HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 02-14-04; BRESSI RANCH PA 9 UNIT 4; WATER QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT; 2015-10-22WATER QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT
BRESSI RANCH RESIDENTIAL PLANNING AREA 9
CITY OF CARLSBAD, CA
MARCH 2004
PROJECT NUMBER: CT 02-14(4)
DRAWING NUMBER: 413-7A
Prepared For:
GREYSTONE HOMES
1525 Faraday, Suite 300
Carlsbad, CA 92008
PROJECTDESIGN CONSULTANTS
PL\SN!SG < ISMRONMENTAL • ENCI,VEERJ>& • Sl'K\ f V OPS
701 B Sirfct, Suite 800, San Diego, CA 92101
619-2:!5-6-471 FAX 619-234-0349
Job No. 2407.40
69: Jgoret^E RCE 46692
I'tion Expires 06/30/07
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2
3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN : 3
Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area 3
Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters 3
Conditions of Concem 5
4. STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 7
Site Design BMPs 7
Source Control BMPs 8
Project-Specific BMPs 9
Structural Treatment BMPs 9
Bfs/EP Plan Assumptions 16
5. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 17
Construction BMPs • 17
Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan 17
Operation and Maintenance Plans 18
6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES 19
TABLES
Table 1. Anticipated Conditions - Anticipated Pollutants and Sources 3
Table 2. Beneficial Uses for Inland Surface Waters 4
Table 3. Beneficial Uses for Groundwater 4
Table 4. Structural BMP Selection Matrix 10
Table 5. BMP Design Criteria 16
Table 6. Post-Construction BMP Summary 18
Table 7. BMP Costs 19
APPENDICES
1. Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist
2. Project Maps
3. Drainage Calculations
4. Supplemental BMP Information
5. References
1. INTRODUCTION
This Water Quality Technical Report (WQTR) was prepared to define recommended project
Best Management Practice (BMP) options that satisfy the requirements identified in the
following documents:
• City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan, Storm Water Standards,
• County of San Diego Watershed Protection, Storm Water Management and Discharge
Control Ordinance (County Ordinance),
• Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction,
• NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction
Activity, and
• San Diego Municipal NPDES Storm Water Permit (Order Number 2001-01).
Specifically, this report includes the following:
• Project description and location with respect to the Water Quality Control Plan for the
San Diego Basin (Basin Plan);
• BMP design criteria and water quality treatment flow and volume calculations;
• Recommended BMP options for the project;
• BMP device information for the recommended BMP options; and
• Operation, maintenance, and funding for the recommended BMPs.
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2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
This WQTR is provided for Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 9. The project is located in
the City of Carlsbad and is part of the Bressi Ranch development. The project site is bounded by
Planning Area 7 to the north, Planning Area 8 to the west, and open space to the east and south.
The vicinity and site maps are available in Appendix 2. The total project site consists of 26.3
acres.
The project consists of the construction of 69 single family homes and associated roadways,
utilities, and landscaping. The project area currently consists of mass graded pads per the Bressi
Ranch Mass Grading project.
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3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN
Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area
Based on land use, potential pollutants from the site under existing conditions include sediment,
nutrients, trash and debris, and pesticides. Anticipated pollutants from the site under proposed
conditions include bacteria, sediment, nutrients, trash and debris, oil and grease, oxygen
demanding substances, and heavy metals.
TABLE 1. ANTICIPATED CONDITIONS - ANTICIPATED POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES
Area Anticipated Pollutants
Landscaped areas Sediment, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, pesticides
Rooftops Sediment, nutrients, trash and debris
Parking/driveways Sediment, heavy metals, trash and debris, oil and grease
General use Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses
Trash storage areas Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses
Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters
The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 9 Project is located in the Carlsbad Watershed
(Hydrologic Unit 904.51) and is tributary to San Marcos Creek.' The sections below provide
the beneficial uses and identification of impaired water bodies within the project's hydrologic
area.
Beneficial Uses
The beneficial uses of the inland surface waters and the groundwater basins must not be
threatened by the project. Tables 2 and 3 list the beneficial uses for the surface waters and
groundwater within the project's hydrologic area.
' Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board
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TABLE 2. BENEFICIAL USES FOR INLAND SURFACE WATERS
Surface
Water MUN AGR IND RECl REC2 WARM WILD
San Marcos
Creek -1-• • • • •
TABLE 3. BENEFICIAL USES FOR GROLTMOWATER
Hydrologic Unit, Hydrologic Area MUN AGR IND
904.51 • • •
Source: Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, September 1994
Notes for Tables 2 and 3:
• - Existing Beneficial Use
o = Potential Beneficial Use
-t- = Excepted from Municipal
MUN - Municipal and Domestic Supply: Includes use of water for community, military, or individual water
supply systems including, but not limited to, drinking water supply.
AGR - Agricultural Supply: Includes use of water for farming, horticulture, or ranching including, but not limited
to, irrigation, stock watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing.
IND - Industrial Services Supply: Includes use of water for industrial activities that do not depend primarily on
water quality including, but not limited to, mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire
protection, or oil well re-pressurization.
RECl - Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water
where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, swimming, wading,
water-skiing, skin and SCUBA diving, surfing, white water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs.
REC2 - Non-Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreation involving proximity to water, but not
normally involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include,
but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, camping, boating, tide pool and marine life study, hunting,
sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities.
WARM - Warm Freshwater Habitat: Includes uses of water that support warm water ecosystems including, but
not limited to, preservation or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish or wildlife, including invertebrates.
WILD-Wildlife Habitat: Includes uses of water that support terrestrial ecosystems including but not limited to,
preservation and enhancement of terrestrial habitats, vegetation, wildlife, (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles,
amphibians, invertebrates), or wildlife and food sources.
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Impaired Water Bodies
Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA, 33 USC 1250, et seq., at 1313(d)),
requires States to identify and list waters that do not meet water quality standards after applying
certain required technology-based effluent limits (impaired water bodies). The list is known as
the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters.
The proposed project is not directly tributary to a 303(d) listed water body. The closest impaired
water body is the Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San Marcos HA. The Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San
Marcos HA is 303(d) listed for bacteria.
In addition to the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters, the State of California also identifies
waters of concern that may be included on the 303(d) list in the very near future. These waters
have some indications that they are impaired, but there is currently insufficient data to meet the
requirements for inclusion on the 303(d) list of impaired waters. This list is known as the
Monitoring List (2002).
The proposed project is not directly tributary to a Monitoring List (2002) water body. The
closest Monitoring List (2002) water body is the Aqua Hedionda Lagoon. The Aqua Hedionda
Lagoon is listed for dissolved copper and selenium.
Watershed Pollutants of Concem
The proposed project is located within the Carlsbad Watershed. According to the Carlsbad
Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program, the pollutants of concem for the Carlsbad
Watershed are bacteria, diazinon, sediment, total dissolved soilds, and nutrients.
Conditions of Concern
A drainage study was conducted by a California Registered Civil Engineer (RCE) to identify the
conditions of concern for this project. The drainage calculations are available in Appendix 3.
Following is the summary of findings from the study:
• Drainage Pattems:
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Under existing conditions, runoff from the project area sheet flows into desilting basins
before entering the backbone storm drain system for the Bressi Ranch development. The
backbone storm drain system discharges into a detention basin before entering an
unnamed creek which eventually reaches San Marcos Creek.
Under proposed conditions, the storm water sheet flows to the southwest and into the
onsite storm drain system. The onsite storm drain system connects into the Planning
Area 8 storm drain system before connecting to the backbone storm drain for the Bressi
Ranch development.
Soil Conditions and Imperviousness: The project area consists of soil group D. Under
existing conditions, the project area is under 5% impervious and the runoff coefficient is
0.45. Under the proposed conditions, the project area will be 59% impervious and the
overall runoff coefficient is expected to be 0.55.
Rainfall Runoff Characteristics: Under existing conditions, the project area generates
approximately 24.5 CFS (2-year storm) and 32.6 CFS (10-year storm) of storm water
runoff. Under the proposed conditions, the site will generate approximately 25.6 CFS (2-
year storm) and 34.3 CFS (10-year storm) of storm water runoff.
Downstream Conditions: There is no expected adverse impact on downstream conditions
as the overall existing drainage pattems will be maintained. A detention basin at the
south end of the El Fuerte Street storm drain will reduce the impact of the approximately
5% increase in storm water flows due to the development. The water quality will be
improved by the development through the implementation of site design, source control,
and treatment BMPs. The existing pipe's outfall is designed to protect against high
velocity erosion in the proposed condition.
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4. STORM WATER BEST ^L\NAGEMENT PRACTICES
The City Storm Water Standards Manual (Section III.2) requires the implementation of
applicable site design, source control, project-specific, and structural treatment control BMPs.
Site Design BMPs
The following BMPs were considered in the project design process:
• Reduce impervious surfaces,
• Conserve natural areas,
• Minimize directly connected areas, and
• Protect slopes and channels.
Some of the specific site design BMPs incorporated into this project include:
• Water quality feature
o The water quality feature will direct a portion of the storm water from the storm
drain system in Heritage Drive into a grass swale. The storm water will be
retumed to the Heritage Drive storm drain system at the end of the swale. The
swale is not adequate to provide treatment to the level required by the City Storm
Water Standards.
• Protect slopes and channels
o All slopes will be stabilized with hydroseed or equivalent erosion control
measures.
o The outfalls are equipped with a D-41 energy dissipater and/or a riprap pad to
prevent high velocity erosion.
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Source Control BMPs
The following BMPs were considered in the project design process:
Inlet stenciling and signage,
Materials storage.
Trash storage.
Efficient irrigation, and
Integrated pest management principles.
Some of the specific source control BMPs incorporated into this project include:
• Inlet stenciling and signage
o All inlets within the project boundaries will be stenciled or stamped with "No
Dumping - I Live Downstream," or as approved by the City Engineer.
• Covered trash storage
o All trash storage is covered due to the design of the standard-issue residential City
of San Diego automated refuse containers.
• Efficient irrigation
o All Home Owners' Association (HOA) maintained landscaped areas will include
rain shutoff devices to prevent irrigation during and after precipitation, and the
irrigation will be designed for the area specific water requirements. Flow reducers
and shutoff valves triggered by pressure drop will be used to control water loss
from broken sprinkler heads or lines.
• Storm water education
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0 Educational materials on storm water issues and simple ways to prevent storm
water pollution will be made available to residents.
• Integrated pest management principles
0 Residents and groundskeepers will be educated on pest management principles.
o In HOA areas, only professional pest controllers will be used for the application
of pesticides. Materials on how to control pests using non-toxic methods will be
made available to maintenance personnel.
Project-Specific BMPs
The City Storm Water Standards Manual requires specific BMPs if the project includes private
roads, residential driveways and guest parking, dock areas, maintenance bays, vehicle and
equipment wash areas, outdoor processing areas, surface parking areas, non-retail fueling areas,
or steep hillside landscaping. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 9 Project has
residential driveways and private roads. The City Storm Water Standards Manual lists five
options for residential driveways and three options for private roads. The Bressi Ranch
Residential Planning Area 9 Project does not include any of these options. However, the intent of
the Storm Water Standards is to reduce the discharge of pollutants from storm water conveyance
systems to the Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP statutory standard) throughout the use of a
developed site. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 9 Project meets this objective by
including treatment BMPs before discharging to the unnamed creek.
Structural Treatment BMPs
The selection of structural treatment BMP options is determined by the target pollutants, removal
efficiencies, expected flows, and space availability. Table 4 is a selection matrix for structural
treatment BMPs based on target pollutants and removal efficiencies.
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TABLE 4. STRUCTURAL BMP SELECTION MATRIX
Pollutant
Categories
Treatment Control BMP Categories
Pollutant
Categories Biofilters Detention
Basins
Infiltration
Basins^'^
Wet
Ponds or
Wetlands
Drainage
Inserts Filtration
Hydrodynamic
Separator
Systems^^'
Sediment M H H H L H H
Nutrients L M M M L M L
Heavy
Metals M M M H L H L
Organic
Compounds U U U U L M L
Trash &
Debris L H U U M H H
Oxygen
Demanding
Substances
L M M M L M L
Bacteria U U H U L M L
Oil&
Grease M M U U L H L
Pesticides U U u u L U L
Notes for Table 4:
(1) Including trenches and porous pavement
(2) Also known as hydrodynamic devices and baffle boxes
L: Low removal efficiency
M: Medium removal efficiency
H: High removal efficiency
U: Unknown removal efficiency
The target pollutants for this project in order of general priority are sediment (with attached
materials such as bacteria and viruses, nutrients, pesticides, and metals), oxygen demanding
substances, trash and debris, and oil and grease. Based on the target pollutants and typical
removal efficiencies, the treatment BMP options to consider include detention basins, infiltration
basins, wet ponds, filtration and hydrodynamic separator systems.
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The soil characteristics and the onsite drainage pattems for Planning Area 9 make infiltration
basins and wet ponds infeasible for this project.
Detenfion Basins
Detention basins (a.k.a. dry extended detention ponds, dry ponds, extended detention basins,
detention ponds, extended detention ponds) are basins with controlled outlets designed to detain
storm water runoff, allowing particles and associated pollutants to settle. Detention basins may
be designed to include vegetation, allowing for further pollutant removal through infiltration and
natural pollutant uptake by vegetation.
Detention basins are among the most widely applicable storm water management practices. They
should be used for drainage areas of at least 10 acres, and they can be used with almost all types
of soils and geology. Detention basins for improving water quality can also be designed and used
as flood control devices.
Based on the size of the Bressi Ranch development and proposed site plan, detention basins are a
feasible option for treating the storm water runoff from this project. However, the detention
basin for Bressi Ranch will not be used for water quality purposes since the basin was designed
for detention purposes only.
Filtration Systems
Filtration systems include bioretention, sand and organic filters, and proprietary devices.^
Bioretention
Bioretention areas are landscape features designed to provide treatment of storm water runoff.
These areas are typically shallow, landscaped depressions, located within small pockets of
residential land uses. During storms, the runoff ponds above the mulch and soil of the
bioretention system. The runoff filters through the mulch and soil mix, typically being collected
in a perforated underdrain and retumed to the MS4.
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Sand and Organic Filters
For sand and organic filtration systems, there are five basic storm water filter designs:
• Surface sand filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and
sediment chamber placed aboveground. The surface sand filter is designed as an
offline system that receives only the smaller water quality events.
• Underground filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and
sediment chamber placed underground. It is an offline system that receives only the
smaller water quality events.
• Perimeter filter: This is the only filtering option that is an online system with an
overflow chamber to accommodate large storm events.
• Organic media filter: This is a slight modification to the surface sand filter, with the
sand medium replaced with or supplemented by an organic medium to enhance
pollutant removal of many compounds.
• Multi-Chamber Treatment Train: This is an underground system with three filtration
chambers designed to achieve very high pollutant removal rates.
Proprietary Devices
Proprietary filtration devices include offline filtration systems, online filter units, and filtration
based inlet inserts. Proprietary catch basin insert devices contain a filtering medium placed
inside the stormwater system's catch basins. The insert can contain one or more treatment
mechanisms, which include filtration, sedimentation, or gravitational absorption of oils. The
water flows into the inlet, through the filter, where pollutants and contaminants are removed, and
then into the drainage system.
National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II, US EPA.
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There are two primary designs for inlet inserts. One design uses fabric filter bags that are
suspended in place by the grate or by retainer rods placed across the catch basin. The fabric filter
design includes a skirt that directs the storm water flow to a pouch that may be equipped with
oil-absorbing pillows. These inlet inserts are typically equipped with "Bypass Ports" to prevent
flooding during large storm events. Maintenance on the fabric filter inserts includes periodic
inspection and replacement of the entire insert when it becomes clogged with captured
pollutants. The other design for inlet inserts uses stainless steel, High-Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), or other durable materials to form a basket or cage-like insert placed inside the catch
basin. This basket contains the filter medium and absorbent materials that treat the storm water
as it passes through. These inlet inserts are also equipped with bypass pathways to allow normal
operation of the storm drain system during large storm events. Maintenance on the basket-type
inlet inserts includes periodic inspection and removal and replacement of the filter medium and
absorbent materials (not the entire inlet insert).
There are several types of proprietary inlet inserts for both design types:
• Fabric Filter Bag Design
o Stream Guard: Stream Guard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and
debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media."
o Ultra-Drainguard: Ultra-Drainguard works by initially capturing sediment and trash
and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter
media. The Ultra-Drainguard has an oil absorbent pillow that can be replaced separate
from the filter during times of large free-oil runoff. ^
• Basket-type Inlet Inserts
o AbTech Ultra-Urban Filter: The Ultra-Urban Filter is a cost-effective BMP designed
for use in storm drains that experience oil and grease pollution accompanied by
URL: http://www.epa.gov/regionl/assistance/ceitts/stormwater/techs/
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sediment and trash and debris. The oil is permanently bonded to a SmartSponge,
while sediment and trash and debris are captured in an intemal basket.
o AquaGuard: AquaGuard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris,
and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media.
AquaGuard compares to others by being easy to handle, i.e. no special lifting
equipment for filter removal.^
o FloGard: FloGard uses catch basin filtration, placing catch basin insert devices with a
filter medium just under the grates of the stormwater system's catch basins. FloGard
handles non-soluble solids such as sediment, gravel, and hydrocarbons, which are all
potential pollutants originating from the roof and parking lot. FloGard is available for
standard catch basins and for roof downspouts.
Recommended Filtration System Option
Sand, media, and bioretention filters require large amounts of land and have extremely high
maintenance costs compared to proprietary filtration designs. Of the two types of filtration based
inlet insert designs, experience within Southem California has shown the basket-type inlet inserts
to be more reliable and less cumbersome for maintenance and proper operation.^ Therefore, the
best type of filtration system for this project is one of the basket-type proprietary filtration based
inlet inserts.
Hydrodynamic Separator Systems
Hydrodynamic separator systems (HDS) are flow-through structures with a settling or separation
unit to remove sediments and other pollutants that are widely used in storm water treatment. No
outside power source is required, because the energy of the flowing water allows the sediments
to efficiently separate. Depending on the type of unit, this separation may be by means of swirl
action or indirect filtration.
* 2003 KriStar Enterprises, Inc.
^ Correspondence with the City of Dana Point, the City of Encinitas, and the City of Santa Monica
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Hydrodynamic separator systems are most effective where the materials to be removed from
runoff are heavy particulates that can be settled or floatables that can be captured, rather than
solids with poor settleability or dissolved pollutants.
For hydrodynamic separator systems, there are four major proprietary types:
• Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS): CDS provides the lowest cost overall when
compared to other HDS units. A sorbent material can be added to remove unattached oil
and grease.^
• Downstream Defender^^: Downstream Defender traps sediment while intercepting oil
and grease with a small head loss.^
• Stormceptor®: Stormceptor traps sediment while intercepting oil and grease.^
• Vortechs™: Vortechs combines baffle walls, circular grit chambers, flow control
chambers, and an oil chamber to remove settleable solids and floatables from the storm
water runoff.^
Recommended Hydrodynamic Separator System Option
All of the abovementioned devices sufficiently remove the pollutants of concern from this site.
The best hydrodynamic separator for this project is the CDS unit because of its relatively low
cost and because it has been widely used in San Diego County.
BMP Selection
Basket-type proprietary filtration-based inlet inserts and CDS units are feasible options for this
project. The recommended treatment BMP is a CDS Unit. The CDS Unit will be able to treat
multiple planning areas in the Bressi Ranch Development, including Planning Area 9. The CDS
* CDS Technologies Inc 2002
2003 Hydro Intemational
* Stormceptor 2003
' http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/hydro.pdf
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Unit will have lower maintenance frequency and costs than the inlet inserts due to the large
number of inlets in the planning areas.
BMP Plan Assumptions
The following assumptions were made in calculating the required BMP sizes:
• Flows generated onsite will be treated, as well as storm water flows from Planning Areas
5, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, and 15b.
• A runoff coefficient, 'C value, of 0.65 was used in the runoff calculations for the
tributary treatment area. The treatment area includes industrial and residential areas,
therefore the 'C value reflects the proportions of each for the BMP design.
Table 5 summarizes the criteria that should be implemented in the design of the recommended
project BMP.
TABLE 5. BMP DESIGN CRITERIA
BMP Hydrology Treatment
AreaA^olume Design Constraints
Flow-based: Q=CIA
I = 0.2 in/hour
C= runoff coefficient
A = acreage
Qtreatment— 20.2 CFS
I = 0.2 in/hour
C= 0.65
A = 155.0 acres
• Locate outside public right-of-way
• Facilitate access for maintenance
• Avoid utility conflicts
• Treatment Area/Volume includes
Bressi Ranch Planning Areas 5, 7, 8,
9, 12, 13, 14, and 15b.
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3. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
This section identifies the recommended BMP options that meet the applicable storm water and
water quality ordinance requirements. This includes incorporating BMPs to minimize and
mitigate for runoff contamination and volume from the site. The plan was developed per the
proposed roadway and lot layout/density associated with the site.
Construction BMPs
During construction, BMPs such as desilting basins, silt fences, sand bags, gravel bags, fiber
rolls, and other erosion control measures may be employed consistent with the NPDES Storm
Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The objectives of the SWPPP are to:
• Identify all pollutant sources, including sources of sediment that may affect the water
quality of storm water discharges associated with construction activity from the
construction site;
• Identify non-storm water discharges;
• Identify, construct, implement in accordance with a time schedule, and maintain BMPs to
reduce or eliminate pollutants in storm water discharges and authorized non-storm water
discharges from the construction site during constmction; and
• Develop a maintenance schedule for BMPs installed during construction designed to
reduce or eliminate pollutants after construction is completed (post-construction BMPs).
Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan
PDC has identified a recommended water quality BMP plan for the Bressi Ranch Residential
Planning Area 9 Project. The following BMP plan is preliminary and is subject to change
pending City review and implementation of future policy requirements, and final engineering
design.
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The recommended post-construction BMP plan includes site design, source control, and
treatment BMPs. The site design and source control BMPs include protection of slopes and
channels, water quality feature, inlet stenciling and signage, covered trash storage, efficient
irrigation, storm water education, and integrated pest management principles. The treatment
BMP selected for this project is a CDS Unit.
TABLE 6. POST-CONSTRUCTION BMP SUMMARY
Pollutant Pollutant Sources Mitigation Measures
Sediment and attached
pollutants (nutrients, pesticides, heavy
metals)
Landscaping, driveways,
rooftops
Inlet stenciling and signage,
education of residents, CDS Unit,
Water quality feature
Trash and debris
Littering, trash storage
areas, swimming pool
deck, rooftop
Inlet stenciling and signage,
covered trash storage, education of
residents, CDS Unit, Water quality
feature
Bacteria and viruses Trash storage areas, pets Covered trash storage, education
of residents
Oxygen demanding substances Landscaping, driveways
and roadways
Inlet stenciling and signage,
regular City of San Diego yard
waste pickup, education of
residents, detention basin, CDS
Unit, Water quality feature
Oil and grease Driveways, roadways
Inlet stenciling and signage,
education of residents, CDS Unit,
Water quality feature
Operation and Maintenance Plans
The City Storm Water Standards require a description of the long-term maintenance
requirements of proposed BMPs and a description of the mechanism that will ensure ongoing
long-term maintenance. Operation and maintenance plans for the recommended post-
construction BMP for this project are located in Appendix 4. The Project BMP costs and the
maintenance funding sources are provided in the following section.
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6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES
Table 7 below provides the anticipated capital and annual maintenance costs for the CDS Unit.
TABLE 7. BMP COSTS
BMP OPTION Equipment Cost Installation Cost Annual Maintenance
Cost
1. Single CDS Unit
Model PMSU 70_70
$64,900* $55,900 $1,000
*CDS Units are a proprietary BMP and may vary in cost at the manufacturer's discretion.
The developer will incur the capital cost for the BMP installation. The responsible party for
long-term maintenance and funding is the Home Owners' Association (HOA) for Bressi Ranch.
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APPENDIX 1
Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist
City of Carlsbad
Storm Water Requirements
Applicability Checklist
Project Address: Bressi
Ranch Planning Area 9
Assessor Parcel Number(s): Project Number (for City Use Only)
Complete Sections 1 and 2 of the following checklist to detennine your project's pemianent and construction storm water best
management practices requirements. This form must be completed and submitted with your pemnit application.
Section 1 - Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements:
If any answers to Part A are answered "Yes," your project is subject to the "Priority Project Permanent Storm Water BMP
Requirements," and "Standard Permanent Slorm Water BMP Requirements" in Section 111, "Pemianent Storm Water BMP Selection
Procedure" in the Storm Water Standards manual. If all answers to Part A are "No," and any answers to Part B are "Yes," your
project is only subject only to the Standard Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements. If every question in Part A and B is answered
"No," your project is exempt from permanent storm water requirements.
Part A: Determine Priority Project Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements.
Does the project meet the definition of one or more of the priority project categories?*
1. "Detached residential development of 10 or more units" "^Yes No
2. "Attached residential development of 10 or more units" Yes
3. "Commercial development greater than 100,000 square feet" Yes
4. "Automotive repair shop" Yes
5. "Restaurant" Yes •No
6. "Steep hillside development greater than 5,000 square feet" Yes •No
7. "Project discharging to receiving waters within Water Quality Sensitive Areas" Yes •No
8. "Parking lot" greater than or equal to 5,000 ff or with at least 15 parking spaces, and potentially Yes •No
exposed to urban runoff Yes •No
9. "Streets, roads, highways, and freeways" that would create a new paved surface that is 5,000 square ^Yes No
feet or greater ^Yes No
10. "Significant redevelopment" over 5,000 ft Yes •No
* Refer to the definitions section in the Storm Water Standards for expanded definitions of the priority project categories.
Limited Exclusion: Trenching and resurfacing work associated with utility projects are not considered priority projects. Parking
lots, buildings and other structures associated with utility projects are priority projects if one or more of the criteria in Part A is met.
If all answers to Part A are "No", continue to Part B.
Part B: Determine Standard Permanent Storm Water Requirements.
Does the project propose:
1. New impervious areas, such as rooftops, roads, parking lots, driveways, paths and sidewalks?
2. New pervious landscape areas and irrigation systems?
3. Permanent structures within 100 feet of any natural water body?
4. Trash storage areas?
5. Liquid or solid material loading and unloading areas?
6. Vehicle or equipment fueling, washing, or maintenance areas?
7. Require a General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities
(Except construction)?*
8. Commercial or industrial waste handling or storage, excluding typical office or household waste?
9. Any grading or ground disturbance during construction?
10. Any new storm drains, or alteration to existing storm drains?
•To find out if your project is required to obtain an individual General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with
Industrial Activities, visit the Stale Water Resources Control Board web site at, www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/industrial.html.
•Yes
•Yes
Yes
•Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
•Yes
•Yes
No
No
•No
No
•No
•No
•No
•No
No
No
Section 2. Construction Storm Water BMP Requirements:
If the answer to question 1 of Part C is answered "Yes," your project is subject to Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP
Performance Standards," and must prepare a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). If the answer to question 1 is "No,"
but the answer to any of the remaining questions is "Yes," your project is subject to Section IV, "Construction Stonn Water BMP
Perfonnance Standards," and must prepare a Water Pollution Control Plan (WPCP). If every question in Part C is answered "No," your
project is exempt from any construction storm water BMP requirements. If any of the answers to the questions in Part C are "Yes,"
complete the construction site prioritization in Part D, below.
Part C: Determine Construction Phase Storm Water Requirements.
Would the project meet any of these criteria during construction?
1. Is the project subject to California's statewide General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges
Assodated With Construction Activities? ^Yes No
2. Does the project propose grading or soil disturbance? •Yes No
3. Would storm water or urban runoff have the potential to contact any portion of the construction area,
including washing and staging areas? •Yes No
4. Would the project use any construction materials that could negatively affect water quality if discharged
from the site (such as, paints, solvents, concrete, and stucco)? ^Yes No
Part D: Determine Construction Site Priority
In accordance with the Municipal Permit, each construction site with construction storm water BMP requirements must be designated
with a priority: high, medium or low. This prioritization must be completed with this form, noted on the plans, and included in the
SWPPP or WPCP. Indicate the project's priority in one of the check boxes using the criteria below, and existing and surrounding
conditions of the project, the type of activities necessary to complete the construction and any other extenuating circumstances that
may pose a threat to water quality. The City reserves the right to adjust the priority of the projects both before and during construction.
[Note: The construction priority does NOT change construction BMP requirements that apply to projects; all construction BMP
requirements must be identified on a case-by-case basis. The construction priority does affect the frequency of inspections that will be
conducted by City staff. See Section IV. 1 for more details on construction BMP requirements.]
^ A) High Priority
1) Projects where the site is 50 acres or more and grading will occur during the wet season
2) Projects 5 acres or more and tributary to an impaired water body for sediment by the most current Clean Water Act
Section 303(d) list (e.g., Penasquitos watershed)
3) Projects 5 acres or more within or directly adjacent to or discharging directly to a coastal lagoon or other receiving
water within an water quality sensitive area
4) Projects, active or inactive, adjacent or tributary to sensitive water bodies
• B) Medium Priority
1) Capital Improvement Projects where grading occurs, however a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is
not required under the State General Construction Permit (i.e., water and sewer replacement projects, intersection
and street re-alignments, widening, comfort stations, etc.)
2) Permit projects In the public right-of-way where grading occurs, however SWPPPs are not required, such as
installation of sidewalk, substantial retaining walls, curtj and gutter for an entire street frontage, etc.
3) Permit projects on private property where grading permits are required (i.e., cuts over 5 feet, fills over 3 feet),
however. Notice Of Intents (NOIs) and SWPPPs are not required.
• C) Low Priority
1) Capital Projects where minimal to no grading occurs, such as signal light and loop Installations, street light
installations, etc.
2) Permit projects in the public right-of-way where minimal to no grading occurs, such as pedestrian ramps,
driveway additions, small retaining walls, etc.
3) Permit projects on private property where grading permits are not required, such as small retaining walls, single-
family homes, small tenant improvements, etc.
APPENDIX 2
Project Maps
VICINITY MAP
NOT TO SCALE
APPENDIX 3
Drainage Calculations
**•********«*•********•********•*•»:****»***»*«****' RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED CONDITIONS
* SYSTEM 5050 - DESILTING BASIN RISER FLOW
* 2 YEAR STORM EVENT
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS5050.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:58 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MJU^ING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAP.?\CITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5050.00 TO NODE 5055.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALySIS«<<<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 800.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 408.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 6 8.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 40.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 16.376
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.655
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.92
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.50 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.92
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.50 TC(MIN.) = 16.38
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.92
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED CONDITIONS *
* SYSTSM 5074 DESILTING BASIN *
* 2 YEAR STORM EVENT *
***************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS5074.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:56 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.10 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<««
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 800.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 322.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 275.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 47.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 15.519
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.713
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 6.88
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 7.30 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 6
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 7.30 TC(MIN.) = 15.52
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 6.88
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
************** **************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED CONDITIONS
* SYSTEM 5050 - DESILTING BASIN RISER FLOW
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME:. C:\HYDRO\SYS5050.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:52 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
19 85 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5050.00 TO NODE 5055.00 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 800.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 408.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 368.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 40.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 16.376
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.206
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 7.89
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.50 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 7.89
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL .2iREA(ACRES) = 6.50 TC(MIN.) = 16.38
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 7.89
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAJ^ PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADED CONDITIONS *
* SYSTEM 507 4 DESILTING BASIN *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\SYS507 4.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:53 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.10 IS CODE = 21
>>»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«<
USER-SPECIFIED RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 800.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 322.00
DOWTSTSTREAM ELEVATION = 275.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 47.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 15.519
*CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH
DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
*C.a.UTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY
NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED.
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.284
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 9.17
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 7.3 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 9.17
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 7.30 TC(MIN.) = 15.52
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.17
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
*******************************************************"*******************'
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PR0GRAJ4 PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800 San Diego, CA 92101
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH TENTATIVE MAP - JN 2267.00 '
* PLANNING AREA 9 - SYSTEM 503 6 '
* 2-YR STORM EVENT
.j,***,t,ti.*******************************************************************
FILE NAME: 5030-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 15:41 10/01/2003
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
• WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5036.40 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 403.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 9
TOTAL .ZVREA (ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF (CFS) = 0.39
**********************************************************************,t*****
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.40 TO NODE 5036.50 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 403.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.15
STREET LEMGTH(FEET) = 390.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.00
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.43
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.18
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.68
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.04 Tc(MIN.) = 11.94
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.028
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA (ACRES) = 1.09 SUBAREA RLrNOFF(CFS) = 1.22
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.61
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.91
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.44 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.84
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5036.50 = 490.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.50 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<«
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <««
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 37 6.24 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 374.92
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.2 5 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.02
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER{INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.61
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 11.96
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5036.20 = 498.25 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 503 6.20 TO NODE 503 6.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.96
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.03
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.40
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.61
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5035.60 TO NODE 5036.70 IS CODE = 21
>>»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 400.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 399.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 3 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 9
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.70 TO NODE 5036.80 IS CODE = 62
>>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>»>>( STREET TABLE SECTIOM # 1 USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 397.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.85
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 440.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET P.z^RKWAY CROSSFALL (DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.44
STREETFLOW MODEL REStlLTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.3 8
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.75
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.70
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.67 Tc(MIN.) = 12.57
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.963
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.13 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.30
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.3 6 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.59
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 9 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.43
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.13 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.92
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.80 = 540.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5 036.80 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 378.52 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 374.92
FLOW LENGTH{FEET) = 28.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.71
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.59
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 12.61
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.20 = 568.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.20 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<«<
>»>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.61
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) =1.96
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.3 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.59
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.61 11.96 2.027 1.40
2 2.59 12.61 1.959 2.36
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 4.11 11.96 2.027
2 4.14 12.61 1.959
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.14 Tc(MIN.) = 12.61
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.7 6
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.20 = 568.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.20 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 31
»>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 374.59 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.81
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 660.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IM 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.44
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.14
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.30 Tc(MIN.) = 13.91
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.90 = 1228.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.90 TO NODE 3056.90 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.91
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.84
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.7 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.14
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM MODE 5036.91 TO NODE 5036.92 IS CODE = 21
»>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 390.60
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 89.60
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.289
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.21
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.17 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.21
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.92 TO NODE 5036.93 IS CODE = 62
>>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<««
UPSTREAM ELEV.ATION (FEET) = 383.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION (FEET) = 358.77
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 6 60.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STRSET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FSET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.93
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.7 0
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.75
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.60
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.00 Tc(MIN.) = 13.90
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) =1.839
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.41 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.43
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.58 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.64
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 6 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.49
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.04 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.78
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.91 TO NODE 5036.93 = 760.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.93 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USIMG COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 353.46 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.81
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.01
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.64
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 13.92
• LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.91 TO NODE 5036.90 = 768.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM MODE 503 6.90 TO NODE 503 6.90 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NIMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.92
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.84
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.58
PEAK FLOW RATE (CFS) .AT CONFLUENCE = 1.64
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.94 TO NODE 5036.94 IS CODE = 22
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
USER SPECIFIED Tc(MIN.) = 6.000
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.51
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.17 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.51
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.94 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 352.14 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.81
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.42
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.51
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.11 Tc(MIN.) = 6.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5 036.94 TO NODE 5036.90 = 22.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.90 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIM.) = 6.11
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.13
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.17
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.51
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 4.14 13.91 1.838 3.76
2 1.64 13.92 1.838 1.58
3 0.51 6.11 3.126 0.17
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 3.91 6.11 3.126
2 6.08 13.91 1.838
3 6.08 13.92 1.838
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 6.08 Tc(MIN.) = 13.91
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 5.51
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.90 = 1228.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM MODE 5036.90 TO NODE 5037.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 351.31 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 338.45
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 290.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.29
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 6.08
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.47 Tc(MIN.) = 14.3 8
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5037.00 = 1518.25 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 5.51 TC(MIN.) = 14.38
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 6.08
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800 San Diego, CA 92101
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADING ULTIMATE CONDITIONS '
* PLANNING AREA 9 - SYSTEM 5050 '
* 2-YR STORM EVENT
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: 5050-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 17:21 10/01/2003
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- • HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) ' (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTRE7VM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 220.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 407.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 2.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 14.5 84
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.775
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.60
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.61 TOT.AL RUNOFF (CFS) = 0.60
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.20 TO NODE 5051.30 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<<«
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 404.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 401.46
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 23 0.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.5 5
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.43
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.87
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.55
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.04 Tc(MIN.) = 16.73
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.63 2
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.13 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.91
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.74 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.51
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.33 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.36
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.10 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.30 = 450.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.30 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<<<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 395.66 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 393.66
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 13.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.5 INCHES
PIPS-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.28
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NJMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.51
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 16.7 6
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.00 = 472.25 FEET.
************************************************'r***************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.00 TO MODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCS<<<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 16.76
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.63
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) =2.74
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.51
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.40 TO NODE 5051.50 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<««
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 120.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.60
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 10.845
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.159
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.26
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 2 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 6
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.50 TO NODE 5051.60 IS CODE = 62
»>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 402.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 401.46
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 12.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.78
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.16
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 1.5 0
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.60
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.87
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 10.88
2 YEAR RAINF.ALL INTENSITY (INCH/HOUR) = 2.154
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.88 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.04
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.10 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1-3 0
END OF SUBAREA STRSET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.20 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.93
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.78 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.98
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.40 TO NODE 5051.60 = 132.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.60 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 393.76 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 393.66
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.18
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.30
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 10.91
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.40 TO NODE 5051.00 = 140.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.00 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATS INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE V.ARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 10.91
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.15
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.10
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.3 0
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.51 16.76 1.630 2.74
2 1.30 10.91 2.150 1.10
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 3.20 10.91 2.150
2 3.50 15.76 1.630
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARS AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.50 Tc(MIN.) = 16.75
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.84
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.00 = 472.25 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTS PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) «<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 393.33 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 388.44
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 470.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.22
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.50
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.50 Tc(MIN.) = 18.27
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5052.00 = 942.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5 052.00 TO NODE 5 052.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DSSIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 18.27
RAINF.ALL INTENSITY (INCH/HR) = 1.54
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) =3.84
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.50
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.10 TO NODE 5052.10 IS CODE = 22
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
USER SPECIFIED Tc(MIN.) = 6.000
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.72
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.99 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.72
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.10 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<«
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <<«<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 391.22 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 388.44
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 13.93 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMSTER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.15
ESTIMATED PIPE DI.AMETER (INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.72
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 6.02
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5052.10 TO NODE 5052.00 = 303.93 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 6.02
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.16
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.99
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.72
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.30 TO NODE 5052.40 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIOMAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 140.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 403.60
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.40
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.714
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.054
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.26 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.40 TO NODE 5052.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»>» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 402.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 396.18
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 205.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.98
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) =7.55
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.88
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.80
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.19 Tc(MIN.) = 12.90
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.93 0
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 3.18 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.3 8
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.44 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.67
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 3 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.95
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.31 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.08
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5052.30 TO NODE 5052.20 = 345.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.20 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<««
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 389.99 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 388.44
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.53
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.57
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 12.93
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5052.30 TO NODE 5052.00 = 367.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODS = 1
»>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<«
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.93
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.93
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.44
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.57
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.50 18.27 1.542 3.84
2 1.72 5.02 3.156 0.99
3 3.67 12.93 1.927 3.44
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 5.67 6.02 3.156
2 7.52 12.93 1.927
3 7.27 18.27 1.542
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 7.52 Tc(MIN.) = 12.93
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 8.27
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5052.00 = 942.25 FEET.
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.50 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 388.10 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 357.14
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 335.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 14.22
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 7.52
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.39 Tc(MIN.) = 13.33
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5052.50 = 1277.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.50 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <<<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 355.81 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 342.24
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 275.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.51
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) =7.52
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.40 Tc(MIN.) = 13.72
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5055.30 = 1552.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 505 5.3 0 TO NODE 505 5.3 0 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.72
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.85
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 8.27
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 7.52
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.10 TO NODE 5055.20 IS CODE = 21
>>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RO"NOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 82.10
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.3 0
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.104
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 9
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.25 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 9
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.20 TO NODE 5055.00 IS CODE = 62
>»>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>»>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEST) = 381.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 347.38
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 6 50.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FSET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.69
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEST) = 0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.0 8
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.47
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.86
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.12 Tc(MIN.) = 14.41
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.797
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.83 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.80
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.08 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.09
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.29 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.13
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.96 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.14
LONGEST FLOWP.ATH FROM NODE 5055.10 TO NODE 5055.00 = 780.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM MODE 5055.00 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <««
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 343.38 DOWNSTREAM(FEST) = 342.74
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 63.18 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPS DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTK OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.99
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAJ^ETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.09
PIPS TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.21 Tc(MIN.) = 14.52
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.10 TO NODE 5055.30 = 843.18 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.62
RAINF.ALL INTENSITY {INCH/HR) = 1.7 8
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.0 8
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.09
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.40 TO NODE 5055.50 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 390.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 388.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.3 0
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.104
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.12
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.12
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.50 TO NODE 5055.60 IS CODE = 52
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 381.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 349.71
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 525.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIMS COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.97
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.21
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.10
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.3 8
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.70
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.5 9 Tc(MIN.) = 13.8 8
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.841
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1-58 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.70
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.78 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.82
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 5 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FSET) = 6.08
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.72 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.92
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.40 TO NODE 5055.60 = 655.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.50 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTRSAJNI (FEET) = 344.70 DOWNSTREAM (FEET) = 342.74
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 16.35 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.8 INCHES
PIPS-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.35
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPS-FLOW(CFS) = 1.82
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 13.90
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.40 TO NODE 5055.30 = 671.35 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<««
>»»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.90
RAINFALL INTENSITY{INCH/HR) =1.84
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.7 8
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.82
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 7.52 13.72 1.855 8.27
2 3.09 14.62 1.780 3.08
3 1.82 13.90 1.839 1.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 12.28 13.72 1.855
2 12.26 13.90 1.839
3 12.06 14.62 1.780
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATS(CFS) = 12.28 Tc(MIN.) = 13.72
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 13.13
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5055.30 = 1552.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 41.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.09
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 250.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 15.35
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 12.28
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.27 Tc(MIN.) = 13.99
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5056.10 = 1802.75 FSET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 13.13 TC(MIN.) = 13.99
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 12.2 8
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************,r***********
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 .Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800 San Diego, CA 92101
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH TENTATIVE MAP - JN 2267.00 '
* PLANNING AREA 9 - SYSTEM 507 0 '
* 2-YR STORM EVENT '
********************************************
FILE NAME: 5070-2.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:07 10/02/2003
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00
5-HOUR DURATION PRECIPIT.ATION (INCHES) = 1.350
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.10 IS CODE = 21
>>»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 120.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 2 5.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 2 4.30
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 10.845
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.159
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 6
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 6
***************************************************************** * * *********
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.10 TO NODE 5074.11 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
>>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<<«
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 324.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 297.67
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 329.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.18
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.21
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.98
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.84
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.38 Tc(MIN.) = 12.22
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.999
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.49 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.54
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.79 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.99
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FSET) = 0.24 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.85
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.33 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.05
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.11 = 449.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.11 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) «<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 291.01 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 290.46
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.08
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1'. 99
PIPS TRAVEL TIMS(MIN.) = 0.06 Tc(MIN.) = 12.28
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.12 = 471.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.12 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 1
>>»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<«
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.28
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.99
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.79
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.99
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.17 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 160.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 32 5.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 323.90
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.60
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 12.523
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.967
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) =0.35
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.32 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.35
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.17 TO NODE 5074.18 IS CODE = 62
>>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>»>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)«<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 323.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 297.67
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 3 67.20 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 5.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FSET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.17
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.3 7
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.77
'PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VEL0CITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.81
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.52 Tc(MIN.) = 14.15
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.819
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE miMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1-64 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.64
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.9 6 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.9 9
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 5 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.08
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.07 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.15 TO NODE 5074.18 = 527.20 FEET.
******************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.18 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 31
>>»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<<<<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 291.94 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 290.46
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.23
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.99
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 14.15
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.15 TO NODE 5074.12 = 535.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.12 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUSNCE«<<<
»>»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.16
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.8 2
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.96
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.99
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 1.99 12.28 1.992 1.79
2 1.99 14.16 1.818 1.96
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 3.81 12.28 1.992
2 3.81 14.16 1.818
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.81 Tc(MIN.) = 12.28
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.7 5
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.12 = 535.45 FEET.
