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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 02-14-04; BRESSI RANCH PA9 UNIT 4; WATER QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT; 2004-03-01WATER OUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT BRESSI RANCH RESIDENTIAL PLANNING AREA 10 CITY OF CARLSBAD, CA MARCH 2004 PROJECTNUMBER: CT 02-14(5) DRAWING NUMBER: 413-lA Prepared For: GREYSTONE HOMES 1525 Faraday, Suite 300 Carlsbad, CA 92008 PROJECTDESIGN CONSULTANTS PLANNING • ENVIRONMENT.M * ENGI.VEERING • SURVEY/GPS 701 B Street, Suite 800, San Diego, CA 92101 6iq-2:!5-6471 FAX 619-234-0349 Job No. 2407.40 ramesJM. Kilgfeire, PE RCE 46692 iration Expires 06/30/07 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 1 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2 3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN 3 Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area 3 Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters 3 Beneficial Uses 4 Impaired Water Bodies 5 Watershed Pollutants of Concem 5 Conditions of Concem 6 4. STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 8 Site Design BMPs 8 Source Control BMPs 8 Project-Specific BMPs 10 Structural Treatment BMPs 10 Detention Basins 12 Filtration Systems 12 Hydrodynamic Separator Systems 15 BMP Plan Assumptions 17 5. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION 19 Construction BMPs 19 Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan 19 Operation and Maintenance Plans 20 6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES 21 TABLES Table 1. Anticipated Conditions - Anticipated Pollutants and Sources 3 Table 2. Beneficial Uses for Inland Surface Waters 4 Table 3. Beneficial Uses for Groundwater 4 Table 4. Structural BMP Selection Matrix 11 Table 5. BMP Design Criteria 18 Table 6. Post-Construction BMP Summary 20 Table?. BMP Costs 21 APPENDICES 1. Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist 2. Project Maps 3. Drainage Calculations 4. Supplemental BMP Information 5. References 1. INTRODUCTION This Water Quality Technical Report (WQTR) was prepared to define recommended project Best Management Practice (BMP) options that satisfy the requirements identified in the following documents: • City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan, April 2003, • Couniy of San Diego Watershed Protection, Storm Water Management and Discharge Control Ordinance (County Ordinance), • Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction, • NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction Activity, and • San Diego Municipal NPDES Storm Water Permit (Order Number 2001-01). Specifically, this report includes the following: • Project description and location with respect to the Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin (Basin Plan); • BMP design criteria and water quality treatment flow and volume calculations; • Recommended BMP options for the project; • BMP device information for the recommended BMP options; and • Operation, maintenance, and funding for the recommended BMPs. WQTR-pal0.doc 1 - 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION This WQTR is provided for Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 10. The project is located in the City of Carlsbad and is part of the Bressi Ranch Development. The project site is bounded by Town Garden Road to the north, Alicante Road to the west. Village Green Road to the east, and Planning Area 11 to the south. The vicinity and site maps are available in Appendix 2. The total project site consists of 26 acres. The project consists of the construction of 84 single family homes and associated roadways, utilities, recreational area, and landscaping. The project area currently consists of mass graded pads with a backbone storm drain in place to convey flow from the existing desilting basin. WQTR-palOdoc - 2 - 3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area Based on land use, potential pollutants from the site under existing conditions include sediment, nutrients, trash and debris, and pesticides. Anticipated pollutants from the site under proposed conditions include bacteria, sediment, nutrients, trash and debris, oil and grease, oxygen demanding substances, and heavy metals. TABLE 1. ANTICIPATED CONDITIONS - ANTICIPATED POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES Area Anticipated Pollutants Landscaped areas Sediment, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, pesticides Rooftops Sediment, nutrients, trash and debris Recreational area Sediment, trash and debris, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, pesticides, bacteria and viruses Parking/driveways Sediment, heavy metals, trash and debris, oil and grease General residential use Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses Trash storage areas Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 10 Project is located in the Carlsbad Watershed (Hydrologic Unit 904.5) and is tributary to San Marcos Creek.' The sections below provide the beneficial uses and identification of impaired water bodies within the project's hydrologic area. Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board WQTR-palO.doc Beneficial Uses The beneficial uses of the inland surface waters and the groundwater basins must not be threatened by the project. Tables 2 and 3 list the beneficial uses for the surface waters and groundwater within the project's hydrologic area. TABLE 2. BENEFICIAL USES FOR INLAND SURFACE WATERS Surface Water MUN AGR IND RECl REC2 WARM WILD San Marcos Creek -F • • • • • TABLE 3. BENEFICIAL USES FOR GROUNDWATER Hydrologic Unit, Hydrologic Area MUN AGR IND 904.5,904.51 + • • Source: Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, September 1994 Notes for Tables 2 and 3; • = Existing Beneficial Use o = Potential Beneficial Use + = Excepted from Municipal MUN - Municipal and Domestic Supply: Includes use of water for community, military, or individual water supply systems including, but not limited to, drinking water supply. AGR - Agricultural Supply: Includes use of water for farming, horticulture, or ranching including, but not limited to, irrigation, stock watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing. IND - Industrial Services Supply: Includes use of water for industrial activities that do not depend primarily on water quality including, but not limited to, mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire protection, or oil well re-pressurization. RECl - Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limiled to, swimming, wading, water-skiing, skin and SCUBA diving, surfing, white water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs. REC2 - Non-Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreation involving proximity to water, but not nonnally involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to. picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, camping, boating, tide pool and marine life study, hunting, sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities. WARM - Warm Freshwater Habitat: Includes uses of water that support warm water ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish or wildlife, including invertebrates. WQTR-pnIO.doc WILD-Wildlife Habitat: Includes uses of water that support terrestrial ecosystems including but not limited to, preservation and enhancement of terresuial habitats, vegetation, wildlife, (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates), or wildlife and food sources. Impaired Water Bodies Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA, 33 USC 1250, et seq., at 1313(d)), requires States to identify and list waters that do not meet water quality standards after applying certain required technology-based effluent limits (impaired water bodies). The list is known as the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters. The proposed project is not du-ectly tributary to a 303(d) listed water body. The closest impaired water body is the Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San Marcos HA. The Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San Marcos HA is 303(d) listed for bacteria. In addition to the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters, the State of California also identifies waters of concern that may be included on the 303(d) list in the very near future. These waters have some indications that they are impaired, but there is currently insufficient data to meet the requirements for inclusion on the 303(d) list of impaired waters. This list is known as the Monitoring List (2002). The proposed project is not directly tributary to a Monitoring List (2002) water body. The closest Monitoring List (2002) water body is the Aqua Hedionda Lagoon. The Aqua Hedionda Lagoon is listed for copper and selenium. Watershed Pollutants of Concem The proposed project is located within the Carlsbad Watershed. According to the Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program, the pollutants of concem for the Carlsbad Watershed are bacteria, diazinon, sediment, total dissolved soilds, and nutrients. WOTR-palOdoc Conditions of Concern A drainage study was conducted by a California Registered Civil Engineer (RCE) to identify the conditions of concern for this project. The drainage calculations are available in Appendix 3. Following is the summary of findings from the study: • Drainage Pattems: Under existing conditions, the project area sheet flows to the southwest comer of the project and into a desilting basin before entering the backbone storm drain system on Alicante Road. The backbone storm drain system discharges into a detention basin, located 300 feet west of the Project boundary, before entering an unnamed creek which eventually reaches San Marcos Creek. Under proposed conditions, water will flow from the homes and lots into the streets where it is picked up by storm drains running throughout the project. Project flows will confluence with runoff originating from Planning Areas 3, 4, 2, 6, and 15, conveyed by the backbone storm drain system on Alicante Road, before discharging into the abovementioned detention pond. • Soil Conditions and Imperviousness: The project area consists of soil group D. Under existing conditions, the project area is less than 5% impervious and the runoff coefficient is 0.55. Under the proposed conditions, the project area will be 50% impervious and the overall runoff coefficient is expected to be 0.55. • Rainfall Runoff Characteristics: Under existing conditions, the project area generates approximately 17.9 CFS (2-year storm) and 26.26 CFS (10-year storm) of storm water runoff Under the proposed conditions, the site will generate approximately 23.8 CFS (2- year storm) and 33.69 (10-year storm) of storm water runoff See the Drainage Report for Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003 for proposed condition 2 and 1 OO-year runoff values and exhibits. See Drainage Report for Bressi Ranch Mass-Graded Condition, February 2003 for existing lOO-year runoff values and exhibits. Appendix 3 in this report contains computations for 2 and 10-year WOTR.pal0.doc existing flows and 10-year proposed condition runoff, corresponding to the exhibits in the abovementioned drainage reports. Downstream Conditions: There is no expected adverse impact on downstream conditions as existing drainage pattems will be maintained. The water quality will be improved by the development through the implementation of site design, source control, and treatment BMPs. The existing pipe's outfall is designed to protect against high velocity erosion in the proposed condition. The previous mentioned detention basin is utilized to mitigate the increase of peak flows from the existing to proposed condition. wpTR-palOdoc 7 - 4. STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The City Storm Water Standards Manual (Section III.2) requires the implementation of applicable site design, source control, project-specific, and structural treatment control BMPs. Site Design BMPs The following BMPs were considered in the project design process: • Reduce impervious surfaces, • Conserve natural areas, • Minimize directly connected areas, and • Protect slopes and channels. Some of the specific site design BMPs incorporated into this project include: • Protect slopes and channels o All slopes will be stabilized with hydroseed or equivalent erosion control measures. o The outfalls are equipped with a D-41 energy dissipater and/or a riprap pad to prevent high velocity erosion. Source Control BMPs The following BMPs were considered in the project design process: • Inlet stenciling and signage, • Materials storage, • Trash storage, WQTR-palO.doc • Efficient irrigation, and • Integrated pest management principles. Some ofthe specific source control BMPs incorporated into this project include: • Inlet stenciling and signage o All inlets within the project boundaries will be stenciled or stamped with "No Dumping -1 Live Downstream," or as approved by the City Engineer. • Covered trash storage o All trash storage is covered due to the design of the standard-issue residential City of San Diego automated refuse containers. • Efficient irrigation o All Home Owners' Association (HOA) maintained landscaped areas will include rain shutoff devices to prevent irrigation during and after precipitation, and the irrigation will be designed for the area specific water requirements. Flow reducers and shutoff valves triggered by pressure drop will be used to control water loss from broken sprinkler heads or lines. • Storm water education o Educational materials on storm water issues and simple ways to prevent storm water pollution will be made available to residents. • Integrated pest management principles o Residents and groundskeepers will be educated on pest management principles. WQTR palO.doc o In HOA areas, only professional pest controllers will be used for the application of pesticides. Materials on how to control pests using non-toxic methods will be made available to maintenance personnel. Project-Specific BMPs The City Storm Water Standards Manual requires specific BMPs if the project includes private roads, residential driveways and guest parking, dock areas, maintenance bays, vehicle and equipment wash areas, outdoor processing areas, surface parking areas, non-retail fueling areas, or steep hillside landscaping. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 10 Project has residential driveways and private roads. The City Storm Water Standards Manual lists five options for residential driveways and three options for private roads. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 10 Project does not include any of these options. However, the intent of the Storm Water Standards is to reduce the discharge of pollutants from storm water conveyance systems to the Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP statutory standard) throughout the use of a developed site. The Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 10 Project meets this objective by including treatment BMPs before discharging to the unnamed creek. Structural Treatment BMPs The selection of structural treatment BMP options is determined by the target pollutants, removal efficiencies, expected flows, and space availability. Table 4 is a selection matrix for structural treatment BMPs based on target pollutants and removal efficiencies. VVOTR-palO doc 10- TABLE 4. STRUCTURAL BMP SELECTION MATRIX > Pollutant Categories Treatment Control BMP Categories > Pollutant Categories Biofilters Detention Basins Infiltration Basins*'^ Wet Ponds or Wetlands Drainage Inserts Filtration Hydrodynamic Separator Systems^^^ Sediment M H H H L H H Nutrients L M M M L M L Heavy Metals M M M H L H L Organic Compounds U U U U L M L Trash & Debris L H u U M H H Oxygen Demanding Substances L M M M L M L Bacteria U U H U L M L Oil & k Grease M M U U L H L ] Pesticides U U U u L U L Notes for Table 4: (1) Including trenches and porous pavement (2) Also known as hydrodynamic devices and baffle boxes L: Low removal efficiency M: Medium removal efficiency H: High removal efficiency U: Unknown removal efficiency The target pollutants for this project in order of general priority are sediment (with attached materials such as bacteria and viruses, nutrients, pesticides, and metals), oxygen demanding substances, trash and debris, and oil and grease. Based on the target pollutants and typical removal efficiencies, the treatment BMP options to consider include detention basins, infiltration basins, wet ponds, filtration and hydrodynamic separator systems. The soil characteristics and the onsite drainage pattems for Planning Area 10 make infiltration basins and wet ponds infeasible for this project. WQTR-palOdoc 11 Detention Basins Detention basins (a.k.a. dry extended detention ponds, dry ponds, extended detention basins, detention ponds, extended detention ponds) are basins with controlled outlets designed to detain storm water runoff, allowing particles and associated pollutants to settle. Detention basins may be designed to include vegetation, allowing for further pollutant removal through infiltration and natural pollutant uptake by vegetation. Detention basins are among the most widely applicable storm water management practices. They should be used for drainage areas of at least 10 acres, and they can be used with almost all types of soils and geology. Detention basins for improving water quality can also be designed and used as flood control devices. Based on the size ofthe Bressi Ranch development and proposed site plan, detention basins are a feasible option for treating the storm water runoff from this project. However, the detention basin for Bressi Ranch will not be used for water quality purposes since the basin was designed for detention purposes only. Filtration Systems Filtration systems include bioretention, sand and organic filters, and proprietary devices. Bioretention Bioretention areas are landscape features designed to provide treatment of storm water runoff These areas are typically shallow, landscaped depressions, located within small pockets of residential land uses. During storms, the runoff ponds above the mulch and soil of the bioretention system. The runoff filters through the mulch and soil mix, typically being collected in a perforated underdrain and retumed to the MS4. National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II. US EPA. WQTR-palOdoc - 12 - Sand and Organic Filters For sand and organic filtration systems, there are five basic storm water filter designs: o Surface sand filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and sediment chamber placed aboveground. The surface sand filter is designed as an offline system that receives only the smaller water quality events. o Underground filter: This is the original sand fiher design with the filter bed and sediment chamber placed underground. It is an offline system that receives only the smaller water quality events. o Perimeter filter: This is the only filtering option that is an online system with an overflow chamber to accommodate large storm events. o Organic media filter: This is a slight modification to the surface sand filter, with the sand medium replaced with or supplemented by an organic medium to enhance pollutant removal of many compounds. o Muhi-Chamber Treatment Train: This is an underground system with three filtration chambers designed to achieve very high pollutant removal rates. Proprietary Devices Proprietary filtration devices include offline filtration systems, online filter units, and filtration based inlet inserts. Proprietary catch basin insert devices contain a filtering medium placed inside the stormwater system's catch basins. The insert can contain one or more treatment mechanisms, which include filtration, sedimentation, or gravitational absorption of oils. The water flows into the inlet, through the filter, where pollutants and contaminants are removed, and then into the drainage system. There are two primary designs for inlet inserts. One design uses fabric fiher bags that are suspended in place by the grate or by retainer rods placed across the catch basin. The fabric filter design includes a skirt that directs the storm water flow to a pouch that may be equipped with WQTR-palO.doc - 13 - oil-absorbing pillows. These inlet inserts are typically equipped with "Bypass Ports" to prevent flooding during large storm events. Maintenance on the fabric filter inserts includes periodic inspection and replacement of the entire insert when it becomes clogged with captured pollutants. The other design for inlet inserts uses stainless steel, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), or other durable materials to form a basket or cage-like insert placed inside the catch basin. This basket contains the filter medium and absorbent materials that treat the storm water as it passes through. These inlet inserts are also equipped with bypass pathways to allow normal operation of the storm drain system during large storm events. Maintenance on the basket-type inlet inserts includes periodic inspection and removal and replacement of the fiher medium and absorbent materials (not the entire inlet insert). There are several types of proprietary inlet inserts for both design types: • Fabric Filter Bag Design o Stream Guard: Stream Guard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a fiher media.^ o Ultra-Drainguard: Ultra-Drainguard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media. The Ultra-Drainguard has an oil absorbent pillow that can be replaced separate from the filter during times of large free-oil mnoff ^ • Basket-type Inlet Inserts o AbTech Ultra-Urban Filter: The Ultra-Urban Filter is a cost-effective BMP designed for use in storm drains that experience oil and grease pollution accompanied by sediment and trash and debris. The oil is permanently bonded to a SmartSponge, while sediment and trash and debris are captured in an intemal basket. ^ URL: http://www.epa.gov/re2ionl/assistance/ceitts/stormwater/techs/ WQTR-palO.doc - 14 - o AquaGuard: AquaGuard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media. AquaGuard compares to others by being easy to handle, i.e. no special lifting equipment for filter removal.^ o FloGard: FloGard uses catch basin filtration, placing catch basin insert devices with a filter medium just under the grates of the stormwater system's catch basins. FloGard handles non-soluble solids such as sediment, gravel, and hydrocarbons, which are all potential pollutants originating from the roof and parking lot. FloGard is available for standard catch basins and for roof downspouts. Recommended Filtration System Option Sand, media, and bioretention filters require large amounts of land and have extremely high maintenance costs compared to proprietary filtration designs. Of the two types of filtration based inlet insert designs, experience within Southem California has shown the basket-type inlet inserts to be more reliable and less cumbersome for maintenance and proper operation.^ Therefore, the best type of filtration system for this project is one of the basket-type proprietary filtration based inlet inserts. Hydrodynamic Separator Systems Hydrodynamic separator systems (HDS) are flow-through structures with a settling or separation unit to remove sediments and other pollutants that are widely used in storm water treatment. No outside power source is required, because the energy of the flowing water allows the sediments to efficiently separate. Depending on the type of unit, this separation may be by means of swirl action or indirect filtration. 2003 KriStar Enterprises. Inc. ^ Correspondence with the City of Dana Point, the City of Encinitas, and the City of Santa Monica WQTR-palO.doc 15 - Hydrodynamic separator systems are most effective where the materials to be removed from mnoff are heavy particulates that can be settled or floatables that can be captured, rather than solids with poor settleability or dissolved pollutants. For hydrodynamic separator systems, there are four major proprietary types: • Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS): CDS provides the lowest cost overall when compared to other HDS units. A sorbent material can be added to remove unattached oil and grease.