(1994) in "Suggested Reading" for
more details on honeydew moniloring.
Biological Control
Natural enemies can be very important
in fhe control of aphids, especially in
gardens nof sprayed wilh broad-
spectrum pesticides (organophos-
phates, carbamates, and pyrethroids)
that kill natural enemy spedes as well
as pesls. Usually natural enemy popu-
lations do not appear in significant
numbers unfil aphids begin fo be
numerous.
Among thc most important natural
enemies are various species of parasific
was-ps fhat lay their eggs inside aphids
(Fig. 3). The skin of the parasitized
D. Adult
Figure 3 Life cyde of an aphid parasite A: An adult parasite lays an egg inside a
live aphid B; The egg hatches into a parasite larva that grows as if feeds on Ihe
aphid's insides- C: Afler kilfing the aphid, the parasite pupates- D: An adult wasp
emerges from the dead aphid, then flies off lo find and parasitize other aphids.
May 2000 Aphids
aphid turns crusty and golden brown,
a form called a mummy. The genera-
tion time of most parasites is quite
short when the weather is warm, .so
once you begin to see mummies on
your plants, the aphid population is
likely lo be reduced substantially
wilhin a week or two.
Many predators also feed on aphids.
Thc mosl well known are lady beetle
adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, and
syrphid fly larvae. Naturally occurring
predators work besL espedally in a
small backyard situation. Commer-
dally available lady beetles may give
some temporary conlrol when properly
handled, although most of them will
disperse away from your yard wilhin a
few days-
Aphids are very susceptible to fungal
diseases when it is humid- Whole colo-
nies of aphids can be killed by fhese
pathogens when conditions are right.
Look for dead aphids that have tumed
reddish or brown; they have a fuzzy,
shriveled texture unlike the sfiiny,
bloated, Ian-colored mummies lhal
form when aphids aro parasitized.
Weathcr can also impact aphids-
Populations of many spedes are re^
duced by summer heal in the Cenlral
Valley and desert arca.s, and aphid
activity is also limited during the cold-
est part of the year. However, some
aphids may be artivo year round, espe-
cially in the milder, cenlral coastal
areas of Califomia-
Cultural Control
Before planting vegetables, check sur-
rounding areas for .sources of aphids
and remove them. Aphids often build
up on weeds such as sow thistle and
mustards, moving onto crop seedlings
afler thoy emerge Check transplants
for aphids and romovo them before
planfing.
Where aphid populations are localized
on a few curled leaves or new shoots,
the best contrcil may bo lo prune these
areas oul and dispose of thcni. In largo
trees, some aphids llirivo in thc dense
inner canopy; pruning these areas oul
can make the habitat loss suitable.
In some situati<ins ants lend aphids
and feed on the honoydow aphids ex-
crolo. At the same time, they prolecl
the aphids from natural enemies. If
you .sec ants crawling up aphid-
infested trees or woody plants, put a
band of sticky malerial (Tanglefoot,
etc.) around the tmnk to prevent ants
from gelling up. Teflon producis,
which arc loo slippery for ants to climb
up, have also been used. (Nole; Do nol
apply sticky material dirertly lo thc
bark of young or thin-barked ti-ees or
to trees lhat have been severely
pruned; the malerial may have phyto-
toxic effects. Wrap the trunk with fab-
ric tree wrap or duct tape and apply
sticky malerial lo the wrap.) Altema-
tively, anl slakes or bails may be used
on the ground lo conlrol the ants with-
out affecting the aphids or their natural
enemies. Prune oul olher ant routes
such as branches touching buildings,
the ground, or other trees
High levels of nitrogen fertili7,er favor
aphid reproduction. Never use more
nitrogen lhan necessary. Use less
soluble forms of nitrogen and apply it
in small poriions throughout the sea-
son radior lhan all at once. Or better
yet, use a urca-based, time-release for-
mulation (most organic fertilizers can
bc classified as time-release producis
as compared to synthetically manufac-
tured fertilizers).