.^.^.^.^.^^^.^-^.^..^.^r*****************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.12 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
>>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIlylATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 290.13 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 264.27
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 334.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.5 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.99
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.81
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.51 Tc(MIN.) = 12.79
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.20 = 869.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 1
>>»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.79
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.94
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.75
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.81
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.13 TO NODE 5074.14 IS CODE = 21
>>»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 297.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 2 9 5.90
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY{INCH/HOUR) = 2.104
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.42
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 6 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.42
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.14 TO NODE 5074.15 IS CODE = 62
>>>>>< COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FSET) = 295.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 272.04
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 3 91.30 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FSET) = 20.00
DIST.ANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK (FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HJ^LFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.40
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.21
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.59
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.83
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.82 Tc(MIN.) = 13.11
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.910
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.86 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.95
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.22 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.3 7
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 6 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.90
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.99 DEPTH*VSLOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.05
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.13 TO NODE 5074.15 = 521.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.15 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«<
>>»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<<<<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 265.82 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 264.27
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IM 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.24
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.37
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 13.15
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.13 TO NODE 5074.20 = 543.60 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 1
»>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.15
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.91
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.2 2
PSAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.37
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.19 TO NODE 5074.21 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<««
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 298.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 2 9 6.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.104
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.31
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.27 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.31
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.21 TO NODE 5074.22 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STRSET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FSET) = 292.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 272.04
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 304.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FSET) =20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.71
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.18
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 2.84
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.57
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.65
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.42 Tc(MIN.) = 12.71
2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.949
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.74 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.79
TOTAL AREA (ACRES) = 1.01 PEAK' FLOW RATE (CFS) = LH
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.3 2
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.63 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.77
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.19 TO NODE 5074.22 = 434.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.22 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 31
>>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <««
ELEV.ATION DATA: UPSTREAM (FEET) = 265.92 DOWTMSTREAM (FEET) = 254.27
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.62
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.11
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 12.72
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.19 TO NODE 5074.20 = 442.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 1
>>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<<
>>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.72
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 1.95
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.01
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.11
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.81 12.79 1.941 3.75
2 2.37 13.15 1.907 2.22
3 1.11 12.72 1.948 1.01
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 7.22 12.72 1.948
2 7.24 12.79 1.941
3 7.19 13.15 1.907
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 7.24 Tc(MIN.) = 12.79
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.9 8
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.20 = 869.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5075.00 IS CODE = 31
»>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 263.77 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 261.39
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 85.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.10
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 7.24
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.16 Tc(MIN.) = 12.94
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE - 5074.16 TO NODE 5075.00 = 954.45 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.98 TC(MIN.) = 12.94
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 7.24
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH TENTATIVE MAP - JN 2267.00 *
* PLANNING AREA 9 - SYSTEM 5036 *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\5030.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:59 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximuin Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5036.40 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 403.50
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.52
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.52
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.40 TO NODE 5036.50 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»>»( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<«<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 403.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.15
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 390.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.3 4
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.32
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.33
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.77
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.95 Tc(MIN.) = 11.85
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.718
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
StJBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.09 SUBAREA RUNOFF (CFS) = 1.63
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.15
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 6 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.90
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.61 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.96
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5036.50 = 490.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.50 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<<
>>>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 37 6.24 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 374.92
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.02
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.15
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 11.86
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.30 TO NODE 5036.20 = 498.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.20 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 1
>>»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<«<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.86
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.72
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.40
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.15
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.70 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 400.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 399.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.39
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.23 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.39
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.70 TO NODE 5036.80 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 397.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.85
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 440.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.94
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.37
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.93
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.80
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.51 Tc(MIN.) = 12.41
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.639
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.13 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.09
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.36 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.48
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.32 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.66
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.31 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.06
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.80 = 540.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.80 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU StJBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 378.52 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 374.92
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 28.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.78
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.48
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 12.44
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.20 = 568.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.20 TO NODE 5036.20 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.44
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.63
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.3 5
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.48
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.15 11.86 2.716 1.40
2 3.48 12.44 2.634 2.36
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
MUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOtm)
1 5.52 11.86 2.716
2 5.56 12.44 2.634
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.56 Tc(MIN.) = 12.44
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.76
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.20 = 568.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.20 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 374.59 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.81
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 660.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.16
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 5.56
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.20 Tc(MIN.) = 13.64
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.90 = 1228.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.90 TO NODE 3056.90 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.64
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.48
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.76
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 5.56
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.91 TO NODE 5036.92 IS CODE = 21
>»»RATI0NAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 100.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 390.60
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 89.60
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.00
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 9.900
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY (INCH/HOtTR) = 3.053
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.17 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.29
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.92 TO NODE 5036.93 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 383.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 358.77
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 660.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.25
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.24
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.62
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.88
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.69
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.82 Tc(MIN.) = 13.72
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.474
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1-41 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.92
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.58 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.20
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAtTLICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.49
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.24 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.90
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5035.91 TO NODE 5036.93 = 760.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.93 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 353.46 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.81
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.7 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 13.10
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.20
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 13.73
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.91 TO NODE 5036.90 = 768.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.90 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.73
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.47
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.58
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.20
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.94 TO NODE 5036.94 IS CODE = 22
>>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<<
ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92
USER SPECIFIED Tc(MIN.) = 6.000
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.215
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.68
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.17 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.68
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.94 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 31
>>>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <<<«
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 52.14 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 351.81
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.71
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 0.68
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.10 Tc(MIN.) = 6.10
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 503 6.94 TO NODE 5036.90 = 22.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.90 TO NODE 5036.90 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 6.10
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 4.17
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.17
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 0.68
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 5.56 13.64 2.482 3.76
2 2.20 13.73 2.472 1.58
3 0.68 6.10 4.172 0.17
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 5.30 6.10 4.172
2 8.16 13.64 2.482
3 8.15 13.73 2.472
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 8.16 Tc(MIN.) = 13.64
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 5.51
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5036.90 = 1228.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5036.90 TO NODE 5037.00 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USIMG COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PR£SSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 51.31 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 338.45
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 290.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.13
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 8.16
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.43 Tc(MIN.) = 14.08
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5036.60 TO NODE 5037.00 = 1518.25 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = S.51 TC(MIN.) = 14.08
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 8.16
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADING ULTIMATE CONDITIONS *
* PLANNING AREA 9 - SYSTEM 5050 *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT * **************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\50S0.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:00 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 220.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 407.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 2.2 0
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 14.684
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.367
StTBAREA RUNOFF (CFS) = 0.7 9
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.61 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.79
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.20 TO NODE 5051.30 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 404.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 401.46
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 230.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.08
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.32
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.54
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.02
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.64
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.90 Tc(MIN.) = 16.58
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.189
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.13 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.56
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.74 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.3 6
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.36 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 11.71
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.26 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.81
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.30 = 450.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.30 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<«
»>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 395.66 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 393.66
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.19
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS)'= 3.36
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 16.62
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.00 = 472.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.00 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 16.62
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.19
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.74
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.3 6
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.40 TO NODE 5051.50 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 120.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.60
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 404.40
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 10.845
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.878
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.35
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.22 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.35
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.50 TO NODE 5051.60 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<«<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 402.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 401.46
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 12.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RtTNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.04
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.19
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.22
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.70
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.90
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 10.89
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY ( INCH/HOtTR) = 2.871
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA (ACRES) = 0.88 StTBAREA RUNOFF (CFS) = 1.39
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.10 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.74
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.81
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.97 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.40 TO NODE 5051.60 = 132.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.60 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 393.76 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 393.66
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.54
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.74
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 10.92
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.40 TO NODE 5051.00 = 140.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5051.00 TO NODE 5051.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 10.92
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.87
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.10
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.74
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 3.36 16.62 2.186 2.74
2 1.74 10.92 2.866 1.10
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLtTENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOtTR)
1 4.30 10.92 2.866
2 4.68 16.62 2.186
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.68 Tc(MIN.) = 16.62
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.84
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5051.00 = 472.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM MODE 5051.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 393.33 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 388.44
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 470.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.6 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.63
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.68
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.39 Tc(MIN.) = 18.01
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5052.00 = 942.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 18.01
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.08
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.84
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.68
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.10 TO NODE 5052.10 IS CODE = 22
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<«<<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
USER SPECIFIED Tc(MIN.) = 6.000
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.216
StTBAREA RUNOFF (CFS) = 2.30
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.99 TOTAL RtTNOFF (CFS) = 2.30
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.10 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPtTTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 91.22 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 388.44
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 13.93 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 13.27
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.30
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 6.02
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5052.10 TO NODE 5052.00 = 303.93 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 1
»>»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =6.02
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) - 4.21
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.99
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.30
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.30 TO NODE 5052.40 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 140.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 405.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 403.60
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.40
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.714
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.73 9
SUBAREA RtTNOFF (CFS) = 0.3 9
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.26 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 9
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.40 TO NODE 5052.20 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU StTBAREA««<
>»» (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 402.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 396.18
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 2 05.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) =20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RtTNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.65
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.30
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.66
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.05
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.91
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.12 Tc(MIN.) = 12.83
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.582
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA (ACRES) = 3.18 SUBAREA RtTNOFF (CFS) = 4.52
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.44 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.91
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAtTLICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 5 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 11.30
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.52 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.24
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5052.30 TO NODE 5052.20 = 345.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.20 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPtTTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 89.99 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 388.44
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.00 MANNING'S N= 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.3 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.45
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.91
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 12.86
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5052.30 TO NODE 5052.00 = 3 67.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.00 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL IWMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.86
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.58
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.44
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.91
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM • RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOtTR) (ACRE)
1 4.68 18.01 2.075 3.84
2 2.30 6.02 4.208 0.99
3 4.91 12.86 2.578 3.44
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RtTNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 7.61 6.02 4.208
2 10.08 12.86 2.578
3 9.77 18.01 2.075
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 10.08 Tc(MIN.) = 12.86
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 8.27
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5052.00 = 942.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.00 TO NODE 5052.50 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 388.10 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 357.14
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 335.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 15.42
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 10.08
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.36 Tc(MIN.) = 13.23
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5052.50 = 1277.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5052.50 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 31
>»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESStTRE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 356.81 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 342.24
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 275.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.4 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.55
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 10.08
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.37 Tc(MIN.) = 13.59
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5055.30 = 1552.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.59
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.49
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 8.27
PEAK FLOW RATE (CFS) AT CONFLtTENCE = 10.08
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.10 TO NODE 5055.20 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 13 0.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 383.40
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 382.10
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.805
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 9
TOTAL AREA (ACRES) = 0.25 TOTAL RtTNOFF (CFS) = 0.39
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.20 TO NODE 5055.00 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 381.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 347.38
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 650.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) =15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.27
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.02
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.72
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.99
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.91 Tc(MIN.) = 14.20
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.419
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA (ACRES) = 2.83 SUBAREA RtTNOFF (CFS) = 3.76
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.08 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.15
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.31 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.31
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.22 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.32
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.10 TO NODE 5055.00 = 780.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.00 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 343.38 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 342.74
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 63.18 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.41
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.15
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.19 Tc(MIN.) = 14.40
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.10 TO NODE 5055.30 = 843.18 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL I^IUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.40
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.40
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.08
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.15
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.40 TO NODE 5055.50 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL StTBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 390.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 8 8.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW (MINtTTES) = 11.288
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.805
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.15
TOTAL AREA (ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RtTNOFF (CFS) = 0.15
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.50 TO NODE 5055.60 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«<
>»»( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)«<<<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 381.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 349.71
STREET LENGTH (FEET). = 525.00 CURB HEIGHT (INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) =20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED IMUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RtTNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.30
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) =0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.03
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.50
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.79
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.50 Tc(MIN.) = 13.79
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY (INCH/HOtTR) = 2.465
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMETOT- RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA (ACRES) = 1.68 StTBAREA RUNOFF (CFS) = 2.28
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.78 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.43
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) =0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.02
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.98 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.06
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.40 TO NODE 5055.60 = 655.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.50 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<««
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 344.70 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 342.74
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 16.35 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.26
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) =2.43
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 13.81
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5055.40 TO NODE 5055.30 = 671.35 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5055.30 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<«
»>»AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL INUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =13.81
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.46
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.78
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.43
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOtTR) (ACRE)
1 10.08 13.59 2.488 8.27
2 4.15 14.40 2.398 3.08
3 2.43 13.81 2.462 1.78
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 16.49 13.59 2.488
2 16.45 13.81 2.462
3 16.24 14.40 2.398
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 16.49 Tc(MIN.) = 13.59
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 13.13
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5055.30 = 1552.75 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5055.30 TO NODE 5056.10 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
>»»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 341.91 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 322.09
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 250.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 9.9 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 16.51
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 16.49
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.25 Tc(MIN.) = 13.85
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5051.10 TO NODE 5056.10 = 1802.75 FEET.
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 13.13 TC(MIN.) = 13.85
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 16.49
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
****************************************************************************
RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE
Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT
1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL
(c) Copyright 1982-2002 Advanced Engineering Software (aes)
Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2002 License ID 1509
Analysis prepared by:
ProjectDesign Consultants
701 B Street, Suite 800
San Diego, CA
619-235-6471
************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY **************************
* BRESSI RANCH TENTATIVE MAP - JN 2267.00 *
* PLANNING AREA 9 - SYSTEM 5070 *
* 10 YEAR STORM EVENT *
**************************************************************************
FILE NAME: C:\HYDRO\5070.DAT
TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 10:02 03/16/2004
USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION:
1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA
USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00
6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.800
SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00
SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.90
SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD
NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED
*USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL*
HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING
WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR
NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n)
1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175
GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS:
1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET
as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - '(Top-of-Curb)
2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S)
*SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN
OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.*
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.10 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 120.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 325.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 324.30
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.20
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 10.845
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.878
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.47
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.30 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.47
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.10 TO NODE 5074.11 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
»»>( STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 324.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 297.67
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 329.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.57
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.15
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.10
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.94
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.34 Tc(MIN.) = 12.18
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.670
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1-49 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.19
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.7 9 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.66
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.26 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.85
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.54 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.19
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.11 = 449.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.11 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 291.01 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 290.46
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.0 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.62
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) =2.66
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.06 Tc(MIN.) = 12.24
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.00 TO NODE 5074.12 = 471.25 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.12 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 1
>»»DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<<<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.24
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.66
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.79
. PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.66
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.17 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 160.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 325.50
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 3 23.90
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.60
URBAN StTBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW (MINUTES) = 12.523
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.623
SUBAREA RtTNOFF (CFS) = 0.46
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.32 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.46
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.17 TO NODE 5074.18 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU StTBAREA<«<<
»»>{ STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 23.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 297.67
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 367.20 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) =6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.56
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.3 2
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.89
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY (FT*FT/SEC. )• = 0.90
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.58 Tc(MIN.) = 14.10
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.430
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA (ACRES) = 1.64 StTBAREA RUNOFF (CFS) = 2.19
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.96 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.65
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.02
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.34 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.16
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.18 = 527.20 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.18 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 291.94 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 290.46
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.1 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 13.31
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.65
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 14.11
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.12 = 535.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.12 TO NODE 5074.12 IS CODE = 1
»>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<««
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDEIOT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.11
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.43
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.9 6
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.65
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 2.66 12.24 2.662 1.79
2 2.65 14.11 2.429 1.96
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 5.08 12.24 2.562
2 5.08 14.11 2.429
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.08 Tc(MIN.) = 12.24
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.75
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.12 = 535.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.12 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 290.13 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 264.27
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 334.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.96
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 5.08
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.47 Tc(MIN.) = 12.70
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.20 = 869.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.70
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.60
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.75
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 5.08
*********************************************** *****************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.13 TO NODE 5074.14 IS CODE = 21
»>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<«
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RtTNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 297.20
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 295.90
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.805
SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.56
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.36 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.56
************** **************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.14 TO NODE 5074.15 IS CODE = 62
»»>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 295.90 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 272.04
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 391.30 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED .FLOW(CFS) = 1.87
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.14
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.77
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.94
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.73 Tc(MIN.) = 13.02
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.558
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.85 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.62
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.22 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.17
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAtTLICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.96
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.22 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.20
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.13 TO NODE 5074.15 = 521.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.15 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 2 65.82 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 264.27
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.04
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.17
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 13.06
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.13 TO NODE 5074.20 = 543.60 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.06
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.5 5
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.22
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 3.17
********************* *******************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.19 TO NODE 5074.21 IS CODE = 21
»»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL StTBAREA ANALYSIS««<
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 130.00
UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 298.00
DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION =2 96.70
ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 1.30
URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 11.288
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.805
SUBAREA RtTNOFF (CFS) = 0.42
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.27 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.42
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.21 TO NODE 5074.22 IS CODE = 62
>»»COMPtTTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««<
UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 292.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 272.04
STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 304.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0
STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00
DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00
INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RtTNOFF = 1
STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175
Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149
**TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.95
STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW:
STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 0
HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.82
AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.58
PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.72
STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.42 Tc(MIN.) = 12.70
10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.599
SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500
SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D"
S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88
SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.74 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.06
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.01 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1-47
END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS:
DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.21
FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.79 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.87
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.19 TO NODE 5074.22 = 434.00 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.22 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 31
»»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 265.92 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 264.27
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.3 0 MAIMING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 2.2 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.60
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER{INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.47
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.01 Tc(MIN.) = 12.72
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.19 TO NODE 5074.20 = 442.30 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5074.20 IS CODE = 1
»»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««<
»»>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««<
TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 3
CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 3 ARE:
TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.72
RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.60
TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.01
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.47
** CONFLUENCE DATA **
STREAM RtTNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE)
1 5.08 12.70 2.599 3.75
2 3.17 13.06 2.554 2.22
3 1.47 12.72 2.597 1.01
RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO
CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 3 STREAMS.
** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE **
STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY
NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR)
1 9.67 12.70 2.599
2 9.67 12.72 2.597
3 9.62 13.06 2.554
COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.67 Tc(MIN.) = 12.70
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.98
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5074.20 = 869.45 FEET.
****************************************************************************
FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 5074.20 TO NODE 5075.00 IS CODE = 31
»>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««<
»»>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««<
ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 263.77 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 261.39
FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 85.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000
DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 9.8 INCHES
PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 9.78
ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1
PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 9-67
PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.14 Tc(MIN.) = 12.85
LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 5074.16 TO NODE 5075.00 =
END OF STUDY SUMMARY:
TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.98 TC(MIN.) = 12.85
PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.67
END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS
APPENDIX 4
Supplemental BMP Information
CDS Unit
30" DIAMETER CAST IRON
MANHOLE FRAME AND
COVER SUPPLIED BY
CDS OR CONTRACTOR
REINFORCED CONCRETE
TRAFFIC BEARING SLAB
SUPPLIED BY CDS
OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 RISER SECTIONS.
(AS REQUIRED)
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 INLET/OUTLET-
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER TOP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SEPARATION
CHAMBER
SUPPLIED BY CDS
PSW70 SUMP
SUPPLIED BY CDS
ACCESS COVER
AND FRAME
REDUCER SECTION
AS REQUIRED
RISER BARREL
LENGTH VARIES
PSW70 WEIR
BOX COVER LID
CDS UNIT TO WEIR BOX CONNECTION
iCOLL^R NOT SHOWN '
' y^PS\N70 WEIR BOX
y (CUSTOMIZED TO
EACH LOCATION)
INLET PIPE BLOCKOl
CONNECTION COLLAF
NOT SHOWN
BLOCKOUT FOR CONNECTION
TO OUTLET PIPE COLLAR
(COLLAR CONNECTION NOT SHOWN)
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
SUPPLIED BY CDS OR CONTRACTOR
PSW70 ASSEMBLY,
SEE SHEET 2
PSW70 ASSEMBLY
DATE
1/19/99
SCALE
1/19/99 N.T.S.
DRAWN SHEET
ARDY
APPROV. 1 R. HOWARD
[CDS
TECHNOLOGIES
DATCMTCrv
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY AND
DIVERSION STRUCTURE
CDS Access Cover
Not Shown
PSW70
WT=2,330#/R
PSW70 Intake.
WT=9.500#
PSW70 Chamber Top
Assembled
wt=43.460#
PSW70 Screen.
Not Shown
CDS Furnished
and installed
PSW70 Separation Chamber
P70 Sump,
WT=8.150#
DETAIL ASSEMBLY
DATE SCALE
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY
1/19/99 N.T.S.
^^^gg^ TECHNOLOGIES
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY
DRAWN
V,H,S,
SHEET
2 ^^^gg^ TECHNOLOGIES
CDS PSW70
ASSEMBLY APPROV.
SHEET
2
PATENTED R. HDVARD
SHEET
2
TYPICAL / GENERIC
INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
XX'0 INLET PIPE
a4'0 MH COVER AND
FRAME <TYPICAL), OTHER
ACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
DIVERSION
CHAMBER
POUR CONCRETE CONNECTIDN
COLLARS TD SEAL INLET AND
DUTLET PIPES.
XX'0 DUTLET PIPE
SHT 4
VARIES
-5" TO 7'-
(TYPICAL)
11'-S'
17" TO 19'
(TYPICAL)
FLOW SHT 4
i
PUN VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70
26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
NDTESi
1. CREATE SMQDTH SVALE
TRANSITION THROUGH
DIVERSION BOX VITH
SECONDARY CONCRETE
PDUR IN FIELD
^^^^ TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
DATE , ^
4/3/01
SCALE
r=5'
^^^^ TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE DRAVN
W. STEIN
SHEET
3 ^^^^ TECHNOLOGIES
PATENTED
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
APPROV.
SHEET
3
TYPICAL / GENERIC INSTALLATION
(LEFT HAND UNIT SHOWN)
24'0 HH COVER AND
FRAME (TYPICAL), DTHER
ACCESS COVERS AVAILABLE
30" ACCESS COVER
(TYPICAL), DTHER ACCESS
COVERS AVAILABLE
17* TO 19*
(TTPICAL)
ELEVATION VIEW
CDS MODEL PSW70_70, 26 CFS CAPACITY
STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT
DATE SCALE
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE
3/11/00 r=5'
^^^^F TECHNOLOGIES
PROJECT NAME
CITY, STATE W. STEIN SHEET
4 ^^^^F TECHNOLOGIES APPRDV.
SHEET
4
PATENTED
The CDS Unit located within the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 9 will be located
outside the public right-of-way and will be privately constructed, maintained, and funded.
The Operational and Maintenance Plan of a the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 9 CDS
Unit includes:
• Inspection of its structural integrity and its screen for damage.
• Animal and vector control.
• Periodic sediment removal to optimize performance.
• Scheduled trash, debris and sediment removal to prevent obstruction.
• Removal of graffiti.
• Preventive maintenance of BMP equipment and structures.
• Erosion and structural maintenance to maintain the performance of the CDS.
Inspection Frequency
The facility will be inspected and inspection visits will be completely documented:
• Once a month at a minimum.
• After every large storm (after every storm monitored or those storms with more than 0.50
inch of precipitation.)
• On a weekly basis during extended periods of wet weather.
Aesthetic and Functional Maintenance
Aesthetic maintenance is important for public acceptance of.st^|||||J"water-facilities.
Functional maintenance is important for performance and safety reasons.
Both forms of maintenance are combined into an overall Storm Water Management System
Maintenance Program.
The following activities are included in the aesthetic maintenance program:
• Graffiti Removal: Graffiti will be removed in a timely manner to upkeep the appearance
of the CDS Unit and discourage additional graffiti or other acts of vandalism.
Functional maintenance has two components: preventive maintenance and corrective
maintenance.
Preventive maintenance activities to be instituted at the CDS Unit are:
• Trash and debris removal. Trash and debris accumulation, as part of the operation and
maintenance program at the CDS Unit, will be monitor once a month during dry and wet
season and after every large storm event. Trash and debris will be removed from the CDS
unit annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity,
or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first.
• Sediment removal. Sediment accumulation, as part of the operation.
• Maintenance program at a CDS, will be monitored once a month during the dry season,
after every large storm (0.50 inch). Sediment will be removed from the CDS annually (at
end of wet season), or when material is at 55% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the
floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Characterization and disposal of
sediment will comply with applicable local, county, state or federal requirements.
• Mechanical and electronic components. Regularly scheduled maintenance will be
performed on fences, gates, locks, and sampling and monitoring equipment in accordance
with the manufacturers' recommendations. Electronic and mechanical components will
be operated during each maintenance inspection to assure continued performance.
• Elimination of mosquito breeding habitats. The most effective mosquito control program
is one that ehminates potential breeding habitats.
Corrective maintenance is required on an emergency or non-routine basis to correct problems
and to restore the intended operation and safe function of a CDS. Corrective maintenance
activities include:
• Removal of debris and sediment. Sediment, debris, and trash, which impede the hydraulic
functioning of a CDS will be removed and properly disposed. Temporary arrangements
will be made for handling the sediments until a permanent arrangement is made.
• Structural repairs. Once deemed necessary, repairs to structural components of a CDS
and its inlet and outlet structures will be done within 30 working days. Qualified
individuals (i.e., the manufacturer's representatives) will conduct repairs where structural
damage has occurred.
• Erosion repair. Where factors have created erosive conditions (i.e., pedestrian traffic,
concentrated flow, etc.), corrective steps will be taken to prevent loss of soil and any
subsequent danger to the performance of a CDS. There are a number of corrective actions
than can be taken. These include erosion control blankets, riprap, or reduced flow through
the area. Designers or contractors will be consulted to address erosion problems if the
solution is not evident.
• Fence repair. Repair of fences will be done within 30 days to maintain the security of the
site.
• Ehmination of animal burrows. Animal burrows will be filled and steps taken to remove
the animals if burrowing problems continue to occur (filling and compacting). If the
problem persists, vector control specialists will be consulted regarding removal steps.
This consulting is necessary as the threat of rabies in some areas may necessitate the
animals being destroyed rather than relocated. If the BMP performance is affected,
abatement will begin. Otherwise, abatement will be performed annually in September.
• General facility maintenance. In addition to the above elements of corrective
maintenance, general corrective maintenance will address the overall facility and its
associated components. If corrective maintenance is being done to one component, other
components will be inspected to see if maintenance is needed.
Maintenance Frequency
The maintenance indicator document, included herein, lists the schedule of maintenance
activities to be implemented at a CDS.
Debris and Sediment Disposal
Waste generated at a CDS is ultimately the responsibility of Bressi Ranch HOA. Disposal of
sediment, debris, and trash will comply with applicable local, county, state, and federal waste
control programs.
Hazardous Waste
Suspected hazardous wastes will be analyzed to determine disposal options. Hazardous wastes
generated onsite will be handled and disposed of according to applicable local, state, and federal
regulations. A solid or liquid waste is considered a hazardous waste if it exceeds the criteria list
in the CCR, Title 22, Article 11.
Water Quality Feature
Vegetated Svtfale TC-30
Design Considerations
• Tributary Area
• Area Required
• Siope
• Water Availability
Description
Vegetated swales are open, shallow channels with vegetation
covering the side slopes and bottom that collect and slowly
convey runoff flow to downstream discharge points. They are
designed to treat runoff through filtering by the vegetation in the
channel, filtering through a subsoil matrix, and/or infiltration
into the underlying soils. Swales can be natural or manmade.
They trap particulate pollutants (suspended solids and trace
metals), promote infiltration, and reduce the flow velocity of
stormwater runoff. Vegetated swales can serve as part of a
stormwater drainage system and can replace curbs, gutters and
storm sewer systems.
California Experience
Caltrans constructed and monitored six vegetated swales in
southern California. These swales were generally effective in
reducing the volume and mass of pollutants in runoff.- Even in
the areas where the annual rainfall was only about lO inches/yr,
the vegetation did not require additional irrigation. One factor
that strongly affected performance was the presence of large
numbers of gophers at most of the sites. The gophers created
earthen mounds, destroyed vegetation, and generally.reduced the
effectiveness of the controls for TSS reduction.
Advantages
• If properly designed, vegetated, and operated, swales can
serve as an aesthetic, potentially inexpensive urban
development or roadway drainage conveyance measure with
significant collateral water quality benefits.
Targeted Constituents
• Sediment
• Nutrients •
• Trash •
• Melals •
• Bacteria •
• Oil and Grease A.
• Organics •
Legend (Removal Effectiveness)
• Low • High
• Medium
[California
Stormwater
Quaiity
Association
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TC-30 Vegetated Swale
• Roadside ditches should be regarded as significant potential swale/buffer strip sites and
should be utilized for this purpose whenever possible.
Limitations
• Can be difficult to avoid channelization.
• May not be appropriate for industrial sites or locations where spills may occur
• Grassed swales cannot treat a very large drainage area. Large areas may be divided and
treated using multiple swales.
• A thick vegetative cover is needed for these practices to function properly.
• They are impractical in areas with steep topography.
• They are not effective and may even erode when flow velocities are high, if the grass cover is
not properly maintained.
• In some places, their use is restricted by law: many local municipalities require curb and
gutter systems in residential areas.
• Swales are mores susceptible to failure if not properly maintained than other treatment
BMPs.
Design and Sizing Guidelines
• Flow rate based design determined by local requirements or sized so that 85% of the annual
runoff volume is discharged at less than the design rainfall intensity.
• Swale should be designed so that the water level does not exceed 2/3rds the height of the
grass or 4 inches, which ever is less, at the design treatment rate.
• Longitudinal slopes should not exceed 2.5%
• Trapezoidal channels are normally recommended but other configurations, such as
parabolic, can also provide substantial water quality improvement and may be easier to mow
than designs with sharp breaks in slope.
• Swales constructed in cut are preferred, or in fill areas that are far enough from an adjacent
slope to minimize the potential for gopher damage. Do not use side slopes constructed of
fill, which are prone to structural damage by gophers and other burrowing animals.
• A diverse selection of low growing, plants that thrive under the specific site, climatic, and
watering conditions should be specified. Vegetation whose grovdng season corresponds to
the wet season are preferred. Drought tolerant vegetation should be considered especially
for swales that are not part of a regularly irrigated landscaped area.
• The width of the swale should be determined using Manning's Equation using a value of
0.25 for Manning's n.
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Vegetated Swale TC-30
Construction/Inspection Considerations
• Include directions in the specifications for use of appropriate fertilizer and soil amendments
based on soil properties determined through testing and compared to the needs of the
vegetation requirements.
• Install swales at the time of the year when there is a reasonable chance of successful
establishment without irrigation; however, it is recognized that rainfall in a given year may
not be sufficient and temporary irrigation may be used.
• If sod tiles must be used, they should be placed so that there are no gaps between the tiles;
stagger the ends of the tiles to prevent the formation of channels along the swale or strip.
• Use a roller on the sod to ensure that no air pockets form between the sod and the soil.
• Where seeds are used, erosion controls will be necessary to protect seeds for at least 75 days
after the first rainfall of the season.
Performance
The literature suggests that vegetated swales represent a practical and potentially effective
technique for controlling urban runoff quality. While limited quantitative performance data
exists for vegetated swales, it is known that check dams, slight slopes, permeable soils, dense
grass cover, increased contact time, and small storm events all contribute to successful pollutant
removal by the swale system. Factors decreasing the effectiveness of swales include compacted
soils, short runoff contact time, large storm events, frozen ground, short grass heights, steep
slopes, and high runoff velocities and discharge rates.
Conventional vegetated swale designs have achieved mixed results in removing particulate
pollutants. A study performed by the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) monitored
three grass swales in the Washington, D.C, area and found no significant improvement in urban
runoff quality for the pollutants analyzed. However, the weak performance ofthese swales was
attributed to the high flow velocities in the swales, soil compaction, steep slopes, and short grass
height.
Another project in Durham, NC, monitored the performance of a carefully designed artificial
swale that received runoff from a commercial parking lot. The project tracked 11 storms and
concluded that particulate concentrations of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, and Cd) were reduced by
approximately 50 percent. However, the swale proved largely ineffective for removing soluble
nutrients.
The effectiveness of vegetated swales can be enhanced by adding check dams at approximately
17 meter (50 foot) increments along their length (See Figure 1). These dams maximize the
retention time within the swale, decrease flow velocities, and promote particulate settling.
Fincilly, the incorporation of vegetated filter strips parallel to the top of the channel banks can
help to treat sheet flows entering the swale.
Only 9 studies have been conducted on all grassed channels designed for water quality (Table 1).
The data suggest relatively high removal rates for some pollutants, but negative removals for
some bacteria, and fair performance for phosphorus.
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TC-30 Vegetated Swale
Table 1 Grassed swale pollutant removai efficiency data
Removal Efficiencies (% Removal)
Study TSS TP TN NO3 Metals Bacteria Type
Caltrans 2002 77 8 67 66 83-90 -33 dry swales
Goldberg 1993 67.8 4-5 -31-4 42-62 -100 grassed channel
Seattle Metro and Washington
Department of Ecology 1992 60 45 --25 2-16 -25 grassed channel
Seattle Metro and Washington
Department of Ecology, 1992 83 29 --25 46-73 -25 grassed channel
Wang et al., 1981 80 ---70-80 -dry swale
Dorman et al., 1989 98 18 -45 37-81 -dry swale
Harper, 1988 87 83 84 80 88-90 -dry swale
Kercher et al., 1983 99 99 99 99 99 -dry swale
Harper, 1988. 81 17 40 52 37-69 -wet swale
Koon, 1995 67 39 -9 -35 to 6 -wet swale
While it is difficult to distinguish between different designs based on the small amount of
available data, grassed channels generally have poorer removal rates than wet and dry swales,
although some swales appear to export soluble phosphorus (Harper, 1988; Koon, 1995). It is not
clear why swales export bacteria. One explanation is that bacteria thrive in the warm swale
soils.
Siting Criteria
The suitability of a swale at a site will depend on land use, size of the area serviced, soil type,
slope, imperviousness of the contributing watershed, and dimensions and slope ofthe swale
system (Schueler et al., 1992). In general, swales can be used to serve areas of less than 10 acres,
with slopes no greater than 5 %. Use of natural topographic lows is encouraged and natural
drainage courses should be regarded as significant local resources to be kept in use (Young et al.,
1996).
Selection Criteria (NCTCOG, 1993)
• Comparable performance to wet basins
• Limited to treating a few acres
• Availability of water during dry periods to maintain vegetation
• Sufficient available land area
Research in the Austin area indicates fhat vegetated controls are effective at removing pollutants
even when dormant. Therefore, irrigation is not required to maintain growth during dry
periods, but may be necessary only to prevent the vegetation from dying.
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Vegetated Swale TC-30
The topography of the site should permit the design of a channel with appropriate slope and
cross-sectional area. Site topography may also dictate a need for additional structural controls.
Recommendations for longitudinal slopes range between 2 and 6 percent. Flatter slopes can be
used, if sufficient to provide adequate conveyance. Steep slopes increase flow velocity, decrease
detention time, and may require energy dissipating and grade check. Steep slopes also can be
managed using a series of check dams to terrace fhe swale and reduce the slope to within
acceptable limits. The use of check dams with swales also promotes infiltration.
Additionai Design Guidelines
Most of the design guidelines adopted for swale design specify a minimum hydraulic residence
time of 9 minutes. This criterion is based on the results of a single study conducted in Seattle,
Washington (Seattle Metro and Washington Department of Ecology, 1992), and is not well
supported. Analysis of the data collected in that study indicates that pollutant removal at a
residence time of 5 minutes was not significantly different, although there is more variability in
that data. Therefore, additional research in the design criteria for swales is needed. Substantial
pollutant removal has also been observed for vegetated controls designed solely for conveyance
(Barrett et al, 1998); consequently, some flexibility in the design is warranted.
Many design guidelines recommend that grass be frequently mowed to maintain dense coverage
near the ground surface. Recent research (Colwell et al., 2000) has shown mowing frequency or
grass height has little or no effect on pollutant removal.
Summary of Design Recommendations
1) The swale should have a length that provides a minimum hydraulic residence time of
at least 10 minutes. The maximum bottom width should not exceed 10 feet unless a
dividing berm is provided. The depth of flow should not exceed 2/3rds the height of
the grass at the peak of the water quality design storm intensity. The channel slope
should not exceed 2.5%.
2) A design grass height of 6 inches is recommended.
3) Regardless of the recommended detention time, the swale should be not less than
100 feet in length.
4) The width of the swale should be determined using Manning's Equation, at the peak
of the design storm, using a Manning's n of 0.25.
5) The swale can be sized as both a treatment facility for the design storm and as a
conveyance system to pass the peak hydraulic flows of the lOO-year storm if it is
located "on-line." The side slopes should be no steeper than 3:1 (H:V).
6) Roadside ditches should be regarded as significant potential swale/buffer strip sites
and should be utilized for this purpose whenever possible. If flow is to be introduced
through curb cuts, place pavement slightly above the elevation of the vegetated areas.
Curb cuts should be at least 12 inches wide to prevent clogging.
7) Swales must be vegetated in order to provide adequate treatment of runoffi It is
important to maximize water contact with vegetation and the soil surface. For
general purposes, select fine, close-growing, water-resistant grasses. If possible,
divert runoff (other than necessary irrigation) during the period of vegetation
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TC-30 Vegetated Swale
establishment. Where runoff diversion is not possible, cover graded and seeded
areas with suitable erosion control materials.
Maintenance
The useful life of a vegetated swale system is directly proportional to its maintenance frequency.
If properly designed and regularly maintained, vegetated swales can last indefinitely. The
maintenance objectives for vegetated swale systems include keeping up the hydraulic and
removal efficiency of the channel and maintaining a dense, healthy grass cover.
Maintenance activities should include periodic mowing (with grass never cut shorter than the
design flow depth), weed control, watering during drought conditions, reseeding of bare areas,
and clearing of debris and blockages. Cuttings should be removed from the channel and
disposed in a local composting facility. Accumulated sediment should also be removed
manually to avoid concentrated flows in the swale. The application of fertilizers and pesticides
should be minimal.
Another aspect of a good maintenance plan is repairing damaged areas within a channel. For
example, if the channel develops ruts or holes, it should be repaired utilizing a suitable soil that
is properly tamped and seeded. The grass cover should be thick; if it is not, reseed as necessary.
Any standing water removed during the maintenance operation must be disposed to a sanitary
sewer at an approved discharge location. Residuals (e.g., silt, grass cuttings) must be disposed
in accordance vdth local or State requirements. Maintenance of grassed swales mostly involves
maintenance of the grass or wetland plant cover. Typical maintenance activities are
summarized below:
• Inspect swales at least twice annually for erosion, damage to vegetation, and sediment and
debris accumulation preferably at the end of the wet season to schedule summer
maintenance and before major fall runoff to be sure the swale is ready for winter. However,
additional inspection after periods of heavy runoff is desirable. The swale should be checked
for debris and litter, and areas of sediment accumulation.
• Grass height and mowing frequency may not have a large impact on pollutant removal.
Consequently, mowing may only be necessary once or twice a year for safety or aesthetics or
to suppress weeds and woody vegetation.
• Trash tends to accumulate in swale areas, particularly along highways. The need for litter
removal is determined through periodic inspection, but litter should always be removed
prior to mowing.
• Sediment accumulating near culverts and in channels should be removed when it builds up
to 75 mm (3 in.) at any spot, or covers vegetation.
• Regularly inspect swales for pools of standing water. Swales can become a nuisance due to
mosquito breeding in standing water if obstructions develop (e.g. debris accumulation,
invasive vegetation) and/or if proper drainage slopes are not implemented and maintained.
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Vegetated Swale TC-30
Cost
ConstT-uction Cost
Little data is available to estimate the difference in cost between various swale designs. One
study (SWRPC, 1991) estimated the construction cost of grassed channels at approximately
$0.25 per ft2. This price does not include design costs or contingencies. Brown and Schueler
(1997) estimate these costs at approximately 32 percent of construction costs for most
stormwater management practices. For swales, however, these costs would probably be
significantly higher since the construction costs are so low compared with other practices. A
more realistic estimate would be a total cost of approximately $0.50 per ft^, which compares
favorably with other stormwater management practices.
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TC-30 Vegetated Swale
Table 2 Swale Cost Estimate (SEWRPC, 1991)
Unit Cost Total Cost
Component Unit Extent Low Moderate High Low Moderate High
Mobillzatian /
•amoblllzatlon-Ught
Swale 1 $107 $274 $441 $107 $274 $441
Site Praparatlcn
Clearing''
G mbbing"
Genaral
Bccavatiorf
IJB vel snd Till"
Acre
Acre
Yd'
Yd'
0,5
0,25
372
1,210
$2,200
$3,aoo
$2,10
$0,20
$3,BOO
$5,200
$3,70
$0,35
$5400
$e,600
$6,30
$0,50
$1,100
$950
$7B1
$242
$1,900
$1,300
$1,376
$424
$2,700
$1,650
$1,972
$605
Sites Development
Salvaged Topsoil
Seed, and Mulch'.,
So<fi
Yd=
Yd'
1,210
1,210
$040
$1,20
$1.00
$240
$1,60
$3,60
$4M
$1452
$1,210
$2,904
$1,936
$4,356
SubtotM ----~ $5,116 $9,3BB $13,660
Contingencies Swale 1 25% 25% 25% $1,279 $2,347 $3415
Tot^ -- • " -~ $6,395 $11,735 $17,075
Sourca; (SEWRPC, 1991)
Note: MobilizatiDn/demabllization refers to the organization and planning involved in establishing a vegetative swsle,
' Swale has a bottom width of LO foot, a topwidth of 10 feet with 1:3 side slopes, and a 1,000-foot length,
" Area cleared = (top width +10 feet) x swale length,
'Area grubbed = (topwidth x swale length).
"Volume excavated = (0,67 x top width x swale depth) x swale length (parabolic cross-section).
"Area tilled = (topwidth + Bfswale depth') xswale length (parabolic cross-section),
3(top width)
'Area seeded = area cleared x 0.5.
= Area sodded = area cleared x 0,5,
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Vegetated Swaie TC-30
Table 3 Estimated Maintenance Costs fSEWRPC, 1991^
Swale Size
(Depth and Top Width)
Component Unit Cost 1.5 Foot Depth, One-
Foot Bottom Width,
10-Foot Top Width
3-Foot Depth, 3-Foot
Bottom Width, 21-Foot
Top Width
Comment
Lawn Mowing $0,85/1,000 fp/ mowing $0,14 / linearfoot $0,21 / linearfoot Lawn maintananca are8=(tap
width + 10 feet) x length. Mow
eight times per year
General Lawn Care $9,00/1,000 ft'/year $0,18 /linearfoot $0,2B / linearfoot Lawn maintenance area = (top
width + 10 feet) xia ngth
Swale Debris and Utter
Removal
$0,10 / linear foot/year $0,10 /linearfoot $0,10 / linearfoot -
Grass Reseeding with
Mulch and Fertilizer
$0.30/yd' $0.01 / linearfoot $0.01 / linearfoot Area revegetated equals 1%
of lawn maintananca area per
yeer
Pragram Administration and
Swale Inspection
$0,15/linear foot/year,
plus $25/ inspedion
$0,15 /linearfoot $0.15 / linear foot Inspect four times per year
Total
•-
tO.58 / linear foot $ 0.75/lin«ar foot -
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TC-30 Vegetated Swale
Maintenance Cost
Caltrans (2002) estimated the expected annual maintenance cost for a swale with a tributary
area of approximately 2 ha at approximately $2,700. Since almost all maintenance consists of
mowing, the cost is fundamentally a function of the mowing frequency. Unit costs developed by
SEWRPC are shown in Table 3. In many cases vegetated channels would be used to convey
runoff and would require periodic mowing as well, so there may be littie additional cost for the
water quality component. Since essentially all the activities are related to vegetation
management, no special training is required for maintenance personnel.
References and Sources of Additional Information
Barrett, Michael E., Walsh, Patrick M., Malina, Joseph F., Jr., Charbeneau, Randall J, 1998,
"Performance of vegetative controls for treating highway runoff," ASCE Journal of
Environmental Engineering, Vol. 124, No. 11, pp. 1121-1128.
Brown, W., and T. Schueler. 1997. The Economics of Stormwater BMPs in the Mid-Atlantic
Region. Prepared for the Chesapeake Research Consortium, Edgewater, MD, by the Center for
Watershed Protection, EUicott City, MD.
Center for Watershed Protection (CWP). 1996. Design of Stormwater Filtering Systems.
Prepared for the Chesapeake Research Consortium, Solomons, MD, and USEPA Region V,
Chicago, IL, by the Center for Watershed Protection, EUicott City, MD.
Colwell, Shanti R., Homer, Richard R., and Booth, Derek B., 2000. Characterization of
Performance Predictors and Evaluation of Mowing Practices in Biofiltration Swales. Report
to King County Land And Water Resources Division and others by Center for Urban Water
Resources Management, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of
Washington, Seattle, WA
Dorman, M.E., J. Hartigan, R.F. Steg, and T. Quasebarth. 1989. Retention, Detention and
Overland Flow for Pollutant Removal From Highway Stormwater Runoff. Vol. 1. FHWA/RD
89/202. Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC.
Goldberg. 1993. Dayton Avenue Swale Biofiltration Study. Seattle Engineering Department,
Seattle, WA.
Harper, H. 1988. Effects of Stormwater Management Systems on Groundwater Quality.
Prepared for Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, TaUahassee, FL, by
Environmental Research and Design, Inc., Orlando, FL.
Kercher, W.C, J.C. Landon, and R. Massarelli. 1983. Grassy swales prove cost-effective for
water pollution control. Public Wbrfcs, 16: 53-55-
Koon, J. 1995. Evaluation of Water Quality Ponds and Swales in the Issaquah/East Lake
Sammamish Basins. King County Surface Water Management, Seattle, WA, and Washington
Department of Ecology, Oljmipia, WA.
Metzger, M. E., D. F. Messer, C. L. Beitia, C. M. Myers, and V. L. Kramer. 2002. The Dark Side
Of Stormwater Runoff Management: Disease Vectors Associated With Structural BMPs.
Stormwater 3(2): 24-39.Oakland, P.H. 1983. An evaluation of stormwater poUutant removal
10 of 13 California Stormwater BMP Handbook January 2003
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Vegetated Swale TC-30
through grassed swale treatment. In Proceedings ofthe International Symposium of Urban
Hydrology, Hydraulics and Sediment Control, Lexington, KY. pp. 173-182.
Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory. 1983. Final Report: Metropolitan Washington
Urban Runoff Project. Prepared for the Metropolitan Washington CouncU of Governments,
Washington, DC, by the Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Laboratory, Manassas, VA.
Pitt, R., and J. McLean. 1986. Toronto Area Watershed Management Strategy Study: Humber
River Pilot Watershed Project. Ontario Ministry of Environment, Toronto, ON.
Schueler, T. 1997. Comparative Pollutant Removal CapabUity of Urban BMPs: A reanalysis.
Watershed Protection Techniques 2(2):379-383.
Seattle Metro and Washington Department of Ecology. 1992. Biofiltration Swale Performance:
Recommendations and Design Considerations. Pubhcation No. 657. Water PoUution Control
Department, Seattle, WA.
Southeastem Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission (SWRPC). 1991. Costs of Urban
Nonpoint Source Water Pollution Control Measures. Technical report no. 31. Southeastern
Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission, Waukesha, WI.
U.S. EPA, 1999, Stormwater Fact Sheet: Vegetated Swales, Report # 832-F-99-006
http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/vegswale.pdf. Office of Water, Washington DC.
Wang, T., D. Spyridakis, B. Mar, and R. Homer. 1981. Transport, Deposition and Control of
Heavy Metals in Highway Runoff. FHWA-WA-RD-39-10. University of Washington,
Department of Civil Engineering, Seattle, WA.
Washington State Department of Transportation, 1995, Highway Runoff Manual, Washington
State Department of Transportation, Olympia, Washington.
Welborn, C, and J. Veenhuis. 1987. Effects of Runoff Controls on the Quantity and Quality of
Urban Runoff in Two Locations in Austin, TX. USGS Water Resources Investigations Report
No. 87-4004. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA.
Yousef, Y., M. Waniehsta, H. Harper, D. Pearce, and R. Tolbert. 1985. Best Management
Practices: Removal of Highway Contaminants By Roadside Swales. University of Central
Florida and Florida Department of Transportation, Orlando, FL.
Yu, S., S. Barnes, and V. Gerde. 1993. Testing of Best Management Practices for Controlling
Highway Runoff. FHWA/VA-93-R16. Virginia Transportation Research CouncU,
CharlottesviUe, VA.
Information Resources
Maryland Department of the Environment (MDE). 2000. Maryland Stormwater Design
Manual, www.mde.state.md.us/environment/wma/stormwatermanual. Accessed May 22,
2001.
Reeves, E. 1994. Performance and Condition of Biofilters in the Pacific Northwest. Watershed
Protection Techniques i(3):li7-li9.
January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook 11 of 13
New Development and Redevelopment
www.cabmphandbooks.com
TC-30 Vegetated Swale
Seattle Metro and Washington Department of Ecology. 1992. Biofiltration Swale Performance.
Recommendations and Design Considerations. Publication No. 657. Seattle Metro and
Washington Department of Ecology, Olympia, WA.
USEPA 1993. Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in
Coastal Waters. EPA-840-B-92-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water.
Washington, DC.
Watershed Management Institute (WMI). 1997. Operation, Maintenance, and Management of
Stormwater Management Systems. Prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Water. Washington, DC, by the Watershed Management Institute, Ingleside, MD.
12 of 13 California Stormwater BMP Handbook January 2003
New Development and Redevelopment
www.cabmphandbooks.com
Vegetated Swale TC-30
provide for scour
proiection.
CroM sectioB of 5wiile witli check dam.
Notation:
L B Length of swale impoundment araa per check dam (ft) (b)
0, 3 Depth ol checlt dm (ft)
S3 a Battom aipe al ewale (ft/Tt)
W • Top width of check dam (ft)
W, s Bottom width of check dam (ft)
Ztu ^ Ra^ of horitontal to vertical ctiange In swite side slope (ftnt)
Dimenslomil view ofiwale iBipouadmenC am.
January 2003 California Stormwater BMP Handbook
New Development and Redevelopment
www.cabmphiandbooks.com
13 of 13
Inlet Stenciling and Signage
nrrt. - ruoiic irivoivemenL/rarucipacion F'aoe 1 ot 6
US. Environmental Protection Agency
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES)
Recenl Additions | Contact Us | Print Version Search NPDES: f~ ED
EPA Honne > OW Home > OWM Home > NPDES Home > Slorm Water > Menu of BMPs
Construction Activities
-2003 Construction
General Permit
Industrial Activity
-Who's Covered?