^ • Downstream Defender™: Downstream Defender traps sediment while intercepting oil and grease with a small head loss.^ • Stormceptor®: Stormceptor traps sediment while intercepting oil and grease.^ • Vortechs™: Vortechs combines baffle walls, circular grit chambers, flow control chambers, and an oil chamber to remove settleable solids and floatables from the storm water runoff^ Recommended Hydrodynamic Separator System Option All of the abovementioned devices sufficiently remove the pollutants of concern from this site. The best hydrodynamic separator for this project is the CDS unit because of its relatively low cost and because it has been widely used in San Diego County. BMP Selection Basket-type proprietary filtration-based inlet inserts and CDS units are feasible options for this project. The recommended treatment BMP is a CDS Unit. The CDS Unit will be able to treat multiple planning areas in the Bressi Ranch Development, including Planning Area 10. The * CDS Technologies Inc 2002 ' 2003 Hydro Intemational ^ Stormceptor 2003 ' http://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/hydro.pdf WQTR-palO doc - 16- CDS Unit will have lower maintenance frequency and costs than the inlet inserts due to the large number of inlets in the planning areas. BMP Plan Assumptions The following assumptions were made in calculating the required BMP sizes: • Only flows generated onsite will be treated. All offsite flow treatment will be the responsibility of the upstream owners. • A runoff coefficient, 'C value, of 0.55 was used in the runoff calculations for the project area. Table 5 summarizes the criteria that should be implemented in the design of the recommended project BMP. WQTR-palO.doc 17 - TABLE 5. BMP DESIGN CRITERIA BMP Hydrology Treatment AreaA^olume Design Constraints Total Onsite Only Flow-based: Q=CIA I = 0.2 in/hour C= runoff coefficient Aacreage Qtreatment{onsite)=2.86 CFS I = 0.2 in/hour C=0.55 A = 26 acres Treatment of Storm water runoff on PA 10 will be designed such that offsite (other Bressi Ranch mnoff) flows will be treated in the same treatment BMP. See next section of Table 5 for Design Constraints. Basin 1 Actual Sizing Flow-based: Q=CIA 1 = 0.2 in/hour C= runoff coefficient A = acreage Qtreatment^ 23.7 CFS I = 0.2 in/hour C= 0.80 A = 148.0 acres • Locate outside public right-of-way • Facilitate access for maintenance • Avoid utility conflicts • Treatment AreaA^olume also include Bressi Ranch Planning Areas 3b, 4, 6, 10, and ISa. Basin 2 Actual Sizing Flow-based: Q=CIA I = 0.2 in/hour C= runoff coefficient A = acreage Qtreatment— 20.2 CFS 1 = 0.2 in/hour C= 0.65 A = 155.0 acres • Locate outside public right-of-way • Facilitate access for maintenance • Avoid utility conflicts • Treatment Area/Volume also include Bressi Ranch Planning Areas 5, 7-9, 12-14, 15b WQTR pa 10 doc 5. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION This section identifies the recommended BMP options that meet the applicable storm water and water quality ordinance requirements. This includes incorporating BMPs to minimize and mitigate for runoff contamination and volume from the site. The plan was developed per the proposed roadway and lot layout/density associated with the site. Construction BMPs During construction, BMPs such as desilting basins, silt fences, sand bags, gravel bags, fiber rolls, and other erosion control measures may be employed consistent with the NPDES Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The objectives of the SWPPP are to: • Identify all pollutant sources, including sources of sediment that may affect the water quality of storm water discharges associated with construction activity from the construction site; • Identify non-storm water discharges; • Identify, constmct, implement in accordance with a time schedule, and maintain BMPs to reduce or eliminate pollutants in storm water discharges and authorized non-storm water discharges from the construction site during constmction; and • Develop a maintenance schedule for BMPs installed during constmction designed to reduce or eliminate pollutants after constmction is completed (post-constmction BMPs). Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan PDC has identified a recommended water quality BMP plan for the Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Area 10 Project. The following BMP plan is preliminary and is subject to change pending City review and implementation of future policy requirements, and final engineering design. WQTR-palO doc - 19 - The recommended post-construction BMP plan includes site design, source control, and treatment BMPs. The site design and source control BMPs include protection of slopes and channels, inlet stenciling and signage, covered trash storage, efficient irrigation, storm water education, and integrated pest management principles. The treatment BMP selected for this project is a CDS Unit. TABLE 6. POST-CONSTRUCTION BMP SUMMARY Pollutant Pollutant Sources Mitigation Measures Sediment and attached pollutants (nutrients, pesticides, heavy metals) Landscaping, driveways, rooftops, recreational area, residential Inlet stenciling and signage, education of residents, CDS Unit Trash and debris Residential (littering), trash storage areas, rooftops, recreational area, driveways Inlet stenciling and signage, covered trash storage, education of residents, CDS Unit Bacteria and viruses Trash storage areas, residential (pets), recreational area Covered trash storage, education of residents Oxygen demanding substances Landscaping, driveways and roadways, recreational area Inlet stenciling and signage, regular City of San Diego yard waste pickup, education of residents, detention basin, CDS Unit Oil and grease Driveways, roadways Inlet stenciling and signage, education of residents, CDS Unit Operation and Maintenance Plans The City Municipal Code requires a description of the long-term maintenance requirements of proposed BMPs and a description of the mechanism that will ensure ongoing long-term maintenance. Operation and maintenance plans for the recommended post-construction BMP for this project are located in Appendix 4. The Project BMP costs and the maintenance funding sources are provided in the following section. WQTR-palO.doc 20 6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES Table 7 below provides the anticipated capital and annual maintenance costs for the CDS Units. Note that mnoff from Basins 1 and 2 (Exhibits B and C) both flow into PMSU 70_70 CDS Units but at different locations. TABLE 7. BMP COSTS BMP OPTION Equipment Cost Installation Cost Annual Maintenance Cost 1. Single CDS Unit Model PMSU 70_70 $64,900* $55,900 $1,000 *CDS Units are a proprietary BMP and may vary in cost at the manufacturer's discretion. The developer will incur the capital cost for the BMP installation. The responsible party for long-term maintenance and funding is the Home Owners' Association (HOA) for Bressi Ranch. WQTR palOdoc 21 APPENDIX 1 Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist Storm Water Standards 4/03/03 , v.. RESOURCES & REFERENCES ,^5. , i .. ^ j.f " ^...^V APPENDIX A STORM WATER REQUIREMENTS APPLICABILITY CHECKLIST Complete Sections 1 and 2 of the following checklist to determine your project's permanent and construction storm water best management practices requirements. This form must be completed and submitted with your permit application. Section 1. Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements: If any answers to Part A are answered "Yes," your project Is subject to the "Priority Project Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements," and "Standard Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements" in Section III, "Permanent Storm Water BMP Selection Procedure" in the Storm Water Standards manual. If all answers to Part A are "No," and any answers to Part B are "Yes," your project is only subject to the "Standard Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements". If every question in Part A and B is answered "No," your project is exempt from permanent storm water requirements. Does the project meet the definition of one or more of the priority project categories?* Yes No 1. Detached residential development of 10 or more units X 2. Attached residential development of 10 or more units A 3 Commercial development qreater than 100,000 square feet X 4. Automotive repair shop X 5. Restaurant X 6. Steep hillside development greater than 5,000 square feet X 7 Project discharqinq to receivinq waters within Environmentally Sensitive Areas K 8. Parking lots greater than or equal to 5,000 ft'' or with at least 15 parking spaces, and potentially exposed to urban runoff X 9. Streets, roads, highways, and freeways which would create a new paved surface that is 5.000 square feet or qreater X * Refer to the definitions section in the Storm Water Standards for expanded definitions of the pnority project categories. Limited Exclusion: Trenching and resurfacing work associated with utility projects are not considered priority projects. Parking lots, buildings and other stmctures associated with utility projects are pnority projects if one or more of the criteria in Part A is met. If all answers to Part A are "No", continue to Part B. 30 Storm Water Standards 4/03/03 Does the project propose: Yes No 1. New impervious areas, such as rooftops, roads, parking lots, driveways, paths and sidewalks? X 2. New pervious landscape areas and irrigation systems? X 3. Permanent structures within 100 feet of any natural water body? K 4. Trash storage areas? X 5. Liquid or solid material loading and unloading areas? X 6. Vehicle or equipment fueling, washing, or maintenance areas? 7. Require a General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities (Except construction)?* 8. Commercial or industrial waste handling or storage, excluding typical office or household waste? X 9. Any grading or ground disturbance during construction? X 10. Any new storm drains, or alteration to existing storm drains? *TO find out if your project is required to obtain an individual General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities, visit the State Water Resources Control Board web site at, www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/industrial.html Section 2. Construction Storm Water BMP Requirements: If the answer to question 1 of Part C is answered "Yes," your project is subject to Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP Performance Standards," and must prepare a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). If the answer to question 1 is "No," but the answer to any of the remaining questions is "Yes," your project is subject to Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP Performance Standards," and must prepare a Water Pollution Control Plan (WPCP). If every question in Part C is answered "No," your project is exempt from any construction storm water BMP requirements. If any of the answers to the questions in Part C are "Yes," complete the construction site prioritization in Part D, below. Part C: Determine Construction Phase Storm Water Requirements Would the project meet any of these criteria during construction? Yes No 1. Is the project subject to California's statewide General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated With Construction Activities? \ 2. Does the project propose grading or soil disturbance? 3. Would storm water or urban runoff have the potential to contact any portion of the construction area, including washing and staging areas? X 4. Would the project use any construction materials that could negatively affect water quality if discharged from the site (such as, paints, solvents, concrete, and stucco)? X 31 storm Water Standards 4/03/03 Part D: Determine Construction Site Priority In accordance with the Municipal Permit, each construction site with construction storm water BMP requirements must be designated with a priority: high, medium or low. This prioritization must be completed with this form, noted on the plans, and included in the SWPPP or WPCP. Indicate the project's priority in one of the check boxes using the criteria below, and existing and surrounding conditions of the project, the type of activities necessary to complete the construction and any other extenuating circumstances that may pose a threat to water quality. The City reserves the right to adjust the priority of the projects both before and during construction. [Note: The construction priority does NOT change construction BMP requirements that apply to projects; all construction BMP requirements must be identified on a case-by-case basis. The' construction priority does affect the frequency of inspections that will be conducted by City staff. See Section IV.I for more details on construction BMP requirements.] Q A) High Priority 1) Projects where the site is 50 acres or more and grading will occur during the rainy season 2) Projects 5 acres or more. 3) Projects 5 acres or more within or directly adjacent to or discharging directly to a coastal lagoon or other receiving water within an environmentally sensitive area Projects, active or inactive, adjacent or tributary to sensitive water bodies • B) Medium Priority 1) Capital Improvement Projects where grading occurs, however a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP) is not required under the State General Construction Permit (i.e., water and sewer replacement projects, intersection and street re-alignments, widening, comfort stations, etc.) 2) Permit projects in the public right-of-way where grading occurs, such as installation of sidewalk, substantial retaining walls, curb and gufter for an entire street frontage, etc. , however SWPPPs are not required. 3) Permit projects on private property where grading permits are required, however, Notice Of Intents (NOIs) and SWPPPs are not required. • Cj Z.OW Priority 1) Capital Projects where minimal to no grading occurs, such as signal light and loop installations, street light installations, etc. 2) Permit projects in the public right-of-way where minimal to no grading occurs, such as pedestrian ramps, driveway additions, small retaining walls, etc. 3) Permit projects on private property where grading permits are not required, such as small retaining walls, single-family homes, small tenant improvements, etc. 32 APPENDIX 2 Project Maps VICINITY MAP NOT TO SO ALE APPENDIX 3 Drainage Calculations ****************** RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: ProjectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA., 92101 Suite 800 619-235-6471 ************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY ************************** * mass grading hydrology " * system 3 00 ' * ' ************************************************************************** FILE NAME: 300EXIST.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:16 03/17/2004 USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: 1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.300 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE =0.95 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: 1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) 2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* jf^..*.,^,!.,^********************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.10 TO NODE 300.20 IS CODE = 21 >»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<«« SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 1200.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 378.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 320.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 58.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) =20.285 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COLfNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. *CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.388 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.74 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.90 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.74 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.20 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 52 »»>COMPUTE NATURAL VALLEY CHANNEL FLOW««< »>»TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 300.00 CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 450.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0444 CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 3.7 4 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC) = 4.16 (PER LACFCD/RCFC&WCD HYDROLOGY MANUAL) TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.80 Tc(MIN.) = 22.09 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.10 TO NODE 300.50 = 1650.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.20 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 81 »»>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW««< 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.314 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 19.60 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 14.16 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 24.50 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 17.90 TC(MIN.) = 22.09 END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 24.50 TC(MIN.) = 22.09 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 17.90 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS **************************************************************************** RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: ProjectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA., 92101 Suite 800 619-235-5471 ************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY ************************** * mass grading hydrology * * system 3 00 * * * ************************************************************************** FILE NAME: 300EXIST.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:40 03/17/2004 USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: 19 85 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.900 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: 1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) 2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.10 TO NODE 300.20 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<<< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 1200.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 7 8.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 320.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 5 8.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 20.285 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. *CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.029 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.47 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.90 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.47 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.20 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 52 >>>>>COMPUTE NATURAL VALLEY CHANNEL FLOW<<<<< >>>>>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 300.00 CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 4 50.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0444 CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 5.4 7 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC) = 4.54 (PER LACFCD/RCFC&WCD HYDROLOGY MANUAL) TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.65 Tc(MIN.) = 21.94 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.10 TO NODE 300.50 = 1650.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.20 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 81 >>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<«« 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 1.929 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 19.60 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 20.79 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 24.50 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 26.26 TC(MIN.) = 21.94 END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 24.50 TC(MIN.) = 21.94 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 26.26 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS **************************************************************************** RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2001 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. 1-5A Release Date: 01/01/2001 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: PROJECTDESIGN CONSULTANTS 7 01 B STREET, SUITE 800 SAN DIEGO, CA 92101 (619) 235-6471 ************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY ************************** * MASS GRADING HYDROLOGY * * SYSTEM 3 00 * 100-YR HYDROLOGY: RISER DESIGN * jtjH,,i****i* + *************************************************************** FILE NAME: C:\2244DB\SYS300DB.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 18:08 05/28/2002 USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: 19 85 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 100.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 2.800 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.95 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* - HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-^/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0312 0.167 0.0150 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: 1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) 2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.10 TO NODE 300.20 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH = 1200.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION = 378.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION = 320.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE = 58.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MINUTES) = 20.285 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. *CAUTION: SUBAREA FLOWLENGTH EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. 100 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.990 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 8.06 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.90 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 8.06 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.20 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 51 >>>>>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW<<<<< >>>>>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT)<<<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 320.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 300.00 CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 4 50.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0444 CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 5.0 0 "Z" FACTOR = 2.000 MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.025 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 4.00 CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 8.06 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC) = 5.04 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.49 Tc(MIN.) = 21.77 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.10 TO NODE 300.50 = 1650.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.3 0 TO NODE 3 00.50 IS CODE = 81 >>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<<<< 100 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.856 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 19.60 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 30.79 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2 4.50 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 38.84 TC(MIN) = 21.77 END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 24.50 TC(MIN.) = 21.77 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3 8.84 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS **************************************************************************** RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. l.SA Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: ProjectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA., 92101 Suite 800 619-235-6471 ************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY ************************** * BRESSI RANCH - MASS GRADING ULTIMATE CONDITIONS * * PLANNING AREA 10 - SYSTEM 300 * * FILE: 300.DAT * ************************************************************************** FILE NAME: 300.