Because many vegetables are primarily
susceptible to .serious aphid damage
during the ,<;ccdling stage, losses can be
reduced by growing seedlings under
protertive covers in the garden, in a
greenhouse, or inside and then trans-
planting them when they are older and
more lolcraiit of aphid feeding. Protec-
tive covers will also prevent transmis-
sion of aphid-borne viruses-
Aluminum foil mulches have been
successfully used to reduce transmis-
sion of aphid-borne viruses in saimmer
squashes, molon.s, and olher suscep-
tible vegetables, fhcy rcpol invading
aphid populalions, redudng numbers
on seedlings and small plants Another
benefit is that yields of vegetables
grown on aluminum foil mulches are
usuallv increased by the grealer
amounl of solar energy reflecting on
leaves.
To put an aluminum mulch in your
garden, remove all weeds and cover
beds with aluminum-coated construc-
tion paper, which is available in rolls
from Reynolds Aluminum Company.
Bury the edges of llie paper wilh soil to
hold them down. After the mulch is in
place, c-ul or bum 3- to 4-inch diameter
iioles and planl several seeds or single
transplanls in each one. You may fur-
row irrigate or sprinkle your beds; the
mulch is sturdy enough lo tolerate
sprinkling- In addition lo repelling
aphids, leafhoppers, and some other
insects, the mulch will enhance crop
growth and conlrol weeds- When sum-
mertime temperatures get high, how-
ever, remove mulches to prevent
overheating plants. An altemalive lo
aluminum-coaled constmction paper is
to spray dear plastic mulch wilh silver
paint. Reflective plasfic mulches are
also available in many garden stores.
Another way to reduce aphid popula-
lions on sturdy plants is lo knock ihem
off with a strong spray of waler. Most
dislodged aphids will nol be able lo
retum lo the plant, and their honey-
dew will be washed off as well. Using
waler sprays early in lhe day allows
plants lo dry off rapidly in the sun and
be less susceptible lo fungal diseases-
Chemical Control
Insectiddal soap, neem oil, and
narrow-range oil (e.g., supreme or .su-
perior parafinic-l)'pc oil) provide lem-
porary control if applied to thoroughly
cover infested foliage. To get thorough
coverage, spray these materials with a
high volume of water and target the
underside of loaves as well as the top.
Soaps, neem oil, and narrow range oil
only kill aphids preseni on the day
they are sprayed, so applicafions may
need lo be repeated. Predators and
parasites offen become abundant only
after aphids are numerous, so applying
nonpersislent insecticides like soap or
oil may provide more effective long-
term control Although these materials
do kill natural enemies that arc preseni
on the plant and hit hy the spray, be-
cause they leave no toxic residue, they
May 2000 Aphids
do nol kill natural enemies that mi-
grate in after thc spray. These and
other inserticides wifh only contart
activity aro generally ineffective in
preventing damage from aphids such
as the woolly apple aphid or the
woolly ash aphid that are proterted by
galls or distorted foliage. Do not u.se
soaps or oils on water-stressed plants
or when die temperature exceeds 90°F.
These niaterials may be phytotoxic fo
some plants, so check labels and test
them oul on a porfion of the foliage
several days before applying a full
treatment.
Supreme- or superior-lype oils will kill
overwintering eggs of aphids on fruit
trees if applied as a delayed dormant
application just as eggs are begirming
lo hatch in early spring. These treat-
ments will not give complete conlrol of
aphids and are probably nol justified
for aphid control alone. Earlier applica-
tions will not control aphids. Common
aphid species conlrolled include the
woolly apple aphid, green apple aphid,
rosy apple aphid, mealy plum aphid,
and black cherry aphid.
For more information contad the University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
AUTHOR: M. L. Flint
EDITOR; B. Ohiendorf
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1 and 2: Pesfs of
the Garden and Small Farm. UC DANR
Publ. 3332; Fig. 3: Natural Enemies Hand-
book. UC DANR Publ. 3386.
PRODUCED BY IPI^ Education and Publi-
cations, UC Statewide IPM Projecl, Univer-
sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on Ihe World
Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC-PIPM
To simplify informaiion. trade names of products
have been used No endorsement of named prod-
ucts is intended, nor is criticism implied ol similar
products that are not mentioned.