-Application
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IVlunicipal MS4s
-Large & Medium
-Small
Stormwater Month
Outreach Materials
Phase I & Phase II
-Menu of BMPs
-Urbanized Area Maps
Stormwater Home
Storm drains can be, labeled with stencils to
discourage dumping >
Public Involvement/Participation
storm Drain Stenciling
Description
Storm drain stenciling
involves labeling storm
drain inlets withi painted
messages warning citizens
not to dump pollutants into
the drains. The stenciled
messages are generally a
simple phrase to remind
passersby that the storm
drajns connect to local
waterbodies and that
dumping pollutes those
waters. Some specify
which waterbody the inlet
drains to or name the
particular river, lake, or bay. Commonly stenciled messages include: "No
Dumping. Drains to Water Source," "Drains to River," and "You Dump it. You
Drink it. No Waste Here." Pictures can also be used to convey the message,
including a shrimp, common game fish, or a graphic depiction of the path from
drain to waterbody. Communities with a large Spanish-speaking population
might wish to develop stencils in both English and Spanish, or use a graphic
alone.
Top
Applicability
Municipalities can undertake stenciling projects throughout the entire
community, especially in areas with sensitive waters or where trash, nutrients,
or biological oxygen demand have been identified as high priority pollutants.
However, regardless of the condition of the waterbody, the signs raise
awareness about the connection between storm drains and receiving waters
and they help deter littering, nutrient overenrichment, and other practices that
contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Municipalities should identify a subset
of drains to stencil because there might be hundreds of inlets; stenciling all of
them would be prohibitively expensive and might actually diminish the effect
of the message on the public. The drains should be carefully selected to send
the message to the maximum number of citizens (for example, in areas of
high pedestrian traffic) and to target drains leading to waterbodies where
illegal dumping has been identified as a source of pollution.
implementation
Municipalities can implement storm drain stenciling programs in two ways. In
some cases, cities and towns use their own public works staff to do the
labeling. Some municipalities feel that having their own crews do the work
Menu of BMf
Informatior
Menu of BMPs
Home
Public Educatio
Outreach on Sti
Water Impacts
Public Involven'
& Participation
Illicit Discharae
Detection &
Elimination
Construction Si
Storm Water
Runoff Control
Post-Constructi
Storm Water
Manaqement in
New Developm
& Redevelopmt
Pollution
Prevention & G
Housekeeping I
Municipal
Operations
Downloadattle
Files
Measurable Go
Tfie documents or
site are best viev
witfi Acrobat 5.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm 12/16/2003
tih'A - Public involvement/Participation Page 2 of 6
produces better results and eliminates liability and safety concerns. More
commonly, stenciling projects are conducted by volunteer groups in
cooperation with a municipality. In such an arrangement, volunteer groups
provide the labor and the municipality provides supplies, safety equipment,
and a map and/or directions to the drains to be stenciled. The benefits of
using volunteers are lower cost and increased public awareness of storm
water pollutants and their path to waterbodies. A municipality can establish a
program to comprehensively address storm drain stenciling and actively
recruit volunteer groups to help, or the municipality can facilitate volunteer
groups that take the initiative to undertake a stenciling project.
Whether the municipality or a volunteer group initiates a stenciling project, the
municipaiity should designate a person in charge of the storm drain stenciling
program. Many municipalities will designate a person from the pubic works or
water quaiity department to coordinate stenciling projects by volunteer
groups. Because these programs depend heavily on volunteer labor,
organizers and coordinators should be skilled in recruiting, training,
managing, and recognizing volunteers. Coordination activities include
providing
• Stenciling kits containing all materials and tools needed to carry out a
stenciling project
• A map of the storm drains to be stenciled
• Training for volunteers on safety procedures and on the technique for
using stencils or affixing signs
• Safety equipment (traffic cones, safety vests, masks and/or goggles for
spray paint, and gloves if glue is used)
• Incentives and rewards for volunteers (badges, T-shirts, certificates).
The coordinator might also wish to provide pollutant-tracking forms to collect
data on serious instances of dumping. Participants in storm drain stenciling
projects can be asked to note storm drains that are clogged with debris or
show obvious signs of dumping. This enables city crews to target cleanup
efforts. Volunteers should be instructed on what kinds of pollutants to look for
and how to fill out data cards. Volunteers also should record the locations of
all storm drains labeled during the project, so the city can keep track.
Additionally, the participants should convene after the event to talk about
what they have found. Their reactions and impressions can help organizers
improve future stenciling projects.
If a municipality chooses to initiate a storm drain stenciling program and solicit
the help of volunteer organizations, they can advertise through a variety of
channels. Outreach strategies include
• Distributing pamphlets and brochures to area service organizations
• Placing articles in local magazines
• Taking out newspaper ads
• Placing an environmental insert in the local newspaper
• Making presentations at community meetings
• Developing public service announcements for radio
• Creating a web site with background and contact information as well as
photos and stories from past stenciling events (the references section
contains a iist of storm drain stenciling web sites from communities
across the country)
• Using word-of-mouth communications about the program.
Newspapers can be notified to get advance coverage of a planned stenciling
event. Newspapers might choose to cover the event itself as an
environmental feature story to further public awareness. A news release
issued for the day of the event can draw TV and/or newspaper coverage.
Pubiic service announcements made before the event also will help to
reinforce the message. Additionally, some municipalities can have volunteers
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm 12/16/2003
EPA - Public involvement/Participation Page 3 of 6
distribute door hangers in the targeted neighborhoods to notify residents that
storm drain stenciling is taking place. The hangers explain the purpose of the
project and offer tips on how citizens can reduce urban runoff in general.
For any volunteer project to be successful, volunteers must feel they have
done something worthwhile. Communities active in storm drain stenciling
have developed a variety of ways to recognize volunteers, including
• Providing each participant with a certificate of appreciation and/or letter
of thanks signed by the mayor
• Distributing logo items such as T-shirts, hats, badges, plastic water
bottles, or other items to participants before or after the event
• Holding a picnic or small party after the event with refreshments
donated by a local business
• Providing coupons for free pizza, hamburgers, ice cream, or movies
donated by local merchants
• Taking pictures of stenciling teams before, during, and after the event
to create a pictorial record of volunteers' activity.
Since stenciling projects take place on city streets, volunteer safety is of
utmost importance. The city might wish to designate lower-traffic residential
areas as targets for volunteer stenciling and provide safety equipment and
training. Most programs require that stenciling be done in teams, with at least
one person designated to watch for traffic. Adult supervision is needed when
volunteers are school children or members of youth groups. Most cities also
require participating volunteers (or their parents) to sign a waiver of liability.
An attomey for the municipaiity should be consulted to determine what liability
exists and how to-handle this issue.
Materials
Most communities use stencils and paint to label their storm drains. Some
communities stencil directly onto the curb, street, or sidewalk, while others
first paint a white background and then stencil over it. The most commonly
used stencils are made of Mylar, a flexible plastic material that can be
cleaned and reused many times. However, stencils can also be made from
cardboard, aluminum, or other material. The reference section lists web sites
where stencils can be purchased.
Storm drain messages can be placed flat against the sidewalk surface just
above the storm drain inlet, while others are placed on the curb facing the
street or on the street itself, either just upstream of the storm drain or on the
street in front of the drain. However, messages placed on the street might
wear out sooner.
Paint or ink can be sprayed on or applied by brush and roller. Spray paint is
quickest and probably the easiest to apply neatly. Regions that do not meet
federal air-quality standards should avoid using spray paints, since many
contain air-polluting propellants. It is recommended to use "environmentally
friendly" paint that contains no heavy metals and is low in volatile organic
compounds.
Alternatives to painted messages include permanent signs made of
aluminum, ceramic, plastic, or other durable materials. These signs last
longer than stenciled messages and need only glue to affix them to storm
drain inlets. They might also be neater and easier to read from a distance.
Tiles or plaques can be dislodged by pedestrian traffic if they are disturbed
before the glue dries.
Benefits
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm 12/16/2003
EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 4 of 6
Storm drain stenciling projects offer an excellent opportunity to educate the
public about the link between the storm drain system and drinking water
quality. In addition to the labeled storm drains, media coverage of the
program or stenciling event can increase public awareness of storm water
issues. Volunteer groups can provide additional benefits by picking up trash
near the stenciled storm drains and by noting where maintenance is needed.
Additionally, stenciling projects can provide a lead-in to volunteer monitonng
projects and increase community participation in a variety of other storm
water-related activities.
Limitations
A storm drain stenciling program is generally effective, inexpensive, and easy
to implement. However, larger communities can have many storm drain inlets,
so volunteer coordinators need to be skilled at recruiting and organizing the
efforts of volunteers to provide adequate coverage over large areas. Safety
considerations might also limit stenciling programs in areas where traffic
congestion is high. Other environmental considerations such as the use of
propellants in spray paint in areas that do not meet air quality standards
should be taken into account. Finally, stencils will require repainting after
years ot weather and traffic, and tiles and permanent signs might need
replacement if they are improperly installed or subject to vandalism.
Effectiveness
By raising public awareness of urban runoff, storm drain stenciling programs
stiould discourage practices that generate nonpoint source pollutants. As with
any public education project, however, it is difficult to precisely measure the
effect that storm drain stenciling programs have on human behavior. Nor is it
easy to measure reductions in certain components of urban runoff, which by
definition is diffuse in origin.
Some municipalities attempt to assess the effectiveness of storm drain
stenciling programs by periodically examining water samples from targeted
storm drain outfalls (places where storm drains empty into a waterbody). If the
storm drains leading to a particular outfall have been labeled, and if the levels
ot pollutants from that outfall decline after the stencils were put in place, one
can assume the labeling has had some deterrent effect. This monitoring can
be conducted by the same volunteer groups that stenciled the drains and can
be incorporated into existing volunteer monitoring programs or can initiate the
development of a new program.
Cities also infer stenciling program success from increases in the volume of
used motor oil delivered to used-oil recycling centers. Others measure
success in terms of how many drains are stenciled and the number of
requests received by volunteer groups to participate in the program. They can
also take into consideration the number of cleanups conducted by the city as
a result of reports made by volunteers.
Costs
Mylar stencils cost about 45 cents per linear inch and can be used for 25 to
500 stencilings, depending on whether paint is sprayed or applied with a
brush or roller. Permanent signs are generally more costly: ceramic tiles cost
$5 to $6 each and metal stencils can cost $100 or more.
References
How To Develop a Storm Drain Stenciling Program and Conduct Projects:
Center for Marine Conservation. 1998. Million Points of Blight.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/nDdes/stormwater/menuofbmDs/invol 6.cfm 12/16/2003
EPA - Public InvolvementyParticipation Page 5 of 6
[http://www.cmc-ocean.org/cleanupbro/millionpoints.php3 I*•'^'""^Ij.
Last updated 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Center for Marine Conservation. No date. How to Conduct a Storm Drain
Stenciling Project, [http://www.cmc-ocean.orq/mdio/drain.php3
|n\rrji.cirimcr>|j Accessed February 13, 2001.
East Dakota Water Development District No date. Storm Drain Stenciling.
[http://www.brookinqs.com/bswf/tp2.htm |KMTdi«ciaimi?r>|j Accessed February
13, 2001.
Hunter, R. 1995. Sform Drain Stenciling: The Street-River Connection.
[http://www.epa.qov/voiunteer/fall95/urbwat10.htmj. Last updated December
8, 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001.
The Rivers Project, Southem Illinois University at Edwardsville. 1998.
Gateway Area Storm Sewer Stenciling Project
[http://www.siue.edu/OSME/river/stencil.html |t-^rr>ti«cuin.^] |_ast updated
November 9, 1998. Accessed February 14, 2001.
Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. No date. Storm Drain
Stenciling: Preventing Water Pollution.
http://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/exec/oppr/cc2000/storm drain.html
K.vndi.ci,i...r"^] Annesseri Febmary 13, 2001.
Purchase Stencils:
Clean Ocean Action. 2000. Sform Drain Stenciling.
http://www.cleanoceanaction.orq/Stencilinq/StormDrains.html
|t:.\iTau.:Uime7>lj | 3updated •lijnfr'23, 2000. Accessed February 13, 2001.
Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. 1997. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd.
[http://www.earthwater-stencils.com 1'"^''''""''''""^]. Last updated 1997.
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Communities With Storm Drain Stenciling Web Sites:
City of Berkley, California, Department of Public Works. No date. Sform Drain
Stenciling. [http://www.ci.berkelev.ca.us/PW/Storm/stencil.html
|t:xiT.ii.ti.imer>|] Aficft.ssed February 13, 2001.
City of Honolulu, Hawaii. No date. Volunteer Activities.
[http://www.cleanwaterhonolulu.com/drain.html Ifx'Tifeci^imTTg] Accessed
February 14, 2001.
City of Portland, Oregon, Environmental Services. No date. Sform Drain
Stenciling, [http://www.enviro.ci.portland.or.us/sds.htm [t^-'tiTdi.cUimeTg]
Accessed February 14, 2001.
Clemson Extension Office. No date. Sform Drain Stenciling South Carolina
"Paint The Drain" Campaign.
http://virtual.clemson.edu/qroups/waterqualitv/STENCIL.HTM
|txrTdi»cUiincr>|] Accfissfid February 14, 2001.
Friends of the Mississippi River 2000. Sform Drain Stenciling Program.
[http.V/www.fmr.orq/stencil.html Last updated 2000. Accessed
February 14, 2001.
http://cfpub.eDa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmDs/invol 6.cfm 12/16/2003
EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 6 of 6
Office of Water | Office of Wastewater Manaaement | Disclaimer | Searcfi EPA
EPA Home | Privacy and Security Notice | Conlact Us
Last updated on August 15, 2002 1:44 PM
URL: fittp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm
httD://cfDub.eDa.20v/nndes/stormwater/menuofbmn.s/invol 6.cfm 12116/2003
4rlieSi To IIC43llil
^ Ko Bcs&ectios Afiifi.
^ Vn llirecrfo ill llceniio
li» isoliieidii n In eoiirniuiiiiacioii liel dreiinje pliivini eres hi. _]
Eagle 9455 Ridgehaven Ct., Suite 106
San Dtego, CA 92123
1-858-541-1888
1-888-624-1888
Earthwater Stencils, LTD
Rochester, WA 98579
1-360-956-3774
FAX 360-956-7133
Storm Water Education
crrv - ruuiii.. cuucauuii OL wuucucii uii oiuiiii vvaici iiiipacii) rage i or
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Poilutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES)
Recent Additions | Contact Us | Pnnt Version Searcti NPDES: j ~ ^3
EPA Home > QW Home > OWM Home > NPDES Home > Storm Water > Menu of BMPs
Construction Activities
-2003 Construction
General Permit
Industrial Activity
-Who's Covered?
-Application
Requirements
Municipal MS4s
-Large & Medium
-Small
Stormwater Month
Outreach Materials
Phase I & Phase II
-Menu of BMPs
-Urbanized Area Maps
Stormwater Home
Public Education & Outreach on Storm
Water Impacts
Regulatory Text
You must implement a public education program to distribute educational
materials to the community or conduct equivalent outreach activities about the
impacts of storm water discharges on water bodies and the steps that the
public can take to reduce poiiutants in storm water runoff.
Guidance
You may use storm water educational materials provided by your state; tribe;
EPA; environmental, public interest, or trade organizations; or other MS4s.
The public education program should inform individuals and households
about the steps they can take to reduce storm water pollution, such as
ensuring proper septic system maintenance, ensuring the proper use and
disposal of landscape and garden chemicals including fertilizers and
pesticides, protecting and restoring riparian vegetation, and properly
disposing of used motor oil and household hazardous wastes. EPA
recommends that the program inform individuals and groups how to become
involved in local stream and beach restoration activities, as well as activities
that are coordinated by youth service and conservation corps or other citizen
groups. EPA recommends that the public education program be tailored,
using a mix of locally appropriate strategies, to target specific audiences and
communities. Examples of strategies include distributing brochures or fact
sheets, sponsoring speaking engagements before community groups,
providing public service announcements, implementing educational programs
targeted at school age children, and conducting community-based projects
such as storm drain stenciling and watershed and beach cleanups. In
addition, EPA recommends that some of the materials or outreach programs
be directed toward targeted groups of commercial, industrial, and institutional
entities likely to have significant storm water impacts. For example, providing
information to restaurants on the impact of grease clogging storm drains, and
to garages on the impact of oil discharges. You are encouraged to tailor your
outreach program to address the viewpoints and concerns of all communities,
particularly minority and disadvantaged communities, as well as any special
concerns relating to children.
BMP Fact Sheets
Public outreach/education for homeowners
Lawn and garden activities
Water conservation practices for homeowners
Menu of BMF
Informatior
Menu of BMPs
Home
Public Educatio
Outreach on Sti
Waler Impacts
Public Involven"
& Participation
Illicit Discharae
Detection &
Elimination
Construction Si
Storm Water
Runoff Control
Post-Constructi
Storm Water
Manaqement in
New Developm
& Redevelopmt
Pollution
Prevention & G
Housekeepinq I
Municipal
Operations
Downloadable
Files
Measurable Go
Moke Reade
Ttie documenls or
sile are besl viev
wim Acrobat 5.
http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/pub_ed.cfm 12/16/2003
crrV - ruDiic cuucaiiuii c>c vjuueacii un oiurm vv ater iinpacLs rage z or i
Proper disposal of household hazardous wastes
Pet waste manaqement
Trash manaqement
Targeting public outreach/education
Education/outreach for commercial activities
Tailoring outreach programs to minority and
disadvantaged communities and children
Classroom education on storm water
Storm water educational materials
Public outreach programs for new development
Low impact development
Pollution prevention programs for existing
development
Educational displays, pamphlets, booklets, and utility
stuffers
Using the media
Promotional giveaways
Pollution prevention for businesses
Office of Water | Office of Wastewater Management | Disclaimer | Searcti EPA
EPA Home I Privacy and Security Notice | Contacl Us
Ust updated on August 15, 2002 1:50 PM
URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/pub_ed.cfm
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Integrated Pest Management Principles
pEST |SJOXE3 January2003
Publ. Publ. •-
Title Date f Pgs.
Annual Bluegrass 9/99
Anthracnose rev 8/99
Anls - rev. ll/OO
Aphids rev. 5/00
Apple Scab rev. 8/01
Bark Bfeties rev. 6/00
Bed Bugs rev. 9/02
Bee and Wasp Stings 2/98
Bermudagrass rev 9/02
Bordeaux Mixture 11/00
Brown Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders 1 /OO
California Ground Squirrel rev 1101
Califomia Oakworm rev 6/00
Carpenter Ants : rev 11/00
Carpenter Bees rev. 1 /OO
Carpenterworm 1/03
Carpel Beetles rev. 4/01
Cleanving Moths 6/00
Cliff Swallows 11/00
Qothes Moths rev. 12/00
• overs 11/01
Cockroaches 11/99
Codling Moth rev 11/99
Common Knotvveed 12/00
Common Purslane 8/99
Conenose Bugs rev. 11/02
Cottony Cushion Scale rev 3/00
Crabgrass rev 9/02
Creeping Woodsorrel and Bermuda
Buttercup rev. 1/02
Dailisgrass 11/01
Dandelions l/OO
Delusory Parasitosis rev. 11/97
Dodder 1/02
Drywood Termites rev. 9/02
Earwigs 9/02
Elm Leaf Beetle rev. 11/01
Eucalyptus Longhomed Borers rev. I/OO
Eucalyplus Redgum LerpPsyllid rev. 1/03
Eucalyptus Tortoise Beetle 1/03
Field Bindweed 9/99
FireBlight rev 11/99
Fleas rev 11/00
Hies 2/99
Fruittree Leafroller on Omamental and
Fruit Trees 3/00 7473 3
Fungus Gnats, Shore Flies, Moth Flies,
and March Flies rev. 8/01 7448
Giant VVhilefiy 1/02 7400
Glassy-winged Sharpshooter 11 /Ol 7492
Grasshoppers 9/02 74103
Green Kyllinga 2/99 7459
Head Lice rev. 8/01 7446
Hobo Spider 4/01 7488
Hoplia Beetle 9/02 7499
Horsehair Worms 3/00 7471
7464
7420
7411
7404
7413
7421
7454
7449
7453
7481
7468
7438
7422
7416
7417
74105
7436
7477
7482
7435
7490
7467
7412
7484
7461
7455
7410
7456
7444
7491
7469
7443
74%
7440
74102
7403
7425
7460
74104
7462
7414
7419
7457
3
3
4
4
3
4
2
3
4
3
4
5
4
2
2
4
4
6
4
3
3
6
4
2
3
3
3
4
4
3
3
2
4
6
2
6
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Publ. Publ. t
Title Dale ! Pgs
HouseMouse 11/00
Kikuyugrass 2/99
Lace Bugs rev 12/00
Lawn Diseases: Prevention and Management....!/02
Lawn Insects rev. 5/01
Leaf Curt rev. 12/00
Lyme Disease in California 12/00
Millipedes and Centipedes 3/00
Mistletoe rev. 8/01
Mosquitoes 2/98
Mushrooms and Other Nuisance Fungi
in Lawns 9/02
Nematodes 8/01
Nutsedge rev. 8/99
Oak Pit Scates 3/00
Oleander Leaf Scorch 7/00
Pantry Pests rev. 9/02
Plantains 6/00
Pocket Gophers rev. 1/02
Poison Oak - rev. 5/01
Powdery Mildew on Fruits and Berries 11/01
Powdery Mildew on Omamentals 11/01
Powdery Mildew on Vegetables rev. Jl/01
Psyllids rev. 5/01
Rabbits rev. 1/02
Rats .1/03
Redhumped Caterpillar 3/(X)
Red Imported Fire Ant. - 4/01
Roses in the Garden and Landscape:
Cultural Practices and Weed Control 9/99
Roses in the Garden and Landscape:
Diseases and Abiotic Disorders 9/99 7463 3
Roses in the Garden and Landscape:
Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials 9/99 7466
Russian Thistle 12/00 7486
Scales.. rev. 4/01 7408
Sequoia Pitch Moth 6/00 7479
Silverfish and Firebrats 3/00 7475
Snails and Slugs rev. 8/99 7427
Spider Mites rev 12/00 7405
Spiders rev. 5/00 7442
Spotted Spurge rev. 1/02 7445
Sudden Oak Death in California 4/02 7498
Sycamore Scale rev. 12/00 7409
Termites rev. 5/01 7415
Thrips .....rev. 5/01 7429
Voles (Meadow Mice) rev. 1 /02 7439
Walnut Husk Hy rev. 12/00 7430
Weed Management m Landscapes rev. 8/01 7441
Whiteflies rev. 9/02 7401
Wild Blackbennes rev. 4/02 7434
Wirvdscorpion 11/01 7495
Wood-boring Beetles in Homes rev. 11/00 7418
Wood Wasps and Homtails rev. 12/00 7407
Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps rev. 8 / 01 7450
Yellow Starthistle rev. 2/99 7402
7483
7458
7428
7497
7476
7426
7485
7472
7437
7451
74100
7489
7432
7470
7480
7452
7478
7433
7431
7494
7493
7406
7423
7447
74106
7474
7487
7465
4
3
2
8
6
2
3
3
3
3
4
5
4
2
3
4
3
4
4
5
4
3
6
5
8
2
3
PDFs and illustrated versions of these PesJ Notes »re available al
http://www.ipin.ucdavis.edu/PMG/seIeclnewpest.home.hlinl
For other ANR publications, go lo http;//anrcataIog.ucdavis.edu
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
YELLOWJACKETS AND OTHER
SOCIAL WASPS
Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home
Only a few of the very large numbcr of
wasp species in Califomia live a sodal
life; these species are referred to as
social wasps. Some social wasps are
predators for mosl or all of the year
and provide a great benefit by killing
large numbers of plant-feeding insects
and nuisance flies; olhers arc exclu-
sively scavengers. Wasps become a
problem only when they threaten to
sting humans. One of the most trouble-
some of thc social wasps is the yellow-
jacket. Yellowjackets, espeaally
ground- and cavity-nesting ones such
as the western yellowjacket (Fig 1),
tend lo defend their nests vigorously
when disturbed. Defensive behavior
increases as the season progresses and
colony populations become larger
while food becomes scarcer In fall,
foraging yellowjackets are primarily
scavengers and they start to show up
at picnics, barbecues, around garbage
cans, at dishes of dog or cat food
placed outside, and where ripe or over-
ripe frait are accessible. At certain
times and places, the number of .scav-
enger wasps can bc quite large.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
In westem states there are two distinct
types of social wasps: yellowjackels
and paper wasps. Yellowjackets are by
far the most troublesome group. Paper
wasps arc much less defensive and
rarely .sting humans. They tend to shy
away from human activity except
when their nests are located near
doors, VN'indows, or other high traffic
area.s.
Nests of both yellowjacket and paf>cr
wasps lypically are begun in spring bv
a single queen who overwinters and
becomes active when the weather
warms. She emerges in late winter/
early spring to feed and start a new
nesl. Prom spring to mid.summer nests
are in the growth phase, and thc larvae
require large amounts of protein.
Workers forage mainly for prolein at
this time (usually in Uie form of other
in.sccts) and for .some sugars. By lale
summer, however, the colonies grow
more slowly or cease growth and re-
quire large amounts of sugar to main-
tain the queen and workers. So
foraging wasps are particularly inter-
ested in sweet things at this time.
Normally, yellowjacket and paper
wasp colonies only live one season. In
very mild winters or in coastal Califor-
nia south of San Francisco, however,
some yellowjacket colonies survive for
several years and become quite large.
Yelloivj ackets
The term yellowjacket refers to a num-
ber of different species of wasps In the
genera Vcspula and Dolichoi>espula
(family Vespidae) Included in this
group of ground-nesting Sf>ecies are
the ivestern yellowjacket, Vespula
pciibylvanica, which is the mosl com-
monly encountered species and is
sometimes called the "meat bee," and
seven other species of Vespula. Vcspula
vulgaris is common in rotted tree
slumps al higher elevations and V.
i^crtiianica (the German yellowjacket) is
becoming more common in many ur-
ban areas of California, where it fre-
quently nests in houses These wasps
tend to be medium sized and black
wilh jagged bands of bnght yellow (or
while in the case of the aerial-nesting
Figure 1. Westem yellowjacket.
Dotichovespula l=Vcsputal maculata) on
the abdomen, and have a very short,
narrow waist (the area where the tho-
rax attaches lo the abdomen).
Nests are commonly built in rodent
burrows, but other protected cavities,
like voids in walls and ceilings of
houses, sometimes are selected as nest-
ing sites. Colonics, which are begun
each spring by a single reproductive
female, can reach populations of be-
tween 1,500 and 15,000 individual.s,
depending on the species. The wasps
build a nest of paper made from fibers
scraped from wood mixed wilh saliva.
ll is built as multiple tiers of vertical
cells, similar to nests of paper wasps,
but enclosed by a paper envelope
around the outside that usually cort-
tains a single entrance hole (Fig. 2). If
the rodent hole is not spacious
enough, yellowjackets v\'ill increase the
size by moistening the soil and dig-
ging Similar behavior inside a house
PEST NQT^S Publication 7450
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
Figure 2. Yellowjacket nest iin spring
(top), summer (center), and early fall
(bottom).
sometimes leads to a wet patch that
develops into a hole in a vvall or
ceiling
Immature yellowjackets are white,
grublike larvae that become white pu-
pae. The pupae develop adult coloring
just before they emerge as adult wasps.
Immatures are not normally seen un-
less the nest is tom open or a sudden
loss of adull caretakers leads to an
exodus of starving larvae.
Aerial-nesting yellowjackets, Dolicho-
vespula arenaria and D. maailata, build
paper nesls thai are attached to the
eaves ofa building or are hanging from
the limb of a tree. I hc entrance is nor-
mally a hole at the botiom of the nest.
I hese aerial nesters do not become
scavengers al the end of the season, but
they are extremely defensive when
their nesls are disturbed. Defending D
nrenana sometimes bile and/or sling,
simultaneously Wasp stingers have no
barbs and can be used repeatedly, es-
pecially when lhe ivasp gets inside
clothing As with any stinging incident,
it is best to leave the area of the nest
sile as quickly as possible if wasps start
stinguig.
Paper Wasps
Paper wasps such as Polistes fuscalus
aurifer, P apachus, and P. dotnmulus are
large (1 inch long), slender wasps with
long legs and a distinct, slender waist
(Fig. 3). Background colors vary, but
most westem species tend to be golden
brown, or darker, with large patches of
yellow or red. Preferring to live in or
near orchards or vineyards, they hang
their paper nesls in protected areas,
such as under eaves, in attics, or under
tree branches or vines. Each nest hangs
like an open umbrella from a pedicel
(stalk) and has open cells thai can be
seen from beneath the nest (Fig. 4).
White, legless, grublike larvae some-
rimes can be seen from below. Paper
wasp nests rarely exceed the size of an
outstretched hand and populations
vary between 15 to 200 individuals.
Most species are relatively unaggres-
sive, but they can be a problem when
they nest over doonvays or in other
areas of human activity, such as fruit
trees-
Mud Daubers
Mud daubers are black and yellow,
thrcad-waisted, solitary wasps that
build a hard mud nesl, usually on ceil-
ings and walls, attended by a single
female wasp They belong lo the family
Sphecidae and are nol social wasps bul
may be confused with them. T hey do
not defend their nests and rarely sting
During winter, you can safely remove
the nests without spraying
INJURY OR DAMAGE
Concern at>oul vcllowjackels is based
on their persistent, pugnacious behav-
ior around food sources and their ag-
gressive colonv defen.se. Slinging
behavior is usually encountered at
nesting sites, but scavenging
yellowjackets sometimes will sting if
someone Ines lo swat them away from
a potential fcod .source When scaveng-
ing at picnics or other oiiUloor meals.
Figure 3- Paper wasp.
Figure 4. Paper wasp nest.
wasps will crawl into .soda cans and
cause stings on the lips, or inside the
mouth or throat.
Responses to wasp stings vary from
only short-lerm, intense sensations to
substantial swelling and tenderness,
some itching, or life-lhreatening aller-
gic responses. All these reactions are
discussed in detail in Pest Notes: Bee
and Wasp Slings (see "References"). Of
specific concern is a condition that
resulls from multiplc-sting encounters,
sometimes unfamiliar to attending
health professionals, that is induced by
the volume of foreign protein injected
and the tissue damage caused by de-
structive enzymes in wasp venom. Red
blood cells and other ti.ssues in the
body become damaged; tissue debris
and other breakdown products are
carried lo the kidneys, to be eliminated
from the body Vvo much debris and
waste products can cause blockages in
the kidneys, resulting in renal insuffi-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
ciency or renal failure. Palienls in this
condition require medical inlcr\ention,
even dialysis.
MANAGEMENT
tvlost social wasps provide an ex-
tremely beneficial service by eliminat-
ing large numbers of other pest in.secis
through predation and shouJd be pro-
tected and encouraged to nest in areas
of little human or animal activity. Al-
though many animals prey on social
wasps (induding birds, reptiles, am-
phibians, skunks, bears, raccoons, spi-
ders, preying manhds, and bald-faced
homets), none provides satisfactorv
biological control in home silualions.
The best way to prevent unpleasant
encounlers with social wasps is to
avoid them. If you know where they
are, try not to go near their nesting
places. Wasps can become very defen-
sive when iheir nest is disturbed. Be on
the lookout for nests when outdoors.
Wasps that are flying directly in and
out of a single location are probably
flying to and from their nest.
Scavenging wasps will nof usually
become a problem if there is no food
around to attract them. When nuisance
wa.sps are present in the outdoor envi-
ronment, keep foods (induding pet
food) and drinks covered or inside the
house and keep garbage in tightly
sealed garbage cans. Once food is dis-
covered by wasps, they will continue
to hunt around that location long after
the source has been removed.
If wasp nests must be eliminated, it is
easiest and safest to call for profes-
sional help. In some areas of Califomia,
personnel from a local Mosquito and
Vector Conlrol District may be avail-
able lo remove nests. To determine if
this service is available in your area,
call the California Mo.squito and Vector
Control Association at (916) 440-0826.
If a rapid solution fo a severe yellow-
jacket problem is essential, seek thc
assislance of a professionai pest control
operator who can use microencapsu-
lated bails to control these pests. Do-
il-yoursclf opiions include tr.ipping
wasps in a baited trap dtrsigned for
that purpo.se, early-sea.son removal of
nests, or spraying the nest or nesting
site wilh an in.secticide labeled for lhat
Trapping Wasps
Trapping wasps is an ongoing effort
that needs to be initiated in spring and
continued into summer and fall, espe-
dally when the yellowjacket popula-
tion was large the previous year. In
spring there is a 30- lo 45-day period
when new queens first emerge before
tlicy build nests. Trapping queens dur-
ing this period has the potential to
provide an overall reduction in the
yellowjacket population for the season,
and a study is currently underway lo
test this theory in some Califomia Mos-
quito and Vector Control districts (see
"Online References"). The more traps
put out in spring on an area-wide basis
lo trap queens, the greater the likeli-
hood of redudng nests later in the
summer. UsuaUy one trap per acre is
adequate in spring for depletion trap-
ping of queens; in fall, more traps may
be necessary to trap scavenging wasps,
depending on the size of the popula-
tion. There are two types of wasp
traps: lure and water traps.
Lure Traps. Lure traps are available for
purchase at many retail stores that sell
pest control supplies and are easiest lo
use. They work best as queen traps in
late winter and spring. In summer and
fall they may assist in redudng local-
ized foraging workers, bul they do not
eliminate large populations. Lure traps
contain a chemical that attracts yellow-
jackets into the traps, but common
lures such as heptyl butyrate are not
equally attractive lo all species. Pro-
teins such as lunchmeat can be added
as an attraclant and are believed to
improve catches.
During spring, baited lure traps should
have thc chemical bait changed every 6
to 8 weeks. In summer, change thc bait
every 2 lo 4 weeks: change bait more
frequentiv when temperatures are
high. Meals must be replaced more
frequently becau.se yellowjackets are
not attracted to rotting meat Al.so,
periodically check the trap to remove
Irapped yellowjackets and make sure
workers are still attracted to the trap.
Water Traps. Water traps are generally
homemade and consist of a 5-gallon
bucket, string, and protein bait (turkey
ham, fish, or liver works well; do not
use cat food because il may repel the
yellowjackets after a few days). The
bucket IS filled with soapy walcr and
the protein bail is suspended 1 lo 2
inches above thc water. (The u.se of a
wide mesh screen over the bucket will
help prevent other animals from reach-
ing and consuming the bail.) After the
yellowjacket removes the protein, il
flies down and becomes trapped in the
water and drowns. Like the lure trap,
ihese traps also work best as queen
traps in late winler to early spring. In
summer and fall they may assist in
reduang localized foraging workers
but usually not to acceptable levels.
Place them away from paho or picnic
areas so wasps aren't attracted lo your
food as well
Discouraging or
Eliminating Nests
Early in the season, knocking down
newly started paper wasp nests will
simply cause thc founding female to go
elsewhere to start again or to join a
neighboring nest as a worker. As there
is little adivity around wasp nesls
when lhey are firsl starring, tiiey are
very hard to find. Wasps are more
likely to be noticed later after nests and
populations grow. Nesl removal for
controlling subterranean or cavity-
dwelling yellowjackets is not practical
because the nests are underground or
otherwise inaccessible.
Nest Sprays
Aerosol formulations of insecticides on
the market labeled for use on wasp and
hornet nests can be effeclive against
both yellowjackets and paper wasps,
l>ut they mu.st be used with extreme
caution. Wasps will attack applicators
when .sensing a poison appliL'd to their
nests, and even thc freezc-lvpe prod-
August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps
ucts are not guaranteed to stop all
wasps lhal come flying out. It is pru-
dent lo wear protective clothing lhat
covers the whole body, including
gloves and a veil over the face. In addi-
tion, you need to wear protecrive
eyewear and other clothing to protect
yourself from pesficide hazards. Wasps
arc most likely to be in thc nest at
night. But even after dark and using
formularions that shoot an insecricide
stream up to 20 feet, stinging inddents
are likely. Underground nests can be
quite a distance from the visible en-
trance and the spray may nol get back
far enough to hit the wasps. Partially
intoxicated, agitated wasps arc likely
to be encountered al some distance
from fhe nest entrance, even on the day
following an insecfiddal treatment.
Hiring a pest control professional will
reduce risks to you and your family; in
some areas of Califorrua, this service
may be available through your local
Mosquito and Vector Control Disfrid.
REFERENCES
Akre, R. D., A. Green, }. F. MacDonald,
P.J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981.
Tlie Yella^ojackcls of America Norlh of
Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook No.
552. 102 pp.
Ebelmg, W. 1975. Urban Entomology.
Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nal Sd.
Mussen, E. Feb 1998. Pesl Notes: Bee and
Wasp Stings. Oakland: Univ. Calif.
Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 7449. Also avail-
able online at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/
PMG/sclectnewpest.home.html
Online References
California Mosquito and Vector Control
Web site (wwrw.sac-yolomvcd.com) for
informarion on yellowjacket control
For more information contad ttte University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers
AUTHOR; E. Mussen
EDITOR: 8. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR; M. L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush
ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 1: Courtesy of U.S.
PutHic Health Service; Fig 2: A L. Antonel-
li. Modified after Washington Slate Universi-
ty Bulletin EB 0643. Yellowjackets and
Paper Wasps Figs. 3 and 4: D. Kidd.
Produced by IPM Education and Publica-
tions, uc statewide IPM Projed. University
of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
'g
iL..jiiji.|
n ucf5
UC Y IPM REVIEWED
SJ)
This publication has been anonymously peer
reviewed for tcctinical accuracy by University o(
Califomia scientisls and other quatifted profes-
sionals. This review process was managed by the
ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management.
To simplify information, trade names of products
have t>een used. No endorsement of named producis
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
that are not mendoned.
This mateiial is pariiatly based upon work
supported by Ihe £ xtension Servfce. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, under special project Seclion 3(d).
Integtated Post Managemenl,
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Peslicides are poisonous. Always read and carefuUy follow aH precautioris and safety recommendations
given on the conlainer (abel. Store all chemicals BI the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of chfldren. unauthorized persons, pets, and fivestock.
Confine chemicals to the properly being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do not place containers containtng pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either
use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
Collection site. Conlact your county agricultural commissioner for additional trUormation on safe contairter
disposal and for the location ol the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by folfowing label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of Ihem in such
a manner that they may contaminate water suppfies or natural waterways.
The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person empkiyed by or
seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical
or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age, sexual orientaiion. citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veieran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veieran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is inlended to be consistent with the provisions
of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination polides may be
directed to the Affirmative ActiorVStalf Personnel Services Oirecior, University of California. Agriculture and
Nalural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr.. Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096
• 4 •
WHITEFLIES
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Professional Landscapers
Whiteflies are tiny, .safvsucking insects
that are frequently abundant in veg-
etable and ornamental plantings. They
excrete sticky honeydew and cause
yellowing or death of leaves. Out-
breaks often occur when the natural
biological control is disrupted. Man-
agement is difficult.
IDENTIFICATION AND
LIFE CYCLE
whiteflies usually occur in groups on
the undersides of leaves. They derive
their name from the mealy, while wax
covering the adult's wings and body.
Adults are tiny inseds with yellowish
bodies and whirish wings. Although
adults of some species have distinctive
wing markings, many spedes are most
readily disringuished in the last
nymphal (immature) stage, which is
wingless (Table 1).
Whiteflies develop rapidly in warm
weatiier, and populahons can build up
quickJy in situations where naturid
enemies are destroyed and weather is
favorable. Mo.st whiteflies, especially
the mosf common pest species—green-
house whitefly {Trialeurodes
vaporariorum) and silverleaf or
sweetpotato whiteflies (Bemisia spe-
des)—have a wide host range that
indudes many weeds and crops. In
many parts of Califomia, they breed all
year, moving from one host to another
as plants are harvested or dry up.
Whiteflies normally lay ihcir liny, ob-
long eggs on the undersides of leaves.
The eggs hatch, and the young white-
flies gradually increase in size ihrough
four nymphal stages called instars (Fig.
1)- The first nymphal stage (crawler) is
eggs
crawler
second
instar
o / nymph
fourth
instar
nymph
third instar nymph
Figure 1. Greenhouse whitefly life cycle.
barely visible even with a hand lens.
The crawlers move around for several
hours, tlien settle and remain immo-
bile. Later nymphal stages are oval and
flattened like small scale insects. Thc
legs and antennae are greatly reduced,
and older nymphs do not move. The
winged adull emerges from the last
nymphal slage (for convenience some-
times called a pupa). All stages feed by
sucking planl juices from leaves and
excreting excess liquid as drops of
honeydew as thev feed.
Table 1 lists common whiteflies in Cali-
fomia gardens and landscapes.
DAMAGE
Whitcfb'es suck phloem sap. Large
populations can cause leaves to tum
yellow, appear dry, or fall off plants.
Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honey-
dew, so leaves may be sticky or cov-
ered with black sooty mold. The
honeydew attracts ants, which inter-
fere wilh the adivities of natural en-
emies lhat may control whiteflies and
olher pesls.
Feeding by the immature silverleaf
whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, can cause
planl distortion, discoloration, or sil-
vering of leaves and may cause serious
PEST NQTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 7401
Revised September 2002
September 2002 Whiteflies
Table 1. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Whiteflies.
Ash whitefly
{Siphoninus phillyreae)
Host plants; many broadleaved trees and shrubs
including ash, cilrus. Bradford pear and other
flowering fiuit trees, pomegranate, redbud. toyon
Characteristics; Fourth-instar nymphs have a very thick
band of wax down the back and a fringe of tiny tubes,
each with a liquid droplet at the end. Adults are while.
Bandedwinged whitefly
(Trialeurodes abutilonea)
Host plants: very broad induding cotton, cucurbits,
other vegetables
Characteristics; Fourlh-instar nymphs have short, waxy
filaments around their edges. Adults have brownish bands
across the wings, and their body is gray.
Citrus whitefly
{Dialeurodes citri)
Host plants: citrus, gardenia, ash. ficus, pomegranate
Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymptis have no fringe
around their edges but have a distinctive Y-shape on their
backs Adults are white.
Crown whrtefly
{Aleuroplatus coronata)
Host plants: oak. chestnut
Characteristics; Fourlh-inslar nymphs are black with
large amounls of white wax arranged in a crownlike
pattem. Adults are wrhite.
Gianl whitefly
{Aleurodicus dugesii)
Host plants: begonia, hibiscus, giant bird of paradise,
orchid tree, banana, mulberry, vegetables, and
many omamentals. currently only in Southern
California
Characteristics; Adults are up to 0.19 inch long They
leave spirals of wax on leaves, htymphs have long
filaments of wax that can be up to 2 inches long and give
leaves a bearded appearance. For more information, see
Pest Notes: Giant Whitefly. listed in References.
Greenhouse whitefly Host plants: very broad including most vegetables and
{Trialeurodes vaporariorum) herbaceous ornamentals
Characteristics; Fourth-instar nymphs have very long
waxy filaments and a marginal fringe Adults have white
wings and a yellow surface or substrate.
Iris whitefly
(Ateyrodes spiraeoides)
Host plants; iris, gladiolus, many vegetables, cotton and
other herbaceous plants
Characteristics; Fourth-instar nymphs have no fringe or
waxy filaments but are located near distinctive circles of
wax where egg laying took place. Adults have a dot on
each wing and are quite waxy.
Continued on next page
losses in some vegetable crops Some
whiteflies transmil viruses lo certain
vegetable crops. With the notable ex-
ception of the citms whitefly, white-
flies are not normally a problem in
fmit trees, but several whiteflies can bc
problems on omamenlal trees (.see
Table 1). Low levels of whiteflies are
nol usually damaging. Adults by them-
selves will nol cause significant dam-
age unless they are transmitting a plant
palhogen. Generally, plant losses do
not occur unless there is a significant
population of whitefly nymphs.
MANAGEMENT
Management of heavy whitefly infesta-
tions is very difficult Whileflies are
not well controlled with any available
insectiddes. The best strategy is to
prevent problems from developing in
your garden to thc extent po.ssible. In
many situations, natural enemies will
provide adequate control of whiteflies;
outbreaks may occur if natural enemies
that provide biological control of
whiteflies are dismpted by insectidde
applications, dusty condilions, or inter-
ference by anls. Avoid or remove
planis that repeatedly host high popu-
lations of whiteflies- In gardens, white-
fly populations in thc early stages of
population development can be held
down by a vigilant program of remov-
ing infested leaves, vacuuming adults,
or hosing down (syringing) with waler
sprays. Aluminum foil or refledive
mulches can repel whiteflies from veg-
etable gardens and sticky traps can t>e
used to monilor or, at high levels, re-
duce whitefly numbers If you choose
to use insecticides, insectiddal soaps or
oils such as neem oil may reduce bul
not eliminate populations
Biological Control
Whiteflies have many natural enemies,
and outbreaks frequently occur when
these natural enemies have been dis-
turbed or destroyed by pestiades, dust
buildup, or other faclors General
predators include lacewings, bigeyed
bugs, and minute pirate bugs. Several
small lady beetles including
Clitoflcthus arcuatus (on ash whitefly)
and scale predators such as Scymiiirs or
C/nlocori(S species, and the Asian multi-
September 2002 Whileflies
Table 1. continued. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Whiteflies
Mulberry whitefly
(Tetraleurodes mori)
Host plants; cilrus. other trees
Characteristics; Nymphs have blackish, oval bodies
wilh white, waxy fringe.
Silverleaf and sweetpolalo
whiteflies {Bemisia
argentifolii and B. tabaci)
Host plants: very broad including many fierbaceous and
some woody planis such as cotton, cucurbits, tomatoes,
peppers, lantana. cole crops, and hibiscus
Characteristics; Fourth-instar nymphs have no waxy
filaments or marginal fringe. Adulls have white wings and
yellow body; they hold their wings slightly lilted to surface
or substrate.
Woolly whrtefly
{Aleurothrixus floccosus)
Host plants; citms. eugenia
Characterislics: Nymphs are covered wilh fluffy, waxy
filaments.
Figure 2. Look at empty nymphal cases
to delect parasitism: a healthy adult
whitefly emerged from the T-shaped
hole in the mature nymph on the left,
whereas an adult parasite emerged from
the round hole on the right.
colored lady beelle, Hamionia axyridis,
feed on whiteflies. Whiteflies have a
numbcr of naturally occurring para-
siles lhat can bc very important in con-
trolling some sf>ecies. Encarsia spp.
parasites arc commerdally available
for release in greenhouse situations;
however, they arc nol generally recom-
mended for outdoor u.se because they
are not well adapted for survival in
temperate zones. An exception is the
use of parasite releases for bayberry
whitefly in cilms in southem Califor-
nia. You can evaluate the degree of
natural parasitization in your plants by
checking empty whitefly pupal cases,
rhose that wereparasitized will have
round or oval exit holes and those from
which a heallhy adull whitefly
emerged will have a T-shaped exit hole
(Fig 2) Whitefly nvmphs can some-
times bc checked for parasitization
before emergence bv noting a darken-
ing in their color However, some
whitefly parasiles do not tum hosts
black and many whitefly nymphs that
occur on ornamentals are black in their
unparasitized state.
Avoiding the use of insedicides that
kill natural enemies is a very important
aspect of whitefly managemenl. Prod-
uds containing carbaryL pyrethroids,
diazinon or foliar sprays of imidaclo-
prid can bc particularly dismptive.
Control of dust nnd ants, which protect
whiteflies from their natural enemies,
can also be imp>ortanl, especially in
dims or other trees.