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 09:52 03/17/2004 USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: 1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.900 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.90 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C"-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER-DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* • HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 20.0 15.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0170 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: 1. Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) 2. (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 6.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.10 IS CODE = 21 >>»>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<«< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 150.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 376.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 74.60 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 1.50 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 12.125 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.827 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 8 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.18 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.2 8 ****************************************************************^j^j^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.10 TO NODE 300.20 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<« >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<«<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 374.60 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 345.80 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 63 6.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Wal)c Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.54 . STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.91 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.3 0 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.81 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.21 Tc(MIN.) = 15.34 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.430 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.88 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.51 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.06 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.79 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 8 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.9 0 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.76 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.07 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.00 TO NODE 300.20 = 786.00 FEET. ************************************************************^^^jj^^_^_^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.20 TO NODE 300.21 IS CODE = 31 >»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<<« ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 3 5.63 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.13 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 411.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN. 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.6 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.96 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.79 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.86 Tc(MIN.) = 16.20 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.21 = 1197.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.21 TO NODE 300.21 IS CODE = 1 »>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 16.20 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.35 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.06 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.79 FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.22 TO NODE 300.23 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<«« RURAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 320.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 53.27 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 333.40 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 19.87 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 11.388 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.944 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.66 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.25 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.6 6 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.23 TO NODE 300.21 IS CODE = 31 >»>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< »>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 321.69 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 319.13 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 100.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.9 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 5.83 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 1.66 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.29 Tc(MIN.) = 11.67 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.22 TO NODE 300.21 = 420.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.21 TO NODE 300.21 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<« >>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<« TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =11.67 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.9 0 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.25 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.66 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 2.79 16.20 2.345 2.06 2 1.66 11.67 2.897 1.25 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 3.92 11.67 2.897 2 4.13 16.20 2.345 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.13 Tc(MIN.) = 16.20 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.31 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.21 = 1197.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.21 TO NODE 300.24 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <«<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 318.80 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 315.57 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 210.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.2 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.29 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.13 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.56 Tc(MIN.) = 16.75 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.24 = 1407.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.24 TO NODE 300.24 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 16.75 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.29 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.31 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.13 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.25 TO NODE 300.26 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 12 0.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 43.40 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 42.20 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) =1.20 URBAN SUBAREA 0VERLAI\1D TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 10.845 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.038 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.33 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 3 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.26 TO NODE 300.27 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)«<« UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 340.40 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 325.50 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 210.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL{DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Wal)c Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.71 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.18 HALFSTREET FLOOD. WIDTH(FEET) = 2.62 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.7 8 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.68 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.93 Tc(MIN.) = 11.77 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.882 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.47 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.7 4 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.67 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.08 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.10 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.77 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.79 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.25 TO NODE 300.27 = 330.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.27 TO NODE 300.28 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<« >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) «<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 325.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 322.67 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 179.20 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.61 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 2 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.72 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.46 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.7 9 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.21 Tc(MIN.) = 12.99 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.705 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.06 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.06 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.73 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 4.14 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 6 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 11.83 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.73 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.99 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.25 TO NODE 300.28 = 509.20 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.28 TO NODE 300.24 IS CODE = 31 »>»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«« >»>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 316.01 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 315.57 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 5.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.6 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.79 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.14 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = O.OI Tc(MIN.) = 12.99 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.25 TO NODE 300.24 = 514.20 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.24 TO NODE 300.24 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<«< >>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 12.99 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.70 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 2.73 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.14 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 4.13 16.75 2.295 3.31 2 4.14 12.99 2.704 2.73 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 7.65 12.99 2.704 2 7.65 16.75 2.295 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 7.65 Tc(MIN.) = 12.99 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 6.04 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.24 = 1407.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.24 TO NODE 300.30 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <<«< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 322.07 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 321.20 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 41.50 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 9.3 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.28 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 7.65 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.08 Tc(MIN.) = 13.08 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.30 = 1448.50 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.3 0 TO NODE 3 00.3 4 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >»>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 313.05 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 300.11 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 2 87.60 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.5 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.99 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 7.65 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.44 Tc(MIN.) = 13.51 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.00 TO NODE 300.34 = 1736.10 FEET. **************************************************************************^* FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.34 TO NODE 300.34 IS CODE = 1 »»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.51 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.64 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 6.04 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 7.65 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.35 TO NODE 300.36 IS CODE = 21 »>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 144.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 3 7.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 335.98 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 1.22 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 12.555 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.764 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.4 4 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 9 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.4 4 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.36 TO NODE 300.37 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 333.53 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 326.60 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 104.30 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTTU^CE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.66 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.18 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 2.46 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.72 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) =0.65 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.47 Tc(MIN.) = 13.02 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.700 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 0 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.45 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.59 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.89 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.20 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 3.55 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.63 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.72 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.35 TO NODE 300.37 = 248.30 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.37 TO NODE 300.38 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<« >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 326.50 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 321.00 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 274.40 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.52 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.37 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.4 5 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.67 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.87 Tc(MIN.) = 14.89 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.477 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 8 8 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.08 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.47 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.67 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.36 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 0 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.7 8 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.65 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.80 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.35 TO NODE 300.38 = 522.70 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.38 TO NODE 300.39 IS CODE = 62 »>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 321.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 305.99 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 254.51 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.4 6 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.02 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.03 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.07 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.05 Tc(MIN.) = 15.94 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.370 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = -0.16 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.21 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.83 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.57 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.14 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.09 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.10 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.35 TO NODE 300.39 = 777.21 FEET. *****************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.39 TO NODE 300.34 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<«< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 300.52 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 300.11 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 4.1 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 8.38 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.57 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 15.96 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.35 TO NODE 300.34 = 785.46 FEET. ****************************************************^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.34 TO NODE 300.34 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««< >»>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES«<« TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) =15.96 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.37 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.83 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.57 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 7.55 13.51 2.636 6.04 2 2.57 15.96 2.368 1.83 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 9.95 13.51 2.636 2 9.44 15.96 2.358 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.95 Tc(MIN.) = 13.51 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 7.87 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.34 = 1735.10 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.34 TO NODE 300.40 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)«<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 299.78 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 296.45 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 64.70 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.4 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.37 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 9.95 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.09 Tc(MIN.) = 13.60 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.40 = 1800.80 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.40 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) <<«< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 296.13 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 288.72 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 211.76 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 9.4 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.71 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 9.96 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.33 Tc(MIN.) = 13.93 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TQ NODE 300.42 = 2012.56 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.42 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE »>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<«<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.93 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.59 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 7.87 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 9.96 ***********************************************************^j^^j^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.43 TO NODE 300.44 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<« SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 14 0.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 41.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 33 9.90 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 1.4 0 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 11.714 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.891 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.43 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.27 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.4 3 *********************************************************^^^jj^^^^^^^^_^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.44 TO NODE 300.45 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) ««< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 337.15 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 303.00 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 535.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.7 0 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.67 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.86 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.93 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.31 Tc(MIN.) = 14.02 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.574 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.79 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.53 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.05 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.9 6 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 8 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.4 9 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.36 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.20 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.43 TO NODE 300.45 = 675.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.45 TO NODE 300.48 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >»>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 303.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 296.67 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 17 5.70 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 4.57 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 3 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.36 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.84 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.2 8 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.76 Tc(MIN.) = 14.79 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.488 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.35 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 3.22 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.41 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 6.18 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 5 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 11.77 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.11 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.49 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.43 TO NODE 300.48 = 850.70 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.48 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 2 91.07 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 2 8 8.72 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.30 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 . DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 5.3 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 14.09 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 6.18 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 14.81 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.43 TO NODE 300.42 = 873.