T his material is partially based upon work supported
by thc Extension Servtee. U.S. Department of Agri-
culture, under special project Section 3(d). Integrat-
ed Pest f^anagement.
Many other insecliddes arc available to
control aphids in the home garden and
landscape, including foliar-applied
formulafions of malathion, permethrin
and acephate (nonfood crops only).
While these materials may kill higher
numbers of aphids lhan soaps and oils,
their use should be limited becau.se
they al.so kill thc natural enemies lhat
provide long-term control of aphids
and other pests. Repeated applicafions
of these materials may also result in the
development of resistance to the mate-
rial by the aphid. Insecticides such as
oils and soaps are also safer lo use
when children and pets may be present.
Formulations combining inserticidal
soaps and pyrethrins may provide
slightly more knockdown lhan soaps
alone, yet have fewer negative imparts
on natural enemies lhan malathion,
permethrin, and acephate, becau.se
pyrethrins break down very quickly.
Avoid the use of diazinon and
chlorpyrifos; urban garden use of these
materials has been identified as a
source of pollution in Califomia's
creeks and rivers. Carbaryl is not rec-
ommended because it is nol very effec-
tive against aphids. Acephate has
.systemic activity, which means it
moves ihrough leaves, thus il can be
effertive where aphids are hidden be-
neath curhng fofiage Acephate is not
registered for use on food crops in the
garden because il can break down to a
much more loxic material- The soil-
applied systemic pestidde disulfoton is
somefimes applied in roses for aphid
control, but it is a highly toxic material
fo peoplo-
Profcssional applicators can make
soil injertions of the systemic insectidde
Imidacloprid, which is quite effertive
against aphids infesting large street trees
and not very harmful fo benefidal soil
organisms- Because it takes a sub.stanfial
fime for fhe produrt to get from the .soil
to the growing points of trees, applica-
tions must be made up lo 2 months be-
fore problems are exf>erted.
When considering application of pesti-
cides for aphid control, remember that
moderate populalions of many aphids
attacking leaves of fmit trees or oma-
mental trees and shrubs do not cause
long-term damage Low populalions can
be tolerated in mosl situations and
aphids will often disappear when natu-
ral enemies or hot temperatures arrive-
Often a forceful spray of water or water-
soap solution, even on large street trees,
when applied with appropriate equip-
ment, will provide suffident contiol-
SUGGESTED READING
Dreistadt, S. H-, J- K- Clark, and M. L-
Flinl- 1994- Pesfs of Landscape Trees and
Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management
Guide. Oakland; Univ- Calif Agric- Nal.
Rcs. Publ. 3359-
Flint, M- L. 1999. Pesls of the Garden and
Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using
L.ess Pesticide, 2nd ed. Oakland; Univ.
Calif Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3332.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow ail precauUons and salety recommendations
given on thc conlainer label. Slote all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or
shed, away Irom lood or leeds. and out of Ihe reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Confine chemicals lo the properly being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens
containing fruits and/or vegetables ready lo be picked.
Dispose ol empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse the containets.
Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where
they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet Consull your
county agricultural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never bum pesliade
containers.
The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employmenl wilh the University on lhe basis of raco. color, national origin, religion, sex. physical
or mental disability medical condiiion (cancer-related ot genetic characteristics), ancestry, manlal status,
age sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. V.etnam-era
veteran or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition lor which
a campaign badge has been authorized). Unhrersity Policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions
ol applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding thc University s nondiscrimination policies may
be directed to the AHimiative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University ol California. Agriculture
and Natural Resources, llll Frankl.n. 61h Floor. Oakland. CA 94607-5200: (510) 987-0096.
• 4
ANTS
Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home
Ants are among fhe most prevalent
pesfs in households. They are also
found in restaurants, hospitals, offices,
warehouses, and olher buildings
where thoy can find food and water-
Once ants have established a colony
inside or near a building, they may be
difficult lo controL On outdoor (and
sometimes indoor) plants, ants profcrt
and care for honeydew-produdng
insects such as aphids, soft scales,
whiteflies, and mealybugs, increasing
damage from these pests. Ants also
perform many u.seful functions in the
environment, such as feeding on other
pesls (e.g., fleas, caterpillars, termites),
dead insects, and decomposing tissue
from dead animals.