Removal
Hand-removal of leaves heavily in-
fested with the norunobile nymphal
and pupal stages may reduce popula-
tions to levels thai natural enemies can
conlain- Water sprays (syringing) may
also be useful in dislodging adults.
A small, hand-held, battery-operated
vacuum cleaner has also been recom-
mended for vacuuming adults off
leaves. Vacuum in the early morning
or other limes when it is cool and
whiteflies are sluggish Kill vacuumed
insects by placing the vacuum bag in a
pla.slic bag and freezing it ovemight.
Contents may be disposed of the next
day.
Mulches
Aluminum foil or reflective plastic
mulches can repel whileflies, espeaally
away from small plants. Aluminum-
coaled constmdion paper is available
in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum
Company. Alternatively, you can spray
clear plaslic mulch wilh silver paint.
Refledive plastic mulches are also
available in many garden slores-
To put a mulch in your garden, firsl
remove all weeds- Place the mulch on
the plant beds and bury the edges with
soil to hold them down. Afler the
mulch is in place, cut 3- to 4-inch diam-
eler holes and plant several seeds or
single transplants in each one. You
may furrow irrigate or sprinkle your
beds if you use aluminum-coated con-
stmdion paper or other porous mulch;
the mulch is sturdy enough to tolerate
sprinkling. Plaslic mulches will require
drip irrigation. In addition lo repelling
whiteflies, aphids, and leafhoppers, the
mulch will enhance crop growth and
control weeds. Mulches have been
shown to deter the transmission of
vimses in commerdal vegetable crops.
When summertime temperatures get
high, however, remove mulches to
prevent overheating plants.
Traps
In vegetable gardens, yellow sticky
traps can be posted around the garden
to trap adults. Such traps won't elirrvi-
nate damaging populations but may
reduce them somewhat as a compo-
nent of an integrated management
program relying on multiple tacrics.
Whiteflies do not fly very far, so many
traps may be needed. You may need as
many as one trap for every two large
plants, wilh the sticky yellow parf of
the trap level with the whitefly infesta-
tion- Place traps so the sticky side faces
planis but is out of dired sunlight-
Commercial traps are commonly avail-
able, or you can make traps out of
S-^-inch plywood or masonite board,
painted bright yellow and mounted on
pointed wooden slakes that can be
driven into the .soil close to the plants
that are lo be protected. Although com-
mercially available sticky substrates
such as Stickem or Tanglefoot are com-
monlv usod as coalings for the traps,
you might \vant lo try lo make your
September 2002 Whiteflies
own adhesive from one-part pelroleum
jelly or mineral oil and one-part
household detergent. This malerial can
be cleaned off boards easily with soap
and water, whereas a commercial sol-
vent must bc used lo remove the other
adhesives. PeriocLc cleaning is essen-
tial to remove inseds and debris from
the boards and maintain the sticky
surface
Insecticide Sprays
Insediddes have only a limited effect
on whiteflies. Most kill only those
whiteflies that come in dired contad
wilh them. For particularly trouble-
some situations, try insecticidal soap or
an insecticidal oil such as neem oil or
narrow-range oil. Because these prod-
uds only kill whitefly nymphs that are
diredly sprayed, plants must be thor-
oughly covered wilh the spray solu-
tion. Be sure to cover undersides of all
infested leaves; usually these are the
lowest leaves and the mosl difficult to
reach. Use soaps when plants are not
drought-stressed and when tempera-
tures are under 80°F to prevent pos-
sible damage to plants. Avoid using
other pestiddes lo control whiteflies;
nof only do most of them kill nalural
enemies, whiteflies quickly build up
resistance to them, and mosl are not
very effective in garden situations.
REFERENCES
Bellows, T. S., J. N. Kabashima, and
K. Robb- Jan. 2002. Pe.-;( Notes; GiVinf
Whitefly. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric
Nat- Res. Publ. 7400 Al.so available
online at http;/ / www.ipm.ucdavis.
edu / PMG / PESTNOTES / pn740O html
Hint, M. L. 1998. Pesfs of Ihe Garden and
Small Furm. 2nd ed. Oakland; Univ.
Calif. Agric. Nat- Res- Publ- 3332.
For more information contact the University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's ofTice in your county
See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers
AUTHOR; M. L. FlinI
EDITOR: 8 Ohtendorf
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Bnjsh
ILLUSTRATIONS; from M. L. Flint. July
1995. Whiteflies in Catifornia: a Resource for
Cooperative Extension. UC IPM Publ. 19.
Gianl whitefly in Table 2 by 0 H. Hendrick
Produced by IPM Educalion and Publica-
tions. UC Statewide IPM Program. University
of Califomia. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
m
I"i7'ii.;i
uc
UC^IPM REVIEWED
This publication has been arwnymously peer re-
viewed for technical accuracy by University of Caii-
fomia scientists and other qualified professionals.
This review process was managed by the ANR As-
sociate Editor for Pest Managemenl.
To simplify information, trade names of products
have been used. No endorsement of named products
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
that are not mentioned.
This material is partially based upon work supported
by the Extension Service. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d).
Integrated Pest ManagcmenL
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read amS carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations
given on the conlainer label. Store afl chemicals in the original labeled containers in a k>cked cabinet or shed.
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, arxl livestock.
Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drifl onto r^eighborir>g properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either
use the pesticide accordir>g lo the label of take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
Collection site. Conlact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe conlainer
disposal and for the kxration of tfie Household Hazardous Waste CoUection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the contair>ers or dispose of them in such
a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or nalural waterways.
The University ol California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employment wilh the University on the basis of race, color, nationat origin, religion, sex, physical
or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-relaled or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age. sexual orientation, citizonship, of status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era
veteran, or any olher veteran who served on aclive duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been aulhorized). University policy is intended lo be consistcnl with the provisions
of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding lhe University's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director. University ol California. Agnculture and
Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Or . Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096.
• 4 •
WEED MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPES
Integrated Pest Management for Landscape Professionals
and Home Gardeners
Weed managemenl in landscape
plantings is often made difficult by the
complexity of many plantings: usually
more than one species is planted in the
land.scaped area and there is a mix of
annual and perennial ornamentals. The
great variety of ornamental spedes,
soil types, slopes, and mulches creates
the need for a variety of weed manage-
ment options. There are also consider-
ations regarding public concem about
the use of chemicals to control weeds.
The choice of a spedfic weed manage-
ment program depends on the weeds
present and the types of turf or oma-
menlals planted in the area. Because of
the many variables, weeds in land-
scape plantings are controlled by a
combination of nonchcmical and
chemical methods.
Most landscape plantings indude
turfgrass, beddmg plants, herbaceous
perennials, shmbs, and trees- Informa-
tion on integrated pest management
for turfgrass can bc found in UC IPM
Pest Management Guidelines: Turfgrass
(see "References"). Use this publicalion
as a practicai review and guide to
weed management options suited lo
general lypes of landscape plantings.
WEED MANAGEMENT
BEFORE PLANTING
An integrated approach, utilizing sev-
eral options, is the most economical
and effective means of controlling
weeds. Begin your weed management
plan for land.scapes before planting by
following these five basic steps:
1- Site assessment Before soil prepara-
tion and when lhe weeds are visible,
evaluate the soil, mulch, and slope of
the sile. Identify the weed spedes in
the area, wilh particular emphasis on
perennial weeds. The best time to
look for winter annual weeds is mid-
to lale winter; perennials and sum-
mer annuals arc easiest lo identify in
mid- to late summer.
2. Site preparation. The most often over-
looked asf>ed of a landscape mainte-
nance program is site preparation.
Conlrol existing weeds, esp>cdally
pereimial.s, before any grading and
development are started. Glyphosate
(Roundup, etc ) can be used lo kill
existing annual and perennial weeds-
Preplanl treatment with fumigants
(available to licensed pestidde appli-
cators only) or soil solarization can
bc used if time allows; however, 6
weeks are required for solarization
to work and il is most effective when
done during the time of highest sun
radiation—from June to August in
Califomia.
3. Define the type of planting. There are
more weed control options if the
plajiting consists entirely of woody
plants as opposed fo herbaceous
annuals or pereruual plants, or a
mixture of all three.
4. Don't introduce weeds. Weeds are
sometimes introduced in the soil
brought lo the landscape site either
when amending thc soil or in thc
potting mix of transplants-
5- Encourage rapid cstablislitiieiit of de-
sired plants. Use thc besl manage-
ment practices to get the planis
established as quickly as possible so
that they become competitive wilh
weeds and more tolerant of herbi-
ddes applied to the site- Hand-
weeding and keeping weeds from
producing seeds in the landscape
will greatly reduce overall weed
populations.
WEED MANAGEMENT
AFTER PLANTING
When developing a weed management
plan for an existing planting or afler an
installation is in place, consider the
types of plants present and the weeds
present and their life cycles (annual,
biennial, perennial) (Tabic 1).
TABLE 1. Common Weeds in
Landscape Plantings.
Annuals
annual bluegrass
clover (black medic and tnjrdover)
common groundsel +
crabgrass (large and smooth) +
little mallow (cheeseweed)
pigweed (redroot and prostrate)
prickly lettuce
purslane
sovrthislle
spurge (ptostrate and creeping) +
wild barley
wild oat
Biennials
bristly oxtongue +
Perennials
bermudagrass »•
creeping woodsonel +
dandelion
field bindweed *
kikuyugrass
nutsedge (yellow and purple) +
oxalis (creeping woodsorrel and
Bermuda buttercup)
especially troublesome
PEST MOTES Publication 7-441
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001
August 2001 Weed Managemenl in Landscapes
Weed conlrol options in the landscape
include hand-weeding and ailtivation,
mowing, mulching, hof water treat-
ments, and chemical amtrol. All of
these methods are u.sed af one time or
another in landscape maintenance op-
erations (Table 2). Afler elimination by
hand-pulling, cultivation, or a post-
emergent herbicide application, the
subsequent growth of annual weeds
can be discouraged witli mulches and/
or preemergenl herbiddes.
Culttvation and Hand-weeding
Cultivation (hoeing) and hand-
weeding selectively remove weeds
from ornamental plantings. Tiiese
methods are lime-consuming, expen-
sive, and must be repeated frequently
until the plantings become established.
Cullivalion can damage omamentals
with .shallow rools, bring weed seeds
to the soil surface, and propagate pe-
rennial weeds. WTicn cultivating, avoid
deep tilling, as this brings buried weed
.seeds to the soil surface where Ihey are
more likely togemiinale. Perennial
weeds are often spread by cultivation
and should be controlled or removed
by other methods.
Frequent hand-removal of weeds when
they are small and have not yet set
seed will rapidly reduce thc number of
annual weeds. If weeds are scattered at
a sile, hand-w€^ding may bc the pre-
ferred managemenl method. Mand-
TABLE 2- How lo Manage Weeds in Five Types of Landscape Plantings.
Type of planting and comments
Woody Trees and Shrub Beds. Densely stiaded plantings
reduce weeds. F^replant weed control is nol as critical as in other
types of plantings. It is oflen necessary to combine treatments for
complele weed control.
Woody Ground Cover Beds. Woody ground covers should
exclude most weeds; however, weed encroachment during
establishment is likety.
Annual Flower Beds. A dosed canopy will help stiade oul many
weeds. Periodic cultivations (at 3- to 4-week intervals and
between display rotations) will suppress many weeds.
Herbaceous Perennial Beds. Weed management opiions in
herbaceous perennial beds are similar to those for annual
flowers, except (1) it "is more important to eradicate perennial
weeds as there will be no opportunity to cultivate or renovate the
bed for several years: and (2) fewer species are included on
herbicide labels.
Mixed Plantings of Woody and Herbaceous Plants. Weed
managemenl is complex because of the diversity of species.
Different areas of Ihe bed could receive different trealments Sile
preparation is crilical because postplant herbicide choices are
few.
Recommendations
Control perennial weeds before planting (although conlrol may be
possible after planting); use geotextile fabrics wilh a shaltow layer
of mulch or use a Ihick layer of mulch withoul a geotextile base;
use a preemergent herbicide, if needed, and supplement with spol
applications of postemergent herbiddes and/or hand-weeding
Perennial weeds may be conlrolled by manual removal, spot
applicalkins of glyphosate or glufosinate. or. in some instances,
dormant-season applications of preemergent herbicides. Escaped
weeds may be controlled manually or with spot applications of
postemergent herbicides
Control perennial weeds before planting, although perennial
grasses may be seledively controlled after planling with fluazifop
(Fusilade, Omamec). delhodim (Envoy), or olher selective grass
herbicides. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulch plus a
preemergent herbicide, supplemented with some hand-weeding-
Use geotextiles where possible but do not usa Ihem where ground
covers are expected to root and spread. Afler planting, it is difficult
to make spot applications of nonselective herbicides without
injuring desirable plants. Postemergent control of mosl annual and
perennial grasses is possible.
Control perennial weeds before planfing and carefully seled flower
species for weed management compatibility. Annual weeds may be
conlrolled with mulches, preemergenl herbicides, frequent
cultivation, and/or hand-weeding. Perennial grasses can be
selectively controlled with clethodim or fluazifop. or other grass-
selective hert>icides. txjl other perennial weeds cannot be
selectively controlled after planting. Geotextiles generally are not
useful because of the short-term nature of the planling Avoid
nonselective herbicides after planting.
Conlrol perennial weeds before planting: use geolexfiles where
possible; use mulches wilh a preemergenl herbicide: and
supplement with hand-weeding
Planl Ihe woody spedes firsl; control perennial weeds in Ihe firsl
two growing seasons. Ihen introduce the herbaceous species.
Planl close together to shade the enlire area Another option may
be lo define use-areas wilhin Ihe bed lhal will receive similar weed
managemenl programs.
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
weeding can be time consuming and
costly but should bc included in all
weed management programs lo keep
weeds from seeding.
Young weeds in open areas al.so can be
controlled with small flaming units.
Propane burners are available to rap-
idly pass over young weeds to kill
ihem. A quick pass over the plant is all
that is necessary; do nol bum the weed
lo the ground- Flaming is more effec-
five on broadleaf weeds than gra.sses.
Be careful not to flame over dry veg-
etation and dry wood chips or near
buildings and other flammable materi-
als, and don't get the flame near de-
sired plants.
Thc top growth of older weeds can be
controlled by using a string trimmer.
Annual broadleaf weeds are more ef-
fectively controlled than annual
gra.sses becau.se the growing points of
grasses are usually below ground. Pe-
rennial weeds regrow rapidly after
using a string trimmer. Bc careful not
to girdle and kill desirable shmbs and
trees with repeated use of a string
trimmer.
Mowing
Mowing can bc used to prevent thc
formation and spread of weed seeds
from many broadleaf weeds into culti-
vated areas by cutting off flower heads.
However, weeds that flower lower
than the mowing blade are nol con-
trolled. Repeated mowing tends to
favor the establishment of gras.ses and
low-growing percrmial weeds. Mow-
ing of some ground covers can rejuve-
nate them and make them more
competitive against weeds-
Mniches
A mulc-h is any material placed on thc
.soil lo cover and protect it Mulches
suppress annual weeds by limiting
light required for weed establishment-
Many lypes of landscape mulches are
available. Thc mosl common arc bark
and other wood producis and biack
plaslic or cloth materials Other prod-
ucts thai are used include paper, yard
composl, hulls from nuts (pecans) or
cereals (rice), municipal composts,
and siones.
Organic mulches uidude wciod chips,
sawdust, yard waste (leaves, clipH
pings, and wood products), and hard-
wood or softwood bark chif>s or
nuggets. Bark chips are moderate-
sized particles ('/§ to 1^4 inch) and have
moderate lo good stability, while bark
nuggets are larger in size {'A lo 2'A
inches) and have excellent stability
over time. These materials can be used
m landscape beds containing herba-
ceous or woody ornamentals.
The thickness or depth of a mulch
necessary lo adequately suppress
weed growth depends on the mulch
type and the weed pressure. TTic
larger the particle size of thc muldi,
the greater the depth required to ex-
clude all light from the soil surface.
Coarse-lcxturcd mulches can be ap-
plied up to 4 inches deep and provide
long-term weed control Fine-textured
mulches pack more tightly and should
only be applied to a depth of about 2
inches If the mulch is loo decom-
posed. It may serve better as a weed
propagation medium rather than a
means of prevention. Plan to periodi-
cally replenish limdscape mulches,
regardless of partide size, because of
decomposition, movement, or settling.
If seedlings germinate in mulches, a
light rakmg, hoeing, or hand-weeding
will remove the young weeds.
Inorganic mulches, which include
both natural and synthetic produds,
are generally more expensive and less
widely used in the landscape. Natural
inorganic mulches are stable over time
and include materials such as sand,
gravel, or pebbles. Most of these prod-
ucts are used in public and commer-
cial plantings. If using a rock mulch,
consider pladng a land.scape fabric
underneath it. The fabric creates a
layer between the mulch and soil,
preventing rock pieces from sinking
into the soil The fabric prevents soil
from moving above thc rock layer,
which would bring weed seed to the
surf.ice
Black plastic (solid polyethylene) can
be used undemeath mulches lo im-
prove weed control. It provides excel-
lent control of annual weeds and
suppresses perennial weeds, but lacks
porosity and restricts air and waler
movement. For this reason, black plas-
tic may not be the preferred long-term
weed control method in landscape
beds.
Synthetic mutches, which are manu-
factured materials that are called
geotextile or landscape fabrics, have
been developed to replace black plastic
in the landscape. Geotexliles are
porous and allow wafer and air to pass
through them, overcoming the major
disadvantage of black plastic. Al-
though these materials are relatively
expensive and time-consuming lo in-
stall, they become cosl-effedive if the
planting is lo remain in place for 4 or
more years. Geotextiles arc used
mairdy for long-term weed control in
woody omamental trees and shrubs.
Geotextiles should not be used where
the area is to be replanted periodically,
such as in annual flower beds or in
areas where the fabric would inhibit
the rooting and spread of ground cov-
ers. Tree and shrxib roots can penetrate
the materials and if thc material is re-
moved, damage can occur to the
plant's root system. This might be a .
concern if a fabric has been in place
longer than 5 years. At least one
geotextile fabric (BioBarrier) has an
herbicide encapsulated in nodules on
the fabric that reduces root penetration
problems.
Pladng a landscapn; fabric under mulch
results in grealer weed control than
mulch used alone There are differ-
ences III the weed-controlling abilily
among the geotextiles; fabrics that are
ihin, lightweight, or have an open
mesh allow for greater weed penetra-
tion than more closely woven or non-
woven fabrics
fo install a landscape fabric, vou can
plant first and then install Ihe fabric
afterwards using U-shaped nails lo peg
it down After laying thc cloth dose lo
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
the ground, cul an "X" over the plant
and pull it through the cloth. If laying
down a fabric before planting, cut an
"X" through the fabric and dig a plant-
ing hole. Avoid leaving soil from the
planting hole on top of the fabric be-
cause this could put weed seeds above
the material. Fold the "X" back down
to keep the geotextile sheet as continu-
ous as possible. Weeds will grow
through any gap in thc landscape fat>-
ric, so It is important to overlap pieces
of fabric and tack them down tightly.
Apply a shallow mulch layer (about 1
inch deep) to thoroughly cover the
fabric and prevent photodegradalion.
If weeds grow into or ihrough the
geotextile, remove them when lhey are
small to prevent them from creating
holes in the fabric. Maintain a weed-
free mulch layer on top of the fabric by
hand-weeding or by applying herbi-
ddes. Use of a rock mulch above a
landscape fabric can have greater weed
control than fabric plus organic mulch
combinations.
Yellow nutsedge grows through all
geotextiles but some fabrics are better
al suppressing yellow nutsedge than
others (for more information, sec Pest
Notes: Nutsedge, listed in "References").
Problems with Organic and Natural
Inorganic Mulches. There are several
problems associated wilh lhe use of
organic and inorganic mulches, f-'eren-
nial weeds such as field bindweed and
nutsedges often have suffident root
reserves lo enable them lo penelrate
even thick layers of mulches. Some
annual weeds will grow through
mulches, while olhers may germinate
on top of them as they decompose.
Weeds that arc a particular problem
arc those thai have windbome seeds
such as common groundsel, prickly
lettuce, and common sowthistle. Ap-
plying mulches at depths of grealer
than 4 inches may injure plants by
keeping the soil too wet and limiting
oxygen to tlie plant's roots Disease
incidence, such as root or stem rot,
may increase when deep mulches are
maintained
When mulches are too fine, applied too
thickly, or begin lo decompose, lhey
stay wet between rains and allow
weeds to germinate and grow directly
in the mulch. For best weed control,
use a coarse-textured mulch with a low
waler-holding capacity. When used
alone, mulches rarely provide 100%
weed conlrol. To improve the level of
weed conlrol, apply preemergent her-
biddes at the same time as the mulch
(see Table 3). Supplemental hand-
weeding or spot spraying may also be
needed.
Avoid mulches with a pH less than 4
or that have an "off odor" such as aim-
monia, vinegar, or rotten egg smell.
These mulches were stored incorrectly
and contain chemical compounds that
may injure planis, especially herba-
ceous planis.
If using a composted mulch, tempera-
tures achieved during the composting
process should have killed most weed
seeds. However, if the compost was
stored uncovered in the open, weed
seeds may have been blown onto the
mulch. Be sure the mulch is nol con-
taminated wilh weed seeds or other
propagules such as nutsedge tubers.
Hot Water or
Steam Treatments
T here are several machines currently
available thai use hot water or steam to
kill weeds These machines are most
effective on very young annual weeds
or perennials that have recently
emerged from seeds The effed is simi-
lar to that of a nonseledive, post-
emergent herbidde Hot water and
steam are not very effective on fjcrcn-
nial weeds with established storage
organs, such as rhizomes and bulbs,
nor do they control woody plants. In
general, broadleaf v\'eeds are more
easily conlrolled by this method than
grasses. The equipment is expensive to
purdiase nnd maintain, so these ma-
chines are not appropriate for home
use However, cc>mmercial landscap-
ers may find ihem u.seful in certain
situations where the use of herbicides
IS nol desired such as when line-
marking playing fields, in plav-
ground.s, around woody plants, for
edging, and for weeds growing along
fence Imes. Some brands of equipmenf
travel slowly (about 2 mile/hour) and
are probably not cost-effective for
weed control along roadsides. Because
these methods employ boiling water or
steam, workers must be adequately
trained in thc use of the machines to
prevent severe bums.
Herbicides for
Landscape Plantings
Herbiddes have been effedively used
in many types of landscape plantings
and are most often integrated with the
cultural practices discussed above.
Generally, home gardeners should nol
need to apply herbicides to existmg
landscape plantings- Hand-weeding
and muldving should provide suffi-
dent control and avoid hazards to de-
sirable plants assodated with herbidde
use- Many herbicides listed here are for
use by professional landscape pest
managers and are not available to
home gardeners To determine which
herbidde(s) are in a product, look at
the active ingredients on the label-
Preemergenl Herbiddes. When weeds
have been removed from an area,
preemergenl herbiades can then be
applied lo prevent thc germination or
survival of weed seedlings- Preemer-
gent herbiddes must be applied before
the weed seedlings emerge- Examples
of preemergent herbiddes include:
DCPA (Dacthal), dithiopyr (Dimen-
sion), isoxaben (Gallery), melolachlor
(Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol),
oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Stopper),
oxadiazon (Ronstar), oxyfluorfen
(Goal), pendimethalin (Pendulum, Pre-
M), and prodiamine (Barricade)-
DCPA, dithiopyr, oryzalin, napro-
pamide, pendimethalin, and prodia-
mine conlrf>l annual grasses and many
broadleaf weeds and can be used
safely around many woody and herba-
ceous ornamentals Melolachlor has
become popular because it conirols
yellow nulsedge as well as mosl an-
• 4 •
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
nual grasses Isoxaben is used for con-
trol of broadleaf weeds.
Timing of a preemergent herbicide
application is determined by when thc
target weed germinates, or by when
the weed is in the stage thaf is most
sensitive to thc herbidde. In general,
lale summer/early fall applications of
preemergent herbicides are used to
control winter annuals, while late win-
ter/early spring applications are used
to control summer annuals and seed-
lings of perennial weeds. If heavy rain-
fal! occurs after preemergent herbidde
application or if a short residual prod-
uct was applied, a second preemergent
herbidde application may be needed-
Generally, herbiddes degrade faster
under wet, warm conditions than un-
der dry, cool conditions-
No cultivation should occur after an
application of oxyfluorfen; however,
shallow cultivation (1 lo 2 inches) will
nol harm napropamide, pendimeth-
alin, or oryzalin- Also, soil lype and pH
can affect the activity of some herbi-
ddes. Use the information contained in
herbidde labels and from your local
county Cooperative Extension office lo
determine the tolerance of an ornamen-
tal plant species to a given herbidde.
Match herbiddes vvitli weeds present,
and consider using herbidde combina-
tions. Combinations of herbicides in-
crease the spectmm of weeds con-
trolled and provide effective control of
grasses and many broadleaf weeds.
Commonly used combinations include
tank mixes of the materials listed
above or isoxaben/trifluralin (Snap-
shot), oryzalin/benefin (XL), oxyflu-
orfen/oryzalin (Roul), and oxyflu-
orfen/ pendimethalin (Omamental
Herbidde 11). Check the label to deler-
mine which omamental species the
material can safely be used around and
which species of weeds arc controlled.
Postemergent Herbicides. When
weeds escape preemergent herbicides
or geotextile fabrics, poslemcrgent
herbicides can be used to control estab-
lished weeds Poslemcrgent herbicides
control existing plants only and do nol
give residual weed control- Their pri-
mary function is to control young an-
nual spedes, but they are also used to
control perennial spedcs- Clethodim
and fluazifop selectively control most
annual and perennial grasses. Glufo-
sinate (Finale), diquat (Reward), and
pelargonic add (Scythe) are nonselec-
tive, contad herbiddes that kill or in-
jure any vegetation they contad. They
kill annual weeds, but dnly "burn off"
the tops of perennial weeds. Glypho-
sate (Roundup Pro and others) is a
systemic herbidde It is translocated to
the roots and growing points of ma-
ture, rapidly growing plants and kills
the entuc plant- It is effedive on most
annual and perennial wetxls.
Mulch and Herbicide Placement. Thc
placement of an herbicide in relation to
an organic mulch can affect the herb-
icide's performance. Additionally, the
characteristics of organic mulches can
affect how herbicides work. A mulch
that primarily consists of fine particles
can reduce the availability of some
herbiddes. The finer the organic mate-
rial (compost or manure, compared to
bark), the greater Ihe binding of the
herbidde. Mosl herbiddes arc tightly
bound by organic matter, and while
thc binding minimizes leaching, it can
also minimize an herbidde's activity.
Mulch that is made up of coarse par-
ticles will have little effect on herbiadc
activity.
Another important fador is the depth
of the mulch. An herbicide applied on
top of a thm mulch may be able to
leach through to where the weed seeds
are germinating, but when applied to
lhe top of a thick layer of mulch it may
not get down fo the zone of weed seed
germination. Products like oxadiazon
(Ronstar) and oxyfluorfen (Coal) lhat
require a continuous surface layer
must be placed on the soil surface un-
der the mulch. Suggestions for use of
mulch with herbiddes are given in
Table 3.
Avoiding Herbicide Injury. Because of
the close proximity of many different
spedes of plants in the landscape,
herbidde injury may occur, resulting
in visual plant damage. Herbidde in-
jury symptoms vary according to plant
species and the herbidde and can in-
dude yellowing (chlorosis), bleaching,
root stunting, dislorted growth, and
the death of leaves. Granular formula-
tions of preemergent herbiddes are
less likely to cause injury lhan spray-
able formulations. Using a granular
formulation reduces the potential for
foliar uptake, but granules of oxadi-
azon (Konstar) or oxyfluorfen (Goal)
mixtures will injure plants if they col-
lect in the base of leaves or adhere to
TABLE 3- Suggestions for Placement of Herbicide wilh an Organic Mutch.
Herbicide Applicalion
Devrinol (napropamide) under the mulch
Gallery (isoxaben) t>est under Ihe mulch, moderate conlrol
wtien applied on lop of mulch
OHII (pendimethalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well both under or over mulch
Pennant (melolachlor) under Ihe mulch
Ronstar (oxadiazon) over the mulch
Rout (oryzalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well bolh under or over mulch
Surflan (oryzalin) best under Ihe mulch bul provides some
control when applied on top of mulch
Surflan plus Gallery under the mulch bul will give a fair
amount of conlrol even when applied on
lop ol mulch
Treflan (trifluralin) under the mulch
XL (oryzalin/benefin) under Ihe mulch
August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes
wcl leaves. Apply nonselective herbi-
ddes such as diquat, pelargonic add,
or glyphosate with low pressure and
large droplets on a calm day. U.se
shielded sprayers when making appli-
cations around ornamentals to avoid
contact with nontarget plants.
Herbidde injury to established plants
from soil-applied chemicals is often
lemporary bul can cause serious
growth inhibition to newly planted
ornamentals. Herbiddes that contain
oryzalin or isoxaben are more likelv to
cause this injury- Injury may result
when persistent herbicides are applied
lo surrounding areas for weed control
in lurf, agronomic crops, or complete
vegetative control under pavement.
Adivated charcoal incorporated into
the soil may adsorb the herbicide and
minimize injury. Usually it just takes
time for herbidde residues to com-
pletely degrade. To speed degradation,
supplement the organic content of the
soil and keep it moisl bul not wet dur-
ing periods of warm weather-
COMPILED FROM:
Derr, J- F. ct al- Feb 1997- Weed Man-
agement in Landscape and Nursery
Planfings, from Weed Management
and Horticulhiral Crops. WSSA/ASHS
Symposium.
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S. H. 1992. Pests of landscape
Trees and Shrubs. Oakland; Univ. Calif.
Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 3359.
Fischer, B. B., ed- 1998- Grower's Weed
Identification Handbook. Oakland: Univ.
Calif. Agric Nat. Res- Publ- 4030.
UC Statewide 1PM Projed. Pest Notes
series: Annual Bluegrass. Bermuda-
grass. Common Knotweed Common
Purslane. Crabgrass. Creeping
Woodsorrel/Bcrmuda Buttercup. Dande-
lion. Dodder. Field Bindweed. Green
Kyllinga- Kikuyugrass. Mistletoe. Nut-
.sedge. Poison Oak. Plantains. Russian
Thislle. Spotted Spurge. Wild Blackber-
ries- Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nal. Rcs.
Also available online al http; / /
www-ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/
selectnewpest.home html
UC Statewide 1PM Project. UC IPM Pest
Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oak-
land; Univ- Cahf. Agnc Nat. Rcs. Publ.
3365-T- Also available online al http:/ /
www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/
selectnewpest.lurfgrass.html
For more information contad the University
of Califomia Cooperafive Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone t>ook for addresses and
phone numbers-
AUTHOR: C A Wiien and C L Elmore
EDITOR: B Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M L. FlinI
DESIGN ANO PRODUCTION: M. Brush
Produced by 1PM Educatkin and Publica-
tions. UC Statewide IPM Project. University
of California, Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http;//vinvw.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
• r.M.. PEERlTii
uc Y IPM REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymousty peer
reviewed for technical accuracy by University of
California scientists and olher qualified profes-
sionals. This review process was managed by the
ANR Associale Editor tor Pest f»/lanagement.
To simplify information, trade names of producis
have been used. No endorsement of named products
is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products
thai are not mentioned.
This malerial is partially based upon work
supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department
ot Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d).
Integrated Pest Management.
WARNING ON TH€ USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are pwisonous. Always read ar>d carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations
given on the conlainer label. Slore all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a tocked cabinel or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of chikJren. unautfuxized persons, pets, and livestock.
Confine chemicals lo the property being treated. Avoid drifl onto neighborir>g properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetat>les ready to be picked-
Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either
use the pesticide according to the label or lake unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste
Collection site. Contacl your county agricultural convnissioner for additional informaiion on safe container
disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by loltov«ng label directions. Never reuse or bum the containers or dispose of them in such
a manner lhal they may contaminale waler suppfies or natural waterways.
The University of Califomia prohibits discrimination againsl or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employment with Ihe University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical
or menial disability, medical condition (cancer-relaled or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age. sexual orientation, cilizenship, of status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran who sensed on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consislent with the provisions
of applicable Slate and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be
directed to Ihe Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director. University of California. Agriculture and
Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr.. Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096.
• 6 •
TERMITES
Integrated Pest Management in and around tfie Home
Termites are small, white, tan, or black
insects lhal can cause severe destmc-
tion to wooden stmctures. Termites
belong to the insect order l.soptera, an
ancient insed group that dates back
more than 100 million years. The Latin
name Isoplera means "equal wing"
and Prefers lo the fact that the front sel
of wings on a reproductive termite is
similar in size and shape to the hind
set.
Although many people think termites
have only negative impacts, in nature
they make many positive contributions
to the world's ecosystems. Their great-
est contribution is the role they play in
recycling wood and plant material.
Their tunneling efforts also help to
ensure that soils are porous, contain
nutrients, and are healthy enough lo
support planl growlh. Termites are
very important in the Sahara Desert
where their activity helps lo reclaim
soils damaged by drying heat and
wind and the overgrazing by livestock.
Termite's become a problem when they
consume structural lumber. Each year
thou.sands of housing unils in the
United States require treatment for the
conlrol of termites. Termites may also
damage utility poles and other wooden
Ant
Wings flf
present) tiave
few veins. Hind
wings are
smaller than
lioni wings.
worker soldier winged reproductive
Subterranean Termite
soldier
Pacific Dampwood Termite
soldiei leprodurtive
Drywood Termite
Figure 1. Subterranean, drywood, and dampwood lermites.
stmctures. Termite pests in California
include drywood, dampwood, and
subterranean spedes. These pests
cause serious damage to wooden stmc-
tures and posts and may also attack
stored food, books, and household
furniture
IDENTIFICATION
Termites are sodal and can form large
nests or colonics, consisting of very
different looking individuals (castes)-
Termite
Wings (if preseni)
tiave many small vems-
Fronl and Wnd wings are
same size.
Figure 2. Distinguishing features of ants and termites.
Physically the largest individual is the
queen- Her function is lo lay eggs,
sometimes thousands in a single day. A
king is always by her side. Other indi-
viduals have large heads with powerful
jaws, or a bulblikc head thaf squirts
liquid- 'lliese individuals are called
soldiers- But the largest group of ter-
mites in a colony is the workers- They
toil long hours tending the queen,
building the nest, or gathering food.
While other spedes of social insecls
have workers, termites are unique
among insects in that workers can be
male or female. Surprisingly, termites
can be long-lived: queens and kings
can live for decades while individual
workers can survive for several years.
Signs of termite infestation include
swarming of winged forms in fall and
spring and evidence of tunneling in
wood. Diirkening or blistering of
wooden stmctural members is another
indication of an infestation, wood in
PEST NOTES
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources
Publication 741 5
Revised May 2001
May 2001 Termites
damaged areas is Upically thin and
easily punctured with a knife or screw-
driver.
There arc more than 2,500 diffcreni
types of tennites in the world and al
least 17 different types of termites in
Califomia. However, mosl of this di-
versity can bc lumped into four dis-
lind groups: dampwood, drywood,
subterranean, and mound builders.
Mound builders do not occur in North
America, but the other three species do
(Fig. 1). Dampwood lermiles are very
limited in their distributi<m: most spe-
des arc found only in California and
the Pacific Northwest. Dampwood
termiles derive their name from the
fact that they live and feed in very
moist wood, especially in stumps and
fallen trees on the forest floor.
Drywood termites arc common on
most continents and can survive in
very dry conditions, even in dead
wood in de5;erts. They do not require
conlact with moisture or soil. Subterra-
nean termites are very numerous in
many parts of the world and live and
breed in soil, sometimes many feel
deep. Lastly, the mound builders are
capable of building earthen towers 25
feet or more in height. Mounds may bc
located either in the soil or in trees, and
where they occur in Africa, Australia,
Southeast Asia, and parts of South
America, they are very noticeable and
remarkable.
Termites are sometimes confused with
winged forms of ants, which also leave
their underground nests in large num-
bers to establish new colonies and
swarm in a manner similar to that of
rcprodudive stages of termites. How-
ever, anls and termites can t>c distin-
guished by checking three features;
antennae, wings, and waist (Fig. 2)
Dampwood Tennites
Dampwood termites arc fairly com-
mon in cenlral and northern coastal
areas in California They nesl in wood
buried in the ground, although contact
with the ground is not necessar)' when
infested wood is high in moisture Bc-
c.Tuse of their high moisture require-
ments, dampwood termites most oflen
.ire found in cool, humid areas along
the coast and arc l\pical pests of beach
houses. Winged reproductives typically
swarm between Julv and October, but it
is not unusual to see them at other
times of the year. Dampwood termite
winged reproductives (sometimes
called swarmers) are attracted to lights.
Dampwood termites produce distinc-
tive fecal pellets that are rounded at
both ends, elongate, and lack the clear
longitudmal ridges common to
drywood termite pellets (Fig. 3). Final
confirmation of pellet identificalion
may require help from an expert.
The Nevada dampwood termite,
Zootermopsis nevadensis, occurs in the
higher, drier mountairvous areas of the
Sierras where il is an occasional pest in
mountain cabins and other forest stmc-
tures, it also occurs along the northem
Califomia coast. The Padfic dampwood
tcrmile, Zootermopsis an<^sticollis, is
almost one inch long, making it the
largest of the termites occurring in Cali-
fomia. Winged reproductives are dark
brown with brown wings. Soldiers
have a flattened brown or yellowish
brown head with elongated black or
dark brown mandibles. Nymphs are
cream colored with a diaracterisiic
spotted abdominal pattern caused by
food in their intestines Nevada
dampwood termites are slightly smaller
and darker lhan the Pacific species;
reproductives are about Yt inch long.
Drywood Tennites
Drywood termites infest dr\', unde-
cayed wood, including structural lum-
ber as well as dead limbs of native trees
and shade and orchard trees, utility
poles, posts, and lumber in storagC-
From these areas, winged reproduc-
tives seasonally migrate to nearby
buildings and other structures usually
on sunny days during fall months-
Drywood termites are most prevalent
in southern California (including the
desert areas), bul also occur along most
coastal regions and in the Central
Valley.
Drvwood termites have a low moisture
rei.|uiremonl and can tolerate dr^' condi-
tions for prolonged periods, l hey re-
main entirely above ground .ind do not
connect their nests to thc soil Piles of
iheir fecal pellets, which are distinctive
in appearance, may be a clue to iheir
presence. The fecal pellets arc elongate
(about ^/loo inch long) wilh rounded
ends and have six flattened or roundly
depressed surfaces separated by six
longitudinal ridges (see Hig. 3). They
vary considerably in color, but appear
granular and salt and pepperlike in
color and appearance.
Winged adulls of westem drywood
termites (Incisitennes minor) are dark
brown with smoky black wings and
have a reddish brown head and thorax;
wing veins are black. These inseds are
noticeably larger lhan subterranean
termites.
Subterranean Termites
Subterranean termiles require moist
environments. To satisfy this need,
lhey usually nest in or near the soil and
maintain some connedion with the soil
through tunnels in wood or through
.shelter tubes they constmct (Pig. 4).
These shelter tubes are made of soil
with bits of wood or even plasterboard
(drywall). Much of thc damage they
cause occurs in foundation and strac-
tural support wood Because of thc
moisture requirements of subterranean
termites, they are often found in wood
that has wood rot
Thc westem subterranean termite,
Reticulitermes hesperus, is thc most de-
structive termite found in California-
Reproductive winged forms of subter-
ranean termites are dark brown lo
brownish black, with brownish gray
wingS- On warm, sunny days follow-
dampwood
termite
Figure 3. Fecal pellets of drywood and
dampvvood termites.
May 2001 Termites
-41—
exploratory tubes drop tubes
Figure 4. Subterranean termites constmct three lypes of tubes or tunnels. Working
tubes (left) are constructed from nesls in the soil to wooden structures; they may
travel up concrete or slone foundations. Exploratory and migratory tubes (center)
arise from the soil bul do nol conned lo wood structures. Drop tubes (right) extend
from wooden structures back lo the soil-
ing fall or sometimes spring rains,
swarms of reproductives may be scen-
Soldiers are wingless with white bod-
ies and pale yellow heads Their long,
narrow heads have no cyes- Workers
are slightly smaller than reprodudives,
wingless, and have a shorter head lhan
soldiers; their color is similar to thaf of
soldiers. In the desert areas of Califor-
nia, Heterotermes aureus, is the most
destmctive spedes of subterranean
temiites. Another destmctive spedes
in this group, the Formosan subterra-
nean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, is
now in Califomia but restricted to a
small area near San Dicgo Unlike the
western subterranean Icmiite,
Formosan subterranean termites
-vwarm al dusk and are attraded to
lighls.
LIFE CYCLE
Most termite spedes swarm in late
summer or fall, although spring
swarms are not uncommon for subter-
ranean and drywood termites. New
kings and queens are winged during
iheir early adult life but lo.se their
wings after dispersing from their origi-
nal colony. An infestation begins when
a mated pair finds a suitable nesting
sife near or in wood and constmcts a
small chamber, which they enter and
seal. Soon afterward, the female begins
egg laving, and both the king and
queen feed the voung on predigested
food until they are able to feed them-
selves. Most species of termiles have
microscopic, one-celled animals called
protozoa within their intestines that
help in converting wood (cellulose)
into food for the colony.
Once workers and nymphs are pro-
duced, the king and queen are fed by
the workers and cease feeding on
wood- Termites go through incomplete
metamorphosis with egg, nymph, and
adult stages- Nymphs resemble adulls
but arc smaller and are the most nu-
merous slage in the colony. They also
groom and feed one another and other
colony members
MANAGEMENT
Successful lermite management re-
quires many special skills, induding a
working kr>o\vledgc of building con-
slmdion- An understanding of termite
biology and identification can help a
homeowner detect problems and un-
derstand methods of conlrol. In most
cases It is advisable to hire a profes-
sional pest control company to carry
oul the inspection and control
program.
Management techniques vary depend-
ing on the species causing an infesta-
tion. Multiple colonies of the same
species of termite or more than one
spedes uf lermite can infest a building
(Fig. 5). Any of these Vcu-iablcs will
influence your control approach. Sub-
terranean, and less frequently,
dampwood termites can have nests at
or near ground level, so control meth-
ods for these can bc similar. However,
drywood termiles nest aboveground,
therefore the approach for eliminating
them is unique.
Use an integrated program to manage
termites. Combine methods such as
modifying habitats, exduding termites
from thc building by physical and
chemical means, and using mecham'cal
and chemical methods fo destroy exist-
ing colonies
Inspection
Before beginning a control program,
thoroughly inspect the building. Verify
that there are termites, identify them,
and assess the extent of therr infesta-
tion and damage Look for condilions
within and around the building that
promote termite attack, such as exces-
sive moisture or wood in contact with
thc .soil Because locating and identify-
ing termite spedes is nol always easy,
it may be advisable to have a profes-
sional condud the insfiection.
Figure 5. Subterranean termite colony wilh multiple nesting sites.
May 2001 Termiles
Table 1. Relative Resistance of Lumber to Termites'
Moderately or Slighlly resislanl or
very resislanl Moderately resistant nonresistant
Arizona cypress bald cypress (young growth) alder
bald cypress (old growrth) Douglas fir ashes
black cherry eastem white pine aspens
black kicust honey locust basswood
black walnut toblolly pine beech
bur oak longleaf pine tiirches
catalpa shortleaf pine black oak
cedars swamp chestnut oak butlemut
cheslnut tamarack cottonwood
chestnut oak westem larch elms
gambel oak hemlocks
junipers hickories
mesquite maples
Oregon white oak pines
osage orange poplars
Pacific yew red oak
post oak spmces
red mulberry true firs
redwood
sassafras
white oak
Adapted from: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Malerial USDA Agriculture
Handbook No 72.
' The heartwood of the tree offers the greatest resistance lo termite allack.
Prevention
Building design may contribute to
lermite invasion- Keep all substmctura!
wood al least 12 inches above the soil
beneath the building. Identify and
corred other structural defidendes
that attract or promote termite infesta-
tions. Stucco siding lhat reaches the
ground promotes lem-vite infestations.
Keep attic and foundation areas well
ventilated and dry. Use screening over
attic vents and seal olher openings,
such as knotholes and cracks, to dis-
courage the entry of winged drywood
termites. Although screening of foun-
dation vents or sealing other openings
into the substrudure helps block the
entry of termiles, these procedures
may interfere wilh adequale ventila-
tion and increase moisture problems,
especially if a very fine mesh is used in
the screening. Inspecl utility and .ser-
vice boxes attached fo the building to
sec that lhey are sealed and do nol
provide shelter or a poinl of entry for
lermiles Reduce chances of infestation
by removing or protecting any wood in
conlact wilh the soil. Inspect porches
and other structural or foundation
wood for signs of termites- Look for
and remove tree stumps, stored lum-
ber, untreated fence posts, and buried
scrap wood near the structure that may
attract termites- Consult your local dty
building codes before beginning re-
pairs or modifications-
Recenl research has proved the effec-
tiveness of foundation sand barriers for
subterranean termite control. Sand
with particle sizes in the range of 10 to
16 mesh is used to replace soil around
the foundation of a building and some-
times in the crawl space. Subterranean
termites are unable to conslmct their
tunnels ihrough the sand and therefore
cannot invade wooden stmctures rest-
ing on the foundation. Stainless steel
screening may also be available soon as
a physical barrier for sublerranean
termites.
Repladng Lumber in Stmctures.
Structural lumber in buildings is usu-
ally Douglas fir, hemlock or spmce Of
these materials, Douglas fir is moder-
ately resistant to termites, whereas the
other two are not (Table 1) l umber
used in foundations and other wood in
contact with the .soil may be chemically
treated lo help prolecl againsl tcrmile
damage in areas where building de-
signs must be altered or concrele can-
not be used-
Thc most effective method of chemi-
cally treating wood is tiuough pressure
treatment- Chemicals currently used in
pressurized treatments include
chromated copper arsenate (CCA),
ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate
(ACZA), disodium octoborate
tetrahydrale (DOT), and woLman salts
(sodium fluoride, potassium bichro-
mate, sodium chromate, and dinitro-
phenol). Wood containing CCA is
tinted green and ACZA is brownish.
DOT (borate) is dear in appearance on
the wood surface when used al lab>eled
amounts. Borates are gaining in popu-
lar usage because of their low mamma-
lian toxidty.
Many of the chemicals used in pressur-
ized lumber can also be applied topi-
cally to the wood by bm.shing or
spraying it on. Pressure treatment is
preferred over topical application be-
cause the chemical penetrates the lum-
ber much deeper ('/4 to '/2 inch) than it
does when applied by brush or spray.
Some of the more p>orous lumbers such
as the southem yellow pines (loblolly-
Pinus taeda; longleaf-P. palusiris; and
shortleaf-P. echinala) may be com-
pletely penetrated by the chemical
during the pressurized process. Topical
applications are mosl effecfive when
used as spot treatnienls on pressure-
treated lumber lo treat newly exposed
wood when the lumber is cut and
drilled during construction
Pressure-treated lumber is toxic to
termites and discourages new kings
and queens from establishing colonies
in il. If susceptible wood is used above
the treated wood, however, subterra-
nean termites can build their shelter
tubes over chemically treated wood
and infest untreated wood above-
Use only "exterior grade" pressure-
treated luniber for areas th.Tt are ex-
posed to weather; olhenvise the
chemical in the lumber mav leach from
• 4 •
May 2001 Termites
the wood. All topical treatments, espe-
aally borates, lhat will be exposed lo
weather, must also have a sealer coat
to prevent leaching into the .soil follovv-
ing rain. Because lhey contain pesti-
cides, disposal of treated lumber
requires special handling. For more
information on proper disposal of
treated lumber, conlact your local
Household Hazardous Waste Collec-
tion site For the site nearest you, call
1-800-253-2687.