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.42 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE = 1 >»>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE«<« >»>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.81 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.48 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 4.41 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 6.18 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 9.96 13.93 2.585 7.87 2 5.18 14.81 2.485 4.41 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO ' CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 15.89 13.93 2.585 2 15.75 14.81 2.485 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 15.89 Tc(MIN.) = 13.93 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 12.28 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 300.42 = 2012.55 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.42 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE = 10 >>>>>MAIN-STREAM MEMORY COPIED ONTO MEMORY BANK # 1 <<<<< **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.60 TO NODE 300.51 IS CODE = 21 >»»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 120.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 54.70 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 353.50 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 1.2 0 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 10.845 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.038 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.61 TO NODE 300.62 IS CODE = 62 »>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< »>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)««< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 351.38 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 342.65 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 2 5 0.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.87 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.48 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.7 3 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.59 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 1.53 Tc(MIN.) = 12.37 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.790 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.4 8 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.7 4 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 8 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.24 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.62 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.86 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.68 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.50 TO NODE 300.62 = 370.00 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.52 TO NODE 300.63 IS CODE = 62 >>>»COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< >>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 342.55 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 337.40 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 460.80 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) =20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.55 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 3 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.30 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.16 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.72 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.56 Tc(MIN.) = 15.93 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.371 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 2.00 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.51 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2.7 8 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.85 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.37 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 12.29 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.35 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.88 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.50 TO NODE 300.63 = 830.80 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.63 TO NODE 3 00.54 IS CODE = 51 >>>>>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW<<<<< »>>>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT) <«<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 337.40 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 326.97 CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 14 9.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0700 CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 0.00 "Z" FACTOR = 65.660 MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.015 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 1.00 CHANNEL FLOW THRU SUBAREA(CFS) = 3.85 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.06 FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.12 TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.61 Tc(MIN.) = 16.54 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.60 TO NODE 300.64 = 979.80 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.64 TO NODE 300.65 IS CODE = 31 >>»>COMPUTE PI PE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< »>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 318.96 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 318.84 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAIMETER (INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 9.3 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.19 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 3.85 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.09 Tc(MIN.) = 15.63 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.50 TO NODE 300.65 = 1002.05 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.55 TO NODE 300.55 IS CODE = 10 >>>>>MAIN-STREA]yi MEMORY COPIED ONTO MEMORY BANK # 2 <<<<< FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 901.00 TO NODE 901.10 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS«<<< RURAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 87 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 450.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 316.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 54.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 10.842 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.03 9 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 4.79 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 3.5 0 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 4.79 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 901.10 TO NODE 300.70 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<« >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 3 3 8.16 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 335.05 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 172.58 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 7.4 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 6.93 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 4.79 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.42 Tc(MIN.) = 11.26 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 901.00 TO NODE 300.70 = 622.58 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.70 TO NODE 300.70 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.26 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.97 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 3.50 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 4.7 9 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.71 TO NODE 300.72 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<«<< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 118.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 358.40 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION{FEET) =357.22 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 1.18 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 10.754 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.055 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 4 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.20 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.3 4 *********************************************************^*^^^jj^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.72 TO NODE 300.73 IS CODE = 52 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)«<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 356.29 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 350.29 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 124.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.64 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.19 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 2.95 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.10 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.57 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.67 Tc(MIN.) = 11.42 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.93 8 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 7 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.60 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.57 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.93 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.21 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.21 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.15 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.57 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.71 TO NODE 300.73 = 242.00 FEET. *****************************************************^*^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.73 TO NODE 300.70 IS CODE = 52 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <«<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 3 5 0.29 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 343.09 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 415.60 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) 20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 15.00 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.56 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.7 8 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.2 9 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.6 5 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.02 Tc(MIN.) = 14.45 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.525 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.04 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.4 4 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.51 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.3 8 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.31 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 9.13 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.50 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.77 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.71 TO NODE 300.70 = 657.60 FEET. ***************************************************^^^^^^^^^j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE '^'^ TM^T^TT. or^n r. -r... 300.70 TO NODE 300.70 IS CODE >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<«< >>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES«<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 14.45 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.53 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 1.51 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.3 8 2 ARE: CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM NUMBER 1 2 RUNOFF (CFS) 4 . 79 2.38 Tc (MIN.) 11.25 14.45 INTENSITY (INCH/HOUR) 2 .955 2 . 525 AREA (ACRE) 3 .50 1 . 61 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE * * STREAM NUMBER 1 2 RUNOFF (CFS) 6 . 81 6.45 Tc (MIN.) 11.26 14.45 INTENSITY (INCH/HOUR) 2 .965 2.525 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.81 Tc(MIN.) = 11.25 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 5.11 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.71 TO NODE 300.70 = 657.50 FEET. *********************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.70 TO NODE 300.65 IS CODE = 31 >»»COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 334.73 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 318.84 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 289.01 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 6.7 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 11.45 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 6.81 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.42 Tc(MIN.) = 11.68 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.71 TO NODE 300.65 = 946.61 FEET. *********************************************************j^^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.65 TO NODE 300.55 IS CODE = 11 >>»>CONFLUENCE MEMORY BANK # 2 WITH THE MAIN-STREAM MEMORY««< ** MAIN STREAM CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 6.81 11.68 2.897 5.11 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.71 TO NODE 300.65 = 946.61 FEET. * * MEMORY BANK # 2 CONFLUENCE DATA * * STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 3.85 16.63 2.306 2.78 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.50 TO NODE 300.65 = 1002.05 FEET. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 9.87 11.68 2.897 2 9.27 16.63 2.306 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 9.87 Tc(MIN.) = 11.58 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 7.89 :******************************************************^^^^^^j^^^^^^^^^^_lj^_^_^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.65 TO NODE 3 00.65 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<« TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 11.68 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.90 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 7.89 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 9.87 **********************************************************^^^^^^^^^_^^_i^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 300.77 IS CODE = 21 >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<«« ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 389.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 370.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 360.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 10.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 3.887 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.4 51 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.18 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.2 8 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.18 *****************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.77 TO NODE 300.78 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«« >»>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 360.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 350.29 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 17 6.50 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 20.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.32 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.09 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.50 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.80 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.84 Tc(MIN.) = 6.84 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.090 ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.07 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.27 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.3 5 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) =• 1.4 6 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.23 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = . 5.38 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.57 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.84 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.76 TO NODE 300.78 = 565.50 FEET. ************************************************************************.j^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.78 TO NODE 300.75 IS CODE = 52 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA«<« >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <<«< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 350.29 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 325.97 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 7 50.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 5.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.02 0 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 2.09 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.2 8 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.55 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.04 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.84 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.11 Tc(MIN.) = 10.95 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.018 ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 92 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.4 4 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.2 6 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 9 PEAK FLOW KATE{CFS) = 2.72 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.3 0 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.54 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.20 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.95 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 300.75 = 1315.60 FEET. ******************************************************************j^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.75 TO NODE 300.65 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) ««< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 321.06 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 318.84 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 22.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 3.6 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 10.89 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 2.72 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.03 Tc(MIN.) = 10.99 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.76 TO NODE 300.65 = 1337.85 FEET. *********************************************************************^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.65 TO NODE 300.65 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< >»>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 10.99 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.01 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.7 9 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.72 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 9.87 11.68 2.897 7.89 2 2.72 10.99 3.012 0.79 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 12.21 10.99 3.012 2 12.49 11.58 2.897 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 12.49 Tc(MIN.) = 11.68 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 8.58 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 300.65 = 1337.85 FEET. *******************************************^,*******^,^,^:^,^r*****************^:^:^, FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.65 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE = 31 >>»>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA««< >>>»USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<«<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 318.51 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 288.72 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 704.00 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 10.1 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 12.15 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 12.49 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.96 Tc(MIN.) = 12.64 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 300.42 = 2041.85 FEET. *************************************************************^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.42 TO NODE 300.42 IS CODE = 11 >>>>>CONFLUENCE MEMORY BANK # 1 WITH THE MAIN-STREAM MEMORY<<<<< ** MAIN STREAM CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 12.49 12.64 2.752 8.68 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.75 TO NODE 300.42 = 2041.85 FEET. * * MEMORY BANK # 1 CONFLUENCE DATA * * STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 15.89 13.93 2.585 12.28 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.00 TO NODE 300.42 = 2012.56 FEET. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 27.42 12.64 2.752 2 27.52 13.93 2.585 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 27.62 Tc(MIN.) = 13.93 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2 0.96 *****************************************************************^^^^_^_^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.42 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 31 >>>»COMPUTE PI PE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<«< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 287.72 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 287.66 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 8.25 MANNING'S N = 0.013 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 3 0.0 INCH PIPE IS 2 0.9 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.56 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 3 0.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 27.62 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.02 Tc(MIN.) = 13.95 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 300.50 = 2050.10 FEET. ************************************************************jj^_^^^^^^j^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.50 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 1 >>»>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE««< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 13.95 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.58 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 20.96 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 27.52 ********************************************^,**^,^,^,^,^,^,^m^,i,^:*******^,^,^:^,^,^,^,^,^,^, FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.51 TO NODE 300.52 IS CODE = 21 >>>»RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS««< SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 195.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 32 5.30 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 323.35 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 1.95 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 13.825 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.598 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.47 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.33 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.47 ***************************************************************^^^j^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.52 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<«<< >>>>> (STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED) <«« UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 322.10 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 295.66 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 520.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 2 0.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 15.