There are over 12,000 spedes of ants
throughout the world. In Califomia,
there are aboul 200 species but fewer
lhan a dozen are important pesls. The
mosl common anl occurring in and
around the house and garden in Cali-
fomia is the Argentine ant, Linepithema
humile (formerly Iridomyrmex humilis)
(Fig. 1). Other common anl pests in-
dude the pharaoh anl (Monomorium
pharaonis), the odorous house ant
(Tapinorna sessile), the thief ant
(Solenupsis molesta), and the soulliern
fire anl (Solenopsis xyloni). Less com-
mon, bul of greal imjxirtance, is the
red imfxirtcd fire ant, Solenopsis invicta,
which has recently gained a foothold
in southem Califomia. In some areas,
the spread of the fire anl has been
slowed by competition from the Ar-
gentine anl.
IDENTIFICATION
Ants belong lo lhe insect order Hy-
mcnoplcra and are dose relatives of
bees and wasps. They are familiar in-
sects lhal arc easily recognized, espe-
cially in their common wingless adull
forms, known as workers. However,
winged fomis of ants, which leave the
nesl in large numbers in warm weather
to mate and establish new colonies, are
often mistaken for wingc-d termites,
which also leave their ncsfs to matc-
Ants and termites can be distinguished
by three main characterisfics illustrated
in Figure 2-
• The ant's abdomen is consfrirted
where it joins the thorax, giving it the
appearance of having a thin waisl;
the lermitc's abdomen is broad
where il joins thc thorax.
• The ant's hind wings are smaller
lhan ils front wing.s; the termite's
front and hind wings are about the
same size. (Shortly after their flights,
both ants and termites remove iheir
wings, so wings may not always bo
present.)
• Winged female ants and worker
ants have elbowed antennae; the
termite's antennae are never
elbowed.
Ants undergo complete melamorpho-
sis, passing through egg, larval, pupal.
Ant
Figure 1. Argentine anl.
and adult stages. Larvae are immobile
and wormlike and do nol resemble
adults. Ants, like many other hy-
menoplerans, are .sodal inserts with
dufies divided among different types,
or castes, of adult individuals, ljueens
condurt the reprodurtive funrtions of a
colony and are larger than olher ants;
they lay eggs and sometimes partid-
pate in the feeding and grooming of
larvae. Female workers, who are ster-
ile, gather food, feed and care for the
larvae, build tunnels, and defend the
colony; these workers make up the
bulk of the colony. Males do nof par-
ficipate in colony activities; their only
apparent purpose is to mate with Ihe
queens. Few in number, males are fed
and cared for bv workers.
Termite
Hind wings are
smaller than
front wings.
Wings (if preseni)
have many small veins.
Front and hind wings
are same size.
Figure 2. Distinguishing features of ants and termites.
PEST MOTES
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7411
Revised November 2000
November 2000 Ants
Adult workers of tho Argentine and
odorous house anl are about '/» inch
long and range from lighl lo dark
brown in color; those of the pharaoh
and thief ant are smaller, moasvuing
about '/7_s inch long. The workers of the
southern fire ant vary in size and have
a red head and thorax with a black
abdomen. Carpienlor ants, Camponolus
spp., also invade buildings in Califor-
nia. Allhough they do nol cal wood as
termites do, they hollow il out lo nesl
and may cause considerable damage.
These ants vary greatly in size from V4
lo inch long (for more infomiation
on carpenter ants, see Pesf Notes: Car-
penter Ants, listed in "Suggested Read-
ing"). For color photographs and
additional informaiion on identifying
the different ant species, sec A Key to
the Most Common and/or Economically
Inrporiant Ants of Califomia, listed in
"Suggested Reading."
DAMAGE
Inside a building, household ants feed
on sugars, symps, honey, fmit juice,
fats, and meal. Long trails of thousands
of ants may lead from nesls lo food
sources, causing considerable concem
among building occupanis. Outdoors
they are allraclcd lo swceL .sticky se-
cretions, or honeydew, produced by
soft scales and aphids. Frequently out-
breaks of scales and aphids occur when
ants lend them to obtain their sweet
secretions because the ants proted
scales and aphids from their natural
enemies. Ants can bite wilh their pin-
cerlike jaws, although mosl spedes
rarely do. A few ants sling; the south-
em fire anl, which is primarily an out-
door species, is the most common and
aggressive stinging ant in Califomia.