Treating Lumber in Structures. Treat-
ing infested lumber in a stmcture re-
quires drilling and injeding chemicals
into the wood lo reach the colony.
Because of toxicity and complexity of
use, mosl wood preservatives lhat are
applied to wood in a slructure are
professional-use only.
Controlling Drywood Termites
Drywood termite colonies are usually
small and difficult lo detect. Treat-
ments for this pesl include whole-
stmcturc applications of fumigants or
heat and localized or spol treatments
of chemicals or treatments that use
heat, freezing, microwaves, or electric-
ity. Techniques to prevent infestations
of this spedes include the use of
chemicals, pressure-treated wood,
barrier.s, and resistant woods. For more
details on these control methods and
their effectiveness, sec Pest Notes:
Drywood Termites, listed in "Compiled
From."
Controlling Subterranean and
Dampwood Termites
Subterranean and dampwood termites
in stmctures cannot be adequatelv
controlled by fumigation, heat treat-
ment, freezing, or termite electrocution
devices because iJic reproductives and
nymphs arc concentrated in nests near
or below ground level in stmctures oul
of reach of these control methods. Thc
primary methods of controlling tiiese
termites arc the applicalion of insecti-
ddes or bailing programs
Use uf insecticides or baits should be
supplemented wilh die destruction of
their access points or nests. To facilitate
conlrol of subterranean termiles, tie-
st rov llieir shelter tubes whenever pos-
sible to interrupt access to wooden
subslmclures and lo open colonies to
attack from natural enemies such as
ants. For dampwood termiles, if infes-
tations are small, destroy accessible
nests by removing infested wood. Re-
moving excess moisture from wood
will also destroy dampwood termite
nests
Insecliddes. Insediddes are applied lo
the soil either in drenches or by injec-
tion. Special hazards are involved with
applying insediddes to the soil around
and under buildings and a liceiLScd
professional docs these procedures
best. Applications in the wrong place
can cause insectidde contamination of
heating ducts, radiant heat pipes, or
plumbing used for water or sewage
under the treated building- .Soil type,
weather, and application techniques
influence the mobility of iii.sectiddes in
the .soil, soil-applied insedicides must
not Icach through the soil profile to
contaminate groundwater
In tlie past, chlorinated hvdrocarbon
inseclicides (e g , chlordane) and orga-
nophosphates (chlorpyrifos) were ex-
tensively used for termite control but
manv of these materials have been
phased out because of health and envi-
ronmental concerns- Active ingredients
in currently available tcmiitiddes can
bc broadly classified as repellent or
nonrepellent- Pyrethroids, such as
permethrin and cypermethrin (Dragnet
and Demon), are considered to be re-
pellent. This means thai the termites
are able to deled the insecticide, which
basically serves as a barrier, and they
arc repelled by it withoul receiving a
dose that will kill them Therefore,
when using these materials it is impor-
tant to make sure there are no gaps or
breaches m the barrier. Also, any ad-
joining structures must be monitored
lo ensure that the repelled termites
don'l infest them.
Recently introduced chemicals
(imidacloprid and fipronil) are now
available lhat arc less toxic to humans
and other mammals than the older
in.secticiiles bul highly loxic to insecls.
Both of these in.secticidcs are also
nonrepellent to termites and have been
shown to be effective in killing temiites
al low dosage rates under Califomia's
dimatic condilions. Generally, the
mosl effective insecticides are only
available to licensed struclural pest
control operators
Baiting- Baits for subterranean termites
are commerdally available in Califar-
nia. While this method of controlling
termites is very appealing because il
docs not require extensive site prepara-
tion such as drilling or trenching and
extensive applicalion of insectidde lo
the soil or structure, research is still
ongoing to develop the mosl effective
baits and delivery systems.
!5everal bait products (e.g., Sentricon
with hexaflumuron and Fir.slLine with
sulfluramid) are available for profes-
sional use only. There is also an over-
the-counter produci (Terminate with
sulfluramid) available in retail stores.
Currently, baits are only available for
subterranean termites, not drywood or
dampwood termites. Because subterra-
nean termites in Califomia vary in
their foraging and in the times that
lhey will take bails, the placement of
bait stations and the time of installa-
tion is a cmdal component in a suc-
cessful baiting program- Be sure to
read and follow all thc label diredions
for the product you use Once a termite
infestation is controlled, it is essential
lhat thc bail stations continue lo be
monitored monthly Spring is an espe-
dally cntical time to detect invasion by
new colonies-
Other Methods. Experimental efforts
have been made to control .soil-
dwelling termiles using biological con-
trol agents, including use of Argentine
ants and nematodes. Hovs-ever, these
methods are nol yet effedive enough
to be recommended.
COMPILED FROM:
Lewis, V- R- July 1997. Pest Notes:
Drwood Termites. Oakland: Univ.
Calif. Agnc Nat Res. Publ 7440.
Also available online al
www ipm ucdavis edu
May 2001 Termites
Marer, P. 1991. Resuh-ntint, Industnal.
and Institutional Pest Control. Oakland:
Univ. Calif. Agnc Nal Res Publ. 3334.
REFERENCES
Potter, M. F. 1997. Termites. In A.
Mallis, ed. Handbook of Pest Control, 8""
cd- Qeveland: Franzak ic Foster Co-
Schefh-ahn, R- H-, N -Y- Su and P.
Busey. 1997. Laboratory and field
evaluations of selected chemical treat-
ments for control of drywood termites
(Isoptera: Kalotermifidae). /. £con.
Entomol. 90: 492-502.
Online References
California:
CAL Termite Web page,
www cnr berkelev edu /lewis
International:
UNEP/FAO/GIobal IPM Facility
Workshop on Tcrmile Biology and
Management, WWAV chem.unep.ch/
pops/pdf / termrpt.pdf
For more information conlact the University
of California Cooperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissioner's oftice in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numt)ers.
AUTHOR (revision): V R. Lewis.
EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDrrOR: M. L FlinI
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush
ILLUSTFIATIONS; Figs. 1, 3. 4 D Kidd; Fig.
2: Adapted from Termites and Ottier Wood-
Infesrmg Insects. Oakland: UC DANR Leaf-
let 2532: Fig. 5: Adapted from Mallis. A
1997. Handbook of Pest Control Sth ed.
Cleveland; Franzak & Foster Co-
Produced by IPM Education and Publica-
tions. UC Statewide 1PM Projecl, University
of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (http;//www.ipm-ucdavis-edu)
rn uc_
UC^IPM eil'Jp^ REVIEWED
This publication has been arvjnymously peer
reviewed for technical act::uracy by University of
Califomia scientists and other qualified profes-
sionals. TfMs review process was managed by the
ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management
To simplify information, trade names of producis
have C>een used. No endorsement of named products
is In tended, nor is criticism implied of similar producis
lhal are not mentioned.
This malerial is partinlly based upon work
supported by the Extension Service. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, under special project Seclion 3(d).
Integrated Pest fvlanagemenl
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recomn»erKlalions
given on the conlainer label. Store all cf>emicals in the original labeled conlainers in a locked cat>inel or shed,
away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of chikiren, urtaulhorized persons, pels, and livestock-
Confine chemicals Io the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked.
Do not place containers conlaining pesticide in the trash r>or pour pesticides down sink or toileL Either
use the pesticide according to the label of take unwanted pesticides lo a Household Hazardous Waste
Collection site Contacl your county agricuftural conKnissioner for additional informatkin on safe contairwr
disposal and for the location of ihe Household Hazardous Waste Coitection site nearest you. Dispose of
empty containers by follovdng label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of Ihem in such
a manner that they rrtay contamiriale water supplies or natural walerways.
The University of California prohibils discrimination agair^st or harassment of any person errtptoyed by or
seeking employment wilh the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical or
mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic charaderistics). ancestry, marital status, age.
sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era
veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duly during a war or in a campaign or expedition lor which
a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions
of applicable Slate and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination polides may t>e
directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director. University of California. Agriculture and
Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr . Oakland. CA 94607-5200; (510) 987-0096
Integrated Pest Management In and Around tfie Home
Many people fear or dislike spiders
but. for the most part, spiders are ben-
efidal because of their role as predators
of insecls and olher arthropods, and
most cannot harm people. Spiders that
might injure people—for example,
black widows—generally spend most
of their time hidden under furniture or
boxes, or in woodpiles, corners, or
crevices. The spiders commonly seen
out in the open during the day are
unlikely to bite people.
IDENTinCATION
Spiders resemble insects and some-
times are confused with Ihem, but lhey
are arachnids, nol insects- Spiders have
eight legs and two body parts—a head
region (cephalothorax) and an abdo-
men. They lack wings and antennae
Although spiders often are found on
plants, they eat mainly insects, other
spiders, and related arthropods, not
plants. Mosl spiders have toxic venom,
vvhich they use to kill their prey. How-
ever, only those spiders whose venom
typically causes a serious reaction in
humans are called "poisonous"
spiders
BJack Widow Spider
lite black widow spider. Latrodoclus
hesperus (Fig. 1). is the most common
harmful spider in California. Venom
from its bile can cause reactions rang-
ing from mild lo painful and serious,
but death is very unlikely and many
symptoms can be alleviated if medical
treatment is obtained. Anyone bitten
by this spider should remain calm and
promptly seek medical advice: it is
helpful if the offending spider can bc
caught and saved for identification.
The typical adult female black widow
has a shiny black body, slender black
legs, and a red or orange mark in the
shape of an hourglass on the underside
ofthe large, round abdomen (Fig 2).
The body, excluding legs, is ^^is to ^/j
inch long. The adult male black widow
is one-half to two-thirds thc length of
the female, has a small abdomen, and
is seldom noticed. The male black
widow does possess venom, but its
fangs are too small to break human
skin. The top side of its abdomen is
olive greenish gray with a pattem of
cream-colored areas and one light-
colored band going lengthwise down
the middle. The hourglass mark on the
underside of the atxiomen typically is
yellow or yellow-orange and broad-
waisled. The legs are banded with
alternating light and dark areas. Con-
trary lo popular belief, the female black
widow rarely eats the male after mat-
ing, bul may do so if hungry. Like
males, young female black widow spi-
ders are patterned on the top side- In
the early stages they greatly resemble
males, but gradually acquire the typi-
cal female coloration witli each shed-
ding of thc skin. In intermediate stages
lliey have tan or cream-colored, olive
gray, and orange markings on the top
side of the abdomen, a yellowish or-
ange hourglass mark on the underside,
and banded legs. Only Ihe larger im-
mature female and adult female spi-
ders arc able to bile through a person's
skin and inject enough venom to cause
a painful reaction
Webs and Egg Sacs. The web of llie
black widow is an irregular, tough-
stranded, sticky cobweb mesh in which
llie spider hangs with its underside up.
During the day it oflen hides under an
object at the edge of the web or stays in
a silken retreat in the center. The black
widow may rush out of ils hiding place
when thc vveb is disturbed, especially if
egg sacs are present. The egg sacs arc
mostly spherical, about ''2 inch long
and ^^8 inch in diameter, creamy yel-
low to light tan in color, opaque, and
tough and paperlike on Ihe surface. A
female may produce several egg sacs,
l iny, young black widows, which are
F>EST NQTES
(actual size
ol body)
Figure I. Adull black widow spider-
nearly while in color, disperse lo new
locations by ballooning and infest new
areas
Where the Spiders Live- Black widow
spiders occur in most parts of Califor-
nia. They and their associated webs
usually are found in dark, dry. shel-
tered, relatively undisturbed places
such as among piles of wood, mbbish.
or stones; in culverts, hollow stumps,
and old animal burrows: in garages,
sheds, barns, crawl spaces, utility
meter boxes, and outhouses; and some-
times among plants. People arc most
likety to be bitten when they disturb
the spider wliile they arc cleaning out
or picking up items in such places. A
sensible precaution is to always wear
gloves and a longsleeved shirt when
working in areas that have been undis-
turbed for a lime and where there are
good hiding places for spiders.
Figure 2. Two variations of hourglas.s
markings of black widow spider.
Publication 7442
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2000
May 2000 Spiders
Effects ofthe Bite. The symptoms ofa
black widow bite arc largely inlernal:
little more than local redness and
swelling may develop at the bile site
Thc internal effects may range from
mild to severe. Pain tends to spread
from the bite lo other parts of the body
and muscular spasais may develop. In
severe cases the abdominal muscles
may become quite rigid. Other effects
can include profuse sweating, fever,
increased blood pressure, difficulty
breathing and speaking, restlessness,
and nausea- Typically, the pain and
other symptoms reach a maximum
wilhin a day of the bite, then gradually
subside over the next 2 to 3 days. Most
people who are bitten spend a few
hours under observation by a physi-
dan but do not develop symptoms
severe enough to require treatment.
Small children, the elderly, and per-
sons with health problems are likely lo
suffer some of the more severe conse-
quences of the bite. Black widow biles
are fairly common in Califoriiia.
yelJow Sac Spider
The common liousedwelling agrarian
sac or yellow sac spider. C/ieiracan-
ffuiim iiidusum. is a small spider lhat
spins a silken sac vveb in the corners of
ceilings and walls, and beliiiid shelves
and pictures; it is also commonly
found outdoors in shrubbery. Tliis
spider is light yellow and has a slightly
darker stripe on the upper middle of
the abdomen (Fig 3). llie eight eyes of
this spider are all about equal in size
and airanged in two horizontal rows
(Fig- -1).
Yellow sac spiders can be seen running
on WEJIS and ceilings at night and
quickly drop lo the floor lo escape if
Ihcy are disturbed. Bites usually occur
when the spider becomes trapped
against a person's skin in clolliing or
bedding. It is estimated that sac spiders
are responsible for more bites on
people than any other spider. Typical
symptoms of a bite include initial pain,
redness, and sometimes swelling. A
small blister may form, often breaking,
leaving a sore lhat heals over a period
of severaJ weeks. Soreness near the bite
may last for a few days to several
weeks or may not occur at all, depend-
ing on the individual.
JReciuse Spiders
Recluse spiders of the genus Loxosceles
include the well-known brown recluse
spider, L. rrc/usa. which does not occur
Spider Bites
Unlike mosquitoes, spiders do not seek people in order to bite them Generally,
a spider doesn't try to bite a person unless it has been squeezed, lain on. or similarly
provoked to defend ilself Moreover, lhe jaws of most spiders are so small that the
fangs cannot penetrate the skin of an adult person. Sometimes when a spider is
disturtied in its web. it may bite insUiicUvely bccau.se it mistakenly senses that an
insect has been caught.
The severity ofa spider bite depends on factors such as the kind of spider, the
amounl of venom injected, and the age and health ofthe person bitten. A spider bilc
mighl cause no reaction at all. or it might result in varying amounts of itching,
redness, stiffness, swelling, and pain—at worst, usually no more severe lhan a bee
sting. Typically the symptoms persist from a few minutes to a few hours Like
reactions lo bee stings, however, people vary in Ihcir responses to spider bites, so if
the bite ofany spider causes an unusual or severe reaction, such as increasing pain
or exironie swelling, contact a physician, hospital, or poison control center (in
California, Ihe number is 1 800-876-4766 or 1-800-8-POlSON).
.Sometimes a person may not be aware of having been bitten until pain and
other symploms begin lo develop Other species of arthropods whose biles or stings
may bc mistaken for lhat of a spider indude licks, fleas, bees, wasps, bedbugs.
mo.squilocs. Ihe conenose (ki.ssing) bug rTrialoma protracta), deer flies, hoisc flies,
and water bugs fj.cl/ioconis spp.)
For first aid treatment of a spider bile, wash the bilc. apply an antiseptic lo
prevent iiilcclion. and use icc or ice water to reduce swelling and discoinfoit. If you
receive a bilc Ihni causes an unusual or severe reaction, contact a physician, Ifyou
catch the ciilior in the act, capture it for ideiiliRcalioii, preserve it (or whatever parts
of il iciiinin). and take it to your county UC Cooperative Extension ofTice. If no one
Ihere can identify it. ask lluU il bc forwarded to a qualified arachiiologist
(actual size
ol body)
Figure 3. Adult yellow sac spider.
Figure 4. Head region of recluse spider
(left) and yellow sac spider (right). Note
the arrangements of the eyes; the recluse
spider has six eyes arranged in three pairs
and the yellow sac spider has eight eyes
arranged in Iwo rows of four.
in California While the brown recluse
has occasionally been brought into
California In household furnishings,
firewood, and motor vehides, it does
not reside in the state However, an-
other recluse sjiider. the Chilean re-
cluse spider (J, /acta). was introduced
into Los Angeles County in the late
19C0s. In Chile. South America il is
known to have a bite that is loxic to
humans. The native recluse spider of
California (L. deserta) is found in tlie
desert regions of southern California
and neighboring slates, its bite can
cause problems, but it is nol as toxic as
that of lhe Chilean recluse In any case,
bites from either species are rare. Bolh
the native desert recluse spider and the
Chilean recluse spider occur princi-
pally in thc drier areas of southern
California.
Recluse spiders can have a violin-
shaped mark (with thc neck of the vio-
lin pointing backward) on the top side
of the head region (cephalothorax).
However, the mark is not always dis-
tinct, so il should nol be used as an
identifying character. A unique feature
of recluse spiders is their six eyes, ar-
ranged in pairs in a semicircle (Fig. 4).
May 2000 Spiders
which can be seen with the use ofa
good hand lens. Most other spiders
have eight eyes
All recluse spiders make large, irregu-
lar, flattened, cobweb-type webs with
thick strands extending in all direc-
tions. These spiders avoid light, are
aclive at nighl. and tend to build their
webs in oul-of thc-way places. Chilean
recluse spiders may be found indoors
in boxes, in comers, behind pictures, in
old clothing hanging undisturbed, and
in other similar places. Desert recluse
spiders appear outdoors where they
may be found under rocks or wood.
A person bitten by a recluse spider
may not be aware of having been bit-
ten at thc lime of the bite. The first
symptoms oflen appear several hours
later. They consist of pain, formation of
a small blister, redness, and swelling at
the bite sile. In thc days following the
initial bite, the tissue dies and sloughs
off, exposing underlying flesh. 'ITie
area develops into an open sore that is
very slow to heal and may leave a
sunken scar after healing- There may
be accompanying flulike effects such as
nausea, fever, chills, and resllessness-
Biles from brown recluse spiders have
never been confirmed in California-
More detailed information on these
spiders is available in Pest Notes; Brown
Recluse and Otficr Reduse Spiders, listed
in the "Suggested Reading" section.
Other Spiders
In addiUon to the spedes mentioned
above, there are only a few other spe-
des of spiders in Califomia that may
on occasion bite humans. (Remember,
if the bite of any spider causes an un-
usual or severe reaction, contact a
physician)
One kind of red and black jumping
spider. Phidippus johnsoni. may bite if il
is disturbed, but the bites are usually
not serious. Thc female spiders are
black with red on the top side ofthe
abdomen whereas the males are all
red These spiders range in size from
'•'-I to ^'z inch long.
Tarantulas are long-lived spiders that
occupy burrows in llie ground during
llic day bul often come oul al night to
hunt insects near the burrow. I hey
commonlv are feared because of thoir
large size and hairy appearance. Some
poisonous tarantulas occur in tropical
parts of thc world, but Ihe biles ofCali-
fomia tarantulas are nol likely to be
scrious--at worst, they arc similar lo a
bee stiiig-
Tlie hobo spider. Tfgcnana agrestis.
also called thc aggressive house spider,
is a common spider in the Padfic
Northwest It builds funnel-shaped
webs in dark, moist areas such as base-
ments, window wells, wood pUes. and
around the perimeter of homes. It is a
large (1 to 1 inch, including legs),
fast-mnning brown spider wilh a her-
ringbone or multiple chevron pattern
on the top of the abdomen.
Bites mosl commonly occur when a
person picks up firewood wilh a spider
on il or when a spider finds its way
into clothing or bedding- Reactions to
bites of the hobo spider are similar to
tiiose caused by brown recluse spiders,
l he major difference between the two
is that sometimes Ihc bite of the hobo
spider is accompanied by a severe
headache lhat does not respond lo
aspirin. The hobo spider has nol been
documented in California, but it has
been documented as expanding its
range into other states lhat border
Washington and Oregon
One spider frequendy found indoors is
the common house spider. /-Ac/racaranea
tppidariomm (Fig 5), which makes a
cobweb in corners of rooms, in win-
dows, and in similar places. Another is
Ihe marbled cellar spider, Holocnemus
pluchei. whicli was introduced into the
slate in the 1970s and has since dis-
placed the once common longbodied
cellar spider. Pholcus pha/angioides
(Fig. 6). a longlegged spider thai re-
sembles a daddy-longlegs. These spi-
ders are incapable of biting humans
because their fangs are too short to
pierce people's skin: they primarily
cause problems by producing messy
cobwebs
Various kinds of small hunting spiders
may wander indoors and occasionally,
rather large, hunting-type spiders arc
discovered in homes or garages. Often
these arc fully grown wolf spider or
tarantula males lhat have readied ma-
luiily and are searching for females.
When these spiders are waiidci ing. one
(actual size
of body)
Figure 5. Adult common house spider.
(actual size
of body)
Figure 6. Adult longbodicd cellar spider.
or more may accidentally get indoors.
New houses and other structures in
developmenLs may be invaded by wolf
spiders that have lost their usual out-
door living places. The more insects
there are inside a building, the more
likely it is lo have spiders living there.
Usually spiders nre most abundant in
fall following liie first few rains of the
season. Immature and adult female
burrow-living spiders sometimes wan-
der for a lime during the rainy season
if they have had lo abandon wet
burrows.
MANAGEMENT
Remember that spiders are primarily
benefidal and their activities should be
encouraged in the garden. Pesticide
control is difficult and rarely neces-
sary. The besl approach to controlling
spiders in and around the home is to
remove hiding spots for reclusive spi-
ders such as black widows and regu-
larly clean webs off the house wilh
bmshes and vacuums.
Prevention and
Nonchemical Controi
Spiders may enter houses and other
stmctures through tracks and other
openings. They also may be carried in
on items like plants, firewood, and
boxes. Regular v.icuuming or sweeping
of windows, corners of rooms, storage
areas, ba.sements. and other seldomly
used areas helps remove spiders and
their v\'ebs Vacuuming spiders can bc
May 2000 Spiders
an effective control technique because
their soft fiodies usually do not survive
this process Indoors, a web on which
dust has gathered is an old web lhat is
no longer being used by a spider
Individual spiders can also bc removed
from indoor areas by placing a jar over
them and slipping a piece of paper
under thc jar lhat then seals off the
opening of the jar when it is lifted up.
To prevent spiders from coming in-
doors, seal cracks in the foundation
and other parts ofthe structure and
gaps around windows and doors.
Good screening nol only will keep oul
many spiders but also will discourage
them by keeping out insects that they
musl have for food.
In indoor slorage areas, place boxes off
the floor and away from walls, when-
ever possible, to help reduce their use-
fulness as a harborage for spiders.
Sealing the boxes with tape will pre-
vent spiders from taking up residence
witliin. Clean up clutter in garages,
sheds, basements, and olher slorage
areas. Be sure to wear gloves to avoid
acddental bites.
For more informaiion contacl the University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commisstoner's office in your courv
ly. See your phone book tor addresses and
phone numbers.
CONTRIBUTORS: R. VeUer, P. O Connor-
Marer. E. Mussen. L Allen. K. Daane. G.
Hickman. A Slater, P. Phillips, R. Hanna
EDITOR: B- Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M L Rint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M, Baish
ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig, 3: J. L. Lockwood,
Fig, 5: V. Winemiller
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi-
calions, UC Statewide 1PM Projed. Univer-
sity of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is avaiiabie on the World
Wide Web (http://vvww.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify information. Irade names of products
have been used. No endorsemenl of named prod-
ucts is inlended. nor is criticism implied of similar
products lhat are nol mentioned.
This material is partially based upon work supported
by the Exlertsion Service. U S. Department of Agri-
culture, under special pnaject Section 3(d). Integrat-
ed Pest Management.
Childoors. eliminate places for spiders
to hide and build llieir webs by keep-
ing Ihe area next to the foundation free
of trash, leaf litter, hcavry vegeiation.
and other accumulations of materials.
Trimming plant growth away from thc
house and olher structures will dis-
courage spiders from first taking up
residence near the stmdure and then
moving indoors. Outdoor lighting at-
tracts insects, which in turn attracts
spiders. If possible, keep lighting fix-
tures off strudures and away from
windows and doorways. Sweep, mop.
hose, or vacuum webs and spiders off
buildings regularly. Insecticides will
not provide long-term control and
should not generally be used againsl
spiders outdoors.
Chemical Control
Typically pesticide control of spiders is
difficult unless you actually see the
spider and are able to spray il. There
are various insectiddes available in
retail oullets labeled for spicier control,
induding pyrethrins, resmetlirin. al-
lethrin. or combinations ofthese prod-
ucts Avoid products containing
chlorpyrifos or diazinon because they
have been implicated in slorm water
contamination. Ifyou spray a spider, it
will be killed only if the spray lands
directly on it; the spray residual does
not have a long-lasting effect. This
means a spider can walk over a
S|)raycd surface a few days (and in
many cases, a few hours) after treat-
ment and nol bc affected. Control by
spraying is only temporary unless ac-
companied by housekeeping It is just
as easy and much less toxic to crush
the spider with a rolled up newspaper
or your shoe or to vacuum il up.
Sorptive dusts containing amorphous
silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyre-
thrins, which can be applied by profes-
sional pest control applicators only,
may be useful in certain indoor situa-
tions. Particles ofthe dust affect the
outer covering of spiders (and also
insects) that have crawled over a
treated surface, causing them to dry
out. When applied as a dustlike film
and lefl in place, a sorptive dust pro-
vides permanent proiection against
spiders. TTie dust is most advanta-
geously used in cracks and crevices
and in attics, wall voids, and other
enclosed or unused places.
COMPILED FROM;
Barr. B. A.. C, W, Hickman, and C. S
Koehler- 1984. Spiders, Oakland: Univ.
Calif. Div. Agric Nat. Res. Leaflet
2531.
SUGGESTED READING
Akre. R. D., and E. P. Calls. 1992.
Spiders Pullman: Wash. Slate Univ..
Cooperative Exiension Publ. EB1S48-
Hedgcs. S- A-. and M- S. Lacey. 1995.
field Guide for the Management of Urban
Spiders. Cleveland; Franzak and
Foster Co-
Marer. P. 1991. Rc-sidcn(iaJ. Industrial,
and /(istitutionaf Pest Confro)- Oakland:
Univ. Calif Div- Agric. Nat- Res.
Publ. 3334.
Vetter. R. S. Jan. 2000. Pest Notes; Brown
Kecluse and Other Rcdusc Spiders.
Oaklaind: Univ. Calif Div. Agric. Nat.
Res. Publ- TASS Also available online
at; /Ktpy/www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMC/
seiert/icwpest./iome (itmj
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully lollow all precautions and saleiy recommendations
given on the conlainer label Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinel or shed,
away from lood ot feeds, and oul ol Ihe reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Confine chemicals lo the property being treated. Avoid drill onto neighboring properties, especially gardens
containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked.
Dispose ol empty containers carefully. Follow label instnjctions for disposal. Never reuse the conlainers.
Make sure empty containers are not accessible lo children or animals. Never dispose of containers where
Ihey may contaminale water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your
county agricultural commissioner for correcl ways of disposing of excess peslicides. Never burn pesticide
conlainers.
The University ol Calilornia prohibits discrimination against or harassment ol any person employed by or
seeking employment with the University on the basis ol race, color, national origin, religion, sex. physical or
mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age.
sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veieran, Vietnam-era
veteran, or any olher veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition (ot whrch
a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions
ol applicable State ond Federal laws Inquiries regarding the Univeisity's nondiscnmination policies may be
direcied lo the Affirmative Action/Stall Personnel Services Director. University ol Calilomia. Agriculture and
Naluiol Resources. 1111 Franklin. 6lli Floor. Oakland. CA 94607-5200: (510) 987-0096
^1 «•
SNAILS AND SLUGS
Integrated Fest Management for tlie Home Gardener
figure 1. Brown garden snail.
Snails and slugs are among the most
bothersome pests in many garden and
landscape situations. Thc brown gar-
den snail (Helix aspersa) (Fig. 1), is
the mosl common snail causing prob-
lems in Califomia gardens; il was in-
troduced from France during the
1850s for use as food-
Several spedes of slugs arc frequently
damaging, including the gray garden
slug (Peroceras reticulatum) (Fig- 2),
the banded slug {Umax poirieri) and
the greenhouse slug {Milax gagates).
Bolh snails and slugs are members of
the mollusk phylum and are similar in
stmcture and biology, except slugs
lack the snail's external spiral shelL
IDENTIFICATION AND
BIOLOGY
Snails and slugs move by gliding along
on a muscular "foot-" This muscle
constantly secretes mucus, which
later dries to form the silvery "slime
trail" that signals the presence of
these pesfs. Adull brown garden
snails lay aboul 80 spherical, pearly
while eggs at a time into a hole in thc
topsoil. They may lay eggs up to six
times a year. It fakes about 2 years for
snails to mature Slugs reach maturity
in about a year.
Snails and slugs are most active at
nighl and on cloudy or foggy days. On
sunny days they seek hiding places
out of the heat and sun; oflen the only
dues to their presence are their sil-
very trails and plant damage. In mild-
winter areas such as in southem
Califomia and in coastal locations,
young snails and slugs are adive
throughout thc year.
During cold weather, snails and slugs
hibernate in tlie topsoil. During hot,
dry periods, snails seal themselves off
with a parchnientlike membrane and
often attach themselves lo tree
tmnks, fences, or v\'alls.
DAMAGE
Snails and slugs feed on a variety of
living plants as well as on decaying
planl matter On plants thev chew
irregular holes with smooth edges in
leaves and can dip succulent plant
parts. They can also chew fruil and
young planl bark. Because they prefer
succulent foliage, they are primarily
pests of seedlings, herbaceous plants,
and ripening fmits, such as strawber-
ries,^ artichokes, and tomatoes, lhal
are dose to the ground. However,
they will also feed on foliage and fruil
of some trees; dims are espedally
susceptible lo damage,
MANAGE/VIENT
A good snail and slug management
program relics on a combination of
methods. The first slep is lo elimi-
nate, lo the extent po.ssible, all places
where snails or slugs can hide during
the day Boards, stones, debris,
weedy areas around tice tmnks, leafy
branches growing close to the
ground, and dense ground covers
such as ivy are ideal sheltering spots.
There wdi be shelters lhal are not
possible lo eliminale — e g., low
ledges on fences, the undersides of
wooden deck.s, and waler meter
boxes. Make a regular practice of re-
moving snails and slugs in these ar-
eas Also, locate vegetable gardens or
susceptible plants as far away as pos-
sible from these areas. Redudng hid-
ing places allows fewer snails and
slugs lo survive. The survivors con-
gregate in the remaining shelters,
where they can more easily be lo-
cated and controlled. Also, switching
from sprinkler inigation to drip irriga-
Figure 2- Cray garden slug.
pEST PsfOTES Publication 7427
University of California
Division of Aj^ric ultiire cifTCl Nl.iti a I Resot_ir< es r-vi^ec 1 Auf;ust IOOO
August 1999 Snails and Slugs
Figure 3. A snail trap can be made from a board wilh 1-inch rbers.
tion will reduce humidity and moist
surfaces, making the habitat less fa-
vorable for these pests.
Handpicking
Handpicking can be very effective if
done thoroughly on a regular basis. Al
first it should be done daily; after the
population has noticeably declined, a
weekly handpicking may be suffident.
To draw out snails, water the infested
area in the lale afternoon. Alter dark,
search them out using a flashlight,
pick them up (mbber gloves are
handy when slugs are involved), place
them in a plaslic bag, and dispose of
them in the trash; or they can be put
in a bucket wilh soapy water and then
disposed of in your compost pile. Al-
tematively, captured snails and slugs
can be cmshed and left in the garden.
Traps
Snails and slugs can be trapped under
boards or flower pots positioned
throughout the garden and landscape.
You can make traps from 12" x 15"
boards (or any easy-lo-handle size)
raised off the ground by 1-indi mn-
ners (Fig. 3). TTie mnners make it easy
for the pests to crawl underneath.
Scrape off the accumulated snails and
slugs daily and destroy them. Crush-
ing is the most common method of
destruction- Do not use sail lo destroy
snails and slugs; it will increa.se soil
salinity Beer-bailed traps have been
used to Irap and drown slugs and
snails; however, they attract slugs
and snails wilhin an area of only a few
feet, and musl be refilled every few
days to keep the level deep enough to
drown the mollusks. If using beer, it is
more effective fresh than flat. Traps
must have vertical sides to kcxp the
snails and slugs from crawling out.
Snail and slug traps can also be pur-
chased at garden supf>ly stores.
Barriers
Several tyf>es of barriers will keep
snails and slugs oul of planting beds
Thc easiest to mauntain are those
made with copper flashing and
screens. Copper barriers are effective
because il is ifioughl thai the copper
reacts with the slimc that the snail or
slug secretes, causing a flow of elec-
tridty, Veriical copper screens can be
erected around planting beds. The
screen should be 6 indies tall and
buried several inches below the soil
to prevent slugs from crawling be-
neath the .soil.
Copper foil (for example, Snail-Barr)
can be wrapped around planling
boxes, headers, or tmnks to repel
snails for several years. When band-
ing tmnks, wrap the copper foil
around the tmnk, tab side down, and
cut It to allow an 8-inch overlap. At-
tach one end or the middle of the
band to the trunk with one staple
oriented parallel to the trunk. Overlap
and fasten the ends wilh cme or two
large paper clips to allow lhe copper
band to slide as thc Imnk grows.
Bend the tabs out at a 90 degree angle
from the trunk. The bands need lo be
cleaned occasionally. When using
copper bands on planter boxes, be
sure the soil within the boxes is snail-
free before applying bands If it is nof,
handpicJc the snails and slugs from
the soil after applying the band until
tlie box is free of these pests.
Instead of copper bands, Bordeaux
mixture (a copper sulfate and hy-
drated lime mixture) can be bmshed
on tmnks lo repel snails. One treat-
ment should last about a year. Adding
a commerdal spreader may increase
the persistence of Bordeaux mixture
through two .seasons. SticJcy material
(such as Stickem Green, whicii con-
tains copper) applied to trunks ex-
cludes snails, slugs, ants, and
flightless species of weevils Barriers
of dry ashes or diatomaceous earth
heaped in a band 1 inch high and 3
inches wide around the garden have
also been shown to be effective. How-
ever, these barriers lo.se their effec-
tiventiss after becoming damp and are
therefore difficult to mainlain.
Natural Enemies
Snails and slugs have many natural
enemies, including ground beetles,
pathogens, snake^s, loads, turtles, and
birds (including ducJcs, geese, and
chickens), but lhey are rarely effec-
tive enough to provide salisfactory
control in the garden. A predaceous
snail, the decollate snail (Rumina
decollala) has been rclea.sed in south-
ern Califomia citrus orchards for con-
trol of the brown garden snail and is
providing very effective biological
control It feeds only on small snail.s,
not full-sized ones. Becau.sc of the
potential impact of the decollate snail
on certain endangered mollusk spe-
cies, it cannot be released outside of
Fresno, Imperial, Kem, Lcis Angeles,
Madera, Orange, Riverside, Sanla Bar-
bara, San Bemardino, San Diego,
Ventur.i, or Tulare counties in Califor-
nia. Also, decollate snails nury feed on
seedlings, sinull plants, and flowers as
well as he a iiuisaiue wlien Ihey cover
Ihe back patio on a misty ilau.
August 1999 Snails and Slugs
Baits
Snail and slug baits can be effective
when u,scd properly in conjunction
wilh a cultural program incorporating
the other methods discussed above
Baits will kill decollate snails if lhey
are present,
Metaldehyde or metaldehyde/car-
baryl snail baits can be hazardoiis
and should not be u.sed where chil-
dren and pets cannot be kept away
from ihem. A recently registered snail
and slug bait, iron phosphate (Sluggo
or Escar-Go), has the advantage of
being safe for use around domestic
am'mals and wildlife
Never pile bail in mounds or clumps,
espedally those baits that are hazard-
ou.s, because piling makes a bait
attractive to pets and children. Place-
ment of the bait in a commerdal bait
trap reduces hazards to pets and chil-
dren and can proted bails from mois-
ture, but may also reduce their
effectiveness. Thick liquid baits may
persist better under conditions of rain
and sprinklers
For more informaiion conlact the University
of California Cooperative Extension or agri-
cullural commissioner's office in your coun-
iy. See your phone book for addrc-sses and
phone numbers-
Karlik, P. Phillips, and CONTRIBUTORS:
N. Sakovich
ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs.l. 2-Valenc
Winemullcr; Fig. .3-OANR Leaflet 2530
EDITOR: B- Olilcndorf
TECHNICAL tOITOR: M I Flint
DESICN ANO PRODUCTION: M Brush
PRODUCED BY 1PM Educalion and Publica-
lions, UC Statewide lI'M Project, University
ol Calilornia, Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Nole is available on the World
Wide Web (hltp://wmv.ipm.ucdavi's.cdu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify inlotni.ilion. Ii.ide n.lme^ ot ptoilut.ls
have been ii5«l No endotstmfiil i>( turned producis-
intcn<lc-d. nor rrilicism implied ol simii.Ar prod-
ucts that ,irc nrjl mr-nlioni'd
Ihl". m.ilcii.il i<. |vini.illy bjsrxf upon work supporlc-d
by lf>e Kxtension Sr-n ite. U S OqMflinciil ol Agti< ul.
lure, unrlcr sp«iij| ,>ri.|rrl S<clirm ilili. InlL-p.r.ili-d
Pm M.ln
The timing of any bailing is critical;
baiting is less effective during very
hot, very dry, or cold limes of tlie
year because snails and slugs are less
active during these periods. Irrigate
before applying a bait to promote
snail activity. Make spot applicafions
instead of widespread applications-
Apply bait in a narrow strip around
sprinklers or in other moist and pro-
teded locations or scatter it along
areas that snails and slugs cross to
gel from sheltered areas to the
garden.
Ingestion of the iron phosphate bait,
even in small amounts, will cause
snails and slugs lo cca.se feeding, al-
though il may take several days for
tive snails to die. Iron phosphate bait
can be scattered on lawns or on the
soil around any vegetables, omamen-
tats, or fmit trees to be proiected. It
breaks down less rapidly lhan
metaldehyde and may remain effec-
tive for several weeks, even after Irri-
gation
Avoid getting metaldehyde bait on
planis, espedally vegetables. Baits
containing only metaldehyde are reli-
able when conditions are dry and hot
or following a rain when snails and
slugs are active Metaldehyde does
not kill snails and slugs directly un-
less lhey eat a substantial amount of
it; ralher, il stimulates their mucous-
producing cells to overproduce
mucous in an attempt lo detoxify the
bait. The cells eventually fail and the
snail dies. When il is sunny or hot,
they die from desiccation. If it is cool
and wel, they mav recover if they
ingest a sublethal dose. Do not water
heavily for at least 3 or 4 days affer
bait placemcml; watering will reduce
effectiveness and snails may recover
from metaldehyde poisoning if high
moisture conditions occur. Mefalde-
hyde breaks down rapidly when ex-
posed to sunlight; however. Deadline,
a special formulation of metaldehyde,
does not. Deadline holds up well in
wet weather and does not have the
problem with sublethal doses lhal
olher metalde-hyde bails have,
COMPILED FROM
DreistadL S. H., J. K, Qark, and M- L-
Flint- 1994. Pesfs of Landscape Trees
and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Manage-
menl Guide. Oakland; Univ. Calif Div.
Agric. and Nat. Resources, Publica-
tion 3359.
Flint, M. L- 1998. Pesfs ofthe Garden
and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to
Using l.ess Pestidde, 2nd ed. Oakland;
Univ. Calif Div. Agric. and Nat. Re-
sources, Publication 3332.
Hesketh, K. A. and W S. Moore. 1979.
Snails and Slugs in the Home Garden.
Oakland: Univ Calif. Div Agric. and
Nal. Resources, Leaflet 2530.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Peslicidpi Jre poisonous Always read and carefully lollow all prr^iautions and salety recommendaiions given
on iheconLiiner label Slore all chemicals inlhe original labeled conlainers in a lockr-d cabinet or shed, away
frorn food or feeds, and oul of the reach of childien, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Cotiliiic chemicals lo the property being treated. Avoid drift onto r
containing Iruils and/or vegetables readv to be picked.
Dispose of emply containers carefully. Follow lalxjl iiiilruOions lor disposal Nevc^ reuse ihc containers. Make
sure emply conlainers are not accessible Io children or anirn,ils. Never dispose ol containers where lhey mav
corilarninale w.itcr supplies or nalural waterways Oo not pour down sink or loile< Consull vour county
agricullural commissioner lor conect ways of disposing of excess f>esticides Never bum pesticide containers.
•ighhoring projwnies. fspecially gardens
The Univ-crsily ol Calilornia prohibits discrimin.-ttion againsl or h.ir.issmenl o< any (letson employed by or
seeking emplovmcnl wilh the Unn ersily on lhe basis ol race, coloi, nalional origin, religion, sex. phy-sical or
mental disabiliiy iiictlical condiiion icancer ielaled or generic ch.iraclerislit si. .iiK-eslr\-, marital sl.iius, agr,
s<-xual oiienl<nion, cili/ensliip, or stalus as a covered s/Heion ispecial disabled veteran. Vliinaiii era veieran,
or .iny other velci.m who served on active duly during a war oi in a campaign or exp<dilion tor which a
campaign bad^e has tic<;n aulhorized). Univcrsily Policy is inicndi-d to be consislent with die provisions ol
applicable Slale and federal laws Inquiries regarding ifK- I'nivetsilv s rioridisciimination policies mav be
diiccledlo Ihe Ailiim.ilive AcliorvSlail Personnel Services Diii-r Kn t'nivi-isily of Calilornia. Af;riculluie .ind
Nalwial Kf-SDurcr-s llll franklin, 6lh Floor. OaklarKf. CA " K.d." ^I'CKl: ii Uli "R7 0016
ROSES IN THE GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE:
INSECT AND MITE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS
Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals
Roses are among the most intensively
managed plants in many home land-
scafjes. Part of this intensive nianago
menl is the frequent application of
pesticides- Fiowever, while inseds
and mites may attack roses from time
to time, many rose enthusiasts are
able lo maintain vigorous plants and
prcxluce high qualily bliooms wilh
little or no use of in.sediddes, espe-
dally in Califomia's dry inlerior val-
leys. The key is careful selection of
varieties, which vary significantly in
susceptibility to insect and disease
problems, good attention to appropri-
ate cultural practices, and occasional
handpicking or using water lo spray
away pests. Keep an eye oul for rising
populations of natural enemies that
often rapidly reduce the numbers of
aphids, mites, and other pesls. For
management of diseases see UC IPM
Pest Notes Publication 7463, Roses in
the Garden and Landscape: Diseases
mid Abiotic Disorders, and for general
tips on cultural practices and weed
control, see UC IPM Pest Notes Publica-
tion 7465, Roses in the Garden und
Landscape: Cultural Practices and
Weed Control.
COMMON INSECT
AND MITE PESTS
Aphids are the most
common insect
pests on roses.
The aclual species
involved depends
on where the roses
are grown in the state
and includes the rose aphid,
Macrosiphum rosae, the potato aphid,
M. euphorbiae, and the cotton aphid.
Aphis gossypii among others. Aphids
favor rapidly growing tissue such as
buds and shoots. Low to moderate
levels of aphids do little damage to
plants, although many gardeners are
concemed with their very presence.
Moderate to high populations can
secrete copious amounts of honey-
dew, resulting in the growth of sooty
mold, whicJi blackens leaves. Very
high numbers may kill buds or reduce
flower size. Aphids have many natural
enemies including lady beetles, soldier
beetles, and syrphid flies (sec the
section on Common Natural Enemies)
that may rapidly reduce increasing
populalions. Keep anls out of bushes
with sticky barriers or traps lo im-
prove biological control. Lady beetles
often increase in number when aphid
populations are high. The convergent
lady beetle is -sold at nurseries for
release against aphids and may reduce
numbers when properly released,
Relcasing green lacewings againsl the
rose aphid has nol been shown lo
offer signiticant control in research
trials,
A natvirally occurring fungal pathogen
may control aphids when conditions
are wet or humid. In most areas
aphids arc nomially a problem for
only about 4 lo 6 weeks in spring and
early summer before high summer
temperatures reduce their numbers. In
many landscape sihialions, knocking
aphids off wilh a forceful spray of
water early in the day is all lhal is
needed to supplement natural control-
Insecticidal soaps or neem oil can also
be used lo increase mortalily of
aphids with only moderate impact on
natural enemies- Aphids are easy to
control with insecliadcs such as the
foliar systemic acephate (Orthene) or
malathion, but such applications are
seldom neces.sary Soil-applied sys-
temic insecticides may be effective
bul are not usually necessary.
Insects and Miles That Cause
Leaves to Stipple or Yellow
Spider mites, Tetranychus spp., cause
leaves to be stippled or bleached,
often wilh webbing, or lhey may
cause leaves to dry up and fall. They
are tiny (aboul the size of the p>eriod
af the end of this .sentence) and are
besl seen with the use of a hand lens.
High numbers are u.sually
assodated with dry,
dusty condilions. Spider
mite numbers may
greatly increase if their
many natural enemies
are killed by broad-
spectrum insectiddes
applied for olher pests.
For instance, applications
of carbaryl (Sevin) applied lo control
olher pests are frequently followed by
an increase in mite populalions
Conserving nalural enemies, provid-
ing sufficient irrigation, and reducing
dusl may all help control miles. Over-
head irrigation or periodic washing of
leaves with water can be very effec-
tive in reducing mite numbers- If
treatment is necessary, spider mites
can be controlled with insecticidal
soap, horticultural oil, or neem oil.
Reiea.ses of predator mites have been
used in some situations.
Rose leafhopper,
Edwardsianna
rosae, causes
stippling larger
than mite stip-
pling but lends
lo be a problem
onlv in certain
PEST [SIQTES Publication 74GG
Universityof Californio
Division of AgricultLUf and Natur.il Resourc es Se-f )tc-Miiber 1 999
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pesls and Beneficials
localities. Cast skins and the ab-
.scnce of webbing on the underside
of leaves is a good indication that
these pests are preseni. Plants can
lolerate moderate stippling U.se an
insectiddal soap if an infestation is
severe.
Insects That Distort or
Discolor Blossoms
TTl rips. Western flower thrips, frun-
kliniella occidentalis, and Madrone
thrips, Thrips madroni, cause injury
primarily to rose flowers,
causing blossom petals
to streak with brown or
become distorted. The
tiny yellow or black
thrips insecls can be
found within the blos-
soms. Tlirips problems
are more likely to be severe where
many rose bushes locaied close to-
gether provide a continuously bloom-
ing habitat. Fragrant, light-colored or
white roses arc mosl oflen attacdced
and can be severely damaged. Culti-
vars with sepals lhal remain tightly
wrapped around the bud until blooms
open have fewer problems. In most
home garden and landscape situa-
tions, thrips can be tolerated. Fre-
quent clipping and disposal of spent
blooms may reduce thrips problems.