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetflow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0170 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0149 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 3.22 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.29 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 8.31 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 3.9 8 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.16 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 2.18 Tc(MIN.) = 16.00 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.364 SINGLE FAMILY DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 4.22 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 5.49 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 4.55 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 5.96 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.34 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 10.89 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 4.57 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 1.57 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 3 00.51 TO NODE 300.50 = 715.00 FEET. ******************************************************^^^^^^^j^^^^_^^^^^^^^^^^ FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 3 00.50 TO NODE 300.50 IS CODE = 1 >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< >>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES««< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 15.00 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.36 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 4.55 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 5.9 6 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 27.62 13.95 2.583 20.96 2 5.96 16.00 2.364 4.55 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 33.08 13.95 2.583 2 31.24 16.00 2.364 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 33.08 Tc(MIN.) = 13.95 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2 5.51 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 300.50 = 2050.10 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.50 TO NODE 117.11 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW)<<<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 287.33 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 286.53 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 116.10 MANNING'S N = 0.013 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 33.0 INCH PIPE IS 23.4 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 7.35 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 33.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 33.08 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.26 Tc(MIN.) = 14.21 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 117.11 = 2165.20 FEET. **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.50 TO NODE 117.11 IS CODE = 81 >»>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<«« 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.552 *USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA): RURAL DEVELOPMENT RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .5500 S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 88 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.4 4 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.62 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 2 5.95 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 33.59 TC(MIN.) = 14.21 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 117.11 TO NODE 117.30 IS CODE = 31 >>>>>COMPUTE PIPE-FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<«< >>>>>USING COMPUTER-ESTIMATED PIPESIZE (NON-PRESSURE FLOW) «<« ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 286.30 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 239.60 FLOW LENGTH(FEET) = 99.81 MANNING'S N = 0.013 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) INCREASED TO 18.000 DEPTH OF FLOW IN 18.0 INCH PIPE IS 8.9 INCHES PIPE-FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 38.43 ESTIMATED PIPE DIAMETER(INCH) = 18.00 NUMBER OF PIPES = 1 PIPE-FLOW(CFS) = 33.69 PIPE TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.04 Tc(MIN.) = 14.25 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.76 TO NODE 117.30 = 2255.01 FEET. END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 25.95 TC(MIN.) = 14.25 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 33.69 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS APPENDIX 4 Supplemental BMP Information Treatment BMP The CDS Unit located within the Bressi Ranch, which serves Residential Planning Area 10 will be located outside the public right-of-way and will be privately constructed, maintained, and funded. The Operational and Maintenance Plan of the Bressi Ranch CDS Unit includes: • Inspection of its structural integrity and its screen for damage. • Animal and vector control. • Periodic sediment removal to optimize performance. • Scheduled trash, debris and sediment removal to prevent obstruction. • Removal of graffiti. • Preventive maintenance of BMP equipment and structures. • Erosion and structural maintenance to maintain the performance of the CDS. Inspection Frequency The facility will be inspected and inspection visits will be completely documented: • Once a month at a minimum. • After every large storm (after every storm monitored or those storms with more than 0.50 inch of precipitation.) • On a weekly basis during extended periods of wet weather. Aesthetic and Functional Maintenance Aesthetic maintenance is important for public acceptance of storm water facilities. Functional maintenance is important for performance and safety reasons. Both forms of maintenance are combined into an overall Storm Water Management System Maintenance Program. The following activities are included in the aesthetic maintenance program: • Graffiti Removal: Graffiti will be removed in a timely manner to upkeep the appearance of the CDS Unit and discourage additional graffiti or other acts of vandalism. Functional maintenance has two components: preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance activities to be instituted at the CDS Unit are: • Trash and debris removal. Trash and debris accumulation, as part of the operation and maintenance program at the CDS Unit, will be monitor once a month during dry and wet season and after every large storm event. Trash and debris will be removed from the CDS unit annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. • Sediment removal. Sediment accumulation, as part of the operation. • Maintenance program at a CDS, will be monitored once a month during the dry season, after every large storm (0.50 inch). Sediment will be removed from the CDS annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Characterization and disposal of sediment will comply with applicable local, county, state or federal requirements. • Mechanical and electronic components. Regularly scheduled maintenance will be perfonned on fences, gates, locks, and sampling and monitoring equipment in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. Electronic and mechanical components will be operated during each maintenance inspection to assure continued performance. • Elimination of mosquito breeding habitats. The most effective mosquito control program is one that eliminates potential breeding habitats. Corrective maintenance is required on an emergency or non-routine basis to correct problems and to restore the intended operation and safe function of a CDS. Corrective maintenance activities include: • Removal of debris and sediment. Sediment, debris, and trash, which impede the hydraulic functioning of a CDS will be removed and properly disposed. Temporary arrangements will be made for handling the sediments until a permanent arrangement is made. • Structural repairs. Once deemed necessary, repairs to structural components of a CDS and its inlet and outlet structures will be done within 30 working days. Qualified individuals (i.e., the manufacturer's representatives) will conduct repairs where structural damage has occurred. • Erosion repair. Where factors have created erosive conditions (i.e., pedestrian traffic, concentrated flow, etc.), corrective steps will be taken to prevent loss of soil and any subsequent danger to the performance of a CDS. There are a number of corrective actions than can be taken. These include erosion control blankets, riprap, or reduced flow through the area. Designers or contractors will be consulted to address erosion problems if the solution is not evident. • Fence repair. Repair of fences will be done within 30 days to maintain the security of the site. • Elimination of animal burrows. Animal burrows will be filled and steps taken to remove the animals if burrowing problems continue to occur (filling and compacting). If the problem persists, vector control specialists will be consulted regarding removal steps. This consulting is necessary as the threat of rabies in some areas may necessitate the animals being destroyed rather than relocated. If the BMP performance is affected, abatement will begin. Otherwise, abatement will be performed annually in September. • General facility maintenance. In addition to the above elements of corrective maintenance, general corrective maintenance will address the overall facility and its associated components. If corrective maintenance is being done to one component, other components will be inspected to see if maintenance is needed. Maintenance Frequency The maintenance indicator document, included herein, lists the schedule of maintenance activities to be implemented at a CDS. Debris and Sediment Disposal Waste generated at a CDS is ultimately the responsibility of Bressi Ranch HOA. Disposal of sediment, debris, and trash will comply with applicable local, county, state, and federal waste control programs. Hazardous Waste Suspected hazardous wastes will be analyzed to determine disposal options. Hazardous wastes generated onsite will be handled and disposed of according to applicable local, state, and federal regulations. A solid or hquid waste is considered a hazardous waste if it exceeds the criteria list in the CCR, Title 22, Article 11. Inlet Stenciling and Signage National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) istruction Activity lo's Covered? tplication •quirements ustrial Activity tie's Covered? )pncation squirements nicipal MS4s irge & Medium nali ase I .ase II enu of BMPs rtianized Area Maps st Wealher scharges idangered Species earch Species orm Water Home Recenl Addifons | CaptecLys 1 PnntVeSjOD Search NPDES: j Public Involvement/Participation Storm Drain Stenciling Description Storm drain slenciling involves latieling slorm drain inlets with painted messages warning citizens nol to dump pollulants into lhe drains. The stenciled messages are generalty a simple phrase to remind passersby thai the stonn drains connect to local waterbodies and that dumping pollutes those waters. Some specify which walerbody the inlel SaTrlver tkf ^ bay. Commonly stenciled messages include: "No KSnq Ss to Water Source,- "Drains lo River." and "You Dump .1, You DSI No Waste Here.- Pictures can also be used to convey the message. S nq a shrimp, common game fish, or a graphic depiction of the path from 6rTto^aSSy. Communities with a large Spanish-speak.ng population S wish to Slop stencils in both English and Spanish, or use a graphic alone. lofi Appiicabitity MuniciDalities can undertake stenciling projects throughout the entire ^r^Znirespecial^ in areas with sensitive waters or where trash, nutnents, Sogte^l oxygen demand have been identiiied as high prionty pollulants. ?owever?egardtess of lhe condition of the waterbody, the signs raise arreness about the connection between slorm drains and receiving wale^ and Iberhe?^^^^ littering, nutrienl overenrichment, and other Practices tha^^ Sni SeTo nonpoint souL pollution. Municipalities should identify a subset Ha^s to stenciTbecause there mighl be hundreds '"lets; slena^^,ng all o^ mem would be proh ibitivety expensive and might actually dimmish he effect S me messaae on the public. The drains should be carefully selected to send me moTlage to the maxTmum number of citizens (for example^in areas of Hgh pedestrian traffic) and lo target drains leading to waterbodies where illegal dumping has been identified as a source of pollution. Implementation Municipalities can implement storm drain some cases cities and towns use their own public works stafl to Oo tne Sng Some muniopalities feel that having Iheii own crews do the work tp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormw3ler/menuoft>mps/mvol_6-cfm Menu of BMPs Information Menu of BMPs Home Piihlm Friucation & Outreach on Slorm Water Impacts Piihlic Involvement &£artidealion Illicit Discharge Detection & Elimination Construction Site Storm Waler RLmoHConlro! PosK^onstiysUoQ Storm Waler Management in Nevy Developmenl ^ Redevelopment Pollulion Prevenlion & Good HnusFrkeepinQ for Municipal Operaiions Downloadable Files Measurable Goats The documents on this site aie besl viewed wilh Acrobal 5.0 2/21/2003 produces better resuKs and eliminates tiaDimy anu ^dlt^.y commonly stenciling projects are conducted by volunteer groups in cooperation wUh a municipality. In such an arrangement, volunteer groups provide the labor and the municipality provides supplies, safely equipmeni, and a map and/or directions to the drains lo be stenciled. The benefits of using volunteers are lower cosl and increased public awareness of storm water pollutants and their palh to watert>odies. A municipality can establish a proqram lo comprehensively address slomn drain stenciling and actively iecruit volunteer groups lo help, or the municipality can facilitate volunteer groups that lake the initiative to undertake a stenciling projecl. Whether the municipality or a volunteer group initiates a stenciling projecl the municipality should designate a person in charge of the storm drain slenciling program Many municipalities will designate a person from the pubic works or water quality deparlmenl to coordinate slenciling projecis by volunteer groups Because these programs depend heavily on volunteer labor, organizers and coordinators should be skilled in recmiting, training, managing, and recognizing volunteers. Coordination activities include providing • Stenciling kits conlaining all materials and tools needed to carr/ out a slenciling project • A map of the storm drains to be stenciled • Training for volunteers on safety procedures and on the technique for using stencils or affixing signs . Safely equipment (traff ic cones, safely vests, masks and/or goggles for spray paint, and gloves if glue is used) • lr>cenlives and rewards for volunteers (badges, T-shirts, certificates). The coordinator might also wish to provide pollutant-tracking forms to colleci data on serious instances of dumping. Participants in storm dram stencilmg proiects can be asked to note slorm drains that are clogged with debns or show Obvious signs of dumping. This enables city crews to target cleanup efforts Volunteers should be instructed on what kinds of pollutants to look for and how to fill out data cards. Volunteers also should record the localions of all storm drains labeled during the project, so the cily can keep track. Additionally me participants should convene after me evenl to talk about whal they have found. Their reactions and impressions can help organizers improve fuiure stenciling projecis. If a municipality chooses to initiate a slorm drain stenciling program and solicit the heip of volunteer organizations, they can advertise through a variety ol channels. Outreach strategies include Distributing pamphlets and brochures to area service organizations Placing articles in locai magazines Taking out newspaper ads Placing an environmental insert in the local newspaper Making presentations at community meetings Developing public ser^'ice announcennents for radio Creating a web site with background and contacl information as well as photos and stories from pasl stenciling evenls (the references section contains a lisl of slorm drain stenciling web sites from communities across the country) • Using word-of-mouth communications about the program. Newspapers can be notified to get advance coverage of a planned slenciling event Newspapers might choose to cover the evenl itself as an environmental feature story to further public awareness. A news release issued for the day of the event can draw TV and/or newspaper coverage. Public service announcements made before the event also will help to reinforce the message. Additionally, some municipatilies can have volunteers tp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/mvol_6.cfm 2/21/2003 distribute door hangers in me targeted neighborhoods to notify residents tnat storm dram slenciling is taking place. The hangers explain the purpose of the project and offer lips on how citizens can reduce urban runoH in general. For any volunteer project lo be successful, volunteers musl feel mey have done someming worthwhile. Communities active in slorm dram slenciling have devetoped a variety of ways lo recognize volunteers, including . Providing each participant with a certificate of appreciation and/or letter of thanks skjned by the mayor . Distributinglogo items such as T-shirts, hats, badges, plastic water bottles or other items to participants before or atter the event . Holding a picnk; or small party after the evenl wim refreshments donated by a local business . Providing coupons for free pizza, hamburgers, ice cream, or movies donated by local merchants _. ^ • • Taking pictures of stenciling teams before, during, and after me event lo create a pictorial record of volunteers' activity. Since slenciling projecis take place on city streets, volunteer safety is of utmost importance. The city might wish lo designate lower-lraflic residential areas as targets for volunteer stenciling and provide safety equipment arid training Mosl programs require that stenciling be done in teams, wrth at least one person designated to watch for traffic. Adult supervision is needed when volunteers are school cbiWren or members of youm groups. Most cilies also require participating volunteers (or meir parents) to sign a waiver oi^ahiUty An attomey for the municipality should be consulted to determine what liabiliiy exists and how to handle this issue. Materials Most communities use stencils and paint to label their slorm drains. Some communities stencil directty onto the curb, street, or sidewalk, while others firsl paint a while background and then stencil over it. The most commonly used stencils are made of Mylar, a flexible plastic matenal lhat can be cleaned and reused many limes. However, slencils can also be made frorn cardboard, aluminum, or other material. The reference section lists web sites where stencils can be purchased. Storni drain messages can be placed flat against the sidewalk suriace just above the storm drain inlet, while olhers are placed on lhe curb facing the slreet or on the streel ilself, either just upstream of me stomn dram or on the street in front of me drain. However, messages placed on the streel might wear out sooner. Paint or ink can be sprayed on or applied by brush and roller. Spray paint is quickest and probably the easiest lo apply neally. Regions mat do not meet federal air-quality standards should avoid using spray paints, since many conlain air-polluting propellants. It is recommended to use -envtronmentatly friendly- paint lhal contains no heavy metals and is low in volatile organic compounds. Alternatives to painted messages inciude pennanent signs made of aluminum ceramic, plastfc, or other durable materiais. These signs last longer than stenciled messages and need only glue to affix mem to storni drain inlets. They might also be neater and easier lo read from a distance^ Tiles or plaques can be dislodged by pedestrian tratfic if they are disturtied before the glue dries. Benefils lp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stonnwaier/menuofbmps/invoL6.cfm 2/21/2003 public about the link between the storm drain system and drinking water quality m addition to the labeled storm drains, media coverage of the proqram or stenciling event can increase public awareness of slorm water issues Volunteer groups can provide additional benefits by picking up trash near the stenciled storni drains and by noting where maintenance is needed. Additionally, stenciling projects can provide a lead-in to volunteer monitonng projects and increase community participation in a variety of other storm water-related activities. Limilations A storm drain stenciling program is generally eHective. inexpensive and easy to implement. However, larger communities can have many stomn dram inlets, so volunteer coordmators need lo be skilled al recruiting and organizing the efforts of volunteers to provide adequate coverage over large areas. Safety considerations mighl also limit stenciling programs in areas where traffic congestion is high. Other environmental considerations such as the use of propellants in spray paint in areas mat do not meet air quality standards should be taken into account. Fmally, stencils will require repainting after years of weather and traffic, and tiles and permanent signs might need replacement if they are improperly installed or subject to vandalism. Effectiveness By raising public awareness of urban runoH, storm drain stendling programs should discourage practices that generate nonpoint source pollutants. As with any publk; educalion projecl. however, it is difffcult to precisely measure the effect thai storm drain stenciling programs have on human behavior. Nor is rt easy to measure reductions in certain components of urban runoff, which by definition is diffuse in origin. Some municipalities attempt to assess the effectiveness of storm drain stenciling programs by periodically examining waler samples fro"^^a^9e^^f storm drain outfalls (places where storm drains emply into a waterbody) If the stonn drams leading lo a particular oulfafl have been labeled, and rf the levels of pollutants from that outfall decline afler the slencils were put in place, one can assume the labeling has had some deterrent eHecl. This monitonng can be conducted by the same volunteer groups lhat stenciled the drains and can be incorporated into exisling volunteer monitoring programs or can initiate the developmenl of a new program. Cities also infer stenciling program success from increases in the volume of used motor oil delivered to used-oil recycling centers. Olhers measure success in terms of how many drains are stenciled and the number of requests received by volunteer groups to participate in the program^They can also take into consideration lhe number of cleanups conducted by me city as a result of reports made by volunteers. Costs Mylar stencils cost about 45 cents per linear inch and can be used for 25 to 500 stencilings. depending on whemer paint is sprayed or applied with a bmsh or roller. Permanenl signs are generally more costly: ceramic tiles cosl $5 to $6 each and metal stencils can cost $100 or more. References How To Develop a Storm Drain Stenciling Program and Conduct Projects: Center for Marine Conservation. 1998. Million Points of Blight. tp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invoL6-cfm 2/21/2003 [http://vNww.cmc^ocean.org/c.i^^^^ ' Last updated 1998. Accessed February 13. 2001. Cenler for Marine Conservation. No date. How to Conduct a Stonn Drain Stenciling Project. [hitp7Awww.cmc-ocean.orq/mdio/drain.php3 ^:.\ii^...i»im;7>|] Accessed February 13.2001. Easi Dakota Waler Development Districi No dale. Storm Drain Stenciling. (httpi/Mww.biopkLnasxoiii/bsy^^^^^ -^"""-^^i]- Accessed February 13. 2001. Hunter R 1995. Sform Drain Stenciling: The Street-River Connection. {http://\^.epa.qoWyQluntea/lM9MJfb^ O-btml. Last updated December 8.1998. Accessed February 13. 2001. The Rivers Projecl, Southem Illinois University at Edwardsville. 1998. Ga/eivay/^rea Stom? Sewer S/end//ngPro;ecr [http://www.siue.edu/OSMMiyerMenciIM Last updated November 9,1998. Accessed February 14. 2001. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. No date. Sform Drain Stenciling: Preventing Water Pollution. thttpj//wvw.tnrcc.staje,bcug/exRn/oppr/cc200W dram .html |i:.MTrft..i.t»»>|} Accessed February 13,2001. Purchase Stencils: Clean Ocean Action. 2000. Sform Drain Stenciling. [mp:fArisnlSl^n£:£^''''^'^" orq/SlRncilinQ/SlormDrains.hlml 3]. Last updated June 23,2000. Accessed February 13, 2001. Earthwater Stencils. Ltd. 1997. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. j^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ J^n^^^l Last updated 1997. Accessed February 14, 2001. Communities With Stonn Drain Stenciling Web Sites: Cily of Berkley California. Department of Public Works. No dale. Sforrn Drain Stenciling. mQjfmmM^ej}^^ r.^ n.s/PW/Slonn/stencil.hlml |r-\n .i»Hi^t».r»>j] Accessed February 13. 2001. City of Honolulu, Hawaii. No date. Uo/unfeer >AcfM/es. |http-//wvm.cleanwaterhongluliLcgm/d^^ ^"*"""'-'>\]. Accessed February 14, 2001. City of Portland. Oregon. Environmental Services. No date. Storm Drnin Stenciling, l^irllyr^t}^"'''"'' pndland.or.us/sds.hlm |tx'TJi.ci...^r>)] Accessed February 14, 2001. Clemson Exiension Office. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling South Carolina "Paint The Drain' Campaign. |i.MT.ibVii»i»>.T>)] Accessed February 14, 2001. Friends of the Mississippi River. 