Another very aggressive stinging ant,
the red imported fire ant (S. mvicia),
has recently been found in various
southem Califomia counties. Contart
your county Ctxiperative Extension
office for informaiion on this new pesl.
LIFE CYCLE AND HABITS
Ants usually nest in soil; nesls are of-
ten found next lo buildings, along side-
walks, or in close proximity lo food
sources sutdi as trees or plants that
harbor honeydew-produdng insects.
They also constmct nesls under
boards, stones, tree stumps or plants,
and sometimes under buildings or
olher protected places. Pharaoh ants
like warmth and make nests inside
eggs ^%
larva
Figure 3- Life cycle of the Argentine ant-
buildings, often in wall voids, under
flooring, or near hot wator pipes or
heating .systems Anl food includes
fmits, seeds, nuts, fatty -substances,
dead or live insect.s, dead animals, and
sweets. Food preferences var\' some-
what between ant spedes.
Ants enter buildings .seeking food and
water, warmth and shelter, or a refuge
from dry, hof weather or flooded con-
difions. They may appear .suddenly in
buildings if other food sources become
unavailable or weather condilions
change-
A new colony is typically established
by a single newly mated queen. After
weeks or months of ixinfinemenl un-
derground, she lays her firsl eggs (Fig-
3)- Afler the eggs hatch, she feeds the
white, legless larvae wilh her own
metabolized wing muscles and fal bod-
ies until they pupate Several weeks
later, the pupae transform into sterile
female adult workers, and the first
workers dig their way out of the nesl
lo collect food for themselves, for the
queen (who continues to lay eggs), and
for subsequeni broods of larvae. As
numbers increase, new chambers and
galleries are added to thc nesl. Afler a
few years, thc colony begins lo pro-
duce winged male and female ants,
which leave the nest to mate and form
new colonies.
Argentine ants differ from mosl olher
ant species in Califomia in lhal they
have multiple queens within a nesl,
they move their nests if disturbed, and
in the winler several colonics will nest
together. Moreover, whon newly
mated queens disperse lo found new
colonies, instead of doing il by them-
selves thoy aro accompanied by
workers.
MANAGEMENT
Ant management requires diligent
efforts and the combined use of me-
chanical, cultural, sanitation, and often
chemical methods of control. It is unre-
alistic and impractical to attempt to
totally eliminate nuts from .in outdoor
area Focus vour management efforts
on excluding ants from buildings or
valuable plants and eliminating their
ftxid and wator .sources Komembcr
November 2000 Ants
that ants play a beneficial role in the
garden in some cases. Become aware of
the seasonal cycle of ants in your area
and bc prepared for annual invasions
by caulking and baiting before the
influx.
Exclusion and Sanitation
To keep ants oul of buildings, caulk
cracks and crevices around founda-
tions that provide entry from outside
Ants prefer to make trails along stmc-
tural eiemenls, such as wires and
pipes, and frequently use them lo enter
and travel within a structure lo thoir
destination. Indoors, eliminate cracks
and crevices wherever possible, espe-
dally in kitchens and other food prepa-
ration and slorage areas. Store
attractive food items such as sugar,
syrup, honey, and other sweets in
closed containers that have boon
washed to remove residues from outer
surfaces- Rin-se out empty soft drink
containers or remove them from the
building. Thoroughly clean up grease
and spills- Do nol store garbage in-
doors. Look for indoor nesting sites,
.such as polled plants. If ants are found,
remove the containers from the build-
ing, then submerge the pots for 20
minutes in standing waler that con-
tains a few drops of liquid soap. Ant
nesls may bc assodated with plants
that support large populalions of
honeytiew-produdng insects. Avoid
planling such trees and shmbs nexl to
buildings.