Control wilh insecfiddes is difficult
because materials are mostly effective
on early developmental stages, which
arc commonly found wilhin buds or
flowers where mosl pestidde applica-
tions cannot penetrate, ll should be
noted that western flower thrips can
have a beneficial role as a predator of
spider mites.
Insects That May Chew
Blossoms and/or Leaves
Fuller rose beetle. Adults of Fuller
rose beetle, Asynonychus godmani,
chew flov\'ers and foliage leaving
notched or ragged
edges. Adult beetles
are pale brown wee-
1 LA vils lhat arc about
fll 1 iftv '^^^ '""-^ 'o"8 They
^i/lll ll lK\» ^''^ flightless and
i.iciual \\\ll||[r I) hide during the day,
often on the under-
sides of leaves; feeding takes place at
night. Thc larvae arc root feeders but
do not seriously damage roses. Low
numbers can bc ignored; otherwise,
handpick the beetles off the plant, use
sticky material on stems, and trim
branches that create bridges to walls
and other plants. The adults are diffi-
cult to control with inseclicides be-
cause they have a long emergence
period lhal goes from June lo Novem-
ber. Parasitic nematodes may be hc\p-
(lil it applied to the soil in early lo
midsummer.
Hoplia beelle, Hoplia callipyge, is
about I /4 inch long and chews holes
mostly in the petals of opK?n flowers. It
is primarily a problem in the Central
Valley from Sacramento south to
Bakersfield. Thc hoplia beetle prefers
feeding on light-colored ro.ses (white,
pink, apricol, and yellow) bul docs
not damage leaves. Larvae are root
feeders but do not feed on the roots
of rose plants. There
is only one genera-
I /f1it^f,V\ ^ year and
' i'llo ' damage is usually
confined to a 2- to
4-week period in late
spring- Adult hoplia
beetles can be handpicked or infested
rose blooms clipped off plants. Sprays
are not very cffectrve and should nol
be necessary in a garden situation.
(actual
size)
(length of bee)
Leafcutter bees,
Megachile spp., cut
semicircular holes
in the margins of
leaves and carry
leaf material back
lo use in lining their
nests. Bees are impor-
tant pollinators and should nol bc
killed. Tolerate this pest as there are
no effective controls.
Rose curculio, Merhynchiles spp ,
red to black snout weevil about 1
inch long that prefers yellow and
white roses It punch
es holes in flowers
and buds and may
create ragged
holes in blossoms
or kill the develop-
ing bud If weevils
IS a
/4
are numerous, temiinal shoots may be
killed as vs'ell. Larvae feed vviihin buds,
often killing them before they open
Handpick adulls off plants and destroy
infested buds. A broad-spectmm insec-
tidde can be applied to kill adults if thc
infestation is severe.
Caterpillars such as orange tortrix,
tussock moth, fmittree leafroller, tent
caterpillar, and omnivorous looper may
(eed on rose leaves; .some of these cat-
erpillars may also tie leaves with silk.
Damage is usually nol severe and treat-
ment nol usueilly necessary. Handpick
or clip out rolled leaves. Small leaf-
feeding caterpillars can be killed with
am applicalion of the microbial insedi-
dde Bacillus thuringiensis. Some cater-
pillars, like the tobacco budworm, may
occasionally bore into flower buds.
Look for the caterpillar or its fra.ss in-
side. Pmne and destroy damaged buds.
Rose sing, Endelomyia aethiops, is the
black lo pale green, sluglike larva of a
sawfly. Unlike pear slug, this species
has apparent legs and looks like a cat-
erpillar. Young larvae
skeletonize the lower
leaf surface while
mature larvae chew
large holes in leaves.
These pests have
many natural ene-
mies. They may be
washed off with a
strong stream of
waler or killed with
an application of
insectiddal soap. {Bacillus thuringiensis
will not work because these are wasp
larvae and nol the larvae of butterflies
or moths )
Insects That Cause
Canes to Die Back
Flatheaded borers,
Chrysobolhris spp.,
may kill canes or an
entire plant. Larvae arc
white and up to I inch
long wilh enlarged
heads. Adult beetles do
not significantly damage
roses Eggs tend fo be laid
on stressed rose plants, esjjecially in
bark wounds caused by sunburn or
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mile Pests and Beneficials
disease. Remove and destroy infesled
material and keep plants healthy by
providing sufficient irrigation and
avoiding excessive summer pmning
Raspberry homtail, Hartigia cressoni,
larvae are white, segmented caterpil-
lars up to 1 inch long thai can cause
tips of canes to wilt and die in spring,
redudng second cycle blooms. Adults
are wasplike, black or black and yel-
low, and about 1/2 inch long. Inspec^t
canes in spring (mid-April to mid-
June) for egg laying incisions or swell-
ings caused by larvae and cul them off
below the infestation. Prune off infest-
ed canes until heallhy pith is found.
(actual size)
Scale insects including rose scale,
Aulacaspis rosae, and San Jose scale,
Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, are occa-
sionally the cause of cane dedine or
dieback when numbers are high.
These armored scales can be ob-
served on canes as small, grayish,
round to oval encrusta-
tions, ranging in size from
1 /8 to 1 /4 inch. These In-
secls have no legs or an-
tennae for most of their
lives and are immobile.
In winter, cut back and
destroy infesled
canes and apply
insecrtiddal oil lo
remaining infested canes if necessary.
Scales are attacked by many natural
enemies. Look for exit holes in mature
scale covers, which indicate parasiti-
zation.
An Insect Rarely Found
in Catifornia
Rose midge, Dasineura rhodophaga,
was reported infesting roses in a nurs-
ery in Petaluma, California in August
1996. Rose midges are tiny flies lhal
lay their eggs inside the sepals of flow-
er buds or on plant terminals. Hatch-
ing larvae move into flower buds to
feed, leaving the injured buds lo with-
er, blacken, and die. Pupation occurs
tactual sizel
in tlic soil and two to four generations
can occur annually. When hrst report-
ed in 1996, there vvas widespread fear
lhat this pest would move rapidly
through the state, caus-
ing severe damage lo
roses in gardens and
commercial nurseries.
However, few midges
were found in 1997.
The pest has been
present in central Ore-
gon and Washington for many years
and is not known to be a major piest
there. Hopefully it will not become a
problem in California. Take any sus-
pected infested malerial lo your coun-
ty Agricrullural Commissioner for
identification. Don'l confuse the rose
midge willi the similar looking benefi-
dal midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza,
which feeds on aphids. Aphidoletes
larvae are found on slem, bud, or leaf
surfaces feeding within aphid colo-
nies, whereas Dasincura larvae are
oul of view al the ba.sc of developing
buds in terminals.
COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES
OF INSECT AND MITE
PESTS IN ROSES
Aphid parasiles. Tiny parasitic wasps
are ver)' important in the contml of
aphids in roses. Adults lay their eggs
within the aphid and developing lar-
vae, rapidly immobilizing them. Even-
tually, the parasite kills them and
tums them into bronze or black
cmsly, bloated mummies. The para-
site pupates wilhin the mummy and
then cuts a neal round hole and
emerges as a full grown wasp- Once
you see one mum-
my in the aphid
I /~^^^2\,^ '^o^ony, you
/ IC^3S^^^\| are likely to
see more.
Parasitic
wasps are
also imporlani in the conlrol of senile
inseds, caterpillars, and many other
insect pesls.
Minute pirate bug. Minute pirate
bugs. Onus tristicolor, are tiny Irue
bugs with black and while markings
as adulls, Thev are oflen among the
tactual
sricl
first predators to ,ip-
pear in spring, anti
they feed on mites,
insed and mite eggs,
immature .scales, and
thrips
Lacewings. Cireen lacewings in the
genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are
common nalural enemies of aphids
and other soft-bodied in-
sects. The gray-green to
brown alligalor-shaped
larvae are the predatory
^^^^ stage of the Chrysoperla
species. The green lacy-
tactual ^ winced adults feed on
size) ¥ ,
honcydew-
(actual size)
Lady beetles. Manv different red and
black lady beetle spedes are predators
of aphids; the most common is the
convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia
convcTgeiis (see drawing) Another
common spedes in the garden is the
multi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmo-
nia axyridis These lady beetles have
the advantage of feeding primarily on
aphids and are predators in both the
adult and \arva\ stages. Look for the
black, alligalor-shaped larva with or-
ange dots and the
oblong, yellow eggs
that are laid on end
in groups. Releases
of commerdally
available conver-
gent lady beetles
can reduce aphid
numbers However,
large numbers must
be relca.sed on each
individual rose planl.
Mist lady beelles with
a water spray before release. Make
releases in the evening at dusk by plac-
ing beetles on canes at the base of
plants. Wel plants first with a fine
spray of waler. Expect 90% of the lady
beetles to fly away in the firsl 24 hours,
All released lady beetles are unlikely to
lay eggs and will fly away once aphid
populations have been substantially
reduced
September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials
Leatherwings or soldier beetles.
These moderate to large-sized beetles
in thc Canlharid family have Icalher-
likc dark wings and orange or red
heads and thoraxes. They feed on
aphids and are very common on
roses. Many people mistake them for
pesls, but they are predaceous both
as adults and larvae (in the soil).
Sometimes they leave dark splotches
of excrement on leaves.
REFERENCES
Dreistadt, S H 1994 Pesls of Land-
scape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland;
Univ Calif. Div. Agric Nat. Res. Publ
3359-
Flint, M- L-, and S. H Dreistadt 1998.
Natural Enemies Handbook. Oakland:
Univ Cahf Div. Agric Nat. Rcs. Publ.
3386
Karlik, J, P B. Goodell, and
G. W Osteen. 1995 Improved mite
sampling may reduce acaridde use ii
roSL>s. C«/i/ Agnc. 49(3):38-40.
UC 1PM Pest Notes: various pests of
gardens and landscape. World Wide
WebOiltp;/ / www.ipm.ucdavis edu)
and Univ- Calif Div. Agric. Nat. Res.
Syrphid flies. Syrphids, sometimes
called flower flies or hover flies, are
important predators of aphids and
very common on roses. Adults, which
superfidally resemble wasps, feed on
nedar and pollen before reproducing
and are often seen hovering above
flowers. Larvae, often found within
aphid colonies, are legless and mag-
got shaped. There
1 ^^— are many spedes in
MCTP Califomia and they
y^MwStSt. vary in color from
dull brown or
yellow to bright
gr«x;n, but most
have a yellow
longitudinal
stripe on the
back. Don't mis-
take them for moth
or butterfly larvae! (actual
size)
Predaceous mites. A number of pred-
atory mites feed on spider mitt^s, fre-
quently keeping them al tolerable
levels. Predatory mites can be distin-
guished from the plant-feeding spider
mites by the absence of the two spols
on either side of thc body, their pear
shape, and their more active habits.
Compared to thc plant-feeding spe-
cies of miles that remain in one loca-
tion feeding, predatory mites move
rapidly around the leaf looking for
prev. Because they arc so small, a
hand lens is helpful in viewing them.
Spiders. All spiders are predators and
many contribute significantlv to bio-
logical ciintrol. Many types of spiders
induding crab spiders, jumping spi-
ders, cobweb spiders, and the c>rb-
weavers occur in landscapes
For mote iniormation contact the University
of California Coc>()craiive Extension or
agricultural commissioner's office in your
couniy See your phone book for addresses
and phone numbers.
AUTHORS Maty Louise Flint and )olin Karlik
ILLUSTRATIONS:
Child, Ashley: Fuller rose beetle; Hoplia
beetle; Lacewing larva; Lady beetle adult;
lady beelle larva; Leafcutter bee; Rose
curculio; Rose leafhopper; Scale insecls;
Syrphid fly larva
Flint, M. I . and S H Dreistadt. 1998
Natural Cncmics Handbook. Oakland;
Univ Calif Div Agric & Natutal Res.,
Publ 3386: Aphid parasite (Table 7-I.A);
lacewing adult (Fig, 8-13); Minule pirale
bug (Table 8 2 A); Syrphid adult (Table 8-
3-1)
Packard, A S 1876. Cuide lo lhe Sludy of
Insecls New Yoik Flenry Holt & Co.; Rose
slug (Fig 148)
Sandeison, E D . .ind C, F lackson 1912,
Clemenury Lnlomology. Boston: Ginn ir
Co. Flatheaded borer (Fig. 208)
Sasscher, E. R., and A, D- Borden- 1919.
The Rose Midge. Washington, DC; USDA,
Bulletin 778; Rose midge
UC IPM Pest Notes. Oakland; Univ. Calif
Div Agric. and Nal. Resourses; Aphid
(Publ. 7404, )an 1995); Raspberry hornlail
larva (Publ. 7407, Jan. 1995); Spider mite
(Publ 7429, Jan. 1995); Thrips (Publ 30,
Feb 1996)
EDITOR: K. Ohiendorf
DESICN AND PRODUCTriON: M. Brush
PRODUCrtD BY IPM Education and Publi-
cations, UC Slatewide 1PM Project, Univer-
sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pesl Note is available on
Ihe World Wide Web
(http: //www.ipni.ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify inlormalion, trade names of producis
have been used. No endorsement of named
products is inlended, nor is criticism implied of
similar producis thai arc nol menlion«i-
This malerial is partiallv based upon work
supported by tf>e Extension Service, U-S- Depart-
ment of Agriculture, under S(>ecial project Srjction
3ldl. Integrated Pest Management.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pesticides aiepoisonuus Always read arxl carefully follow all precautions arxl sai<!ly recommendations given
on thecoril.Tint-1 labe l Sloic all chemicals in lhe original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away
Irom lood or leeds, ami oul ui lhe reach ol children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Confine chcTOlcals lo lhe jjropertv being treated. Avoid drill onui neighboring propeities, especially gardens
containing fiuits and'or vegeljbles leady lo be picked.
Dispose oleiiipiv conlainers carefully Fol low label instructions lor disposal Never reusethe containers. Make
sure emply conlainers arc iiol .Hcessible lo children or animals. Never dispose ol containets where lhey may
fonlaminale waler siipplies or nalural waterways. Oo not pout doivn sink or loilel. Consull your county
agricultural commissioner ior coriecl waj-s of disposing of excess pc-slicides. Never bum pesucidc containers.
Thc Uni%cisilv uf Calilornia prirhihits discrimination against or liaiassnienl ol anv person employed by or
srx king cniplovmenl ^^ illi Ihe University on the basis ol race, color nalional origin, leligion, sex. physical or
menial disahililv mi.ilit.il condiiion icancer-relaled or gcnelic chaiactenslicsl. anrc-slry, in.irilal stalus, age,
sexual oiicnIalii.il, r iti/eriship, or stalus as a tovtried veteran (special divililerl x-eleran, Vinnam eta veieran,
or anv olhei veteian who seivi-d on aclive duty during a war or in a canipjign <i< expedition for which a
campaign badge has been .lulhorizodl. University Policy is inlended lo be ronsislenl with thc provisions ol
applicable Sl..l<- .mil I Mlcr.il laws Inquiries regarding Ihe Umversiiv s nimdisi iiiiiinalion policies may he
diier led II. the Afliimjiwe Aclii.ii/Slall Personnel Services Oiieclor. t'nix-eisilv nf Calilomia. Agiicutluie and
Nalural kcMMirre^ IIII li.inkl.n. Glh Floor. Oakland. CA Hih07 >2W: iSlO.' 987 (We
• -1 •
LAWN INSECTS
Integrated Pest Management for ttie Home Gardener
Insects are nol a common cause of resi-
dential lawn damage in Califomia, bul
certain species occasionally damage or
kill lurfgrass. Insecl feeding can cause
grass to turn yellow or brown, or die,
especially if the grass is already
stressed. Damage usually begins in
small, scattered patches, which may
merge into large dead areas. However,
lack of proper cultural care and use of
inappropriate grass spedes in a par-
ticular location are more likely respon-
sible for unhealthy or dying lawns than
insects. Disease-causing pathogens,
excessive or inappropriate use of
chemicals such as fertilizers and herbi-
cides, and dog urine also produce
damage resembling lhat of in.sccts Be-
fore taking any insed conlrol action, be
sure lhal it is in.secis causing thc prob-
lem and nof something else
Insects that may cause damage m Cali-
fornia lawns include various root-,
crown-, and leaf-feeding caterpillars;
white gmbs, which are the larvae of
.scarab beetles such as the black
turfgrass ataenius and masked chafers;
billbugs, which are weevils with white,
gmblike larvae; and chinch bugs,
which are tme bugs in the order He-
miptcra, ELach species produces some-
what different damage symptoms and
must bc managed differently. Study
Figure 1 for identifying characteristics
and Table 1 for damage symptoms as-
sodated wilh each species. In addition
to the pests in Table 1, leafhoppers
may occur in lawns, .sometimes caus-
ing yellowing of leaf blades, but rarely
occur in numbers justifying treatment
Many other insects may be observed
while examining grass. However, con-
trol is rarely or never needed for most
lypes of insecls because they are harm-
less or beneficial. Common benehaal
insects indude predatory ants, ground
beetles, rove beelles, and blisler
Figure 1. Identifying features of various lawn pesls.
Billbug adult is a small weevil (snout beetle), '/i inch long, with
a long, downward-pointing snout and elbowed, clubt>ed
antennae ll is oflen seen walking on paved areas but is difficult
to find in turf unless a drench test is used.
Billbug larva is a creamy white, legless, '/e-inch-long grub with
a brown head The absence of legs distinguishes a billbug larva
from a white grub larva.
:^'
Black turfgrass alaenius adull is a shiny jtt black beetle,
' / s inch long, wifh club-end antennae
Chinch bug (southem) adull is small (less than '/s inch long)
and black with mostly while wings folded flal over the body.
Botli long- and short-winged forms may be present. Nymphs are
bright red lo black.
Ajmyworm and cutworm adults are dull brown or grayisK
relatively large (up lo I'/z inches long), night-activc molKs,
Armyworm and cutworm larvae arc up Io 2 inches long at
maturity; lar^'ae often curl up and lie still when disturbed
Skipper (fiery) adult is a 1-inch-long, orange lo brownish
butterfly with a hooked knob at the end of thc antennae
Lawn molh has an appendage in front of thc head resembling a
snout. Resting adults appear slender. When disturbed, the moth
makes a short flight dose to the gras.s. Adulls are up lo ^/> inch
long.
Sod webworm (lawn molh) larva is cream colored, ^1 * inch
long, and has a distinctive double row of brown or black spots
down ils b.ick, located at the base of long bristles
While grub (chafer) adult is a golden brown, up to ^/4-inch-
long beelle with a dark brown head; it is hairy on the underside
of its thorax-
While grub larva h.is a distinct brown head capsule and legs, is
up to 1'/: inches long, the posterior portion of its abdomen is
enlarged, and il tvpically curls tightly into a C-shape
JPEST_MQTES Publication 7476
University of California
Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2001
May 2001 Lawn Insecls
beetles. Other common arthropods that
are primarily decomposers and do no
significant injury to turfgrass indude
springtails and millipedes.
MANAGING LAWN
INSECTS
Good cultural practices arc the primary
method for managing insed damage to
lawns. Growing appropriate grass spe-
cies for a particrular location and pro-
viding lawns with proper care arc
espedally important- Practices such as
irrigating and fertilizing have a major
impad on lavvn health- Physical con-
trols, such as thalch removal, choice of
mowing height and frequency, and
providing grass wilh more light by
pmning tree branches, are also impor-
tant in certain situations- Naturally
occurring biological control may limit
some in.secl pestS- Most home lawns in
California do nol need to be treated
with insectiddes if proper cultural
pradices arc followed. Insediddes
should never be applied unless a pesl
is identified and detected at damaging
levels. If insecticides are necessary,
choose materials that have minimum
impacts on beneficial organisms and
the environment.
Preventing Pest Problems
The best way to prevent damage from
lawn pests is to keep grass healthy.
Healthy lawns require few, if any, in-
sectidde treatments. Also, if the
turfgrass is under .stress and a pestidde
is applied, it stands a greater chance of
suffering phytotoxic damage from the
pestidde itself The publications on
managing your lawn listed in "Sug-
gested Reading" give detailed informa-
tion on how to grow a heallhy lawn.
Choose Appropriate Varieties- There
are a number of grasses available for
planting in Califomia. These grasses
arc often referred to as cither cool-sca-
son grasses (examples indude annual
ryegrass, bentgrass, fine fescue, Ken-
tucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass,
and tall fescue) or warm-season gra.sses
(bermudagrass, kikuyugrass, St
Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass).
Warm-season grasses produce most of
their growth during summer and usu-
allv have a dormant period when they
lurn brown during winter Cool-scason
gra.sses are green year-round, but pro-
duce mosl of their growlh in spring
and fall. The type of gra.ss and the vari-
eties within each type vary in their
shade toleraiKC, salinity tolerance, wa-
ter needs, di.sease resistance, and cul-
tural needs, A formerly thriving lawn
variety may decline with changes in
lighl, .such as more or less shade
caused by growth or removal of nearby
Irees. These faclors are outlined in Se-
lecting the Best Turfgrass, listed in "Sug-
gested Reading " Seledion of the
appropriate grass spedes and variety
will allow you to grow a hardy lawn
wilh minimal maintenance inputs.
Care for Lawns Properly. Inappropri-
ate irrigation is the most common
cause of lawn damage. Overwatering
(shallow, fiequent sprinkling) retards
deep root growlli and increases lawn
Table 1, Some Lawn Pests, Appearance of Their Damage, and Cultural Conlrol Methods.
Pest (Scientific name) Hosts Damage appearance Cultural control
armyworms, rrutworms
{Pseudaletia unipuncta,
Peridroma saucia, Ap'otis spp )
reduce Lhatch; eliminale soggy ali grasses dichondra leaves and base of leaves chewed and cut
beginning in small, inegular .spots that can areas; overseed Uiwn
spread to patches extending many feet in
width
billbugs
{Sphenoplwrus spp.)
all grasses brosvn, tliia dying grass, begintung in
small, irregular spots lhat can spread lo
patches extending many feet in width
irrigate and fertilize adequately;
increase mowing height
black lurfgrass afaenius
{Alaenius sprctulus)
annual bluegrass,
bentgrass, ryegra.ss,
Kentucky bluegrass
fiery skipper
{Hylcphila phyleus)
bentgrass,
bermudagrass,
St- Augustinegrass
brown, dying grass, few roots; lawn is
easily peeled off soil
1- to 2-inch-diaincter spots of lawn lum
brown; spots may join lo form large,
irregular dead patches; leaves chewed or
missing
increa.se mowing height; aerate to
improve rool growlh
reduce lhatch; overseed with grass
spedes lhat are not preferred
lawn moths, sod webworms
{Crambus sperryellus. Tehama
bonifatella)
all grasses, espedally lawn brosvn; leaves chewed or missing
bentgrass, bluegrass.
clovers
reduce thatch; irrigale and fertilize
appropriately
southern chinch bug
{Blissus irj.su/nris)
primarilv St.
Augustinegrass
irregular patches of lawn lum yellosvish,
then brown and begin dying during hot
weadier
reduce lhatch; reduce nitrogen
fertilization: irrigate adequately;
plant resistant vanclics such .is
Floralawn, Iloratain, or 1X10 if
growing St. Augustinegrass
while grubs—iniiiiatures of
masked diafers {Cyclocephala
spp.), Mav and June bt^elles
{Phvllojfhiiga spp )
all gras.ses, especially
bluegrass. rtograss
brown dying grass; lavvn can be rolled up
il heavily infested
irrigate .ind fertilize approprialciv;
overseed lawn
Some pesK spedfic to bermudagra.ss and did.ondra arc nol included in this table Other mveitebrales dial occas.onallv damage lawns
include crane flics, frit flics and other flies, flea lH.-otles, leafhoppers. Lucerne moths. ,)lant bugs, mealybugs, scale insects, and mites.
Adapted from Ali and Elmore (1989) and Costa ct al (2(100); for more informaiion consull publications in Suggested Reading
May 2001 Lawn Insects
susceptibility lo stress. Poorly mam-
iained sprinklers can apply too much
water in certain spots while undcr-
wnlenng olher areas. Brown spots
from uneven walcr applications occur
frequently and are often caused by im-
properly spaced irrigation heads,
sunken or tilted heads, or unmatched
heads that apply differing amounls of
waler. Correcting these physical prob-
lems wilh irrigation systems can de-
crease water waste by over 50?!.,
decrease vvater bills, and most impor-
tantly, improve the health of your
lawn. Lawns should bc irrigated
deeply and no more often than twice a
week.
Appropriate fertilization encourages a
den.sc, thick lawn lhal allows grass to
tolerate ,some insed feeding. The ap-
propriate timing and aniount of fertil-
izer (primarily nitrogen) vanes
depending on factors including season,
grass species, cmd local growing condi-
tions In general, most Califomia
grasses u.sed for lawns require fiom 3
lo 6 pounds of actual nitrogen over a
1,000-square-foot area annually during
llieir active growing season
Keep the blades on your lawn mower
sharp and cut your turf at a mowing
height appropriate for thc type of lav^'n
g;rass to minimize depletion of food
reserves needed to outgrow insect in-
jury Mowing frequency and height
depend on grass species, season, and
the particular use of that lawn Cool-
season lawns have suggested mowing
heights of \ to 2'/? inches, while
wami-season lawns should be mowed
to a height of '/J to 1 inch. No more
than one-third of the grass height
should bc removed at one time.
Lawns also benefit from aeration To
increase water penetration and reduce
soil compaction, periodically remove
soil plugs using hollow tines. Thatch,
which is the layer of undecomposed
organic material on the .soil surface,
can build up and result in poor water,
fertilizer, and air penetration. Thatch
thai is greater than inch thick en-
courages caterpillar and cjiinch bug
populations Thalch also reduces insec-
ticide efficac-^- because insecticides can-
not penetrate to reach root-feeding
insects Prevent lhatch by avoiding ex-
cess nitrogen application, irrigating
deeply and infrequently, and minimiz-
ing the use of lawn pestiddes that can
reduce populalions of microorganisms
responsible for decomposing thc
thalch. If it is more than 'Z; inch thick,
physically remove thatch with a gar-
den rake, mechanical dethatcher, verti-
cal mower, or power rake. Other
methods include lopdressing lawns by
adding a thin layer ('/ij-'A indi) of soil
and raking or sweeping it into the
lhalch lo encourage decomposer
microorganisms. Core aerification also
mixes soil into thatch, speeding
dccomposition-
Biological Control
Certain insects, oilier invertebrates,
and microorganisms that occur natu-
rally in lawns feed on or parasitize
lawn pests- This type of control, called
biological control, may help to prevent
many lawn-dwelling insects from be-
coming pestS- To proted bcnefiaal in-
sects, avoid using broad-spectrum
pesticides that will kill them along
with the pesls. Biological pestiddes
containing organisms such as Bacillus
Ihunngicnsis (Bt) and beneficial nema-
todes are commerdally available for
controlling specific lawn insecls. These
materials have minimal impacts on
natural enemies of insed pests and
other beneficial organisms such as
earthworms- Birds, moles, and other
vertebrates also feed on lawn insects
from time to time.
Detecting Problems in
Your Lawn
Examine your lawn weekly or just be-
fore each mowing to detect problem
areas. At the same time, look for
weeds. A dense stand of healthy grass
prevents most weeds fiom growing, so
abundant weed growth indicates that
the lawn is unhealthy and susceptible
to other pests. New lurfgrass is espe-
cially vulnerable to problems and has
different irrigation and fertilizer re-
quirements than established turfgrass
An indicaiion lhat a lawn may be in-
fesled wilh insects is when thc adults
(e g , molh or beetle stage) of pesls are
drawn lo lights at night or vvhen verte-
brate pred.itors (birds, raccoons, or
skunks) are digging in your lavvn for
c.Tterpillars and grubs However, the
insects coming to light may be drawn
frcmi far awav and vertebrate activity
is not a foolproof indicator I hey may
be feeding on earthworms instead of
in.sccts; also, vertebrates will rehirn to
where they previously found food, so
they may dig in lawns even if insect
pests are no longer abundant
If you observe damage, the next step is
lo determine tlie actual cau.se. If you
think the damage is caused by insects,
confirm your suspidons by IcKiking for
the pest- The mosl acmrate way to do
this is by using either thc drench test or
by inspecting around roots (Table 2).
Thc drench test is effective for delect-
ing chinch bugs and caterpillars in-
cluding armywcirms, cutworms, and
sod webworms, but it does not deted
gmbs. Locating and correclly identify-
ing a pesl is important because chffer-
enl pests require different treatment
materials, timing, and application
methods.
Identify the insects you find using de-
scriptions in this publication (Fig. 1)
and olher publications such as Hand-
book of Turfgrass Pests or Turfgrass Pests
lisled in "Suggesled Reading " Thc l/C
IPM Pcsl Management Guidelines:
Turfgrass is available on the World
Wide Web (unmu ipm ucda-uis edulPMGI
sclectnexupest.turfgrass.html) and con-
tains color photos of some turfgrass
pests. After identifying the insects,
count die number of each lype of in.scd
found Some of the inseds you find
may be beneficial or nondamaging. In
home lawns, you usually need only to
be concemed wilh the insects listed in
Table 1
Remember that the mere presence of
an insect pesl does not imply that il is
the cause of unhealthy lawns or that an
in.secticide treatment is needed. It is
nomial to find a few pest insects in any
heallhy lawn. Generally treatments are
not recommended unless the popula-
tion level of the insect pest reach<?s a
predetermined level called a threshold
(Table 2). Thresholds are the popula-
titm levels al whicti thc numbcr of in-
sects feeding exceeds the ability of a
heallhy lawn to withstand the damage
thev cause For example, an Insecticide
usually is not needed unless there are
more lhan about 5 orniv\vi)rms and
cul\vorms or 15 lawn moth larvae per
May 2001 Lawn Insects
Table 2. Lawn Fest Detection Methods, Treatment Targets, Thresholds, and IPM-compatible Materials-
Insect Detection method Treatment target
Suggested
treatment
threshold
IPM-compatible
matenals
armvworms,
nitworms
drench test for fat, dull gray, green, or brownish
larvae up lo 2 inches long; inspect outdoor lights
around dawn for I'/i inch brownish to gray molhs
crowns, leaves,
lhalch
5/yd' A, Bt, r, Sc
billbugs dig aroimd roots for whitish, C-shaped, legless gmbs
up lo -'/a inch long with reddish heads; inspect
outdoor lights around dawn for ' /3 inch brownish to
gray snout beelles
crown, roots 1/fP LSc
black tiirfgra.ss
ataenius (see also
white grubs)
dig around roots for whiti.sh, C-shaped grubs up to
' h inch long with 6 legs and reddish heads; inspect
outdcKir lights around dawn for shiny black adults '/
5 inch long
rools, thalch soil
interface
40/ft-Hb, 1, Sc
chinch bug, southem drench test or inspecl around grass ba.ses for reddish,
purple, black, or gray bugs up lo ' /z inch long
crowns, stems I35/yd=or
15 nymphs &
adults/ft^
V
lawn moths (sod
webworms)
drench lest for slender, grayish larvae up to inch
long; whitish or brownish molhs up lo 4 irxh long
fly when grass is disturbed
crowns, leaves,
lhatch
15/yd' A, Bt, P, Sc
skipper, fiery drench test for larvae up to 1 inch long with pink-
grccn body and red and black head; orangish
butterflies 1 indi svide with knobbed antennae feed at
flowers; mere presence of this insect does nol warrant
control
leaves, stems 15/yd' Bl, Hb, P
wlute grubs (the
immatures of masked
chafer.s. May and June
t>cetles; soe also black
tiirfgra.ss ataenius)
dig around rools in lale winter or s-ummer for whitish
lo yellow, ivrinJded, C-shapcd grub up lo l'/2 inches
long wilh 6 legs and a reddish head; look for
vellowish brown adults '/2 inch long.
rcKils 6/ft-Hb, 1, Sg
Check current labels for permitted uses and proper application methods
Adapted from Ali and Elmore (1989) and Costa cl al, (2000).
IPM-compatible materials
A = azadirachtin or neem (Safer BioNeeni)
Bl = Bacillus thuringiensis (BT WormKiller, Caterpillar Oobber)
I = imidacloprid (Baver Advanced Lawn Grub ConlroL GrubEx, etc.)
P = pvTCthrin (Safer Yard & Garden Insecl Killer)
Predaceous nematodes
Hb = HcterorJiabdilis bacleriophora
Sc = Stcincmema curpocapsac
Sg = Steinerucma glaseri
square yard. Sample several different
areas of the lawn lo better estimate
populations overall, espedally if num-
bers are dose to suggested thresholds.
Drench Test. To detect chinch bugs,
adult billbugs, and caterpillars includ-
ing armyworm.s, cufworni.s, and larvae
of lawn molhs (sod webworms), per-
form a drench test by mixing 1 to 2 fluid
ounces (2^ tablespoons) of dishwash-
ing liquid (such as Lemon Joy) lo a gal-
lon of water. If you are using a concen-
trate (i.e.. Ultra) version of a dish-
washing liquid, l'/2 tablespoons per gal-
lon of water is adequate. Two gallons
may be required where soils are dry
Apply the solution to 1 square y.ird of
lawn as evenly as possible using a
sprinkling can (Fig. 2) Test an are.i tli.il
includes both relatively heallhy gra.ss
and adjoining unhealthy grass. The
drench will cause insects to move to
the surface- During the nexl 10 min-
utes, identify and count thc numbcr of
post inseclS-
Inspect Around Roots. Thc drench lest
docs not indicate the presence of bill-
bug larvae, black turfgrass alaenius
larvae, or white gmbs (masked chafers.
May beetles, and June beetles). To de-
tect white grubs, dig or ail beneath
thatch (Fig. 3) and examine the soil
around roots and crowns (where roots
and stems meet). Look for the white,
legless larvae of billbugs (a weevil) or
the C-shapcd, six-legged lan-.-ie of
scarab beetles such as black turfgrass
ataenius and masked chafers. When
these are numerous, roots are eaten
away and turf often can be rolled back
like a carpet. Ifyou find more lhan
about one billbug larva, six white
gmbs, or 40 black turfgra.ss alaenius
gmbs per square foot, control may be
needed.
TREATMENT
If cultural practices are not enough lo
prevent damage, and a drench test or
root inspcKTlion indicates treatment is
warranted, choose selective, least toxic,
IPM-compatible produds (Table 2)
whenever possible to control pests. The
microbial insecticide Bacillus
thuringiensis and insect-killing nema-
tode produds that can be applied like
insecliddes have minima! negative im-
pacts on nontarget organisms Thc in-
sediddes azadirachtin, pyrethmm
(pyrethrins), and imidacloprid arc also
• 4 •
May 2001 Lawn Insects
Figure 2. Delect chinch bugs, adult bill-
bugs, and caterpillars by drenching a 1-
square-yard area of lawn with a soap
solution lo irritate insects so they come
to lhe surface.
relatively safe produds for lawn in.sect
management. Each of these produds is
effective only on certain pesls and all
must be properly timed and applied to
be effedive. Avoid the use of chlorpy-
rifos and diazinon; urban use of these
materials has been identified as a
source of pollution in Califomia's
creeks and nvcrs. Other broad-
spectrum insecliddes, induding car-
baryl, pyrethroids, and acephate, are
available However, these materials
pose risks for benefidal and nontarget
organisms Use them only when IPM-
compatible insectiddes cannot control
the infestation-
Avoid the use of lawn fertilizer prod-
uds lhal also contain insecticides for
preventative treatment. Insectidde
treatment al lhe lime of fertilizing is
usuallv not justified and may reduce
the presence of beneficial insects.
Mow the lavs'n and reduce excess
thalch (greater than '/2 inch) before
applying inseclicides. Unless otherwise
directed on thc produd label, irrigate
and allow grass blades to dr)' before
treating caterpillars and other insects
that feed on grass blades and stems. Do
not treal if rainfall is expected and do
not irrigate for al least 48 hours after
spraying for leaf-feeders to allow the
insecticide lo remain on grass blades as
long as possible. When treating white
grubs and other root-feeders, wail to
irrigate until after applicalion so the
insecticide is moved down into the
soil.
Certain chemicals may injure lawns,
espeaally if used on seedlings, vvhen
temperatures are too high, or if grass is
stressed. Injury may also result from
excess amounts, repealed applications,
the wrong formulafion, or from mixing
incompatible materials. Inert ingredi-
ents, such as welters, spreaders, emul-
sifiers, diluents, and solvents, may also
injure lawns.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Bl kills only
caterpillars. When infeded wilh Bt,
caterpillars slop feeding wilhin a day
and usually die within a few days.
Unlike broad-spedrum insectiddes
that kill on contact, caterpillars must
eat Bt-sprayed foliage to be killed, so
proper timing and thorough spray cov-
erage are very important. Bt is most
effective on caterpillars when they are
young Once the caterpillars become
large they are harder to kill with this
malerial, and other control measures
may be necessary. Apply Bl durmg
warm, dry wealher when caterpillars
arc feeding actively. Sunlight inacti-
vates Bt on foliage, so make applica-
tions in the evening. Repeat trealment
after about 7 to 10 days.
Nematodes. Insect-attacking nema-
todes can be applied to control cater-
pillars or grubs. Each nematode s-pedes
is effective on a different range of
posts. Selecl the nematode .spedes most
effedive against the target pest(s)
(Table 2). All nematode spedes are
most effective vvhen applied during thc
early part of thc .season for that pest
(Fig. 4) when grubs or colcrpillars are
active. A second application aboul 2
weeks afler the firsl increa.scs the likeli-
hood lhat nematodes will reproduce
and provide long-lemi pest control.
Irrigale before and ailer application
Apply lo warm (at least 60°F), moist
but not soggy soil. Several irrigations
may be needed during the 2 weeks af-
ter each application to keep soil moist.
Because nematodes are killed by light
and heat, apply them in the evening,
especially in hot areas.
Nematodes usually must be mail or-
dered. Because they are very perish-
able, store them as directed (usually
under cool, dark conditions) and do not
store them for long periods. Purchase
from a reputable producer or supplier
of fresh nematodes. Sources indude
those Iisted in the free pamphlet Suppli-
ers of Beneficial Organisms in North
America available from the Califomia
Department of Pestidde Regulation,
8.30 K Street, Sacramenio, CA 95814-
3510, phone 916-324-4100, or on the
World Wide Web al unow.cdpr.ca.goul
dprncius.htm. Suppliers and delails on
nematode use are also available at http l
Iu:ww2oardc.ohio-slale.edul nematodes.
Azadirachtin. The botanical pestidde
azadirachtin is exfracted from the seeds
of the neem tree. It is used to control
cutworms, armyworms, and the larvae
of lawn molhs. Azadirachtin is ab-
sorbed by the plant and is able to move
to a hmited degree within the plant.
Because azadirachtin ads partly as an
insect growth regulator (i.e., it prevents
the caterpillar from reaching maturity),
most caterpillars are not killed until
Figure 3. Detect billbug larvae, black turfgrass ataenius, and white grubs by dig-
ging around the root zone wilh a hand trowel. Allematively, make three connected
cuts Ihrough grass and lhalch in the shape of a capital "I" (a); then lift back (b) and
inspect underneath. If the area examined is 6 inches long and 4 inches wide, inspect
six such areas to uncover a total of 1 square foot and compare Ihe number of insects
discovered lo the suggested thresholds.
May 2001 Lawn Insects
Fieure 4 Approximale times to monitor for some lawn insects. Actual treatment time
vanes depending in part on location, temperature, ra.nfalf and the specific insecticide
used- Before applying an insecticide, monilor for insects lo confinn pest presence and
lhat Iheir numbers exceed thresholds.
Insect Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct
annywcirm, cutworm
billbug
black turfgrass ataenius
chinch bug
fiery skipper
sod webworm, lawn moth
while grub
several days after application, and
azadirachtin's effectiveness is not im-
mediately apparent-
Tor more information contact the University
of Califorma Cooperative Fjttension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses .ind
phone numbers-
ALrrHORS; S. H. Dreistadt, M. A. Harivan-
di, H. Costa, and J. Hartin
EDITOR; B- Oldendori
TEQINICAL EDITOR: M- L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M- Brush
a,LUSTRATIONS: Fig 1: Adult chafer from
A. S, Packard. 1876. Guide lo liu: Study of In-
sects. New York: Heru)' Holt; Sod webworm
by R- M. Bohart. 1947. Hilgardia 17(8) 275;
other insecl line art by Chittenden, Marlatt,
or Webster from Sanderson, E- D- and C-1-
Jackson- 1912- Elcmcnlan/ Entomology. Bos-
ton; Ginn-; Fig 2: C M- Dewees; Fig- 3;
adapted from Olenter, W- D Calif Fair-
ways. Jan-Feb: pp- 6-8; Fig 4; adapted fiom
Ali, A, D , and C L- Elmore, cds- 1989. Turf
grass Pests. Oakland: UC DANK PubL 4053-
PRODUCED BY 1PM Educahon and Publi-
cations. UC Statewide 1PM Project. Univer
sity of Califomia. Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
VVide Web (http://www-ipm-ucdavis-cdu)
Imidacloprid. Imidacloprid is a
diloronicotinyl insecticide lhat moves
systemically within planis, Il is effec-
tive against black turfgrass ataenius,
white gmbs, and weevils. Imidacloprid
has relatively long persistence. Because
initial effectiveness can bc delayed for
days after applicalion, it may be besl to
apply it during the early part of the
season (Fig. 4), when the gmbs arc in
their earliest stages. In lawns that had
damaging infestations thc previous
year, make treatments when adults are
found in early to midsummer. If lawns
are heavily infested with damaging
levels of gmbs later in the season, a
more quick-acting, broad-specfrum in-
sectidde may be necessary.
Pyrelhrin. Pyrethmm, a botanical from
flowers of certain chrysanthemums,
contains pyrethrin.s, which are loxic to
insecls. Many pyrethrum products in-
dude the synergist piperonyl butoxide,
Inseds may only be temporarily para-
lyzed (knocked-down) and pests may
UC4'IPM fil UCB5
REVIEWED
This publication has been anonymously peor
leviewod lor technical accuracy by University ol
Calilomia scientisls and other qualilied proles-
sionals. This leview process was managed by Ihe
ANR Associale Edilor lor Pest Management
To simplify iiilornurlion, Irade names of producis
have been used NoendorsemenI of named produi.1s
is intended, nor iscrilii-ism implii^ of similar produds
that arv not inenlioiH-d
This maienal parlially based upon work
suppirted bv the Fxiension Sc^^ in-. U S Oepartmenl
of Agriculture, under special projecl Section 3(d),
recover from temporary effects of expo-
sure to pvrethrum unless piperonyl
butoxide is added
SUGGESTED READING
Ali, A- D., and C L. Elmore, cds- 1989.
Turf<:;rass Pests Oakland; Univ. Calif
Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 4053.
Brandenburg, R- L., and M. G- Villani,
cds, 1995. Handbook of Turfgrass Pesls.
Lanham, MD: Entomological Sodety of
America.
Co.sla, H., R. Cowles, J. Hartin, K. Kido,
and H. Kaya, 2000. Insects and Mites in
UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines:
Turfgrass. Oakland: Univ. Calif Agric
Nat. Res. Publ. 3365-T
Flint, M. L-, and S. H- Dreistadt. 1998.
Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated
Guide to Biological Pest Control. Oakland:
Univ. Calif Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 3386.
Harivandi, M A , and V. A- Gibeault.
1996- Managing Laums in Shade. Oak-
land: Univ- Cahf- Agric Nat- Rcs. Publ-
7214.
Hanvandi, M. A , and V. A Gibeault.
1996- Mowing Your Lawn and Grass-
cycling. Oakland; Univ. Calif Agric
Nat- Res- Publ. 8006-
Harivandi, M- A , and V- A- Gibeault.
1997. Managing Lawns on Heavy Soils.
Oakland; Univ Calif Agnc, Nal. Res.
Publ, 7227,
Harivandi, M. A., W. B. Davi.s, V, A.
Gibeault, M J- Henry, J A- Van Dam, L.
Wu, and V- B. Younger- 1990. Selecting
the Best Turfgrass. Oakland; Univ, Calif.
Agnc, Nal, Res. Leaflet 2589-
WARNING ON THE USE OE CHEt>4ICALS
PesliCKle. are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all pr«aut,o,ts and safety- recommendations
given on Ihc coi.ta^er label Store all diemicals ui the ong,n.il labeled contamer. -J^-''-/^^=^t,,net or shed,
fwav hon« tood or feeds, and out of the rtrach of cjiildrcn, unauthonzerl persons, pels, and livestock.
eon^e Xn..cals to die property being treated. Avoid dnlt onto neighbonng pmperties, espec...U>
Kardens conlainine fruits or vegetables ready to be pickesl. . , ^ ,„-i.. F.iK,,,,.^.
Do not place containers containing pestiode in thc tra-sh nor V-"'f^^^J^'^J^^^^^^^
ttie oe-tic-K e accordmg lo the bbel or take unwanted pest.CKles to a Household Hazardous Waste CoHection
s recfin act vour county agncultural conuniss.oner for addilit.nal inlormaUon on sale container d.spo al and
for the l^ahim <,( die Hazardous Waste Collection site near.^t voir Dispose of empty contamers by foUow-ing
!abel d"J. Never reuse or bum the containers or d,.s^>ose of them ,.. .sudi a manner lha. tliey may
con(ajntnalc water supplies or natural vvatenvays
Inlepraird Test Manap.fnit'ni
The Un.ver-itv of CaWornia proh*..s discrimination agauist or harassment of any pei^on employed by or
FLIES
Integrated Pesl Management In and Around the Home
LARVA
Figure 1. Life cycle of the fly.
Of the thousands of species of flies,
only a few are common pesls in and
around the home. Four of lhe more
frequenl pesls are the house fly
(Musca domestica). the face fly (Musca
autumnalis), the stable fly {Stmnoxys
calcitrans), and the little house fly
{Fannia spp.). These pests breed in
filthy locations from vvhich lhey can
contaminate food and transmit dis-
eases; stable flics feed on mammalian
blood.
All flies undergo complele metamor-
phosis with egg, larva, pupa, and
adult stages in their development
(Fig. 1). The female fly deposits her
eggs in moist organic material where
llie larvae, or "maggots," complete
their development. When the maggots
have completed ihcir development
and are ready to undergo the next
step in their metamorphosis, lhey
convert their last larval skin into the
puparium, a hardened shell wilhin
whidi the pupa develops The pupa
then transforms into the adult fly,
vvhich pops off the end of the pu-
parium and emerges. By pumping
body fluids into the veins, the fly un-
folds and expands ils wings, allowing
them to dry and harden before it can
fly. Under optimal conditions the egg-
to-adult development may require as
lillle as 7 to 10 days. Once the female
fly has mated, she can lay several
batches of eggs, typically containing
over 100 eggs each.
While humans are most commonly
bothered by thc adull slage, the larval
slage should be the prime target for
conlrol Elimination of larval habitat
is the preferred method of pesl fly
suppression. By removing the mate-
rial in which larvae develop, the life
cyde of the fly can be broken, pre-
venting subsequent production of thc
adult pests. While chemical pestiddes
may be necessary for suppressing
adult fly populations in some situa-
tions, lhey are nol a substitute for
prevenlion ihrough the elimination of
brc^eding sites. Because flies can
quickly develop resistance lo insecti-
ddes in a few generations, use them
only as a last resort to obtain immedi-
ate control-
HOUSE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
The house fly (Musca domestica) is a
cosmopolitan companion of humans
and domestic animals- Hou.se flies are
less than one-half inch in length- They
are gray, with four dark stripes down
the dorsum of the thorax (Fig- 2)-
House flies have .sponging moulhparls
and can ingest only liquids. However,
lhey can cat solid food (e g , sugar,
flour, pollen) by first liquefying it with
their saliva.