2000. Sform Drain Stenciling Program. [hnR://www.fmr.ora/slencil,htriit 1^^'^--'"—Hj. Last updated 2000. Accessed Februa'ryr 14, 2001 . tp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuon3mps/invoL6.cfm 2/21/2003 Office ot Water | Office ol Wastewater ManaQerper>i | uiscrainier i oKan-n cr^ EPA Home | Privacy and Securitv Nolice | Contact Us Last updated on August 15, 2002 1:44 PM URL: http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/sfotTnwater/menuofbmps/invoL6-Cfm p://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invoL6.cfm 2/21/2003 mmmmmmm Kil utter, waile. 4roes T<i Oceuti lle8i(<5€iiiiiK ilifiii. # Vn IHrecto ill Oceano lia toliiei^tt a la eoittmiiiuiici#ii dei dreimje pineal erei tii. Eagle 9455 Ridgehaven Ct., Suite 106 San Diego, CA 92123 t'858-54M888 1-888-624-1888 Earthwater Stencils, LTD Rochester, WA 9&&79 1-360-956-3774 FAX 360-956-7133 storm Water Education Jardines Sanos y Familias Sanas Los productos quimicos, fertilizantes, herbicidas y pesticldas pueden ser daninos tanto para usted como para su familia, y tambien para las plantas y jnimales. Hay otras formas de mantener a su jardin verde sin tener que usar substancias toxicas. • Sl tiene que usar pesticldas o fertilizantes, uselos con moderacion. Lea las etiquetas detalladamente y no apllque una substancla si hay pronosticos de lluvia • Use desechos organicos en vez de herbicidas para prevenir que crezcan ias hlerbas malas y para ayudar a absorber el agua. • Seleccione plantas naturales de la region que son resistentes a la falta de agua las cuales conservan agua y previenen el escurrimiento. • No rieguo dcmasiado su Jardin. Riegue durante las horas tnas frescas del dia y no deje esc\)rrir el agua por el desague, • Drene su alberca solamente cuando el nivel de cloro no es detectado en su equipo de deteccWn de cloro para albercas. • Mantenga los desagues enfrente de su casa limpios y de sm hojas y recortes de pasto. Barra la basura de la entrada a su garaje en vez de echarle agua con la manguera. Habitos Utiles en el Hogar Sl usn substancias peligrosas tales como pinturas. .solventes y limpiadores. uselos en pequefias cantidades, de acuerdo a las instrucciones. Cuardelos correctamente para evitar que se derramen. Si usa pinturas a base de agua, enjuague las brochas en el fregadero. Para pinturas a base de aceite, limpie la brocha con adelgazador de pintura, cu61elo y vuelva a usarlo. Tire todas las pinturas y materiales a traves de un programa de recoleccion de desechos peligrosos. Nunca limpie las brochas ni tire pintura por el desague pluvial. Si usa otras svibstancias peligrosas tales como limpiadores y solventes, llevelos a un lugar de recoleccion de desechos peligrosos, Recoja la basura y los desechos en su jardin y casa. Sl esta remodelando su casa, tire el concreto, muros de yoso y mortero a la basura. No enjuague el concreto o mortero a la calle. Recoja los desechos de mascotas y tirelos al excusado 0 pongalos en una bolsa en la basura. La bacteria de los desechos animales es danina y contamina a nuestras vias acuaticas. Seguridad de Sus ehiculos y Garaje Perlodlcamente revise su vehiculo para ver que no tenga fugas y mant^ngalo aflnado. El usar un sistema de transporte publico o usar su blclcleta ayuda a reducir ios contaminantes en nuestras calles. Nunca vierta productos quimicos u otras substancias peligrosas de los vehiculos por los desagijes pluviales, en el suelo, nl en los estacionamientos o entradas de garaje. Al cambiar los fluldos de su vehiculo, drenelos en un recipiente limpio y ci6rrelo completamente, Lleve el aceite y el filtro del aceite a un sitio de recoleccldn de aceite, SI derrama algun fluldo, use trapos o arena sin usar en donde van al bano los gatos (kitty Utter) Inmediatamente para contenerio. Tire la arena y ios trapos contaminados en un sitlo de recoleccl6n de desechos peligrosos. Si usted lava su vehiculo, use una manguera con boquilla de cierre para el agua y use poco detergente y agua. Inforntacitin del Programa de !vfaterrates Peligrosos Domesticos de la Ciudad de San Diego:(619) 235-2111 • Fechas y sitios para la recoleccl6n de desechos domestlcos peligrosos • Sitios para el reciclaje de aceite automotor • Informacion respecto al uso y almacenamiento adecuado cle productos domestlcos de llmpleza y sus sustltutos Centro de Control de Envenenamlentos; (800) 876-4766 (llame al 911 en caso de una emergencia) www.Thinkbluesd.org El programa THINK BLUE de la Ciudad de San Dlego desea agradecer a los siguientes patroclnadores por su apoyo tan generoso al programa THINK BLUE: San Diego Port District Caltrans Port of SanOiego www.portofs«ndi»go.org esli In/ormicliln txtri dijpmlbli «n formiut ilitrmllvos tl sollclltrlo. O Impresotn ptpal rtctckdo. TP.171 111/01) , SoMcioiies Faeiies:pafa Cuando llueve o cuando el agua cori^^ nuestros jardines, fluye directamente a los de.saoues pluviales. Probablemente K^isto estos desagues pluviales en ias calles dc San DiegcMuchas personas piensan que todo lo que fluye a los desagues pluviales pasn por un proceso de tratamiento, de la misma manera que se tratan a las aguas negras en un sistema de drenaje. Sin embargo, estos dos sistemas en realidacfno esran .-onecrados, Todo lo que fluye a un desague pluvial va directamente y sin tratamien iiuesrros riachuelos, bahias, Iagunas y flnalmente al mar. El agua de escurrimiento putBtie tener pestlcidas, fertilizantes, desechos de mascotas, basura, aceite y otro tluidos de automovil, erosi6n de la tierra asi como productos quimicos domesticos. Algunos de estos contaminantes entran a los desagues pluviales no intencionalmente, pero muchos de ellos son tirados, sin pensar, directamente a los desagues pluviales. La Ley de Aguas Limpias prohibe tirar basura y productos contaminantes a los riachuelos, bahias, lagos y mares. Estos productos contaminantes tienen efectos daninos para las areas de recrei vias acuaticas y vida silvestre, Algunas de las playas mas populares de San Diego han tenido aue ser cerradas debido a los contaminantes provenientes d(, los desagues pluviales. A fin de cuentas, la contaminacion que proviene de los lesagues pluviales nos dana a todos puesto que dependemos de las vlas acuaticas para la diversion asl como para atraer al turismo a San Diego. Si podemos prevenir quo la contaminacion ocurra en nuestros hogares, vecindarios y negocios, podemos avudar a proteger a nuestro medio ambiente y a la salud y seguridad de nuestras ramilias. Usted y su familia juegan un papel importante para evitar la contaminacion del agua que entra a los desagues pluviales. Este folleto le proporclona algunos consejos faciles y econonucos para evitar que las substancias peligrosas entren a los desagues pluviales. Si todos efectuamos algunos cambios sencillos, podemos ayudar a pi'oteger nuestro estWn de vida y nuestro medio ambiente en San Dtego, Think Blue significa el evitar la contaminacion antes de que lleeue a nuestras vlas acuaticas. Caitrans iJ»iBi.-iBt.iagni v»(ww,portofs»ndi«go,org w vv VV, T h i n k b 1 u e .s d. o r g Be a Clean Vliaier Storm water pollution is a problem that affects all of us. With a growing fxjpulation of more than 1.2 million residents and approximately 237 square miles of urbanized development, keep- ing our waters clean from pollutants has become increasingly difficult. With more than 39,t)00 storm drain structures, and over 900 miles of storm drain pipes and channels to clean and maintain, we need your help. When it rains, water flows over our streets and yards and carries the pollutants it picits" up into the storm drains. The; problem is that storm drains are not connected to the wastewater trealment plant. So, what's in the streets flows directly into our creeks, lakes, rivers and the ocean, untreated. Last year, too many qf our beaches and bays were closed or posted as unsafe for swimming. As our Mayor has said, "this is more than an inconve- nience; it is a civic embarrassment." But, as a City resident, you can make a difference. By becoming a Glean V/ater Leader, both on the job and in your ct^munily, you can help make our beaches and t>ays free of pollution. When you're at home, share your knowledge with neighbors and family. As you drive to work, be aware of any iliegai discharges. And, if you do see ari illegal discharge, report it. In the City bif Saih Diego you can call (619) 235- 1000. Or, if you see an illegal discharge outside of fhe City of San Diego, you can call the regional hotline at 1-888-TrtlW-BLue. By working together we can rnaKb a dffRerence, Whether at home or at work, by adopting some simple Best Management Practices (BMPs). you can stop pollutants from being generated and enter- ing our storm drain system. - Use dry clean-up meUiods ror spills and outdoor cleaning. Vacuum, sweep, and use rags or dry absorbants. ' Properly label, store and dispose of hazardous wastes. • Rake, sweep-up. and place all debris (dust, titter, sediment etc.) from your yard or near your property into a trash can. • Use a mop where water is needed. As you perform your dally activities be proac- tive. Assess the activity from a stormwater pol- lution point-of-view and ask yourself; "does this activity, directly or indirectly, generate pollu- tion?" And, "how can I get the job done and pre- vent debris from entering into the storm drain collection system?" Here are some general guidelines you can use at home or on the job: The 3 Cs Contain: isolate your work area, to prevent any potential flow or discharge from leaving the area. Control: Locate the nearest storm drain(s) and take measures to ensure nothing will enter or discharge into them. This may require ybu to sweep-up and place debris S sedi- ment in a trash can prior to beginning the work activity. 'aptUre: onceyou have completed ajob, be sure to clean-up the area. If there is sediment, sweep it up. If there are liquids, ab- sorb it or vacuum it up with a wet-vac. Remember, what you leave behind can potentially be discharged into the storm drain. Sea Iider del programa de liiinpia La contaminaci6n de las aguas pluviales es un problema que nos afecta a todos. Con una poblaciOn creciente de mds de T200,000 residentes y aproximadamente 237 millas cuadradas (610 km') de zonas urbanizadas, mantener nuestras aguas libres de contaminantes se vuelve cada vez mds diflcil. Con mds de 39,000 colectores de aguas pluviales y mds de 900 millas (1,450 km) de canales y tuberlas que mantener para el desague de aguas pluviales, necesitamos su ayuda. Cuando llueve, el agua fluye por nuestras calles y patios y deposita en los colectores dc aguas pluviales ios contaminantes que arrastra. Ei problema es cjue los colectores de aguas pluViafes ni^^tdn coneclacios a la planta de tratamiento de aguasji^siduales. Por lo tanto, todo lo que se encuentre tirado en las calles fluye directamente a nuestros arroyos, lagos. nos y al mar, sin recibir tratamienlo atguno. Muchas de nuestras playas y bahias fueron clausuradas el ano pasadoio se les colocaron letreros advirtiendo c-1 riesgo de*nadar en ellas. Como nuestras autoridadj^^m&iJ^fJjales han dicho, "Esto es mds que una ij^olfestraf^s'liTO civica ". te^Ja^l^^^Hrciudad, usted puede ayudar a carribteetesti^^^gonzosa situaci6n. Al sumarse al pHbgrii^a agua limpia, tanto en el trabajo como eh' su tfomunidad, podrd contribuir a librar nuestras playasy bahfas de la contaminacion. En casa, comparta sus conocimientos con vecinos y familiares. Cammo al trabajo. est6 pendiente de '•"•'tdes^gas tiegales de agua. Si ve una descarga iifcita, d6 p^^e iiJas autondaries correspondienles, n la eluded de San Diego, puede llamar al ' \f.l9)|#J^0W O. si se da cuenta de alguna descarga ileg'dTf^?^{|e la ciudad de San Diego, llame a la ilnea •^directa regidft^l i-888-THiNK-BLljE (1-838-844-6525). Para rriayoyes, informes, visite la pagina en Internet Smvy.lhinkbluesd.orp P ero, como! Tanto en el hogar como en el trabajo, usted puede impedir la generaciOn de contaminantes y su descarga al drenaje de aguas pluviales. S6lo tiene que poner en prdctica las sencillas medidas senaladas a continuaciOn: • Para limpiar derrames y areas exteriores, u tilice aspiradora. escoba, trapos u otros materiales absorbentes secos. • Identinque claramente con etiquetas los desperdicios nocivosy almacenelos o des^chelos correctamente. ' Con un rastrillo o escoba, recoja todos Ios desechos (polvos, basura. sedimentos, etc.) que se encuentren en su patio o cerca de su casa o ediricio y depositelos en un bote de basura. - Use un trapeador cuando se requiera el uso de agua para limpiar Realice sus actividades cotidianas con conciencia ecolOgica. Vea las cosas desde el punto de vista dc la posible contaminacion de las aguas pluviales. Preguntese, "Directa o indirectamente. i^enera esta actividad contaminacion?" Y, "^^COmo puedo reali25f^esta tarea de manera que evite la descarga de desjpjerdicios al sistema de captaciOn de aguafet jslUi^^l^?" Las siguientes son algunas recomendaciones genf Pales que puede aplicar en casa o en el trabajo. Las tres C C ontenga: Aisle su drea de trabajo para innp«J}r que cualquier flujo o.de^^rga saJga del drea LrOntrOle: lora lice las coladeras para aguas ' pluviales mds c'eqrariai haga lo ne< psartts"jp'.^ViS-i? impedir que se des€&ri^ei4 en ellas materias extr^n^.^J: Para ello. podrfg stei' J; necesario barrer y colocar la basura y sedimentos en un bote de basura ajnles de comenzar sus actividades de trabajo. ^ • 'apte: Una vez terminado un trabajo, no se olvide de limpiar bien el lugar. Si quedO algun sedimento, barralo. Si quedan llquidos, absOrbalos o asplrelos con una aspiradora para llquidos. Recuerde qlje lo que deje en el suelo podria acabar descargdndose a ia tuberia para aguas pluviales. Impervious Surfaces: Cleaning Sidewalks, Pavements, Patios, Parking Lots & Driveways When it rains or when water flows out of yards or over pavement, it flows directly into storm drains. Many people mistakenly believe this water gets "cleaned" before reaching waterwrays. The sewer system and the storm water conveyance system (drains, inlets and catch basins) are separate; they are not connected. Sewer waler gets treated, but everything that washes into the storm drain goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays and ocean. This causes beach ctosures and postings due to contamination. Releasing pollutants into the storm wafer conveyance system is a violation of the City Municipal Code (43.0301). We all like clean public areas, but High Pressure Washing and Hosing Down of sidewalks nol only contributes to ocean pollulion, but wastes one of our most valuable resources - Water It's not the waier that's a problem. It's the pollutants il picks-up off of surfaces that are. In the City of San Diego. High Pressure Washing or Hosing Down surfaces in the public right-of-way will only be allowed when the following Storm Water Best Management Practices are used: Before beginning to wash impervious surfaces, sweep and pick up the debris or trash in the area being washed, and in the curbside between the activity and downstream storm drain inlet(s). Properiy dispose of the debris. Storm drain inlet(s) must be protected from the water flow and the pollutants it can^ies. Locale the nearest downslream storm drain inlet before beginning work. Cover the inlel wilh fabric cloth and weigh it down with gravel bags. The debris caught in the fabric cloth can then be thrown in lhe trash. Hosing pavement in a parking lot and letting it leave the site is not allowed. Waler used to clean gas siafions, automotive repair, driveway, slreet or any surface where motor vehicles are parked or driven must be recaptured (wet-vacuumed or mopped) and properly disposed of. Sweep-up and properly dispose of ail sediments that accumulate as a resutt of the activity. Disinfectants, solvents, and other household chemicals used lo aid in the cleaning process must be recaplured (mopped up or wel vacuumed) before hosing down. Dry clean up methods (vacuum, sweep, and absorbents) are recommended for spills and outdoor cleaning. Where waler is needed, use a mop. ff hosing down is desired, follow the Best Management Practices listed above. Dispose of mop water info the sanitary sewer system. That means down the sink drain, not the storm drain. High pressure washing or hosing of private property must be contained, recaptured and properly disposed. Direct the wafer info planters, don't allow it to wash into the slorm drain inlel. Other fact Sheets that may pertain to your activities: Be A Clean Water Leader: Control, Contain & Capture; Spills; Dumpsters, and Restaurants. Adopl Ihese behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego. For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or iog on to: www.thinkbluesd.orq {ovosm?) Car Washing When it rains or when water flows out of yards or over pavement, il flows directly into storm drains. Many people mistakenly believe this waler gels "cleaned" before reaching waterways. The sewer system and the storm waler conveyance systems (drains, inlets, and catch basins) are separate; lhey are not connected. Sewer water gets treated, but everything that washes into the storm waler conveyance system goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays and ocean. This causes beach ckjsures and postings due to contamination. Releasing pollutants into the slorm waler colleclion sysiem is a violation of the City Municipal Code. (43.0301). Whether you are at home, work, or play, there are ways that residents and businesses alike can "Think Blue" and prevent pollutants from reaching our waterways. Most of us don'l think of our car as a source of beach pollution- bul it is. The reality is vehicles are a necessity today, and we don'l have a lot of choice about lhal. However, we can be more environmenlally responsible and choose the melhod(s) of caring for and washing our vehicles in an ocean friendly way. Car washing is a pollution problem because many metals and automotive fluids are washed off with the soapy water, travel down the gutter collecting more slreet pollulanis, then enter our storm wafer conveyance system and spill into our waterways and bays. Residential/Non-Commerciai Vehicles: The Municipal Code allows for the washing of residential vehk:les for non-commercial purposes. While washing of your vehicle is allowed, washing-off pollutants from your vehicle such as paint, oils, sedimenl, debris and such like pollulanl(s) is illegal. This is why we encourage lhat you wash your personal vehicle wilhoul creating runoff. When washing is done al home, pollulion can be minimized by washing the vehicle on fhe lawn or over a landscaped area to absorb the liquid and limil runoff from your property. Or, limil runoff by using a bucket and rag to wash your car and a conlrol nozzle on your hose lo rinse the car. By actively reducing the amount of water used you are nol only protecting our ocean, but helping lo conserve water and reducing your waler bill. Charity Washes: may be conducted as long as lhey are staged in a manner which avoids or minimizes the discharge of pollutants- soap, sedimenl, waler that may be contaminated from automotive fluids and residues. Slart by locafing all stonm drain inlets on, near or downstream of the wash sile and sweeping up all sedimenl and debris in the area prior lo washing the vehicles. On the day of the evenl, place sandbags or ofher blocking devices in front of the inlets to prevent wash water from entering the storm drain conveyance system. Any remaining standing wash water is to be swept or wet-vacuumed info a landscaped area or into the sanitary sewer sysiem. We recommend the sife and inlets be swept af fhe end of fhe wash evenf. Illegal Washing Activities: Car dealerships, auto detailers, rental agencies and other automotive related businesses that wash vehicles for commercial purposes musl prevent fhe dirty waler from entering the sform waler conveyance system. All washing activify for commercial purposes musl control, contain and capture fhe wash waler before it leaves the sife and/or enters a slorm drain or a conveyance system. Failure to do so is illegal. Washing of all vehicles (residential and commercial) that canry items or substances lhaf have a potenfial lo discharge the following pollutants: paint, oils, sediment, yard waste, conslruclion debris, chemicals, hazardous wastes and olher pollulanis—is illegal. Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego. For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on to: www.thinkbluesd.orq (03/05/02) Automotive Fluids When il rains or when waler fkjws out of yards or over pavement, it flows directly into storm drains. Many people mistakenly believe this water gefs "cleaned" before reaching vraferways. The sewer system and the storm water conveyance systems (drains, inlets, and calch basins) are separate; lhey are not connected. Sewer water gefs Irealed, bul everything that washes into the sform water conveyance system goes untreated directly into our rivers, creeks, bays and ocean. This causes beach closures and postings due lo contamination. Releasing pollutants into the storm waler collection system is a violation of the City Municipal Code, (43.0301). Wheiher you are at home, work, or play there are ways lhat residents and businesses alike can "Think Blue" and prevent pollutants from reaching our waterways. Afosf of us don't think of our car as a source of beach pollution- but it is. The reality is vehicles are a necessity today, and we don'l have a lot of choice aboul that However, we can be more environmentally responsible and choose the mefhod(s) of caring for and repairing our vehicles in a more ocean friendly way. Many automotive fluids - Motor Oil, Anti-Freeze, Transmission Fluids, De-Greasers, Solvents and the like are hazardous wastes. They are hazardous lo you and me and toxic to our environment. No one wants to swim in them. So, make sure lo prevent them from entering our slorm waler conveyance sysiem. Automotive Maintenance and Repair: When making repairs or performing minor mainlenance on your vehicle, make sure you have protected fhe sidewalk, curb, sfreet and gutter from repair fluids before beginning work. Identify the nearest slorm drain and take steps to prolecl il from the fluids. When changing fluids, collect the substance and other automotive materials in seal able conlainers. Mark the conlainers. Never mix different substances in one container. Store the containers in a secure locafion out of reach of children, animals and oul of contact wilh water. Where to Take the Pollutants: Mofor oil. Oil fillers, anli-freeze and non-leaking aufo batteries are accepled at the City of San Diego Used Oil and Filters Collection Events. Call (619) 235-2105 for event informaiion. For olher automotive fluids such as transmission and brake fluids, de-greasers, solvents and fhe like, call the City's Household Hazardous Materials Program (619) 235-2111, fo make an appointment to drop-off fhe pollutants. Leaking Vehicles: If your vehicle is leaking fluids, please make repairs as soon as possible. A short-lemi, immediate solulion is to put an oil drip pan with absorbent materials under your vehicle wherever it is parked (work, home and other destinations). Unlil the repair is made, you musl capture the leak and prevent fluids from reaching the slreel or gutter where if can be carried into the sform drain conveyance system and info our waterways and beaches. Other Facl sheets that may pertain to your activrties: Cleaning Impervious Surfaces (High Pressure Washing); Be A Clean Water Leader: Control, Contain & Capture; Spills; and Car Washing. Adopt these behaviors and help Clean up our beaches and bays. Think Blue, San Diego. For more information, call (619) 235-1000, or log on lo: www.thinkbluesd.orq (03/05/02) jSearch !