Baits
One way lo control ants in and around
structures is to use loxic baits. Bails are
formulated as solids or liquids and
applied in stations or in the case of
granules by broadcasting them. Ants
arc attrarted lo the bait and carry small
portions of il back lo the nesl where it
is given to other workers, larvae, and
reproductive forms. To achieve wide
distribution of the bait so the entire
colonv will be killed, the bait toxicant
must be slow-acting. Some examples of
toxicants used in anl bails are
hvdraniclhylnon, boric acid, and
fipronil. Hydramethylnon is photode-
gradable, so if il is broadcasted in
gr.Tiiular form it should bc applied in
tho evening. Boric acid is most eflective
al concentrations of ITo or lower.
Fipronil is a new class of toxicant lhal
is effective against ants al ultra-low
doses-
Ants will nol eat bait if more desirable
food is nearby, .so be sure lo remove
any particles of food or other attrartivc
material from cracks around sinks,
pantries, and other ant-infested areas
of tlie home. Place bait stations in
places where the ants can easily find
them, but avoid pladng them in areas
that are accessible to small children
and pets. Place bails where there are
anl trails or along edges where ants
travel- In addition lo placing ant bait
stations indoors, space them evory 10
lo 20 feet oulside around the founda-
tion and at nest openings if they can be
found. Control wilh bails is nol imme-
diate and may take several weeks or
more to be complele Effectiveness of
baits will vary wilh ant species, bait
malerial, and availability of alternative
food. In the case of Argentine ants,
sweet baits (e.g.. Grant's Ant Slakes,
Dr. Moss's Liquid Bait System) are
attractive year-roiuid- Protein bails
(c-g-. Combat ant bails) are more at-
tractive in spring when the colony is
produdng brood - Offering a small
quantity of each kind of bait and ob-
serving which is preferred by the ants
is a good way lo determine what to
use-
Indoor Sprays
An in.sertidde labeled for ant conlrol
can provide immediate knockdown of
foraging ants if necessary while sanita-
tion and exdusion measures are being
taken. However, if ants can be thor-
oughly wa.shed away and excluded
from an area, an insecficide is probably
nol necessary. Sponging or mopping
with soapy waler, as an alternative lo
insectiddes, may be as effective in tem-
porarily removing foraging ants in a
building because it removes the ant's
scent trail.
Outdoor Treatments
To prevent ants from entering build-
ings, small spot applications can bc
made af entrance points into the build-
ings. Pyrethroids (such as bifcnihrin
and r\-flulhrin) arc effective for this
kind of applicafion. Botanical pyre-
thrins will kill ants fhat ihey contact
direcfly, but do nof provide any re-
sidual control. Preliminary research on
mint-oil products as repellents indi-
cates that they arc not effective.
A common method used lo prevent
ants from coming indoors is to apply a
perimeter treatment of residual sprays
around the foundation. Perimeter treat-
ments pose more risk of environmental
upset lhan baits in bait stafions, don't
provide long-term conlrol, and should
be used cautiously. Commonly used
insecticides include the pyrethroids
bifenthrin and lambda-c>'halothrin.
Bifcnihrin is available in retail prixl-
ucts, but lambda-cyhalotlirin may orUy
be applied by a licensed pest conlrol
professional. Producis available to
professionals provide a longer residual
conlrol than home-use products. Avoid
the use of chlorpyrifos and diazinon;
landscape and residential use of these
materials in urban areas has been iden-
fified as a source of pollution for
Califomia's creeks and rivers. Apply
all pesfiddes in a manner lhat prevents
runoff into storm drains.
Perimeter Ireatmenls by themselves are
unlikely to provide long-term control
because they kill only foraging work-
ers. For this reason, some companies
offer monthly perimeter spray pro-
grams. However, for long-term control
and environmental safety, rely on ex-
clusion, baits, and olher methods that
control the colony rather than monthly
perimeter Ireatmenls.
If colonies need lo be controlled out-
doors, focus treatment on queens and
larvae inside nests; killing foraging
workers docs little to control the
colony becau.se as few as 1% of lhe
workers are able lo provide sufficient
food for neslbound queens and larvae.
Toxic baits provide the easiest way lo
kill a colony (see "Bails").