Under favorable conditions the house
fly can reproduce prodigiously be-
cause of its shorl generation time and
(actual size)
Figure 2. House fly.
PFST [S40TES Publication 7457
U n i ve I s i I y f;> f C a i i f o rn i a
Divisicin of Agri c u I tt_i re and N.iUifal Resources rehi uary I 999
l-cbrucTrv 1999 Flies
[ [ (aclual size)
Figure 3. House fly larva.
the large number of eggs produced
by each female—several batches of
aboul 150 eggs. Eggs are laid in
warm, moist, organic materials such
as manure, garbage, lawn clippings,
decaying vegetables and fruits, or
soils contaminated wilh any of these
materials. Under good conditions the
eggs hatch in less lhan a day. The
cream-colored larvae can then com-
plete development witliin a week.
Lar%'ae of the house fly have a blunt
posterior end and taper to a point at
the head end (Fig, 3) Larvae seek
drier areas to pupate Pupation lasts
4 to 5 days and a generation can be
completed in less than 2 weeks; dur-
ing the summer 10 to 12 generations
can develop-
Damage
Because they have sponging moulh-
parls, house flies cannoi bile; how-
ever, lhey have been demonsfrated
to mechanically transmit the caus-
ative agents of diarrhea, cholera,
yaws, dysentery, and eye infedions.
Flies are also implicated as mechani-
cal vedors of Shigella and Salmo-
nella, the latter being a pathogen
responsible for food poisoning.
Management of House Flies
Most measures lo conlrol house flies
are nonchcmical. In almost all cases
where flies are .seen inside a building
they have entered from the outside.
Therefore, mechanical control re-
mains the first line of defc^nse against
house flies Cracks around windows
and doors where flies are entering
should be sealed Well-fitted .screens
will also limit their access lo build-
ings For commercial facilities, air
doors can provide effedive barriers
to fly entry, and lighl Iraps altract
any of those that still manage to get
in. A flv swalter can be u.sed effec-
tively against thc stray individual
that finds its way mto a house. Out-
doors, regularly remove (at least
twice a week) and dispose of or-
ganic waste, including dog feces, lo
reduce the attractiveness of a sile to
flies and limit ihcir breeding areas.
Garbage should nol be allowed to
accumulate and should be kepi in
containers wilh tight-htting lids. In
general, poor exclusion and lack of
sanitation are the major contribu-
tors to fly problems
Fly papers or ribbons are effective
at eliminating a few flies, but are not
effective enough to manage heavy
infc"stalions. Inverted cone traps can
be effective if the food attraclant
used draws flies, but they cannot
compete with garbage or other aro-
matic substances in thc surrounding
area Bug zappers should only be
used indoors and not be visible
from the oulside through windows
or open doorways Bug zappers
outdoors or improper placemenl
indoors can attrad more flies than
they kill. They .should also nol be
used near food preparation areas
because they may actually result in
increased food contamination wilh
insect parts.
Selective use of insecticides against
hou.se flies is one component of a
total fly management program bul
.should only be used after all pos-
sible nonchemical strategies have
been employed- To kill flies indoors,
a nonresidual pyrelhrin space spray
or aerosol can be used- Keep the
room closed for several minutes
after treatment until all tlie flies arc
dead- Oulside, apply residual insec-
ticides lo surfaces such as walls and
ceilings lhal are being used by the
flies as resting areas. Flv bails used
in trash iireas are effective in reduc-
ing the number uf flics around build-
ings if good .sanitation pradices are
followed When flies have access to
garbage, luiwei-i'r, lliev will not be
conlrolled bv bails Alwavs follciw
the diredions on the insecticide label
for safe application.
LITTLE HOUSE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
While little house flies {Fannia spp.)
are found throughout the United
States, populations of two species
thrive in the particular dimatic condi-
tions of southem Califomia. Both Fan-
nin canicularis and Fannia femoralis
can be abundant during the cooler
months in southern Califomia and are
considered major winter pest flies.
Adults are approximately one-half lo
two-thirds the size of the house fly,
Musca domestica, and lhey lacJc ils
distinctive thoradc markings (Fig- 4)
Fannia at rest hold their wings more
over the back than Musca, creating a
narrower V-shape lo the wing outline.
Flying clusters of male Fannia typically
form in areas with still air; these mill-
ing groups maintain a position 5 or 6
feet above the ground.
Females typically spend most of their
lime feeding and laying eggs near the
larval developmenf site. The immature
stages are adapted to tolerate a wide
moisture range in the larval develop-
menl subsfrate. Egg laying and larval
development frequently occur in ani-
mal wastes, but various moist organic
materials can serve as suitable sub-
strates. Larvae of Fannia spp. are
brown in color and spiny (Fig. 5).
Backyard compost heaps and decom-
posing piles of grass clippings can
produce large numbers of Fannia.
Figure 4. Little house fly.
February 1999 Flies
Figure 5. Little house fly larva.
Damage
Little house flies are more reluctant to
enter homes lhan are house flies;
instead, lhey lend to congregate in
ouldoor areas such as patios,
entryway.s, and garages. Their habit of
hovering at face height makes them
annoying, ihough they move readily
out of the way when approached.
They seldom land and arc nol consid-
ered a significant disease vector.
Strong air currents lend to disperse
the male aggregations. As tempera-
tures decline, tliey seek cover in
buildings or prolective vegetation- As
temperatures rise in lale spring and
early summer, populations of Fannia
diminish- In southem Califomia Fan-
nia are the main pest fly from Novem-
ber lo June, with Musca domestica
assuming major pest stalus between
June and November.
Management of Little House Flies
Eliminating the breeding site is the
preferred melhod of controlling Fan-
nia. Piles of moist, decaying grass
clippings are ideal developmental
sites, as are accumulations of moist
manure- Fannia arc not attracted to
the .same fly baits or traps that collect
house flies.
FACE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
Faoe flies {Musca autumnalis) are par-
ticularlv a problem in mral areas of
norlhern and central Califomia where
livestock are present. The hotter,
drier weatiier in southern California is
nol condudve to their development.
Thc face flv looks virtually identical to
the house fly bul is somewhat larger
and darker in color. Like the house fly
it also has sponging mciuthparts and
cannot bite. However, face fly behav-
ior is distinctive because lhey are
attracted lo the eyes, no,se, and
moulh of cattle and horscs-
Female face flies lay their tiny stalked
eggs in fresh manure- The yellowish
larvae feed on the manure until ma-
ture, when they crawl away to a suit-
able site and pupate in the soil. The
life cyde is completed in about 2
weeks.
Damage
Face flies feed on the secretions and
sweat of cattle and horses in the sum-
mer months. Their habit of ft^eding
around the eyes makes them success-
ful vedors of the causative agenl of
pinkeye in livestock. They can be-
come pesls of humans in fall when
swarms of flies enter the walls of
buildings to hibernate. Then, on warm
days, these hibernating flies can be-
come adive and move in large num-
bers to the inside of the building.
Once inside the building they are at-
tracted to light, so lhey are frequently
found flying around windows or
lighls.
Management of Face Flies
The first slep in conlrol is to locate
the area where the face flics are hiber-
nating and then treat them directly.
Thc inspection should start on the
outside of the soulh and west sides of
the building, because these walls re-
ceive the majority of the sun's rays in
fall and winler and are therefore usu-
ally the warmc^st parts of the building
The flies are attraded to these warm
areas in .search of protective harbor-
age for the winter. These flies swarm,
then enter cracks and crevices that
often lead to stmdural voids. Some-
times these void spaces are acces-
sible for inspection such as in a crawl
space, attic, or false ceiling
The best nonchcmical conlrol method
IS to vaaium the flics off the surfaces
on which they arc resting. In areas
inaccessible to vacuumin;',, .i residual
insectidde such as a pyrethroid can
bc applied. For application of residual
inseclicides, contact a reputable pest
control company. Dusts arc ideal for-
mulations for use in void spaces, but
avoid bendiocarb or boric add dusts
because they have given poor results.
To prevent future infestations, cracks
on the outside thai may serve as entry
points for flics should be .scaled,
STABLE FLY
Identification and Life Cycle
The stable fly {Stotnoxys calcitrans),
sometimes called the "biting fly" or
"dog fly," is a common fly attacking
people Uving in neighborhoods wilh
populations of animals or lhat are
close to livestock fadlities. These flies
are almost indistinguishable from
house flics, except that stable flies
have a bayonetlike moulhparl (pro-
bosds) protmding from thc front of
the head (Fig 6).
Depending on weather conditions,
stable flies typically appear in mid-
spnng, become .severe in early sum-
mer, and decrease in numbers by late
summer. During prime breeding times
in summer, the stable fly can develop
from egg to adult in just 2 weeks. The
female fly lays over 100 eggs per batcii
and may lay four or five such batches
in her lifetime, so there is potential for
rapid population increa.scs. Piles of
moist, decaying plant refuse (grass
clippings, hay, silage, etc ) should be
considered potential sources of stable
flies; this is where female stable flies
Figure 6. Stable fly.
February J999 Flies
lay their eggs and where the larvae
develop. Larvae of thc stable fly re-
semble larvae of the house fly (Fig. 3),
Stable flics do not breed in pure, fresh
manure but will develop quite well in
manure mixed wilh hay or other plant
material, espedally when dampened
by urine. Backyard compost heaps
and piles of gra.ss clippings are ideal
breeding sites for stable fly larvae and
may serve as the production source
for an entire neighborhood infesta-
tion-
Damage
Stable flics bite people and feed on
Uieir blood bul are nol known lo be
significant vectors of disease- Stable
flies also bite animals and tend to feed
preferentially on the legs and under-
side of animals such as cattle and
horses- On dogs, stable flies typically
feed around the periphery of the ear-
Undisturbed, the stable fly can fully
engorge in less than 5 minutes. It then
flies away to a suitable resting .site
where it is protected while the blood
meal is digested. If is seldom neces-
sary for this pest lo fly far to find
hosts from which to take a blood
meal. When stable flies are a problem
in an area, they probably are originat-
ing locally.
Management of Stable Flies
The mosl effeclive and economical
melhod for redudng populations of
the stable fly is elimination of breed-
ing sources- To prevent larval devel-
opment, moist grass clippings should
be spread thinly to dry- Mainlain com-
posl piles to promote rapid decompo-
sition of organic matter, which
generates heal and makes the pile
unsuitable to fly larvae. Another
nonchemical mca.surc is pcst-proofing
the outside of a stmcture to prevent
flics from entering. This technique
includes caulking cracks, weather-
stripping doors, and installing
screens. For protedion of dogs and
horses lhat arc bothered by stable
flies, insed repellents conlaining
permethrin or pyrethrins are effec-
tive, but neither provides long-term
control, so repeated applications ev-
ery olher day are necessary. Because
the stable fly season is relatively
shorl, this approach may bc feasible.
REFERENCES
Ebeling, Walter. 1975. Urban Entomol-
ogy. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric. and
Nal. Resources.
Hedges, Sloy. 1994- Field Guide for the
Management of Structure-Infesting Flies.
Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co-
For more informaiion contact the University
of California Ctxiperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in yout coun-
ty- See your phone bc<ok for addresses and
phone numbers.
WRITTEN BY John Klotz, Les Greeiibeig,
Nancy Hinkle, and Stephen A. Klolz
ILLUSTRATIONS; Ellen fvtonlgomery Parker
and D. E, Caidwtll
EDITOR: B. Ohiendoif,
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint.
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M Brush.
PRODUCED BY 1PM Education and Publica-
lions, UC Statewide IP.M Pioject, University
of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620.
This Pest Nole is available on Ihe World
Wide Web (hltp://www.ipm,ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify inloimaIi(.n, trade names of prorlucis
have been used No endorsemenl of nainc-d producis
is intended, nor is crilitism implirxf oi similar prod-
ucts thai aie nol menitoncd-
This material is parlially based upc.ri wi.rk supported
bvlhe Exlensioo Service. U .S L1rp,iilint-ntot.Agiicul-
under sper'ial projecl Sr-itiun lull- Ir.legralerl
.1 Manageiueiil
line
1
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Peslicides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and salety rrrcommendations given
on lire container Libel. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containi rs in a locked cabinel or shed, away
from lood or feeds, and out of lire reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livc-slock.
Confine chemicals lo thc propetty being Irealed. Avoid drift onlo neighboring properlies. especially gardens
containing Iruils and/or vegetables ready to be picked.
Dispose olemply comainerscarefully. Follow label instruclions lor disposal. Never reuse lliecontarncrs. Make
sure emply i onlainers are nol accessible lo children or animals. Never dispose ol containers wheie Ihey may
contamin.ile water supplies or nalural waterways. Do not pour tlown sink or loilct. Consult yom couniy
agiicullural commissioner lor correcl ways of disposing of excess peslii ides. Nev er hum peslir ide containers
The Uiiiveisilv oi Calilornia. in accoidance with applicable fedeial and Stale law and University policy,
does not discnminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, ..ex. disabilitv. age, medical
condiiion (cancer lebted), anceslrv. manlal status, citizenship, sexual orienLUion or stalus as a Vieliiarn-
era vdcianor spec ial disabled veieran The University also prohibils sexual haiassmeni ln(|uiries regarding
lhe Umversiiv s nondisciiminalion policies may be tjiiccicd lo lhe Allimulive Action Oirti-lor. University
ol California, Agriculture and N.ilural Resources, I I I 1 franklin 5l , O.ikland. (.ililoii.ia n4(,(l,-.S200;lGI01
187 0(Wf>
• 4 •
FLEAS
Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home
Cat fleas fClenocephaJides fdis) are fre-
quently encountered in homes and are
common pests on domestic cats and
dogs. Dog fleas (Clfrioccpha/ides canis)
look like cat fleas, bul are rare in Cali-
fornia. Sficktight fleas (Echidnophaga
ga/linacea) can become a problem when
pets frequent areas near poultry.
Female sticktight fleas firmly attach
themselves around the cars and eyes of
their host. Fleas on either cats or dogs
in California are most likely cat fleas.
IDENTIFICATION
Adull fleas (Fig. I) are very small in-
sects (up to '/«inch), so il is difficult to
see a number of the characteristics
used to describe them. These reddish
brown to black, wingless insects are
compressed from side to side so that
lhey look like they are walking "on
edge." They have piercing-sucking
mouthparts through which lhey obtain
blood meals from their hosts. Flea lar-
vae are tiny (up to '/i€ inch long), hairy,
and wormlike with a distinct, brownish
head, but no eyes or legs.
LIFECYCLE
Female cat fleas remain on the host
(unlike most other fleas) and lay about
20 to 30 eggs per day on the animal-
Cat flea eggs are pearly white, oval,
and about inch long- The eggs are
smoolli: they readily fall from the pet
and land on surfaces like bedding and
carpeting in the animal's environment.
They hatch in about 2 days. The whit-
ish, wormlike larvae (Fig. 2) feed on
dried blood and excrement produced
by adult fleas feeding on the pet. Lar-
val development is normally restricted
to proiected places where there is at
least 75% relative humidity- They feed
and crawl around for 5 lo 15 days at
70° lo OOT before they build small
silken cocoons in vvhich they develop
into adult fleas (pupate). Tlic pupae are
usually covered with local debris for
visual camouflage Flea larvae develop
more quickly at higher temperatures.
At cool temperatures, fully formed
fleas may remain in their cocoons for
up to 12 months. Warm temperatures
and mechanical pressure, caused by
walking on tlie carpet, vacuuming, and
so on, stimulate emergence from the
cocoon. At room lemperatures, the en-
tire life cycle may be completed in
about 18 days. An adult cal flea gener-
ally lives aboul 30 to 40 days on the
host; it is the only slage thai feeds on
blood Fleas may be found on ficts
throughout the year, bul numbers tend
to increase dramatically during spring
and early summer.
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH FLEAS
The cat flea is suspected of transmit-
ting murine typhus to humans, bul its
primary imporiance is in its annoyance
to people and pels. Cat fleas readily try
(adual size)
Figure I. Adult flea.
to feed on almost any warm-blooded
animal. Some people are bothered by
tlie sensation of fleas walking on their
skin, bul bites are the major nuisance
Bites tend lo be concentrated on the
lower legs bul can also occur on other
parts of the body. The bite consists of a
small, central red spot surrounded by a
red halo, usually without excessive
swelling. Flea biles usually cause mi-
nor itching but may become increas-
ingly irritating to people with sensitive
or reactive skin. Some people and pels
suffer from flea bilc allergic dermatitis,
characterized by intense itching, hair
pupa
adull larva
Figure 2. Life stages of thc Oea (egg not shown).
PEST NOTES Publication 7419
University of California
Division of Agri^;ulture and Natural Resources Revised November 2000
November 2000 Fleas
loss, reddening oflhe skin, and sec-
ondary infection. Just one bite may ini-
tiate ail allergic reaction, and itching
may persist up to S days after thc bite.
Cat fleas may also ser^e as intermedi-
ary hosts of dog tapeworms. Cats or
dogs may acquire this intestinal para-
site while grooming themselves by in-
gesting adult fleas that conlain a cyst
of the tapewomi-
MANAGEMENT
The best approach to managing fleas is
prevention- New, safer, and more ef-
fective products aimed at controlling
fleas on the pet have made flea man-
agement withoul pesticide sprays fea-
sible in many situations. Management
of fleas on the pel must be accompa-
nied by regular, thorough cleaning of
pet resting areas indoors and outside.
Once fleas infest a home, confrol will
require a vigilant program lhal in-
cludes deaning and treating infested
areas indoors, eliminating fleas on
pels, and cleaning up and possibly
treating shaded outdoor locations
where pets rest.
On the Pet
Several types of products are available
lo conlrol fleas on dogs and cats The
most effective and safest products in-
hibit normal growlh or reproduction of
fleas. Use of these producis must be
supplemented with good housekeep-
ing in areas where the pet rests, Con-
lact your veterinarian for advice and
assislance in selecting the best flea con-
lrol product for your situation.
Preferred On pet Flea Treatment
Products. Nevv product innovations
have made it possible to effectively,
conveniently, and safely prevent flea
populations from building up on pets,
Thcse producis arc more effective and
safer lhan the traditional insecticide
dusts and sprays, which until a few
years ago were the only choices for pet
owners- The new products contain in-
secl growth regulators (ICRs) such as
iiicthoprcnc (Precor) or pyriproxyfen
(Nylar). and insect developinent in-
hibitors (IDIs) such as lufenuron (Pro-
gram). The ICRs .Tre available as flea
colkirs or spot ons applied lo one or
two places on the pet s coat IDIs come
formulated as a systemic treatment
that must be administered orally and
are available from vetennarians These
products work by either preventing the
larvae from turning into adults (ICRs),
or the eggs from hatching (IDIs). and
are virtually nontoxic lo pets and
people. Two other new types of safe
and effective chemicals are fipronil and
imidacloprid. which are used as spot-
ons- If properly applied before flea sea-
son begins and reapplied as necessary,
any ofthese products can prevent a
flea infeslation-
Spoi-on Foiniulations. Imidacloprid (Ad-
vantage) and fipronil (Fronl-Line) are
available from veterinarians and are
applied lo the animal s skin: a single
application provides flea control for 1
lo 3 months. Tlicse spray and spot-on
formulations are much easier lo use
than baths and are more acceptable to
lhe animal A few drops of the spol-on
formula applied lo thc animal's shoul-
der blades move through the animal's
coat, providing whole body treatment.
Both materials kill adult fleas wilhin
Iiours of the flea jumping on the ani
inal- Also, these compounds have
lower mammalian toxidty than tieadi
tionally used flea conlrol products con
taining carbamates and organophos-
phates and are safer to use on pets
Generally thc spot on formulations can
withstand bathing: check the label for
specific instructions.
Systemic Oral Treatments. Several flea
control products are internal medica-
tions that are administered on a regu-
lar basis in the form of a pill or food
additive. Older types of medications
contained insecticidal materials, mostly
organophosphates. that were trans-
ported to all skin areas through the
animal s blood. Newer products con
tain insect development inhibitors lhat
do not have Ihe toxicity ofthe older
materials and arc much safer to use.
Tlie insecl development inhibitor
lufenuron fl'rograiii) can be given as a
jiill (dogs) or .IS a food additive (cats)
once a month lo suppress flea popula-
tions, ll can also bc ndmiiiislercd as an
injection eveiy 6 iiioiillis While this
compound docs not kill adult fleas, it
does prevent flra reproduction. If its
use is initiated eady in thc year before
flea populations begin lo build, it can
prevent the eslablishment of a flea
population in the home, though an oc-
casional adull flea may be sighted on
the animal.
Flea Collars. Flea collars conlaining the
insect growth regulators melhoprene
and pyriproxyfen are virtually non-
toxic lo pels and humans and can be
used on both cats and dogs. The
growlh regulator is released by the col-
lar and distributed tiiroughout the coaf
of the pet- Adult fleas coming in con-
lad with the growth regulator absorb il
into their bodies where it accumulates
in their reproductive organs- Eggs laid
by the adult female do nol hatch- Flea
collars may contain the insect growth
regulator as the sole adive ingredient
or il may be combined wilh an insecti-
cide- If the collar contains only the in-
secl growth regulator, use another
treatment, such as a spot-on product,
to control adull fleas if necessary- Flea
collars containing melhoprene are ef
fedive for 4 to 6 months on dogs and
up to a year on cats
Traditional Insecticide Products- Until
recently, pet owners had lo rely on
products containing conventional in-
secticides (pyrethrins. permethrin.
d-limonene. chlorpyrifos. or carbaryl)
to control fleas on their pets These
products were formulated as soaps,
shampoos, powders, dusts, spray-on
liquids, and dips. Allhough many of
these products are still available, lhey
are not as effective or as safe lo use as
Ihe produds lisled in the seclion above
tilled 'Preferred On-pet Flea Treat-
ment Products-" Some producis arc nol
safe for some pets, such as permethrin
products on some cats, and small chil-
dren and infants should be kept away
from animals treated with any of these
materials for at least a day or two.
Nonchemical Treatments. Speciai
combs are available lhat tielp remove
adult fleas from the coal of a short-
haired pet. Rotiioving fleas may pro-
vide comfort to the animal and reduce
November 2000 Fleas
flea breeding Combing pets al regular
intervals is also a good way lo monitor
the flea |iopulation and help you de-
cide vvhen otlicr control measures may
bc necessary'
Studies have shown that neither Vita-
min Bl (thiamine hydrochloride)
supplements nor brewer's yeast pre-
vents fleas from feeding: also, herbal
collars and ultrasonic devices are not
effective flea repellents.
Indoors
Controlling cat fleas in buildings re-
quires a variety of approaches. Before
starting a control program, look
ihrough each room in the building to
determine areas where larval develop-
ment occurs Flea populations are
highest in places where dogs or cats
regularly sleep Flea larvae are not usu-
ally found in areas of heavy pedestrian
traffic or locations lhat receive expo-
sure to sunlight, lhey are likely lo be
present in areas where adult fleas have
left dried blood and feces.
Sanitation. Thoroughly and regularly
clean areas where adult fleas, flea lar-
vae, and flea eggs are found. Vacuum
floors, mgs. carpets, upholstered furni-
ture, and crevices around baseboards
and cabinets daily or every otfier day
to remove flea eggs, larvae, adults, and
food sources. Vacuuming is very effec-
tive in picking up adults and stimulat-
ing preemerged adulls to leave their
cocoons. Flea eggs can survive and de-
velop inside vacuum bags and adults
may be able to escape lo the outside, so
immediately destroy bags by burning
or by sealing them in a plastic trash
bag and placing Ihem in a covered
trash container. Launder pet bedding
in hoi, soapy water al least once a
week.
Thoroughly cleari items brought into
the building, such as used carpels or
upholstered furniture, lo prevent these
from being a source offlca infcstalion.
Insecticides. Several insectiddes are
registered for controlling fleas indoors.
Sprays are only needed when you de-
tect an infeslalion in your home. The
most effective jjroducts contain one of
the insecl grovvih regulators: iiicttio-
prcne or pyriproxyfen. Kleas are
known lo build up resistance lo insecti-
cides, so always sup[)lcrncnt sprays
wilh olher methods of control such as
thorough, frequent vacuuming
Use a hand sprayer or aerosol to apply
insecticides directly to infested areas of
carpets and furniture- Total release
aerosols ("room foggers") do nol pro-
vide the coverage and long-term effec-
tiveness of direct sprays unless they
contain an insed growth regulator.
Treatments with insectiddes other than
ICRs oflen fail lo control flea larvae
because the treatment material fails to
contact Ihem at thc base of carpet fibers
where ihcy develop.
Spray carpets, pel sleeping areas, car-
peted areas beneath furniture,
baseboards, window sills, and other
areas harboring adults or larvae. Use
an insecl growth regulator (melho-
prene or pyriproxyfen) that spedfically
targets the larvae and has a long re-
sidual life. As soon as the spray dries,
vacxium to remove additional fleas that
emerge from tfie pupal stage in carpets
and upholstery. Fleas will continue to
emerge for about 2 weeks after treat-
ment because pupae are not killed by
sprays. Continue to vaaium and do
not treat again for at least several
weeks. Always seal and discard
vacuum bags so fleas don t escape.
Outdoors
Outdoor flea populations are mosl
prevalent in coastal localities and other
places with moderale daytime tem-
peratures and fairly high humidities.
In Central Valley locations, popula-
tions can become very numerous in
shaded and protected areas such as
sheltered animal enclosures, crawl
spaces where pets may sleep, or
vegetated areas adjacent to buildings.
If an infested ouldoor location is not
treated, the flea problem may reoccur
if pets are reinfcsted. However, treat-
ment of thc pel with ;iiiy of Ihe pre-
ferred pcl Ireatnicnl products listed
above vvill iioinmllY prevent
reinfeslation
Outdoor sjirays arc not necessary un-
less vou delect significant numbeis of
adult fleas One wav in do Itiis is lo
Handling a Flea Emergency
It your /ionic is /leav i/y infested wiih
fleas, talte these steps to get thc
sirii.ifiiiri tinder coiiirn/.
fnside fhe ffoine
1. Locale heavily infested areas and
concentrate efforts on these areas.
2. Wash throw rugs and thc pet s
beading.
3. Vacuum upholstered furniture.
Remove and vacuum under
cushions and in cracks and
crevices of fiirniture.
4. Vacuum carpels, espedally
beneath furniture and In areas
frequented by pets. Use a hand
sprayer lo treat all carpels wilh
an Insecticide that contains an
insecl growth regulator.
5 Allow carpel 10 dry and vacuum
a .second lime lo remove addi-
tional flea.s that were induced lo
emerge.
6 Continue 10 vacuum for 10 days
lo 2 weeks to kill adult fleas lhal
continue to emerge from pupal
cocoons
On fhe Pef
1 Use a sjxil-on treatment, which
can be purchased in pet stores or
from vcLs. or a syslemic oral
Irealmenl. which is available
from vcis only.
Oulside the Ffome
1 .Sprays arc only necessary
outdoors if you detect lots of
fleas.
2. Locate and removo debris in
heavily infested areas, especially
where pets rest. Concentrate
Ircatiiieiit in Ihese areas with a
spray containing a residual
insecticiile and Ihc insecl growth
regulator pyriproxyfen. Open
areas to sunlight by removing
low hanging vegetation.
walk around pet resting areas wearing
white socks pulled up to the knee. If
fleas arc preseni, they vvill jump onto
socks and be readily visible,
The best products for elimination
of fleas outdoors are foniiulations that
contain .i knockdown niatcrial such as
November 2000 Fleas
[lyrethrin or permethrin plus an insect
growth regulator (pyriproxyfen) to in-
hibit larval maturation. Avoid prod-
ucts containing diazinon or chlorpy-
rifos as the.se materials pollute water-
ways when lhey are washed into storm
drains by rain, hosing, or irrigalion.
Apply sprays direclly in locations
where pels rest and sleep such as dog-
house and kennel areas, under decks,
and next to the foundation. It is seldom
necessary to freat the whole yard or
lawn areas. Flea larvae are unlikely lo
survive in areas with sunlight exposure
or substantial foot traffic.
Regular lavvn watering vvill help destroy
larvae and prevent development of ex-
cessive flea populalions- If fxissiblc.
open pet sleeping areas to sunlight by
removing low-hanging vegetation-
SUGGESTED READING
Dryden. M. W.. and M- K, Rust, 1994-
The cal flea: Biology, ecology and con-
trol. Veterinary Parasitology 52:1-19.
Hinkle. N. C. M. K. Rust, and D. A.
Reierson. 1997. Biorational approaches
lo flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) sup-
pression. J- Agric. Entomol, 14(3):309-321,
Poller. M- 1997, Ridding Your Home of
Fleas. Lexington: University of Ken-
tucky, (hltpy/vyvvw uity edii/AgricuJture/
£nioniofogy/enifacts/s!ruc/ef602./ifm: and
(ittp;/Avww.uJcy. edii/Agriciiitiirc/E/iloino/-
ogy/cntfacts/slriJc/ffS^S./ifiii)
Rust, M, K., and M, W- Dryden. 1997,
The biology, ecology, and managemenl
of the cat flea. Annii. Rev Entomol.
42:451-473.
For more information contact the University
of California Cooperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
pfione numbers.
CONTRIBUTORS: M. Rust. M. Dryden,
M. L. FlinI, N. Hinkle, E. Mussen. J Glenn.
V. Lazaneo, V. Lewis, P. O'Connor-Marer
EDITOR; 8. Ohiendorf
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Bmsh
ILLUSTRATIONS: D. Kidd
PRODUCED BY IPM Educalion and Publi-
cations. UC Statewide IPM Project, Unrver-
sily of Califomia, Davis, CA 95616-8620
Tfiis Pest Note is available on Ihe Work!
Wide Web (http://wvvw.ipm ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
To simplify information, trade names ol producis
have been used. No endorsement of named prod-
ucis is inlended. nor is criticism implied ol similar
products that are nol mentkined.
This material is partially based upon work supported
by the Extension Service. U S Deparlmenl of Agri-
culiure. under special projecl Seclion 3(d), Inlegral-
ed Pcsl Man.igement,
WAftNING ON THE USE OF CHE««ICALS
PestickJes are poisonous. Always lead and carefully follow all piecautions and salety recommendations
given on the container label. Slote aH chemicals in the original labeled containers in a tocked cabinel or
shed, away from food or feeds, and out ol the reach of chiWren. unauthorized persons, pels, and tivestock.
Conline chemKals to the property being treated Avoid drift onlo neighboring properties, especiafly
gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready lo be picked.
Oo not place containers conlaining pestickle in the trash nor pour pesfckles down sink or toileL Eilher
use Ihc pestickle according to the label or tike unwanted peslKidas to a HousehoW Hazardous Waste
Colleclion site. Contact your county agrk;ultural commissioner (or additional informaiion on sale container
disposal and for the tocation of Iho Hazardous Wasle Conection site nearest you. Dispose of emply
containers by following label directions. Never reuse or bum the containers or dispose of them in such a
manner that they may contaminale water supplies or nalural watemvays.
The University ol California prohibits discjiminalkin against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking emptoyment with the University on Bie basis of race, color, nalional origin, religion, sex. physk:al or
mental disability, medfcal condiiion (cancer-relaled or genelk characteristrcs). ancestry, manlal status, age.
sexual orienlalion. citizenship, or slalus as a covered veteran (special disabled veieran. Vietnam-era
veteran or any other veteran who served on active duly during a war or in a campaign or expedilkin lot which
a campaign badge has been aulhorized) University Policy is inlended lo be consistent wilh the provisions
ol appficable State and Federal laws Inquiries regarding Ihe University's nondiscrimination pofcies may be
directed to Ihe AHimiative Actton/Slalf Personnel Servtoes Director. University ol Calilomia. Agriculture anti
Natural Resources 1111 Franklin, 6lh Floor. Oakland. CA 94607-5200; (510) 987-0096.
• 4 •
COCKROACHES
Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home
I (aclual
size) /
Figure 1. German cockroach nymph
There are hve spedes of cockroaches
in California that can become pesls:
German cockroach, brownbanded
cockroacJi, oriental cockroach,
smokybrown cockroach, and Ameri-
can cockroach. Of these, the one that
has the greatest potential of becom-
ing persistent and froublesome is the
German cockroach, which prefers
indoor locations. Oriental and Ameri-
can cockroaches occasionally pose
problems in moist, humid areas-
PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH COCKROACHES
Cockroaches may become pests in
homes, restaurants, hospitals, ware-
houses, offices, and virtually any
stmcture that has food preparation or
storage areas- They contaminate food
and eating utensils, destroy fabric and
paper producis, and impart stains
and unpleasant odors lo surfaces they
contact-
Cockroaches (espedally the American
cockroach, which comes into conlact
with human excrement in sewers or
vvith pet droppings) may transmit
bacteria lhat cause food poisoning
{Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.).
German cockroaches are believed to
be capable of transmitting disease-
causing organisms such as Staphylo-
coccus spp, Streptococcus spp., hepati-
tis virus, and coliform bacteria. They
also have been implicated in the
spread of typhoid and dysentery.
Some people, espedally those with
asthma, are .sensitive to the allergens
produced by these cockroaches. How-
ever, a major concem with cock-
roaches is lhat people are repulsed
when ihcy find cockroaches in their
homes and kitchens.
IDENTIFICATION
Cockroaches are medium-sized to
large insects in the order Dictyoplera
(formerly Orthoptera). They are
broad, flattened in.secis with long
antennae and a prominent pronotum
(Fig 1). Sonic people confuse them
wilh beetles, but adult cockroaches
have membranous wings and lack the
tiiick, hardened forewings or elytra of
beetles. They are noctumal and mn
rapidly when disturbed. Immature
cockroaches (nvmvpFis) look like
adults, but arc smaller and do not
have wings.
Of thc five common pest spe-des, Ger-
man and brownbanded cockroaijies
inhabit buildings, whereas the orien-
tal, smokybrown, and American cock-
roaches usually live outdoors, only
occasionally invading buildings, ll is
imporiant lo correctly identify thc
species involved in a cockroach infes-
tation ,so that the most effective con-
lrol inelhod(s) for the spedes
involved is chosen (Fig. 2).
German Cockroach
The German cockroach, Blattella
germanica, is the most common in-
door species, especially in multiple-
family dwellings. They prefer food
preparation area.s, kitchens, and bath-
rot>iiis because they favor warm (70°
to /ST), humid areas that arc dose to
food and water. Severe infestations
may spread to other parts of build-
ings. This spedes reproduces the
fastest of the common pest cock-
roaches; a single female and her off-
spring can produce over 30,(X)0
individuals in a year, but many suc-
cumb to cannibalism and other popu-
lation pressures. Egg laying cKCurs
more frequently during warm
weather. The female carries around a
light tan egg case (about 1/4 inch
long) until 1 lo 2 days before it
hatches, when she drops it. Some-
times the egg case hatches while it is
still being carried by the female- Each
egg case contains about 30 young,
and a female may produce a new egg
case every few wecks-
Brownbanded Cockroach
The brownbanded cockroach, Supella
longipalpa, is not as common as the
German cockroach in Califomia and
accounts for only about 1% of all in-
door infestations- This species seeks
oul areas lhat are very warm most of
the time, preferring temperatures of
aboul 80°F, about 5° to IOT' warmer
than what German cockroaches pre-
fer. Favorite locations include near
the warm electrical components of
appliancres such as radios, televisions,
and refrigerators. Brownbanded cock-
roaches prefer starchy food (e g-, glue
on stamps and envelopes), arc often
found in offices and other places
where paper is stored, and arc more
common in apartments or homes that
are not air conditioned- They also
infest animal-rearing facilities, kitch-
ens, and hospitals. Adult males some-
times flv when disturbed, but females
do not fly. Females glue light brown
egg cases, vvhich are about 1/4 inch
long, to ceilings, beneath furniture, or
in dosels or other dark places where
eggs incubate for several weeks
PEST |SJOTES Publication 74G7
t.l.n i versify c:>f Ca I i forn l.l
Oi vision of Agricultiiif .incl Natural Resourc c-s November I <>99
November 1 999 Cockroaches
FIGURE 2, Identifying features of the different species of pest cockroaches
GERMAN
Adull: 0,5 inch; light brown, two dark stripes on
pronotum
Preferred location: kitchens, bathrooms, food
preparation and storage areas
nymph
BROWNBANDED
Adull: 0.5 inch; males are golden lan; females
are darker brown; both have light-colored bands
on abdomen, wings, and sides of pronotum
Preferred localion: warm areas indoors
adult female nymph
ORIENTAL
Adull: 1.25 inch; almost black; male, wings are
shorter than body; female, wings arc rudimentary
Preferred location: damp, dark places—
woodpiles, garages, basements, and in drains
adull female
SMOKYBROWN
Adult: 0.5 inch; d.irk btown lo mahogany;
almost black pronotum
Nymph: banded pattern on antennae
Preferred location: trees, shrubs, vegetation
adult
AMERICAN
Adull: 2 inches; reddish lirown; large body,
edges of pronotum are lighl colored
Preferred location: sewers, steam tunnels,
animal-rearing facilities
bcforc hatching. Each female and her
offspring arc capable of producing
over 600 cockroaches in one year.
Oriental Cockroach
The oriental cockroach, Blatta
orientalis. is sometimes referred to as
a waterbug or waterbeetle. It lives in
dark, damp places like indoor and
outdoor drains, water control boxes,
woodpiles, basements, garages, trash
cans, and damp areas under hou.ses.
It is most likely lo occur in single-
family dwellings that are surrounded
by vegetation- It is also common in
ivy, ground cover, and outside loca-
tions where people feed pets. They
prefer cooler temperatures lhan the
other spedes do, and populations of
this species oflen build to large num-
bers in masonry endosurcs such as
waler meter boxes. At night, oriental
cockroaches may migrate into build-
ings in search of food. They usually
remain on tlie ground floor of build-
ings and move more slowly than llie
other spedes. Oriental cockroaches
do not fly and are unable to climb
smooth vertical surfaces; conse-
quently they are commonly found
trapped in porcelain sinks or tubs.
Females deposit dark red-brown egg
cases, which are about 3/8 inch long,
in debris or food located in sheltered
places. Each female and her offspring
can produce nearly 200 cockroaches
in one year Development from a
newly emerged nymph to adult can
lake from 1 to 2 years or more.
Smokybrown Cockroach
The smokybrown ccKkroach, Pcriplan-
eta fuliginosa, is u.sually found in
decorative plantings and planter
boxes, woodpiles, garages, and water
meter boxes; it may occasicmally in-
habit municipal sewers. They some-
limes invade homes, taking refuge in
areas such as the attic. Nymphs are
dark brown and have white segments
at the end of their antennae and
across their backs. Smokybrown cock-
roaches prefer the upper parts of
buildings; lliev al.^o mav live under
shingles or siding and sometimes get
into trees, shrubs, anil other vegeta-
tion during summer months. Females
carry ihc dark brown to black egg
case, which measures aboul 3/S inch
November J 999 Cockroaches
long, for about 1 day before dropping
il, eggs can hatch in as .soon as 24
days afler being laid or as long as 70
days afler laying, depending on tem-
perature. About 40 to 45 nymphs
hatch from a single egg case
American Cockroach
The American cockroach, Pcrrplaneta
americana, prefers warm and humid
environmenls, usually with tempera-
tures in excess of 82°F. Under the
right conditions, lhey readily live
outdoors and are common pests in
zoos and animal-rearing fadlities
They are also common in sewers,
steam tunnels, and masonry storm
drains. Occasionally they forage from
sewers and other areas into the
ground floor of buildings. Adult fe-
males carry the egg cases around for
about 6 days and then cement them
lo a protected surface where they
incubate for about 2 months or
longer. Thc egg cases, which are
about 3/8 inch Icjng, are brown vvhen
laid but tum black in 1 to 2 days Each
egg capsule contains about 12 young;
a female and hcr offspring can pro-
duce over 800 cockroaches in one
year.
LIFE CYCLE
An adult female cockroach produces
an egg capsule, called an oothcca,
which it carries around protruding
from the tip of the abdomen. The Ger-
man ccickroach carries the oolheca
for mosl of the 30-day incubation pe-
riod and then drops it about the lime
thc eggs hatch; the olher four spedes
carry it for only aboul a day before
depositing it in a suitable localion
where it incubates for weeks or
months. Young or immature cock-
roaches undergo gradual metamor-
phosis, which means they resemble
adults and have similar feeding hab-
its, bul they do nol have fully devel-
oped wings and are not reproduc-
livclv aclive. Immediately after molt-
ing, cockroaches are white, but iheir
outer covering darkens as it hardens,
usuallv vviihin Iiours
Cockroaches are nocturnal. They hide
in dark, wami areas, especially nar-
row spaces where .surfaces touch
them on both sides. .Adult German
cockroadies can hide in a crack 1/16
inch or 1.6 mm wide Immature cock-
roaches lend to stay in even smaller
cracks where they arc well protected.
Cockroaches tend to aggregate in
corners and generally travel along tho
edges of walls or other surfaces.
MANAGEMENT
Managing cockroaches is not easy.
You musl firsl determine wbere the
roaches are located. The more har-
borages you locate and treat, the
more successful your control pro-
gram will be. Remember that cock-
roaches arc tropical and like warm
hiding places with access to water.
Some locations will be difficult lo get
to. If cockroaches have access to
food, bails will have limiled effect.
Sprays alone will nol eliminate cock-
roaches. An approach lhat integrates
several strategies is required.
If you know the species of cockroach,
you will be better able lo delermine
where thc source of infestation is and
where to place traps, baits, or insecli-
adcs. Note locations of suspected
infestation and concentrate control
measures in these areas. The keys to
controlling cockroaches are sanita-
tion and exdusion: cockroaches will
continue lo reinvade as long as a habi-
tat is suitable lo them (i e., food, vva-
ter, and shelter are available), so the
conditions that attracted and favored
the infestation musl be changed. In
addition to sanitation and exdusion,
baits and sticky traps can be effective
againsl most species of cockroaches.
As a last resort, sprays or dusts that
are registered for use on cockroaches
may temporarily suppress popula-
tions, but lhey do not provide long-
term solutions. Commercially
available devices that emit sound to
repel cockroaches are not effective.
Monitoring Cockroaches
Traps offer the besl way to monitor
cockroach populations. By placing
Iraps in several locations and inspect-
ing them regularly, you can identify
thc areas of most severe infestation
nnd know where to conceiitr.ilc con-
lrol efforts Traps also can bc very
helpful in evaluating the effectiveness
(if ctmtrol strategics
Traps can bc purchased or made.
Most commerdally available cock-
roach traps are open-ended and con-
tain an attradaiit substance along
with a sticky malerial thai lines the
inside. /Vn alternative is to make a
cockroach frap from a quart-sized
can. The inside top of the can is
coated with a petroleum jelly to pre-
vent the roaches from escaping, and a
slice of white bread is placed in the
can as bait.
To be effective, traps must bc piaccd
where cockroaches are likely to en-
counter them when foraging- Thc besl
places are along the edges of floors
and walls and close to sites where
cockroaches are numerous; these
sites can be determined by accumula-
tions of fecal matter (e g , dark spots
or smears), cast skins, egg cases, and
live or dead cockroaches. In the
kitchen put traps against walls behind
the stove and the refrigerator and in
cabinets. Check the traps daily for
several days until it is apparent where
the greatest nuniber of roaches are
caught; usually this is wilhin the first
24 hours of placing a Irap—after that
cockroaches may become wary of thc
trap. Trapped cockroaches may be
desfroyed wilh hot, soapy water.
You can also monitor a cockroach
population at nighl using a flashlight
lo inspect cracks, undemeath
counters, around water healers, and
in other dark locations Look for live
and dead cockroaches, cast skins, egg
capsTjles, and droppings, all of which
aid in identiflcation and are evidence
of an infestation.
Slicky Traps wilh Pheromones
Continuous trapping, especially of
slow-developing species such as the
oriental cockroach, may bc helpful
Trapping by itself has not been shown
to be effeclive in controlling German
or brownbanded cockroaches be-
cause tlicse species have such a high
reproductive rate. A recent develop-
ment in the use of sticky traps, how-
c-ver, has been thc addition of an
aggregation phcromone attraclant.
With this development, sticky traps
have become more useful as .i conlrol
Idol for German cockro.iches An .id-
November 1999 Cockroaches
ditional benefit of pheromone sticky
Iraps is lhat the bodies of trapped
roaches are removed with the traps.
Dead roaches conlain proteins lhal
can cause aslhma symptoms when
they are inlialed by su.sceptiblc indi-
viduals, .so the removal of dead cock-
roaches may be benefidal hn certain
situations. Intensive Irapping may
provide a reduction in German cock-
roach populations but the number of
traps and their placemenl are crilical;
follow the manufacturer's recommen-
dations.
Sanitation
Cockroaches thrive where food and
water are available to them. Even liny
amounls of cmmbs or liquids caught
between cracks provide a food
source. Important sanitation mea-
sures include the following;
• Store food in insect-proof contain-
ers such as glass jars or scalable
plastic containers-
• Keep garbage and trash in contain-
ers with light-fitting iids- Remove
trash, newspapers, magazines, piles
of paper bags, rags, boxes, and
other items lhat provide hiding
places and harborage
• Eliminate plumbing leaks and cor-
rect other sources of free moisture-
Increase ventilation where conden-
sation is a problem-
• Vacuum cracks and crevices lo
remove food and debris- Be sure
surfaces where food or beverages
have been spilled are cleaned up
immediately. Vacuuming also re-
moves cockroaches, shed skin.s,
and egg capsules. Removing cock-
roaches reduces llicir numbers and
slows development Vacuumed
cockroaches and debris should be
destroyed Because bits of aiticle
and droppings may be allergenic, il
IS recommended that the vac-uum
cleaner have HEPA (high efficicncA'
particulate absorber) or triple
filters.
• Trim shrubbery around buildings to
Increase light and air circulation,
especially near vents, and eliminate
ivy or olher den.sc ground covers
near the house, as these may har-
bor cockroaches.
• Remove trash and stored items
such as stacks of lumber or fire-
wood that provide hiding places for
cockroaches from around the out-
side of buildings.
Exclusion and Removal
of Hiding Places
During the day cockroaches hide
around water heaters, in cupboard
crack.s, stoves, crawl spaces, outdoor
vegetation, and many olher locations.
Tliey invade kitchens and other areas
at nighl. Limiting hiding areas or av-
enues of access lo living areas is an
essential part of an effedive manage-
ment strategy. False-bottom cup-
boards, hollow wall.s, and similar
areas are common cockroach refiiges.
Prevent access to the inside of build-
ings ihrough cracks, conduits, under
doors, or through other sfructural
flaws If It is not practical to remedy
these problem areas, treat them with
boric aad powder.
Take the following measures if
roaches are migrating into a building
from outdoors or other areas of thc
building:
• Seal cracks and other openings lo
thc outside.
• Look for other methods of entry,
such as from items being brought
into thc building, espedally appli-
ances, furniture, and items that
were recently in storage.
• Look for oolhecae glued to under-
sides of furnihire, in refrigerator
and other appliance motors, boxes,
and other items. Remove and de-
stroy any that arc located.
• Locate and seal cracks inside the
treatment area where cockroaches
can hide
Chemical Control
Insecticides are most effecfive in con-
trolling cockroaches when combined
with sanitation and exclusion prac-
tices that limit the cockroach's ability
lo eslablisli or reinvade, diemical
conlrol alone vvill not solve the prob-
lem. If insedicides are used, they
musl always bc used with extreme
care. Indoor chemical conlrol is war-
ranted only if the cockroach popula-
tion is established but not for an
incidental intmder or two.
Dusts. One effective dust for conlrol
of cockroadies is boric add powder,
which is a contad poi.son. It is the
least repellent of alt the insecticides
for cockroach control, and if it re-
mains dry and undisturbed, it pro-
vides control for a very long rime.
Because it has a positive eledrostatic
charge, the dust clings lo thc body of
a cockroach as it walks through a
Irealed area and the cocJcroach in-
gests small amounts when il grooms
itself. Becau.sc boric add powder is
fairly slow acting, it may lake 7 days
or more to have a significant effect on
a cockroadi population. Because of
ils toxicity to plants, boric acid is nol
recommended for outdoor use.
Blow dust into cracks and crevices or
lightly spread it in areas where visible
rcrsidues are not a problem and where
people will not contact it. Remove
kick panels on refrigerators and
stoves and apply a light film of dusl
throughout the entire area under-
neath ihese appliances. A thin film of
dust is more effective than a thick
layer. Holes thai are the same size as
the tip of a puff-type applicator can be
drilled into the top of kick panels be-
neath cabinets and powder may bc
applied through the holes to these
areas as well as under the sink, in the
dead space between the sink and wall,
and around utility pipes. Also treal
along the back edges and in corners
of shelves in cabinets, cupboard.s,
pantries, and closets.
Boric acid powder does not decom-
pose and is effeclive for as long ns it
is left in place, if it remains dr\'. For-
mulated as an insecticide, boric acid
dusis usually contain about 1% of :in
additive that prevents thc powder
from caking and improves dusting
properties If it gets wet and Ihen
dries and cakes, it loses its electro-
static charge nnd will not be picked
• 4 •
November 1999 Cockroaches
up readily by the cockroach. If this
occ-urs, re;ipply powder lo these
areas.
Baits. Baits are formulated as pastes,
gels, granules, and dustS- The mosl
popular use of baits in homes is
within bail stations, which are small
plastic or cardboard units that con-
lain an attractive food base along with
an insectidde- Bait gels are placed in
small dabs in cracks and crevices
where cockroaches will find it- The
advantage of bait stations is that in-
sectiddes can be confined to a small
area ralher than being dispersed and
they arc relatively child resistant.
Bails in plastic conlainers also remain
effective for many months whereas
the bait gels dehydrate in about 3
days when left in the open air. But
while they are fresh, bait gels are very
effective when placed in locations
where they will be found by cock-
roaches. To remain effedive, how-
ever, thc gels need to be reapplied
frequently.
Most insecliddes used in baits are
slow acting; cockroaches quickly
leam to avoid fasl-ading ones. Conse-
quently an effective bait program
does nol give immediaie results, but
may take 7 days or longer- Baits can
be quite effective for long-temi con-
trol of cockroaches unless the cock-
roaches have olher food sources
available lo ihem-
Bails do nol conlrol all cockroaches
equally. Female cockroaches with egg
cases do very little feeding and avoid
open spaces; consequently they are
less likely to be immediately affected
by a bail.
Commerdal baits available (see Table
1) contain abamectin, boric acid,
fipronil, hydramethylnon, or
sulfluramid mixed with a food base.
Sulfluramid is nol as effective as thc
other materials because it is some-
what volatile and there has been some
development of resistance to it.
As with sticky traps, bails do not at-
tract cockroaches so place them near
hiding spaces or where roaches are
likely to encounter them when forag-
ing. When placed next to a slicky trap
that contains an attraclant phcro-
mone, bait consumption by the
roaches is reporled lo increase. Bail
stations can also bc piaccd next lo
fecal specks and droppings of cock-
roaches, which conlain a natural ag-
gregation pheromone Look for these
fecal specks and droppings under
kitchen counters, behind kitchen
drawers, and in the back of cabinets.
Insed Growth Regulators. The insect
growth regulator (IGR) hydroprene
prevents immature cockroaches from
becoming sexually matiuc. It also has
the added advantage of stimulating
cockroaches lo feed When placed
TABLE 1- Baits Currently Available for Use in Homes
Active ingredient Brand name Formulation Where lo gel produci
abamectin Avert gd, posvder pest control coinpany
abamectin
plus hydroprene Raid Max Plus
Egg Sloppeis
bait station retail stores
boric acid Staplelon's Magciilic p.istc Blue Diamond
Phone: 1800) 2^7-S70S
Niban gtanules pcsl conuol company
and others
fipioiiil Maxloicc
Maxfotce
bait station
gd
pest conirol supply store
pest conlrol supply siciic
Iiv draincihvlncin Combat
Coinbai
Maxforcp
Siep.e
bait station
granules
gd
gd
retail sioics
retail sioies
posl contml supplv siore
pesl contiol (iiinp.iiiy
nexl to a bait it can incren.'-c bait con-
sumption. Under normal circum-
stances an adull female cockroach
carrying an egg case doesn't feed
much, but exposure lo an IGR will
induce her lo feed
Sprays and Aerosols. Applying lovv-
residual insedicides to get a quick
knockdown of cockroaches in an in-
fesled area can provide immediate
relief from a cockroach infestation but
generally does not give long-term
conlrol. Common home use insecti-
cides include combinations of pyre-
lhrin and piperonyl butoxide or
pyrethroids such as cyflulhrin, cypier-
mcthrin, and permethrin. The safest
application method for home users is
the crack-and-crevice spray used in
combination wilh sanitation and ex-
dusion. Avoid the use of insecticide
aerosol sprays, bomb.s, or foggers, as
these will just disperse the cock-
roaches and may actually increase
problems.
Thc faster the knockdown activity of
an insectidde, the quicker cock-
roaches leam to avoid it Cock-
roaches arc repelled by deposits of
residual insecticides such as syner-
gized pyrethrins and emulsifiable
concentrate formulations of pyre-
throids such as cyflulhrin, cyper-
methrin, and permethrin- Wellable
powder formulations are generally
less repellent and more effective on a
wide range of surfaces; however, they
may bc unsightly
It should be noled that many cock-
roach populalions, especially the
German cockroach, have developed
resistance (or tolerance) lo many
insecticides used for their control-
Resistance has been documented with
allelhrin, chlorpyrifos, cyflulhrin,
cypermethin, fenvaleratc, and others.
Do nol exped instant results from an
insecticide spray application, but if
the cockroaches seem to be unaf-
fected the following dav, a different
material or strategy may bc required.
Under extreme circumstances when
professional pesl conlrol services are
warr.inled lo alleviate n pcrsislcnl
November 1999
Cockroaches
cockroach infestation, everything
should be removed from kitchen
drawers, cabinets, cupboards, and
closets and stacked m out-of-the-way
places and covered lo prevent their
contamination wilh the spray. This
also allows for thorough coverage of
surfaces. Do not replace these items
until the spray is dry. Treated sur-
faces should nol be washed or the
effediveness of the treatment will bc
reduced.
Always combine the use of insedi-
ddes with .sanitation and exclusion,
apply dusts or use bait stations, alter-
nate the types of active ingredients
and formulations that are used, or use
insecfiddes, such as boric acid, that
do not repel cockroaches or for which
cockroaches have nol developed
resistance.
If you wish to avoid sprays and aero-
sols completely, a thorough vacuum-
ing with a FIEPA or triple hlter
vacuum cleaner followed by the u.se
of boric add dust in cracks and crev-
ices and a baiting program can effec-
tively control severe infestations.
Follow-Up
After a cockroach conti^ol program
has been started, evaluate the effec-
tiveness of the methods that are being
used. Use traps or visual inspections
to help determine if further treatment
is necessary.
If populations persist, reevaluate the
situation. Look for olher sources of
infestations, make sure that all pos-
sible entry~»vays are blocked, be cer-
tain lhal food and water sources arc
eliminated as much as possible, and
continue scaling and eliminating hid-
ing places.
fll
When cockroach populations arc un-
der control, continue monitoring wi
traps on a regular basis to make sure
reinfeslation is not laking place. Main-
tain sanitation and exclusion tech-
niques to avoid encouraging a new
infestation. If severe reinfestalions con-
tinue to recur, consider having the
infesled areas modified or remodeled
lo reduce the amount of suitable habi-
tat for cockroaches-
REFERENCES
Ebeling, W- 1974, Boric Acid Powder for
Cockroach Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif
Div. Agric. Nat. Res. One-Sheet Answers
((206.
Quarles, W. 1998. Pheromones and non-
Itixic cockroach control. IPM
Practitioner, Vol. XX (5/6)1-7
Rust, M- K., J. M- Owens, and D. A.
Reierson, eds. 1995. Understanding and
Controlling the German Cockroach. New
York; Oxford University Press-
Slater, A. J- 1978- CoiifroHin^ Household
Cockroaches. Oakland: Univ. Calif Div.
Agric- Nat. Rcs. Leaflet 21035.
For more informaiion contact the University
ofCalifomia Cooperative Exiension or agri-
cultural commissionei's office in your coun-
ty. Sec yout phone book fot addresses and
phone numbers
CONTRIBUTORS: M. K. Rust D. A. Reiei-
son, and A. J. Slater
EDITOR: 8. Ohiendorf
ILLUSTRATIONS: U.S. Depts. of Food and
Agric. and Health and Human Services.
1991. Insect and Mite Pests in Food, Vol 11.
Washington, DC: U S Governmenl Printing
Office, Ag, Handbook No. 655.
TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L Flint.
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Brush
PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica-
tions, UC Statewide IPM Pioject, Univeisity
ol California, Davis, CA 95616-8620
This Pesl Nole is available on the World
Wide Web (hllp://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC^'IPM
tn simplify iniomialion, Irade nanit-s ol producis
have hi-r n used. .N'o endoisemenl ol named producis
is ii.leiided, nor is < iiticisrii implied of similai piod-
IK IS thai .lrc nol mcnliunt^i.
This iii.ileiiat is partiallv based upon work supponed
hv lhe f rlension Service, U 5. Oepailmenl of ,Vgri< uf
lure. undiM spe< lal piO|ei,t S. clion lldl. InlegiJicd
f'fsl M.in.iveinei'l
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
reid and caielullv lollow all pic-c aulions and safety recommendations given
Pesticides are P'''-^^-in it o iginal labeh'd containers ,n a locked cabinet or shed, awav
Z::t::::'^^Zo!:^:ch ot .W....'.. unau.ho.ized persons, pets, and livcock.
C imfine chemicals ,o lhe properly being Healed. Avoid dni. on.o neighboring properlies, especially gardens
containing Iruils and/or vegetables ready to be picked. , .,.l,e
Oisposer!e,n,yco.ainersc^^.o,tow.ahH^^
sure . mplyconlninr rs are not access h e o c^^^^^^^^^ ^ ^^^^^„ ^^„„
rhe liniveisitv ol Ciliioinia prohibils disc.im.na.ion against o. harassment of any person employed by or
::::;^.g:; iricn; wiihihe^niv^.^^^
< ampaign h.idge has been authorizcrll cii. e > . nondiscriminalion policies may be
inlagrared Pes, Managemenl for Home Gardeners and LanCscape Professiona^
Aphids are small, sofi-bodied insects
with long, slender mouth parts that
tliey use to pierce stems, leaves, and
other tender planl parts and suck out
plant fluids- Almost every plant has
one or more aphid species lhal occa-
sionally feeds on it- Many aphid spe-
cies are difficult to distinguish;
however, identification lo spedes is
not necessary lo confrol them in most
situations-
IDENTIFICATION
Aphids may be green, yellow, brown,
red, or black depending on thc spedes
and the planis they feed on- A few
species appear waxy or woolly due to
the secretion of a waxy white or gray
substance over their body surface All
are .small, pear-shaped inseds with
long legs and antennae (Fig- 1). Most
species have a pair of tubelike stmc-
tures called cornicles projecting back-
wards out of the hind end of their
bodic-s. The presence of cornicles
distinguishes aphids from all other
insects.
Generally adult aphids are wingless,
but most s-pecics also occur in winged
forms, especially when populations are
high or during spring and fall. The
ability to produce winged individuals
provides the pest with a way lo dis-
perse lo olher plants when the qualily
of the food source deteriorates.
Allhough they may be found singly,
aphids often feed in den.sc groups on
leaves or stems. Unlike leafhoppers,
plant bugs, and certain other insects
that might be confused with them,
most aphids do not move rapidly when
disturbed
LIFE CYCLE
Aphids have many generations a year
(Fig 2). Most aphids in California's
mild dimate reproduce ascxually
throughout most or all of thc year with
adult females giving birth to live off
spring (often as many as 12 per day)
without mating. Young aphids are
called nymphs. They molt, shedding
their skins about four times before be-
coming adults. There is no pupal stagC-
Some spedes mate and produce eggs in
fall or winter, which provides them a
more hardy stage lo survive harsh
weather. In some cases, these eggs are
laid on an alternative host, usually a
perennial planl, for winter survival,
When the weather is warm, many spe-
des of aphids can develop from new-
bom nymph to reprodudng adull in 7
to 8 days. Because each adult aphid can
produce up lo 80 offspring in a matter
of a week, aphid populations can in-
crease with great speed.
DAMAGE
Low lo moderate numbers of leaf-
feeding aphids are usually nol damag-
Cornicle
Figure 1. A wingless aphid.
ing in gardens or on trees. However,
large populations cause curling, yellow-
ing, and distortion of leaves and stunting
of shoots; they can also produce large
quantilies of a slicky exudate known as
honeydew, which often turns black wilh
the growlh of a sooty mold fungus.
Some aphid spedes inject a toxin into
plants, which further distorts growth. A
few spedes cause gall formations.
(male and
female)
t Summer Cycle
(many generations)
/^-.^ second
^j,-inslar
fall sexual
X reproductive
^ (female)
, Winter Cycle
(one generafion)
fundatnx
FiRure 2 General life cyde of aphids. A.sexual reproduction occurs during most of
iheTar Uunimer cycle)' Some aphid speoes produce a generation of sexual indi-
viduals that produce over^vintering eggs as shown in the winler cyde.
JRESTJSJQTES
University of California
Division of Agriculture and-Natural Resources
Publication 7404
Revised May 2000
May 2000 Aphids
Aphids may transmit viruses from
plant to planl on certain vegetable
and ornamental plants Scjuashes, cu-
cumbers, pumpkin.s, melons, beans,
potatoes, lettuces, beets, chards, and
bok clioy are crops that often have
aphid-transmitted viruses assodated
with ihem. The vimses cause mottling,
yellowing, or curling of leaves and
stunting of plant growth- Allhough
losses can bc greal, lhey arc difficult to
prevent through the control of aphids
because infection occurs even when
aphid numbers are very low; it only
lakes a few minutes for the aphid to
transmit the vims while il takes a
much longer time lo kill the aphid wilh
an insecticide.
A few aphid spedes attack parLs of
plants other than leaves and shoots.
The lettuce rool aphid is a .soil dweller
that attacks lettuce roots during most
of its cycle, causing lettuce plants to
wilt and occasionally che if populations
are high. Tlic lettuce root aphid over-
winters as eggs on poplar frees, where
it produces leaf galls in spnng and
summer The woolly apple aphid in-
fests woody parts of apple roots and
limbs, often near pmning wounds, and
can cause overall Irc^c dedine if roots
are infested for .several years.
MANAGEMENT
Although aphids seldom kill a mature
plant, the damage nnd unsightly hon-
eydew they generate sometimes war-
rant control. Consider the nonchemical
confrols discussed belovs'; mosl insecti-
ddes, if used, will destroy benefidal
insects along with the pest- On mature
trees, such as in dims orchards, aphids
and lhe honeydew lhey produce can
provide a valuable food source for
beneficial insects.
Monitoring
Check your plants regularly for
aphids—al least twice weekly when
plants arc grow ing rapidly. Many spe-
cies of aphids cau.se the greatest dam-
age when temperatures are warm but
not hot (65' to 80''F) Cnlch infestations
early. Once nphid numbers nre high
and they have begun lo distort and
curl leaves, it is often hard to control
them because the curled leaves sheller
aphids from in-Sccticides or natural
enemies.
Aphids tend to bc most prevalent along
the upwind edge of the garden and
close to olher sources of aphid.s, .so
make a spedal effort to check these
areas. Many aphid species prefer the
undersides of leaves, so turn them over
to check them. On trees, clip off leaves
from several areas of the tree to check
for aphids. Also check for evidence of
natural enemies such as lady beelles,
lacewings, syrphid fly larvae, and the
mummified skins of parasitized aphids.
Look for disease-killed aphids as well;
they may appear off-color, bloated, or
flattened. Substantial numbers of any of
these nalural control factors can mean
lhat the aphid population may be re-
duced rapidly without the need for
treatment.
Ants arc often assodated with aphid
populations, especially on frees and
shmbs, and oflen are a tip-off that an
aphid infestation is present. If you see
large numbers of ants climbing up your
tr<;e trunks, check for aphids (or other
honeydew-produdng insects) on limbs
and leaves above. To protecl their food
source, ants ward off many predators
and parasites of aphids Management
of ants IS a key componeni of aphid
management and is discussed under
cultural confrols
In landscape settings, aphids can be
monitored by using water-sensitive
paper to measure honeydew dripping
from the tree. This type of monitoring
is of particular interest where there is a
low tolerance for dripping honeydew,
such as in groups of trees along dty
streets or in parks and for tall trees
where aphid colonies may be located
loo high to detect. Sec Dreistadt et al.
(1994) in "Suggested Reading" for
more details on honeydew monitoring-
Biological Control
Natural enemies can be very important
in thc control of aphids, espedalfy in
gardens nof sprayed with broad-
spectmm pesticides (organophos-
phates, carbamates, and pyrethroids)
that kill natural enemy spedes as well
as pests- Usually natural enemy popu-
lations do not appear in significant
numbers until aphids begin lo be
numerous.
Among the most important natural
enemies are various species of parasitic
was-ps lhat lay their eggs mside aphids
(Fig. 3). The skin of the parasitized
O. Adull
Fieure 3 Life cycle of an aphid parasite. A: An adult parasite lays an egg inside a
live aphid B- The egg hatches into a parasite larva lhal grows as it feeds on the
aphid's insides. C: After killing the aphid, the parasite pupates. D; An adult wasp
emerges from Ihe dead aphid, then Hies off to find and parasitize olher aphids.
May 2000 Aphitjs
aphid turns cmsly nnd golden brown,
a form called a mummy. Thc genera-
tion rime of mosl parasiles is quite
short when the weather is warm, so
once you begin to sec mummies on
your plants, the aphid population is
likely to be reduced substantially
vvithin a week or two
Many predators also feed on aphids.
The mosl well known are lady beelle
adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, and
syrphid fly larvae. Naturally occurring
predators work best, espedally in a
small backyard situation. Commer-
dally available lady beetles may give
some temporary control when properly
handled, allhough most of them will
disperse away from your yard within a
few days
Aphids are very susceptible to fungal
diseases when it is humid. Whole colo-
nies of aphids can be killed by these
pathogens when conditions are right.
Look for dead aphids lhat have tumed
reddish or brown; they have a fuzzy,
shriveled texture unlike the shiny,
bloated, tan-colored mummies lhal
form when aphids are parasitized.
Weather can also impact aphids.
Populalions of many spedes are re-
duced by summer heat in the Cenlral
Valley and desert areas, and aphid
activity is also limited during the cold-
est part of the year However, some
aphids may be active year round, espe-
cially in thc milder, central coastal
areas of Califomia.
Cultural Control
Before planting vegetablc-s, dieck sur-
rounding areas for sources of aphids
and remove them Aphids oflen build
up on weeds such as sowthistle and
mustards, moving onlo crop seedlings
affer they emerge. Check transplants
for aphids and remove them before
planting-
Where aphid populations are localized
on a few curled leaves or new shoots,
the best conlrol may bc to prune these
areas out and dispose of them In large
Irees, some aphids thrive in the dense
inner canopy: pmning these areas out
can make the habitat less suitable.
In sonic silualions ants tend aphids
and feed on the honeydew aphids ex-
CTclc At the same time, they protect
the aphids from natural enemies. If
you sc-c ants crawling up aphid-
infested trees or woody plants, put a
band of sticky malerial (Tanglefoot,
etc ) around the imnk lo prevent anls
from getting up. Teflon products,
vvhich arc too slippery for ants to climb
up, have also been used. (Note: Do not
apply sticky material diredly to thc
bark of young or thin-barked frees or
lo trees that have been severely
pruned; the material may have phyto-
toxic effecis Wrap thc tmnk wilh fab-
ric tree wrap or dud tape and apply
sticky malerial lo the wrap.) Altema-
tively, anl slakes or baits may be used
on the ground lo control the ants with-
out affecting the aphids or their natural
enemies Prune oul olher ant routes
such as branches touching buildings,
thc ground, or other trees.
High levels of nilrogen fertili7,er favor
aphid reproduction Never use more
nitrogen than necessary. Use less
soluble forms of nitrogen and apply it
in small portions ihroughoul the sea-
son ratiier than all at once. Or better
yet, use a urca-based, time-release for-
mulation (most organic fertilizers can
be classified as lime-release products
as compared lo synthetically manufac-
tured fertilizers)
Because many vegetables are primarily
susceptible to serious aphid damage
during the seedling slage, losses can be
reduced by growing seedlings under
protedive covers in the garden, in a
greenhouse, or inside and then trans-
planting them when they are otder and
more tolerant of aphid feeding Protec-
tive covers will al.so prevent transmis-
sion of aphid-borne viruses.
Aluminum foil mulches have been
successfully used lo reduce transmis-
sion of aphid-borne viruses in summer
squashes, melons, nnd other suscep-
tible vegetables They repel invading
aphid populations, redudng numbers
on seedlings .ind small plants. Another
benefit is that yields of vegetables
grown CMl aluminum foil mulches are
usually increased by the greater
amount of solar energy reflecting on
leaves
To put an aluminum mulch in your
garden, remove all weeds and cover
beds with aluminum-coaled consfruc-
tion paper, vvhich is available in rolls
from Reynolds Aluminum Company.
Bury the edges of tlie paper with soil to
hold them down. After the mulch is in
place, cul or bum 3- to 4-inch diameter
holes and planl several seeds or single
transplanls in each one. You may fur-
row irrigate or sprinkle your beds; the
mulch is sturdy enough to tolerate
sprinkling. In addition to repelling
aphids, leafhoppers, and some other
insects, the mulch will enhance crop
growth and control weeds. When sum-
mertime temperatures get high, how-
ever, remove mulches to prevent
overheating plants. An altemative to
aluminum-coated constmdion paper is
to spray dear plaslic mulch wilh silver
paint. Reflective plastic mulches are
also available in many garden stores.
Another way to reduce aphid popula-
tions on sturdy planis is to knock them
off with a strong spray of water. Mosl
dislodged aphids will not be able to
retum to the plant, and their honey-
dew will be washed off as well. Using
vvater sprays early in the day allows
plants to dry off rapidly in the sun and
bc less susceptible to fiingal diseases.
Chemical Control
Insectiddal soap, neem oil, and
narrow-range oil (e g., supreme or .su-
perior parafinic-l)^^ oil) provide tem-
porary control if applied to thoroughly
cover infesled foliage. To get thorough
coverage, spray these materials with a
high volume of water and target the
underside of leaves as well as the top.
Soaps, neem oil, and narrow range oil
only kill aphids present on the day
they are sprayed, so applications may
need to be repeated. Predators and
parasites often l>ecome abundant only
afler aphids arc numerous, so applying
nonpcrsisUnI insecticides like soap or
oil may provide more effective long-
term conlrol Although these matenals
do kill natural enemies lhal arc present
on the plant and hit by the spray, be-
cause they leave no toxic residue, lhey
May 2000 Aphids
do not kill natural enemies that mi-
grate in after the spray These and
other insedicides wilh only conlad
activity arc generally ineffective in
preventing damage from aphids .such
as the woolly apple aphid or the
woolly ash aphid that are proteded by
galls or distorted foliage. Do nol use
soaps or oils on water-stressed plants
or when the temperature exceeds 90°F.
These materials may be phytotoxic to
some plants, so check labels and lest
them out on a portion of the foliage
several days before applying a full
treatment.
Supreme- or superior-type oils will kill
overwintering eggs of aphids on fruit
frees if applied as a delayed dormant
application just as eggs are beginning
to hatch in early spring. These treat-
ments will not give complele control of
aphids and are probably not justified
for aphid control alone. Earlier applica-
tions will nol conlrol aphids- Common
aphid species controlled indude the
woolly apple aphid, green apple aphid,
rosy apple aphid, mealy plum aphid,
and black tJierry aphid-
For more infonmation contad the University
of Califomia f3ooperative Extension or agri-
cultural tximmissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book for addresses and
phone numbers.
AUTHOR: M. L. Flint
EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf
DESIGN AND PRODUCTION; M. Bmsh
ILLUSTFIATIONS: Figs. 1 and 2: Pests of
the Garden and Small Farm. UC DANR
Publ. 3332; Fig. 3: Natural Enemies Hand-
book. UC DANR Publ. 3386.
PRODUCED BY 1PM Education and Publi-
cations. UC Statewide IPM Project. Univer-
sity of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (htlp;//vi(ww.ipm.ucdavis-edu)
m UC^IPM
To simplily infoimation. trade names of products
have been used No endorsement of named prod-
ucts is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar
products that are not menlloned,
This matenal is partially based upon work supported
by thc Entension Service. U S Department of Agri-
culture, under special project Section 3(d). Integrat-
ed Pest Management
Many olher insecliddes are available to
control aphids in the home garden and
lnndscap)e, including foliar-applied
formulations of malathion, permethrin
and acephate (nonfood crops only).
While these materials may kill higher
numbers of aphids than soaps and oils,
their use should be limited becau.sc
they also kill the natural enemies that
provide long-term control of aphids
and other pests. Repieatcd applications
of these materials may also result in the
development of resistance to the mate-
rial by lhe aphid. Insediddes such as
oils and soaps are also safer to u.se
when children and pets may be present-
Formulations combining insedicidal
soaps and pyrethrins may provide
slighlly more knockdown than soaps
alone, yd have fewer negative impads
on natural enemies lhan malathion,
permethrin, and acephate, because
pyrethrins break down very quickly
Avoid the use of diazinon and
chlorpyrifos; urban garden use of these
materials has been identified as a
source of pollution in Califomia's
creeks and rivers Carbaryl is not rec-
ommended bccau.se it is not very effec-
tive against aphids. Acephate has
systemic activity, vvhich means it
moves through leaves, thus it can be
effedive where aphids are hidden be-
neath curling foUagc. Acephate is not
registered for use on food crops in thc
garden because it can break down lo a
much more toxic material. The soil-
applied systemic pestidde disulfoton is
sometimes applied in roses for aphid
conlrol, but it is a highly toxic matenal
to people.
Professional applicators can make
soil injcdions of the systemic insectidde
imidacloprid, which is quite effedive
against aphids infesting large sfreet trees
and not very harmful to benefidal soil
organisms. Because it takes a substantial
time for the produd to get from the .soil
lo the growing points of trees, applica-
tions must be made up to 2 months be-
fore problems are expeded.
When considering application of piisti-
cides for aphid control, remember that
moderate populations of many aphids
attacking leaves of fmit trees or oma-
menlal trees and shrubs do not cause
long-term damage. Low populations can
be tolerated in most situations and
aphids will often disappear when natu-
ral enemies or hot temperatures arrivc.
Often a forceful spray of waler or water-
soap solution, even on large street trees,
when applied with appropriate ecjuiff-
ment, vvill provide suffident control-
SUGGESTED READING
Dreistadt, S. H., J. K. Clark, and M. L.
Flint. 1994 Pesfs of Landscape Trees and
Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management
Guide. Oakland; Univ Calif. Agric Nat.
Rcs Publ. 3359.
Flint, M L- 1999- Pesls oflhe Garden and
Small Farm: A Grower's Guide lo Using
i.ess Pesticide, 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ.
Cahf Agric Naf Res- Publ. 3332.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEfVIICALS
Pesticides are poisonous Always read and carelully follow all precauUons and salety recommendations
given on the coniaincr label Slore all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or
shed, away Irom lood or leeds. and oul of the teach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock.
Confine chemicals to Ihe propeny being treated. Avoid drift onlo neighboring properties, especially gardens
conlaining Iruils and/oi vegetables ready lo be picked.
Dispose ol emply containers carelully Follow label instruclions lor disposal. Never reuse the containers.
Wake sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose ol containers where
they may contaminate waler supplies or nalural walerways Oo nol pour down sink or toilet. Consult yout
county agricullural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never bum pesticide
containers.
The University ol Calilornia prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or
seeking employmenl with Ihe University on ihc basis of race, color, naltoaal origin, religion, sex. physical
or menial disability medical condition (cancer-relaled or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status,
age sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteian. Vietnam-era
veteran or any other veieran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign oi expedition lor which
a campaign badge has been aulhorized) University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions
ot applicable Slate and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University s nondiscrimination polices may
be directed to the Affirmative Aclion/SloH Personnel Services Director, UmversHy ol California. Agriculture
.-md N,-,tural Resources 1111 Franklin, 61h Floor. Oakland, CA 94607-5200: (510) 987-0096.
• 4 •
ANTS
Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home
Ants are among the most prevalent
pests in households- They are also
found in restaurants, hospitals, offices,
warehouses, and other buildings
where they can find food and water-
Once ants have established a colony
inside or near a building, lhey may be
difficult to conlrol. On outdoor (and
sometimes indoor) plants, ants proted
and care for honeydew-produdng
insects such as aphids, soft scales,
whiteflies, nnd mealybugs, increasing
damage from these pests. Anls also
perform many useful functions in the
environmenl, such as feeding on olher
pests (e g , fleas, caterpillars, termites),
dead inseds, and decomposing tissue
from dead animals.
There are over 12,000 spedes of ants
throughout the world. In Califomia,
there are about 200 species but fewer
lhan a dozen are important pests. The
most common ant occurring in and
around lhe house and garden in Cali-
fomia is the Argentine ant, Linepithema
humile (formerly iridomyrmex humilis)
(Fig. 1). Other common ant pesls in-
dude thc pharaoh ant (Monomorium
pharaonis), the odorous house anl
{Tapinorna sessile), the thief ant
{Solenopsis molesta), and the soutiiem
fire anl (Sofenopsis xyloni). Less com-
mon, bul of great importance, is the
red imported fire ant, Solenopsis in-oicla,
which has recently gained a foothold
in .southem Califomia In some areas,
the spread of the fire ant has been
slowed by competition from the Ar-
gentine anl.
IDENTIFICATION
Ants belong lo the insect order Hy-
mcnoptera and are dose relatives of
bees and wasps They are familiar in-
.sccts that arc easily recognized, espe-
cially in their common wingless adult
forms, known as workers. However,
winged fomis of ants, which leave the
nest in large numbers in warm wealher
to mate and establish new colonies, are
often mistaken for wingc-d termites,
which also leave their nests to male.
Ants and termites can be distinguished
by three main characteristics illusfrated
in Figure 2.
• The ant's abdomen is constrided
where it joins the thorax, giving it thc
appearance of having a thin waist;
llic termite's abdomen is broad
where it joins thc thorax.
• The ant's hind wings arc smaller
than its front wings; thc termite's
front and hind wings arc aboul the
same size. (Shortly after their flights,
both ants and termites remove their
wings, so wings may not always bc
present.)
• Winged female ants and worker
anls have elbowed antennae; the
termite's antennae are never
elbowed.
Ants undergo complete metamorpho-
sis, passing through egg, larval, pupal.
Ant
Figure 1. Argentine ant.
and adult stages. Larvae are immobile
and wormlike and do not resemble
adults. Ants, like many other hy-
menoptcrans, are sodal inseds wilh
duties divided among different types,
or castes, of adult individuals. Queens
condud the reproductive fundions of a
colony and are larger than other ants;
they lay eggs and sometimes partid-
pate in the feeding and grooming of
larvae Female workers, who are ster-
ile, gather food, feed and care for the
larvae, build tunnels, and defend the
colony; these workers make up the
bulk of thc colony Males do not par-
ticipate in colony activities; their only
apparent purpose is to mate with the
queens. Few in number, males are (ed
and cared for bv workers.
Termite
Antenna
not elbowed
Broad waisl
Wings (il preseni)
have lew veins.
Hind virings are
smaller than
front wings.
Wings (if present)
have many small veins.
Front and hind wings
are same size.
Figure 2, Distinguishing features of ants and termites.
P JSiQT Publication 7411
University of California
Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised November 2000
November 2000 Ants
Adult workers of the Argentine and
odorous house anl are aboul '/» inch
long and range from lighl lo dark
brown in color; those of the pharaoh
and thief ant are smaller, mea.suring
aboul i/?s inch long. The workers of thc
southern fire ant vary in size and have
a red head and thorax wilh a black
abdomen- Carpenter anls, Camponolus
spp.. also invade buildings in Califor-
nia. Allhough they do not cat wood as
termites do, they hollow it oul to nest
and may cause considerable damage.
These ants vary greatly in size from '/i
lo J/4 inch long (for more infomiation
on carpenter ants, sec Pest Nofes; Car-
penter Ants, listed in "Suggesled Read-
ing"). For color photographs and
additicHial information on identifying
the ciifferenl ant species, see A Key to
the Most Common and/or Economically
InrpoTlant Ants of California, listed in
"Suggested Reading "
DAMAGE
Inside a building, hou,sehold ants feed
on sugars, symps, honey, tmit juice,
fats, and meat. Long trails of thousands
of anls may lead from nests to food
sources, causing considerable concem
among building occupants. Outdoors
lhey are allraclcd lo sweet, .sticky se-
cretions, or honeydew, produced by
soft scales and aphids. Frequently out-
breaks of scales and aphids occur when
ants tend thcni to obtain their sweet
secretions because the ants proied
scales and aphids from their natural
enemies Ants can bite with their pin-
cerlike jaws, allhough most spcdc;s
rarely do. A few ants sting; the south-
cm fire ant, which is primarily an out-
door species, is the most common and
aggressive stinging ant in Califomia,
Another very aggressive stinging anl,
the red imported fire anl (S. invicta),
has recently been found in various
southem Califomia counties. Contad
your county Cooperative Extension
office for information on this new pesl.
LIFE CYCLE AND HABITS
Ants us-ually nesl in soil; nesls are of-
len found next to buildings, along side-
walks, or in close proximity lo food
sources such as trees or pLints that
harbor honeydew-produdng insects.
They also construci nesls under
boards, stones, tree stumps or plants,
and sometimes under buildings or
other proiected places. Pharaoh ants
like warmth and make nests inside
"by
Figure 3- Life cycle of the Argentine ant-
buildings, oflen in vvall voids, under
flooring, or near hot water pipes or
heating systems Ant food indudes
fmits, seeds, nuts, fatty s-ubstances,
dead or live insects, dead animals, and
sweets Food preferences varv' some-
what between ant speaes.
Ants enter buildings seeking food and
water, warmth and shelter, or a refuge
fiom dry, hot weather or flooded con-
ditions. They may appear .suddenly in
buildings if other food sources become
unavailable or wealher conditions
change.
A new colony is typically established
by a single newly mated queen. After
weeks or months of confinement un-
derground, she lays her firsl eggs (Fig.
3). After the eggs hatch, she feeds the
white, legless larvae wilh her own
metabolized wing muscles and fat bod-
ies until lhey pupate. Several weeks
later, the pupae transform into stenle
female adult workers, and the Hrst
workers dig ihcir way oul of the nest
lo collect food for ihcmsclves, for the
queen (who continues lo lay eggs), and
for subsequent broods of larvae. As
numbers increase, new chambers and
gallenes are added lo the nesl. After a
few ycar-s, the colony begins to pro-
duce winged male and female ants,
which leave the nest to mate and form
new colonies
Argentine anls differ from most other
ant spedes in California in that they
have multiple queens wilhin a nest,
they move their nests if disturbed, and
in the winler several colonics will nest
together. Moreover, when newly
mated queens disperse lo found new
colonies, instead of doing it by them-
selves lhey are accompanied by
workers.
MANAGEMENT
Ant management requires diligent
efforts and the combined use of me-
chanical, cultural, sanitation, and oflen
chemical methods of ronlrc>l. It is unre-
alistic and impractical lo attempt to
totally eliminale mils from an ouldoor
area Focus vour mnnngcnicnt efforts
on exduding nnis from buildings or
valuable planis nnd elimiiinling their
food and water sources Kc-incmbcr
Ants
that ants play a beneflcial role in lhe
garden in sonic cases. Become aware of
the seasonal cyde of ants in your area
and be prepared for annual invasions
bv caulking and baiting before the
influx
Exclusion and Sanitation
To keep ants oul of buildings, caulk
cracks and crevices around founda-
tions that provide entry from outside.
Anls prefer to make trails along stmc-
tural eiemenls, such as wires and
pipes, and frequently use them lo enter
and travel within a slructure lo their
destination. Indoors, eliminale cracks
and crevices wherever possible, espe-
dally in kitchens and other food prepa-
ration and slorage areas- Slore
attraclive food items such as sugar,
syrup, honey, and olher sweets in
closed containers that have been
washed lo remove residues from outer
surfaces. Rin.se out empty soft dnnk
containers or remove them from thc
building. Thoroughly clean up grease
and spills. Do nol .store garbage in-
doors. Look for indoor nesting sites,
such as polled plants. If ants are found,
remove the conlainers from the build-
ing, then submerge thc pots for 20
minutes in standing waler lhat con-
tains a few drops of liquid soap. Ant
nests may be associated with plants
lhal support large populations of
honeydew-produdng insecls Avoid
planting such trees and shmbs next to
bulidings.
Baits
One way to control ants in and around
structures is to use toxic baits. Baits arc
formulated as solids or liquids and
applied in stations or in thc case of
granules by broadcasting them Ants
are atlradcd to thc bait and carry small
poriions of it back lo the nest where it
is given to other workers, larvae, and
reproductive fornis. To achieve wide
distribution of the bait so the entire
colony will be killed, the bait toxicant
must be slow-acting. Some examples of
toxicants used in anl bails are
livdrnnicthylnon, bone acid, and
fipronil. Hydramethylnon is photode-
gradable, so if it IS broadcasted in
grniiulnr form it should bc applied in
the evening Bone acid is most effective
at cuncentrations of 1*^0 or lower
Fipronil IS a new class of toxicant lhat
IS effective agninst ants at ultra-low
doses.
Ants will nol cat bait if more desirable
food is nearby, .so be sure to remove
any particles of food or other atlradivc
matenal from cracks around sinks,
panlnes, and olher ant-infested areas
of tlie home. Place bait stations in
places where the anls can easily find
them, but avoid placing them in areas
that are accessible to small diildren
and pets. Place bails where there are
anl h-ails or along edges where ants
travel. In addition to placing ant bait
stations indoors, space them every 10
lo 20 feet outside around the founda-
tion and al nesl openings if they can be
found. Control wilh baits is not imme-
diate and may take several weeks or
more to be complele Effectiveness of
bails will vary with ant species, bait
material, and availability of alternative
food In the ca.se of Argentine ants,
sweet baits (e g-. Grant's Ant Stakes,
Dr- Moss's Liquid Bait System) arc
attractive year-round. Protein baits
(e g . Combat anl baits) are more at-
tractive in spring when the colony is
produang brood. Offering a small
quantity of each kind of bail and ob-
sennng which is preferred by the anls
is a good way lo determine what to
use.
Indoor Sprays
An insediade labeled for ant control
can provide immediate knockdown of
foraging anls if necessary while .sanita-
tion and exdusion measures are being
taken. However, if ants can be thor-
oughly wa.shed away and excluded
from an area, an insecticide is probably
not necessary. Sponging or mopping
with soapy water, as an allcrnalive lo
iiisediadcs, may be as effedive in tem-
porarily removing foraging anls in a
building because it removes thc ant's
scent trail
Outdoor Treatments
To prevent ants from entering build-
ings, small spol applications can bc
made at entrance points into thc build-
ings Pyrethroids (such as bifciithnn
and a-flulhrin) arc effective for this
kuid of application Botanical pyre-
thnns will kill ants lhal they conlad
directly, but do not provide any re-
sidual confrol. Preliminary ri^search on
mint-oil producis as repellents indi-
cates that they arc not effective.
A common method used to prevent
ants from coming indoors is to apply a
perimeter freatment of residual sprays
around the foundation- Perimeter treat-
ments pose more risk of environmenlai
upset than baits in bait stations, don't
provide long-term control, and should
be used cautiously. Commonly used
insectiddes include thc pyrethroids
bifenthrin and lambda-C)'halolhrin.
Bifenthrin is available in retail prod-
ucts, but lambda-cyhalodirin may only
be applied by a licensed pesl control
professional. Products available to
professionals provide a longer residual
control than home-u.sc products. Avoid
the use of chlorpyrifos and diazinon;
landscape and residential use of these
materials in urban areas has been iden-
tified as a source of pollution for
Califomia's creeks and rivers Apply
all pestiddes in a manner that prevents
runoff into storm drains.
Penmeter treatments by themselves are
unlikely to provide long-term control
because they kill only foraging work-
ers. For this reason, .some companies
offer monthly perimeter spray pro-
grams. However, for long-term control
and environmental safety, rely on ex-
clusion, baits, and other methods lhal
conlrol thc colony ralher than monthly
perimeter treatments.
If colonies need to be controlled out-
doors, focus treatment on queens and
larvae inside nest.s; killing foraging
workers docs little to conlrol the
colony because as few as 1% of the
workers are able to provide sufficient
food for neslbound queens and larvae.
Toxic baits provide the easiest way to
kill a colony (see "Baits")
Control on Trees and Shrubs
When numerous anls arc found on
plants, thev are probably attracted to
the sweet honeydew deposited on the
plants by certain sucking insects. Tiiese
nnts can be kept out of trees by band-
Ants
ing tree tmnks with sticky substances
such as Tanglefoot. Trim branches lo
keep them from touching sfructures or
plants so that ants are forced to dimb
up the tmnk to reach the foliage. Pro-
led young or sensitive trees from pos-
sible injury by wrapping the tmnk
wilh a collar of heavy paper, dud tape,
or fabric tree wrap and coating this
wilh the sticky matenal. Check the
slicky malerial every 1 or 2 weeks and
stir it with a stick to prevent the male-
rial from getting clogged with debns
and dead ants lhat allows anls to cross-
Enclosed pestiode baits such as anl
stakes may be placed near nests or on
ant trails beneath plants. For the most
effective and economical confrol, treat
in latc spring and early summer when
anl populations are low
COMPILED FROM:
Marer, P. 1991. Residential, Industnal,
and Institutional Pest Control. Oakland:
Univ. Cahf. Div. Agnc- Nat- Res, PubL
3334.
Moore, W. S, and C. S. Koehler 1980.
Anls and Their Controt Oakland; Univ,
Calif Div, Agnc Nat. Res, Leaflet 2526
(oul of print).
SUGGESTED READING
Haney, P., P. Phillips, and R. Wagner
1993- A Key lo thc Most Common andlor
Economically Important Ants of Califor-
nia Oakland; Univ- CaUf Div. Ague
Nal. Res- Uaflcl 21433-
Mallis, A- 1982. Handbook of Pest Con-
trol. 6lh cd. CTeveland: Franzak &
Foster Co
UC Statewide 1PM Projed. Od. 2000-
Pest Notes: Carpenter Anls. Oakland;
Univ- Calif Div- Agric- Nat- Res. Publ.
7416. Also available online al fi/fp.//
-urwxB.ipm.ucdai'is.cdul
For more information contacl Ihe University
of Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri-
cultural commissioner's office in your coun-
ty. See your phone book tor addresses and
phone numbers
CONTRIBUTOR: J KloU
EDITOR; B. Ohtendorf
TECHNICAJ. EDITOR: lul L. Hint
DESIGN ANO PRODUCTION; M. Bmsh
ILLUSTFIATIONS: Figs. 1. 3: V Winemiller;
Fig. 2: Adapted ftom UC DANR Leaflet
2532. Termites and Other Wood-lnlesting
Insects.
PRODUCED BY IPtul Educalion and Publi-
cations. UC Slatewide 1PM Projed. Unh/er-
sity of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620
This Pest Note is available on the World
Wide Web (httpJ/virww.ipm.ucdavis.edu)
UC4'IPM
To simplify informatkin. irade names ol producis
have been used No endorsemenl of named prcxJ-
ucts is intended, nor is aiticism implied of similar
products lhat are not mentioned.
This malerial is partially based upon worir supported
by the Extenskin Service U.S Department ol Agri-
culture, under special protect Section 3(d). Inlegiat-
ed Pest Management.
WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS
Pestles a. Ah^y. ^ ^^^J^t^e 1^ "T." ="1"^^" T^.:.^^'^. given on lhe container label Store all ''>^'"'^^J*_^"'^'^T^^^ pets and livestock.
-^^rer^r.^thrp.:^^;-^^^^^
me pestiode accotding .0 Ihe label c. lake ""^^^^^'°^,^Jon sale conlainer disposal aod
sae. Contact you, county agr^illurat comm-ssKiner ^^^^J^^'^^^ containets by foltowing
,0, me kxralKH, of the Hazardous Was.e Collection site •^^^^^^"^'ZcH manner that they may
label direclions. Never reuse or born the containers or dispose ol them m sucn
contaminale walet suppfies or natural walenrvays comamniaie wo.t,. -wr,^ • .
seeking emptoyment with the Univetsity on the f^^"''^/^13^^ ancestry marital slahis. age.
mental disab^ity, medical conditKxi (^'^«'-'4^'l°'X^;^s^ro^^bS veteran Vietnanver veteran, sexual orientaI«n, citizenship, o, status as ^"^^J^^^^'^,''^^^^^ „, expeditton lo. which a campaign or any other veteran whoservedonacIiveduMunngawarorm^^^ ^ ^^^^
badge has been au,l«>rUed) Unive.i.^^^^^^^^^^^
rm::^r.s:'^:«%=sr^^^^
,1,1 Frankim 6th Fkxx. Oakland. CA^607.5200; (510) 987-0096_ _
• 4 •
APPENDIX 5
References
References
1. City of Carlsbad, City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan,
Stornr Water Standards
2. San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board, Water Quality Control Plan for the
San Diego Basin (Basin Plan) and Amendments, March 1997
3. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments, February 2003
4. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the
2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited
Segments - Monitoring List, February 2003
5. Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program Document, January 2003
6. ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Residential Planning
Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003
7. California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Management Practice
Handbook - New Development and Redevelopment, January 2003
8. National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II, US EPA
9. CaUfornia Department of Transportation BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Proceedings
from the Transportation Research Board 8'" Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C.
January 7-11,2001.
10. Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) Unit for Sediment Control in Brevard
County, Florida, 1999
11. Herr, J.L., and Harper, H.H. Removal of Gross Pollutants From Stormwater Runoff
Using Liquid/Solid Separation Structures. Environmental Research & Design, Inc.,
Orlando, FL. 14p
12. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, US EPA.
13. 2002 Aquashield, Inc.
14. 2003 Stormwater Management Inc.
15. AbTech Industries
16. Kristar Enterprises, Inc.
17. Comm Clean
18. Bowhead Manufacturing Co.
19. Ultra Tech Intemational, Inc.
20. CDS Technologies, Inc.
21. Hydro Intemational
22. Stormceptor Technical Manual, Rinker Materials, January 2003.
23. Vortechnics Design Manual, May 2000.