Control on Trees and Shrubs
When numerous ants arc found on
plants, they are probably attractod lo
the sweet honoydow deposited (in the
plants by certain sucking insects. Uiese
.mts can be kept out of troos by band-
Anls
ing tree Ininks with sticky .substances
such as Tanglefoot- Trim branches lo
keep them from touching strudures or
plants so that anls are forced lo climb
up the tmnk to reach the foliage Pro-
led young or sensifive trees from pos-
sible injury by wrapping lhe tmnk
wilh a collar of heavy paper, durt tape,
or fabric Iree wrap and coating ihis
with the sficky malerial Check the
sticky malerial every 1 or 2 weeks and
stir il with a stick lo prevent the male-
rial from gelling dogged wilh debris
and dead anls lhal allows anls lo cross.
Enclosed pestidde baits such as ant
stakes may be placed near nesls or on
ant trails beneath plants. For the mosl
effecfive and economical conlrol, treat
in late spring and early summer when
ant populations are low.
COMPILED FROM:
Marer, P. 1991. Residential, Industrial,
and Institutional Pcsl Control. Oakland;
Univ. CaliL Div. Agric. Nal. Res. Publ.
3334.
Moore, VV. S-, and C- S- Koehler. 1980.
Anls and Their Control. Oakland: Univ.
CaliL Div. Agric- NaL Res- Leaflet 2526
(oul of print).
SUGGESTED READING
Haney, P., P. Phillips, and R. Wagner
1993. A Key lo thc Most Common and/or
EconomicaUy Important Ants of Califor-
nia. Oakland; Univ. Calif Div- Agric-
Nal. Res- Leaflet 21433-
Mallis, A- 1982- Handbook of Pest Con-
trol. 6th cd. Cleveland; Franzak &
Foster Co.
UC Statewide 1PM Projert- Ort- 2000.
PfSf Notes: Carpenter Anls. Oakland:
Univ. Calif Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ.
7416. Also available online al http./l
wwio. ipmucdains-cdu/
For more mfonmafion contart the University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your txiun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numfiers.
CONTFUBUTOR; J. KloU
EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR; M. L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Brush
ILLUSTfWTIONS: Figs. 1. 3: V. Winemiller:
Fig. 2: Adapted from UC DANR Leaflet
2532. Termites and Other Wood-lnlesling
Insects.
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi-
cations. UC Statewide IPf^ Projert. Univer-
sity of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Nole is available on the World
Wide Web (httpJ/www ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
To simplity information, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named prod-
ucts is intended, nor is criticism implied ol similar
products lhat are nol mentioned.
This material rs panially based upon worts supported
by the Extension Service. U.S. Department ol /Agri-
culture, under special project Section 3(d). Integrat-
ed Pest Management
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
contaminate walcr suppfies or natural walerways.
nil FrankKn. 6lh Fkio.. Oakland. CA 94607-5200; (SIO) 987-0096
• 4 •
APPENDIX 5
References
References
L City of Carlsbad, City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan,
Storm Water Standards
2. San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Water Quality Control Plan for the
San Diego Basin (Basin Plan) and Amendments, March 1997
3. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments, February 2003
4. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments - Monitoring List, February 2003
5. Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program Document, January 2003
6. ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Residential Planning
Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003
7. California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Management Practice
Handbook - New Development and Redevelopment, January 2003
8. National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II, US EPA
9. California Department of Transportation BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Proceedings
from the Transportation Research Board 8"* Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
January 7-11, 2001.
10. Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) Unit for Sediment Control in Brevard
County, Florida, 1999
11. Herr, J.L., and Harper, H.H. Removal of Gross Pollutants From Stormwater Runoff
Using Liquid/Solid Separation Structures. Environmental Research & Design, Inc.,
Orlando, FL. 14p
12. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, US EPA.
13. 2002 Aquashield, Inc.
14. 2003 Stormwater Management Inc.
15. AbTech Industries
16. Kristar Enterprises, Inc.
17. Comm Clean
18. Bowhead Manufacturing Co.
19. Ultra Tech Intemational, Inc.
20. CDS Technologies, Inc.
21. Hydro Intemational
22. Stormceptor Technical Manual, Rinker Materials, January 2003.
23. Vortechnics Design Manual, May 2000.