*T»n Jeach & Bay Water duality Contact Us 'on laminated •roperty 'urrent Events )EH Goals .ducallonai Materials lies, Mosquitos, & tats brms & Applications requenlly Asked Jueslions lazardous Materials lousing ispections & Permits obs in DEH andfills roje^Hean Water ubIicRecords ubfic Swimming oois adiation Safely estaurants & Markels eptic Systems pills & Releases tormwater 3xic Waste nderground Storage )nks ater ells I Water QuaHty Program RESIDENTIAL BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Is Stormwater from my home polluted? Several activities that you do at your home have the potential to pollute runoff. Potential pollutants from homes include oil, grease and other petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals, litter and debris, animal wastes, solvents, paint and masonry wastes, detergents and other cleaning solutions, and pesticides and fertilizers. How you manage your home impacts the ocean, even ifyou live several miles from the beach. Everything that exits your property will eventually run into the ocean. The sources of residential pollutants include household toxics, litter and debris, and runoff from car washing, pool and spa care, lawn maintenance and on-site domestic sewage treatment systems. It is very important to properly manage and dispose of household toxics to keep your family safe and to prevent pollutants to runoff. Did you know that oil and grease from automotive maintenance; paint, masonry and cleaning wastes from home repairs and maintenance; pesticides and fertilizers from garden care are all considered household toxics? Oil and grease wastes from leaking car engines and maintenance and repair activities may contain a wide variety of toxic hydrocarbon compounds and metals at varying concentrations, and that exposure may be toxic to aquatic plants and organisms. Other wastes may be poured into storm drains or pollute runoff from maintenance activities conducted by homeowners, including paint and masonry wastes, solvents, detergents from car wash activities, residues from carpet cleaning and pool and spa care. Call the Household Toxics Hotline, for free disposal options available in your area. Residents in the unincorporated areas may call 1(877) R-l Earth or 1(877) 713-2784. From all other cities call 1(800) Clean Up. Household Toxics Improper disposal of household toxics into stormwater /Ar;\Water%20Resources\Water%200uaIity\„Projects\2236-La%20Nlesa%20Autocourt\Counlv%20o... 2/21/2003 Pesticides and Fertilizers excessive amounts of pesticides and fertilizers during landscape maintenance can contribute nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, and toxic organic substances, such as organophosphates and carbamates, into stormwater. Toxic materials can damage aquatic life and nutrients can result in excessive algae growth in waterways, leading to cloudiness and a reduced level of dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life. And unionized ammonia (nitrogen form) can kill fish. Litter and Debris Beach Closure sign It is also important to properly disposal of litter and debris, including cigarette butts and green waste (leaves and grass clippings from landscape maintenance activities). Decaying organic matter reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen avaiiable to aquatic life. Litter and debris can plug up storm drains and reduce the aesthetic quality of the receiving waters Human pathogens Human pathogens (bacteria, parasites and viruses) can also pollute run off! Common sources of human pathogens are improperly managed pet wastes and on- site domestic sewage treatment systems. High levels of coliform bacteria in stormwater, which are used as an indicator of fecal contamination and the potential presence of pathogens, may eventually contaminate waterways and lead to beach closures. Decomposition of pet wastes discharged to receiving waters also demand a high level of oxygen, which reduces the amount of dissolved oxygen available to aquatic life. You can help control runoff pollution by doing the following: • Do not dispose of liquids or other materials to the storm drain system • Report illegal dumping of any substance (liquids, trash, household toxics) to the County's toll free, 24-hour hotline 1-888-846-0800 • Utilize the County Household Toxics Program for disposal of household toxics. Residents in the unincorporated areas may call 1(877) R-l Earth or 1 (877) 713-2784. From all other cities call 1(800) Clean Up. • Keep lawn clippings and other landscaping waste out of gutters and streets by placing it with trash for collection or by composting it • Clean up and properly dispose of pet waste. It is best to flush pet waste. Alternatives to flushing are placing into trash or burying it in your yard (at least 3-ft deep). • Observe parking restriction for street sweeping. • Wash automobiles at car washes or on pervious surfaces (lawns) to keep wash water oul of the storm drain system. • Avoid excessive or improper use or disposal of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, cleaning solutions, and automotive and paint products. • Use biodegradable, non-toxic, and less toxic alternative products to the extent possible. • Cover garbage containers and keep them in good repair. • Sweep sidewalks instead of hosing down. • Water lawn properly to reduce runoff. ://T:\Water%20Resources\Water%20Quai)ty\_Proiecls\2236-La%20Mesa%20Autocoun\County%20o... 2/21/2003 If you have questions or would like additional information, call the County Stormwater hotline at (619) 338-2048 or toll-free 1(888) 846-0800. Comments/Suggestions? swdutyeh@sdcpurit^^^^ //T:\Water%20Resources\Water%20Qua]ity\_,Projects\2236-La%20Mesa%20Au(ocourt\CouTi(y%20o... 2/21/2003 Integrated Pest Management Principles PEST jVJOTES January 2003 Publ. Tille Pale ^^nusl Bluegrass 9/99 ^^fchracnose rev. 8/99 ^Tl:. rev. 11/00 Aphids - rev. 5/00 Apple Scab - rev. 8/OJ Bark Beetles rev. 6/00 Bed Bugs rev. 9/02 Bee and Wasp Stings . 2/98 Bermudagrass rev. 9/02 Bordeaux Mixlure 11/00 Brown Recluse and Other Reduse Spiders 1 / 00 Califomia Ground Squirrel rev. 1/02 California Oakworm rev. 6/00 Carpenter Ants rev 11/00 Carpenter Bees rev. 1/00 Carpentervvonn 1/03 Carpel Beetles rev. 4/01 Clearvving Moths 6/00 Cl)(f Swallows n/OO Qolhes Moths rev. 12/00 Oovers 31/01 Cockroaches 11/99 Codling Molh rev. 11/99 Common Knotweed 12/00 Common Purslane 8/ 99 Conenose Bugs rev. 11 /02 Cottony Cushion Scale rev. 3/00 Crabgrass rev. 9/02 Cret'pjng Woodsorrel and Bermuda Buttercup rev. 1/02 Dailisgrass 11/01 «ridel)ons l/PO lisory Para.sitosis rev. 11/97 dder 1/02 Dry wcxxl Termites rev 9/02 Earwigs 9/02 Elm Leaf Beetle rev. 11/01 Eucalyptus Longhomed Borers rev. 1/00 Eucalyplus Redgum LerpFsyllid rev. 1/03 Eucalyplus Tortoise Beetle 1/03 Field Bindweed 9/99 FireBlight rev 11/99 Fleas rev. 11/00 Flies 2/99 Fruittree Leafroller on Ornamental and Fru)t Trees 3/00 Fungus Gnats, Shore Flies, Moth Flies, and March Flies rev. 8/01 Giant VVhileny 1/02 Glassy-^vinged Sharpshooter 11 /Ol Grasshoppers 9/02 Green Kvllmga 2/99 Head Lice rev. 8/01 Hobo Spider 4/01 Hoplia Beetle 9/02 Horsehair Worms S/CXl Publ. ^ Publ. ? Pgs- Title Date House Mouse 11 /OO Kikuyugrass 2/99 Lace Bugs rev. 12/00 Lawn Diseases: Prevention and Management....1/02 Lawn Insects rev. 5/01 Leaf Curt rev. 12/00 Lyme Disease in Califomia 12/00 Millipedes and Centipedes 3/00 Mistletoe - rev. 8/01 Mosquitoes 2/98 Mushrooms and Other Nuisance Fungi in Lawns 9/02 Nematodes 8/01 Nutsedge rev. 8/99 Oak Pil Scales 3/00 Oleander Leaf Scorch 7/00 Pantry Pests rev. 9/02 Plantains 6/00 Pocket Gophers rev. 1/02 Poison Oak rev. 5/01 Powdery Mildew on Fruits and Berries 11/01 Powdery Mildew on Omamentals 11 /01 Powdery Mildew on Vegetables rev. 11/01 Psyllids rev. 5/01 Rabbits - rev. 1/02 Rats 1/03 Redhumped Caterpillar 3/tX) Red Imported Fire Ant 4/01 Roses in the Garden and Landscape: Cultural Practices and Weed Confrol 9/99 Roses in the Garden and Landscape: Diseases and Abiotic Disorders 9/99 Roses in the Garden and Landscape: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials 9/99 Russian Thistle 12/00 Scales rev. 4/01 Sequoia Pitch Moth 6/00 Silverfish and Firebrats 3/DO Snails and Slugs rev. 8/99 Spider Miles rev. 12/00 Spiders rev. 5/(X) Spotted Spurge rev. 1/02 Sudden Oak Death m California 4/02 Sycamore Scale rev. 12/00 Termites rev. 5/01 7473 3 Thrips rev. 5/01 Voles (Meadow Mice) rev. J /02 4 Walnut Husk Hy rev. 12/00 3 Weed Management in Landscapes rev. 8/01 4 Whiteflies rev. 9/02 2 Wild Blackberries rev. 4/02 3 Windscorpion 11/01 4 Wood-boring Beetles in Homes rev. 11/00 3 Wood Wasps and Homtails rev. 12/00 2 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps rev. 8/01 2 Yellow Starthistle rev. 2/99 Publ. 7464 7420 7411 7404 7413 7421 7454 7449 7453 7481 7468 7438 7422 7416 7417 74105 7436 7477 7482 7435 7490 7467 7412 7484 7461 7455 7410 7456 7444 7491 7469 7443 7496 7440 74102 7403 7425 7460 74104 7462 7414 7419 7457 7448 7400 7492 74103 7459 7446 7488 7499 7471 7483 4 7458 3 7428 2 7497 8 7476 6 7426 2 7485 3 7472 3 7437 3 7451 3 74100 4 7489 5 7432 4 7470 2 7480 3 7452 4 7478 3 7433 4 7431 4 7494 5 7493 4 7406 3 7423 6 7447 5 74106 8 7474 2 7487 3 7465 4 7463 3 7466 4 7486 3 7408 5 7479 4 7475 4 7427 3 7405 3 7442 4 7445 4 7498 5 7409 2 7415 6 7429 6 7439 4 7430 2 7441 6 7401 4 7434 4 7495 1 7418 3 7407 2 7450 4 7402 4 §4 IPM PDFs and illuslraled veisions of these Pesl Notes are available at htlp://w-w>¥.ipm.ucdavis.edn/PMG/se!ectnewpesl home.html For other ANR publicalions, go to h(tp://anjralalog.ucdavjs.edu UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCES YELLOWJACKETS AND OTHER SocML WASPS Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home Only a few of the very large number of wasp species in California live a social life; these species are referred to as social wasps. Some social wasps are predators for most or all of the year and provide a greal benefit by killing large numbers of plant-feeding insecls and nuisance flies; olhers are exclu- sively scavengers. Wasps become a problem only when lhey threaten to sting humans. One of the mosl trouble- some of fhe social wasps is the yellow- jacket. Yellowjackels, especially ground- and cavity-nesting ones such as the western yellowjacket (Fig. 1), lend to defend iheir nesls vigorously when disturbed. I!>efensive behavior increases as lhe season progresses and colony populalions become larger while lood becomes scarcer. In fall, foraging yellowjackels are primarily scavengers and they stajt to show up ticnics, barbecues, around garbage 5, at dishes of dog or cal food ^ ed oulside, and where ripe or over- ripe fruit are accessible Al certain limes and places, the number of scav- enger wasps can be quite large. IDENTIFICATION AND LIFE CYCLE In western stafes there are rwo distinct types of social wasf>s: yellowjackets and paper wasps. Yellowjackets are by far the most troublesome group. Paper wasps are much less defensive and rarely sting humans. They tend to shy away from human activity except when iheir nesls are located near doors, windows, or olher high traffic areas. Nesls of bolh yellowjacket and paper wasps typicallv are begun in spring by a single queen who overwinters and becomes active when the weather warms. She emerges in lale winter/ early spring fo feed and start a new nesl. From spring fo midsummer nesls are in Ihe growlh phase, and the larvae require large amounts of protein. Workeis forage mainly for prolein al this lime {usually in lhe form of other insects) and for some sugars. By late summer, however, the colonies grow more slowly or cease growth and re- quire large amounls of sugar lo main- lain the queen and workers. So foraging wasps are pailicularJy inter- ested in sweet ihings at this lime. Normally, yellowjacket and paper wasp colonies only hve one season. In very mild winters or in coastal Califor- nia south of San Francisco, however, some yellowjacket colonies survive for several years and become quite large. Yelloivjackets The term yellowjacket refers lo a num- ber of different species of wasps in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula (family Vespidae). Included in this group of ground-nesting species are the western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvanica, which is tfie most com- monly encountered species and is sometimes called fhe "meal bee," and seven other species of Vespula. Vespula vulgaris is common in rolled free slumps at higher elevafions and V. germanica (the German yellowjacket) is becoming more common in many ur- ban areas of California, where it fre- quently nests in houses. These wasps lend lo be medium sized and black with jagged bands of bright yellow (or while in (he case of the aerial-nesling Figure 1. Western yellowjacket. DoUchovespula l = Vespula} maculata) on the abdomen, and have a very short, narrow waist (the area where the tho- rax attaches lo the abdomen). Nesls are commonly built in rodent burrows, bul other protected cavities, like voids in walls and ceilings of houses, sometimes are selected as nest- ing sites. Colonies, which are begun each spring by a single reproductive female, can reach populafions of be- tween 1,500 and 15,000 individuals, depending on Ihe spiecies. Tlie wasps build a nest of paper made from fibers scraped from wood mixed with saliva. It is buill as multiple tiers of vertical cells, similar to nests of paper wasps, but enclosed by a paper envelope aiound Ihe oulside thaf usually con- tains a single entrance hole (Fig. 2). If the rodent hole is not spacious enough, yellowjackels will increase the size by moistening the soil and dig- ging. Similar behavior inside a house PEST NOTES Publication 7450 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001 August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps Figure 2. Yellowjacket nest in spring flop), summer (cenier), and early fall (bottom). sometimes leads lo a wet patch lhat develops into a hole in a wall or ^l^ing. Immatu mmature yellowjackets are while, grublike larvae that become white pu- pae. The pupae develop adult coloring just before lhey emerge as aduji wasps. Immatures are nol normally seen un- less the nest is lorn open or a sudden loss of adull caretakers leads to an exodus of starving larvae. Aerial-nesting yellowrjackels, Dohcho- vespula arenaria and D. maculata, build paper nests thaf are attached to lhe eaves of a building or are hanging from the limb of a tree. The entrance is nor- mally a hole at the bottom of the nest These aerial nesters do not become scavengers at the end of the season, bul lhey are extremely defensive when iheir nesls are disturbed. Defending D. arenaria sometimes bite and/or sling, simutlaneously. Wasp stingers have no baibs and can be used lepealedly, es- pecially when the wasp gels inside clothing. As with any slinging incident, it is best to leave the area of the nesl site as quickJy as possible if wasps start slinging. Paper Wasps Paper wasps such as Polistes fuscalus aurifer, P. apachus, and P. dominulus are large (1 inch long), slender wasps with long legs and a distinct, slender waist (Fig. 3). Background colors vary, bul mosf western species tend to be golden brown, or darker, wifh large patches of yellow or red. Preferring fo live in or near orchards or vineyards, they hang their papier nests in protected areas, such as under eaves, in attics, or under free branches or vines. Each nesl hangs like an open umbrella from a pedicel (stalk) and has open cells thaf can be seen from beneath lhe nest (Fig. 4). White, legless, grublike larvae some- fimes can be seen from below. Paper wasp nesls rarely exceed the size of an outstretched hand and populations vary between 15 to 200 individuals. Most species are relatively unaggres- sive, but Ihey can be a problem when lhey nest over doorways or in olher areas of human activify, such as fruil trees. Mud Daubers Mud daubers are black and yellow, thread-waisfed, solitary wasps that build a hard mud nest, usually on ceil- ings and walls, aHended by a single female wasp. They belong fo the family Sphecidae and are nol social wasps bul may be confused with them. They do not defend fheir nesls and rarely sting. During winter, you can safely remove lhe nests without spraying. INJURY OR DAMAGE Concern about yellowjackets is based on their persistent, pugnacious behav- ior around food sources and their ag- gressive colony defense. Stinging behavior is usually encountered at nesting sites, but scavenging yellowjackets sometimes will sting if someone tries fo swat ihem away from a potential food source. When scaveng- ing at picnics or other ouldoor meals. Figure 3. Paper wasp. Figure 4. Paper wasp nesl. wasps will crawl into soda cans and cause stings on the lips, or inside the moulh or throat. Responses fo wasp stings vary from only short-term, intense sensations to sutistantial swelling and tenderness, some itching, or life-threatening aller- gic responses. AH these reactions are discussed in detail in Pest Nofes: Bee and Wasp Slings (see "References"). Of specific concem is a condition that results from multiple-sfing encounters, somefimes unfamiliar to attending health professionals, lhat is induced by fhe volume of foreign prolein injected and fhe tissue damage caused by de- structive enzymes in wasp venom Red blood cells and other tissues in the body become damaged; tissue debris and other breakdown products are carried to the kidneys, to be eliminated from the body. Too much debns and wasle products can cause blockages in the kidneys, resulting in renal insuffi- August 2001 Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps ciency or lena) failure. Patients in this |ndilion requiie medical intervention, en dialysis. MANAGEMENT Most social wasps provide an ex- fremely beneficial seivice by eliminat- ing large numbers of olher pest insects Ihrough predation and should be pro- tected and encouraged lo nest in areas of lillle human or animal activity. Al- lhough many animals prey on social wasps (including birds, reptiles, am- phibians, skunks, tiears, raccoons, spi- ders, preying mantids, and bald-faced homets), none provides satisfactory biological control in home situations. The best way to prevent unpleasant encounlers with social wasps is lo avoid them. Ifyou know where they are, try nol to go near their nesting places. Wasps can become very defen- sive when their nest is disturbed. Be on fhe lookoul for nests when outdoors. Wasps fhaf are flying direclly in and ouf of a single locafion are probably flying lo and from Iheir nesl. Scavenging wasps will nol usually become a problem if there is no food • Jnd lo attract ihem. When nuisance ps are present in lhe outdoor envi- ronment, keep foods (including pet food) and dnnks covered or inside the house and keep gaibage in tightly sealed garbage cans. Once food is dis- covered by wasps, lhey will continue to hunt around lhat location long after the source has been removed. If wasp nests must be eliminated, it is easiest and safest lo call for profes- sional help. In some areas of Califomia, personnel from a local Mosquito and Vector Conlrol I>isfricl may be avail- able fo remove nests. To determine if Ihis seivice is available in your area, call the Califomia Mosquito and Vector Control Association at (916) 440-0826. If a rapid solution to a severe yellow- jacket problem is essential, seek the assistance of a professional pest conlrol operator who can use microencapsu- lated bails lo control these pesfs Do- it-yourself options include trapping wasps in a baited frap designed for fhat purpose, early-season removal of nesls, or spraying the nest or nesting site wilh an insecticide labeled for lhat Trapping Wasps Trapping wasps is an ongoing effort thaf needs lo be initiated in spring and continued info summer and fall, espe- cially when the yellowjacket popula- tion was large the previous year. In spring there is a 30- to 45-day period when new queens first emerge before they build nests. Trapping queens dur- ing fhis f?eriod has fhe f>otential to provide an overall reduction in the yellowjacket population for the season, and a study is currently underway to tesf this theory in some Califomia Mos- quito and Vector Control districts (see "Online References"). The more traps put out in spiing on an aiea-wide basis to Irap queens, lhe grealer the likeli- hood of reducing nesls later in the summer. Usually one Irap f>er acre is adequate in spring for depletion trap- ping of queens; in fall, more traps may be necessary fo Irap scavenging wasps, depending on the size of the popula- tion. There are two lypes of wasp Iraps: lure and waler traps. Lure Traps. Lure Iraps are available for purchase al many retail stores fhat sell pest control supplies and are easiest to use. Tbey work best as queen traps in late winter and spring. In summer and fall Ihey may assist in reducing local- ized foraging workers, but ihev do not eliminate large piopulations. Lure traps contain a chemical fhat attracts yellow- jackets info the traps, but common lures such as heptyl butyrate are nol equally attraclive to all species. Pro- teins such as lunchmeat can be added as an attraclant and are believed to improve catches. During spring, baited lure Iraps should have the chemical bail changed every 6 to 8 weeks. In summer, change the bail eveiy 2 lo 4 weeks; change bail more frequently when temperatures are high. Meals musl be replaced more frequentiv because yellowjackels are not altracled lo rolling meal. Also, periodically check the trap to remove trapped yellowjackets and make sure workers are still attracted lo the trap. Water Traps. Water traps are generally homemade and consist of a 5-gallon bucket, string, and protein bait (turkey ham, fish, or liver works well; do not use cat food because it may repel the yellowjackets after a few days). The bucket is filled with soapy waler and the protein bait is suspended 1 lo 2 inches above thc water. {The use of a wide mesh screen over the bucket will help prevent other animals from reach- ing and consuming the bait.) Afler lhe yellowjacket removes the protein, il flies down and t>ecomes Irapped in the wafer and drowns. Like the lure trap, fhese traps also work best as queen Iraps in late winler to early spring. In summer and fall lhey may assist in reducing localized foraging workers bul usually not lo acceptable levels. Place them away from pafio or picnic areas so wasps aren't attracted lo your food as well. Discouraging or Eliminating Nests Early in the season, knocking down newly started pap>er wasp nests will simply cause the founding female lo go elsewhere to slart again or lo join a neighboring nest as a worker. As there is little activity around wasp nests when Ihey are first starting, they are very hard to find. Wasps are more likely to be noticed later after nests and populafions grow. Nest removal for controlling sublerranean or cavity- dwelling yellowjackets is not practical because the nesls are underground or olherwise inaccessible. Nest Sprays Aerosol formulations of insecticides on the market labeled for use on wasp and hornet nesls can be effeclive againsl both yellowjackels and paper wasps, bul they must be used with extreme caution. Wasps will attack applicators when sensing a poison applied to iheir nesls, and even the freeze-type prod- August 2001 Yellowjackets and Olher Social Wasps ucls are not guaranteed lo slop all psps that come flying out. II is pru- ent lo wear prolective clothing lhat covers the whole body, including gloves and a veil over the face. Jn addi- tion, you need lo wear protective eyewear and olher clothing to protecl yourself from pesticide hazards. Wasps are most likely to be in the nesl at nighl. But even afler dark and using formulations that shoot an insecticide stream up to 20 feef, stinging incidents are likely. Underground nesls can be quite a distance from the visible en- trance and the spray may nol get back far enough to hit the wasps. PaitiaJIy intoxicated, agitated wasps are likely to be encountered at some dislance from the nest enfrance, even on the day following an insecticidal treatment. Hiring a pesl control professional will reduce risks lo you and your family; in some areas of California, this service may be available through your Jcxral Mosquito and Vector Control District. REFERENCES Akre, R, D., A. Green, J. F. MacDonald, P. J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981. The Yellowjackels of America Norlh of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 552. 102 pp. Ebeling, W. 7975. Urban Entomology. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Sci. Mussen, E. Feb 1998. Pesl Notes: Bee and Wasp Slings. Oakland; Univ. Cahf. Agric. Nal. Res. Publ. 7449. Also avail- able online at www.ipm.ucdavis edu/ PMG/selectnewpesi home.html Online References Califomia Mosquito and Vector Control Web site (www.sac-yolomvcd.com)for information on yellowjacket control For more infomiation contact tfie University of CaMomia Cooperative Exiension or agri- cuftural commissioner's ofTice in your coun- ty. See yom phone txxik for addiesses and phone numbers. .UTHOR: E. Mussen ITOR: B. Ofilendort CHNICAL EDITOR: M. t. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brusti ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 1; Courtesy of U S. F>ubtic Health Service; Fig. 2: A. L. Antonel- H. Modiried after Washington State Unrversi- ty Bulletin EB 0643, Yellowjackets and Paper Wasps. Figs 3 and 4: D. K"ic)d. Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC statewide IPM Project. University of California, Davis, CA 95616-6520 This Pest Note is available on Ihe World Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) m UCI REVIEWED This pubficalion has been anonymously peer reviewed fo» technical accuracy by Unrversrty of Calffornia scientists and other quaJined pjofes- sionaEs. This review pfocess was managed by the AT4f< Associale Ediloi kn Pest Management. To simplify iniormation, trade narries of pioducis have been used. No endorsemerrl of named p*oducls is intended, nor is criticism implied ol similar products that are nol mentioned. This malerial is parlially based upon woiV. supported by the Extension Service. U. S Department of Agricuflufe. under special projecl Sechon 31d}. Inlegraled Pest Management WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMCALS Pesticides are poisorjous. Always jeadandcaretuBy foltow aH precautions and salety recommendations given on the container label. Store aH chemicafe in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorised persons, pels, and RvestocK. Confine chemicals lo the property tjeing irealed. Avoid drift onto neightx>ring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready lo be picked. Do not place cofitainers containing p»esUc>de in tbe trash r*or pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides lo a HousehoW Hazardous Wasle Coitection site. Conlact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for Ihc location ol the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site r>earesl you. CMspose of empty containers by foDowirig label directions. Never reuse or burn Ihe conlainei s or dis pose of them in such a manner that Ihey may contamirrale water supplies or natural waterways. The Universily of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeding employmenl with the Unrversity on the basis of race, COIOT, naUonal origin, religion, sex. physical or mental tfisabilify, medical cortdilion (cancer-relaled or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marita) status, age, sewal orientation, citizenship, or slalus as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. V^eln3Tr^er3 veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duly during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). Universily poRcy is intended to be consistent with (he provisions of appficable Slale and Federat laws. Inquiries regarding the Unrversily'snorKiiscriminatfon policies may be directed to the AfFirmalive ActtorVStad Personnel Services Director. University of CaWornia. Agriculture artd Natural Resources. 30CJ Lakeside Df . OaWand. CA 9481?-3350: (670) 987 0096. • 4 • WHITEFLIES Integrated Pest /Management for Home Gardeners and Professional Landscapers Whiteflies are tiny, sap-sucking insects thaf are frequently abundant in veg- etable and ornamental planfings. They excrete slicky honeydew and cause yellowing or death of leaves. Out- breaks oflen occur when the natural biological control is disrupted. Man- agemenl is difficult. IDENTIFICATION AND LIFE CYCLE whiteflies usually occur in groups on the undeisides of leaves. They derive Iheir name from the mealy, white wax covering the adult's wings and body. Adults are liny insecls wilh yellowish bodies and whitish wings. Allhough adulls of some species have distinctive wing markings, many species are most readily distinguished in the lasl nymphal (immature) stage, which is wingless (Table 1). whiteflies develop rapidly in warm ^B^ther, and populations can build up ^^Hckly in situations where natural enemies aie destroyed and wealher is favorable. Mosl whiteflies, especially the most common pesl species—green- house whitefly {Trialeurcfdes vaporariorum) and silverleaf or swectp>ofato whiteflies (Bemisia spe- cies)—have a wide host range lhat includes many weeds and crops. In many parts of Califomia, they breed all year, moving from one host to another as plants are harvested or dry up. whiteflies normally lay theii tiny, ob- long eggs on the undersides of leaves. The eggs hatch, and the young white- flies gradually increase in size through four nymphal stages called instars (Fig. 1). The first nymphal stage (crawler) is eggs crawler fourth inslar nymph third instar nymph Figure 1. Greenhouse whitefly life cycle. barely visible even with a Fiand lens. The crawlers move around for several hours, then settle and remain immo- bile. Later nymphal stages are oval and flattened like small scale insecls. The legs and antennae are greatly reduced, and older nymphs do not move. The winged adult emerges from the last nymphal slage (for convenience some- times called a pupa). AU stages feed by sucking plant juices from leaves and excreting excess liquid as dropis of honeydew as they feed. Table 1 lists common whiteflies in Cali- fornia gardens and landscapes. DAMAGE whileflies suck phloem sap. Large populations can cause leaves to fum yellow, appear dry, or fall off plants. Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honey- dew, so leaves may be slicky or cov- ered with black sooty mold. The honeydew attracts ants, which inter- fere with fhe activities of natural en- emies lhal may confrol whiteflies and other pestS- Feeding by the immature silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii, can cause planl dislortion, discoloration, or sil- vering of leaves and may cause seiious PEST NQTES University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 7401 Revised September 2002 September 2002 Whileflies Table 1. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Whileflies. Ash whitefly [Siphoninus phillyreae) Bandedwinged whitefly (Trialeurodes abutilonea) Citrus whitefty (Dialeurodes citri) Hos! plants: many broadleaved Irees and shrubs including ash, citrus. Bradford pear and other flowering fruit trees, pomegranate, redbud. toyon Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have a very thick band of wax down tbe back and a fringe ol liny tubes, each wilh a liquid droplet al the end. Adults are white. Host plants: very broad including cotton, cucurbits, other vegetables Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have short, waxy filaments around their edges. Adults have brownish bands across ttie wings, and their body is gray. Host plants: cilrus. gardenia, ash. ficus, pomegranate Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have no fringe around Iheir edges bul have a dislinclive Y- shape on their backs. Attults are white. Crown whitefly [Aleuroplatus coronata) Host plants: oak. cheslnut Characteristics: Fourth instar nymphs are black with large amounts of white wax arranged in a crownlike patlem. Adults are while T fiant whrtefly Aleurodicus dugesii) Host plants: begonia, hibiscus, giant bird of paradise, orchid tree, banana, mulberry, vegetables, and many omamentals; currently only in Southem Califomia Characteristics: Adulls are up lo 0.19 inch king. They leave spirals of wax on leaves. Nymphs have long filaments of wax thai can be up lo 2 inches tong and give leaves a bearded appearance. For more information, see Pest Notes: Giant Whitefly. tisted in References. Greenhouse whitetly Host plants: very broad including most vegetables and {Trialeurodes vaporariorum) heibaceous omamentals 11 vc-.^// Characteristics: Fourth-instai nymphs have very long waxy filaments and a marginal Iringe. Adults have white wings and a yellow surface Of substrate. Iris whitefly (Ateyrodes spiraeoides) Host plants: iris, gladiolus, many vegetables, cotton and olher herbaceous planis Characteristics: Fourth-inslar nymphs have no fringe or waxy filaments bul are tocated near distinctive circles of wax where egg laying took place Adutts have a dot on each wng and are guite waxy Coniinued on next page losses in some vegetable crops. Some while/lies transmil viruses to certain vegetable crops. With the notable ex- ception of the citrus whitefly, white- flies are nol normally a problem in fruit Irees, bul several whiteflies can be problems on ornamental trees (see Table 1). Low levels of whiteflies are not usually damaging. Adults by them- selves will nol cause significant dam- age unless lhey are transmitting a plant pathogen. Generally, plant losses do not occur unless there is a significant population of whitefly nymphs. MANAGEMENT Management of heavy whitefly infesta- tions is very difficrult. Whileflies are nol well conlrolled with any available inseclicides. The best strategy is to prevent problems from developing in your garden lo lhe extent possible. In many situations, natural enemies will provide adequate conlrol of whiteflies; outbreaks may occur if natural enemies that provide biological conlrol of whileflies are disrupted by insecficide applications, dusly condilions, or inter- ference by ants. Avoid or remove plants lhaf repeatedly host high popu- lations of whiteflies. In gardens, white- fly populations in Ihe early stages of population developmenl can be held down by a vigilant program of remov- ing infested leaves, vacuuming adults, or hosing down (syringing) with water sprays. Aluminum foil or reflective mulches can repel whiteflies from veg- etable gaidens and sticky traps can be used to monitor or, al high levels, re- duce whitefly numbers. If you choose to use insecticides, insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem oil may reduce but not eliminate populafions Biological Control Whiteflies have many natural enemies, and outbreaks frequently occur when these natural enemies have been dis- turbed or desfroyed by pesticides, dust buildup, or other factors. General predators include lacewings, bigeyed bugs, and minute pirate bugs. Several small lady beetles including ClitDfletfius arcuatus (on ash whitefly) and scale predators such as Scymnus or Chilocorus species, and the Asian multi- Sepiember 2002 Whiteflies TaWe J, confinoec*. Major Economic Hosts ol Some Common Whiteflies Mulberry whitefly (Tetraleurodes mon) Host plants: cilrus, other trees Characteristics; Nymphs have blackish, oval bodies with white, viiaxy fringe. Silverleaf and sweetpotato whiteflies [Bemisia argentifolii and B. tabaci) Host plants: very broad including many fierbaceous and some wroody plants such as cotton, cucurbits, tomaloes, peppers, lanlana, cole crops, and hibiscus Characteristics: Fourth-inslar nymphs bave no waxy niaments or marginal fringe. Adutts have white wings and yellow body; they hold Iheir wings slightly lilled lo surface or substrate. Woolly whitefly [Aleurothrixus floccosus) Host plants: citrus, eugenia Characteristics: Nymphs are covered with fluffy, waxy filaments. Figure 2. Look at empty nymphal cases lo detect parasitism: a healthy adult whitefly emerged from lhe T-shaped hole in Ihe mature nymph on Ihe left, idiereas an adult parasite emerged from • round hole on the right. colored lady beelle, Harmonia axyridis, feed on whiteflies. Whileflies have a number of naturally occurring para- sites that can be very important in con- trolling some sp>ecies. Encarsia spp. parasiles are commercially available for release in greenhouse situations; however, they are not generally recom- mended for outdoor use because lhey are nol well adapted for survival in temperate zones. An excepfion is the use of parasite releases for bayberry whitefly in cilrus in southern Califor- nia. You can evaluate the degree of nalural parasitization in your plants by checking empty whitefly pupa] cases Those that were parasitized will have round or oval exit holes and those from which a heallhy adult whitefly emerged will have a T-shaped exit hole (Fig 2). Whitefly nymphs can some- times be checked for parasitization before emergence by noting a daiken- ing in their color. However, some whitefly parasites do nof tum hosts black and many whitefly nymphs that occur on omamenlals are black in their unparasitized sfate. Avoiding the use of insecticides thai kill natural enemies is a very important aspiecl of whitefly management. Prod- ucts containing carbaryl, pyiethroids, diazinon or foliar sprays of imidaclo- prid can b>e particularly dismptive. Conlrol of dust and ants, which protect whiteflies from their natural enemies, can also be important, espiecially in citrus or other trees. Removal Hand-removal of leaves heavily in- fested wifh the nonmobile nymphal and pupal stages may reduce popula- tions to levels lhal natural enemies can contain. Waler sprays (syringing) may also bie useful in dislodging adults. A small, hand-held, battery-operated vacuum cleaner has also been recom- mended for vacuuming adults off leaves. Vacuum in lhe early morning or olher limes when it is ctxjl and whileflies are sluggish. Kill vacuumed insects by placing the vacuum bag in a plaslic bag and freezing it overnight. Contents may be disp>o5ed of the next day. Mulches Aluminum foil or reflective plaslic mulches can repel whiteflies, especially away from small plants. Aluminum- coated conslmdion papier is available in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum Company. Allematively, you can spray clear plastic mulch wilh silver paint- Reflective plastic mulches are also available in many garden stores. To put a mulch in your garden, first remove all weeds. Place the mulch on the planl beds and bury the edges wilh soil lo hold ihem down. After the mukh is in place, cut 3- lo 4-inch diarrv- eler holes and plant several seeds or single transplants in each one. You may furrow irrigate or sprinkle your beds if you use aluminum-coaled con- slmdion paper or olher porous mulch; lhe mulch is sturdy enough lo lolerate sprinkling. Plaslic mulches wil) require drip irrigation. In addition to rep>elling whileflies, aphids, and leafhoppers, the mulch will enhance crop growlh and control weeds. Mulches have been shown lo deter the transmission of viruses in commercial vegetable crops. When summertime temperatures get high, however, remove mulches lo prevent overheating plants. Traps In vegetable gardens, yellow slicky Iraps can be posted around fhe garden to trap adulls. Such Iraps %von'l elimi- nate damaging populafions but may reduce them somewhat as a compo- nent of an integrated management program relying on multiple ladies. Whiteflies do not fly veiy far, so many traps may be needed. You may need as many as one trap for every Iwo large plants, with the sficky yellow part of the Irap level wilh the whitefly infesta- tion. Place Iraps so the sticky side faces plants but is oul of diiect sunlight. Commercial fraps are commonly avail- able, or you can make traps out of 14-inch plywood or masonite board, painted bright yellow and mounted on pointed wooden stakes that can be driven into the soil close to the planis thai are lo be protected Allhough com- mercially available sticky substrates such as Stickem or Tanglefoot are com- monly used as coatings for the Iraps, you might want to Irv to m.ike your Sepiember 2002 Whileflies ^^11 W own adhesive from one-part petroleum lly or mineral oil and one-pail usehold detergent. This malerial can e cleaned off boards easily with soap and water, whereas a commercial sol- vent must be used lo remove the other adhesives. Periodic cleaning is essen- tial lo remove insects and debris from the boards and mainlain fhe slicky surface. Insecticide Sprays Insecticides have only a limited effect on whiteflies. Mosl kill only those whiteflies fhaf come in direct contact wilh them. For particularly trouble- some situations, try insecticidal soap or an insecticidal oil such as neem oil or narrow-range oil. Because these prod- ucts only kill whitefly nymphs lhal are directly sprayed, plants must t>e thor- oughly covered with the spray solu- tion. Be sure lo cover undersides of all infested leaves; usually these are the lowest leaves and the most difficult to reach. Use soaps when planis are nol drought-stressed and when tempiera- tures are under 80°¥ to prevent pos- sible damage lo plants. Avoid using olher fTesticides lo control whileflies; nol only do mosl of them kill natural enemies, whifefljes quickly build up resistance to ihem, and mosl are nol very effeclive in garden situations. REFERENCES Bellows, T. S., J. N. Kabashima, and K. Robb. Jan. 2002. Pfsf Nofes; Gianl Whilefly. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7400. Also available online al hllp;/ /www.ipm ucdavis. edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7400.html FlinI, M. L. 1998. Pesls of the Garden and Small Farm. 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Fubl. 3332. ^Dht For more infoimation contacl the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your counfy. See your phone book for addresses and hone numbers. THOR: M. L. Flint DITOR: B. Ohiendorf DESIGN Attn PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: from M. L. FBnt. Juty 1995. Whileflies in Califomia: a Resource for Cooperative Exiension. UC IPM Publ. 19. Giant whitefly in Table 2 by D. H. Hendrick. Produced by IPM Educalion and Publica- tions, UC Statewide 1PM Program, University of California. Davis. CA 95616-8620 This Pest Nole is available on the World Wide Web (bHp;//www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) This publication has been anonymousty peer re- viewed to* technical accuracy by Univeisily of Cali- fornia scientisls and other qualiried piofessionats. This leviev* process was managed by the ANR As- sociate Editor tof Pest Us^-^a^mer t. To simplify intoimation. trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is ciiticism implied ot simitar products lhat are not mentioned. This maleriat is partially based upon woric supported by Ihe Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agiicutluie. undei special pioject Seclion 3(d). Integiated Pest Managemenl WARNIhIG ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides aie poisonous. Ahuays read and caref uJty foltow at! precautions and safety recommendations given on Ihe container label. Store all chenriicats in the originat labeled containers in 3 tocked cabinet of sfied. away from food of leeds, and out of the reach of chikiren. unauthorized persons, pets, and liveslock. Confine chemicals to the properly being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gaidens containing fruits or vegetables rearJy to be picked. Do not place containers conlaining pesticide in tbe Irash noi pour pestickJes down smk or toitel. Eittwr use Ihe pestickle according to the label or take unwanted peslickles to a HousehokJ Hazardous Vdaste Cc>Hectioo site Contact your county agrkxiHoral commissionei (or additional informatton on safe container disposal and for tbe tocation of Ihe Household Hazardous Wasle Collection sile nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by loitowing label directtons. Never leuse or bum the containeis or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contamirraie water supplies or natural vraterways. Ttie Univetsity ol CsWoinia prohibits disctiminalkw against of harassment ot any person emptoyed by or seeking emptoyment with the University on the basis ol race, cokjr. nattonal origin, retigton, sex. phystoal Of menial disability, medtoal conditton (cancer-relaled or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientatton. citizenship, or stalus asa coveied veteran (special disabted veieran. Vietnarrveia veteian. ot any other veteran v»fio served on active duty duiing a war of in a campaign or expedition for whtoh a campaign badge has been authorized). Univeisity poticy is intended lo be consistent with the piovistons of appBcable Slale and Federal laws. Inquiries legarding Ihe University's nondiscriminatton policies may be directed lo the Atfiimative Actton/Staff Personnel Servtoes Diiector, University of Califomia. Agiicutluie and Natuial Resources, 300 lakeside Dr, Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. • 4 • WEED MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPES Integrated Pest Management for Landscape Professionals and Home Gardeners Weed management in landscape plantings is often made difficult by Ihe complexity of many plantings: usually more lhan one species is planted in the landscaped area and there is a mix of annual and perennial ornamentals- The great variety of ornamental spiecies, soil types, slopes, and mulches creates the need for a vaiiety of weed manage- menf options. There are also consider- ations regarding public concem about the use ol chemicals lo conlrol weeds. The choice of a specific weed manage- menl program depends on the weeds preseni and lhe lypes of lurf or oma- menlals planted in the area. Because of fhe many variables, weeds in land- scape planfings are confrolled by a combination of nonchemical and chemical methods Mosl landscape plantings include arfgrass, bedding planis, herbaceous erennials, shrubs, and trees. Informa- fion on inlegraled pest management for turfgrass can be found in L/C iPM Pesl Management Guidelines: Turfgrass (see "References"). Use this publication as a praciical review and guide lo weed management options suited to general lypes of landscape plantings. WEED MANAGEMENT BEFORE PLANTING An integrated approach, utilizing sev- eral options, is the most economical and effective means of controlling weeds. Begin your weed management plan for landscapes before planting by following these five basic steps: 1. Site assessmenl. Before soil prepara- tion and when the weeds are visible, evaluate the soil, mulch, and slope of fhe site. Identify the weed species in the area, wifh particular emphasis on perennial weeds. The best time to look for winter annual weeds is mid- lo lale winler; perennials and sum- mer annuals are easiest to identify in mid- to lale summer. 2. Sile preparation. The mosl often over- looked aspect of a landscapie mainle- nance program is site preparation. Conlrol exisfing weeds, especially perennials, before any grading and developmenl are started. Glyphosate (Roundup, etc.) can be used to kill existing annual and pierennial weeds. PreplanI trealment with fumigants (avaitable lo licensed peslicride appli- cators only) or soil solarization can be used if lime allows; however, 6 weeks aie requiied for solarization lo work and it is mosl effecfive when done during lhe time of highest sun radiation—from June lo August in California. 3. Define the lype of planling. There are more weed contro! options if the planling consists entirely of woody plants as opposed lo herbaceous annuals or pierennial plants, or a mixture of all three. 4. Don't introduce weeds. Weeds are sometimes infroduced in the soil brought to the landscape sile either when amending Ihe soil or in the potting mix of transplants. 5. Encourage rapid establishment of de- sired plants. Use the best manage- ment practices to get the planis established as quickly as possible so lhal lhey become competitive with weeds and more tolerant of herbi- cides applied to the site. Hand- weeding and keeping weeds from prcxlucing seeds in the landscape will greatly reduce overall weed populations- WEED MANAGEMENT AFTER PLANTING wfien developing a weed management plan for an exisling planling or afler an installafion is in place, consider the typies ol plants preseni and the weeds present and their life cycles (annual, biennial, perennial) (Table 1). TABLE 1. Common Weeds in Landscape Plantings. Annuals amiual bluegrass clover (black medic and burclover) common groundsel + crabgrass (large and smooth) + litlle mallow (cheeseweed) pigweed (redroot and prostrate) prickly lettuce purslane sov^histle spurge (prostrate and creeping) + wild barley wild oal Biennials bristly oxtongue + Perennials tiermudagrass + creeping woodsorrel + dandelion field bindweed -r kiliuyugrass nutsedge (yellow and purple) • oxalis (creeping woodsorrel and Bermuda buttercup) + especially troublesome PEST NQ"rES Publication 7441 University of California Agriculture and Nalural Resources Revised August 2001 August 2001 Weetj Managemenl in Landscapes ^^cl ^^Kl' Weed control options in fhe landscape dude hand-weeding and cullivalion, wing, mulching, hot water treat- ments, and chemical control. All of ihese methods are used al one time or another in landscapie mainlenance opi- eralions (Table 2). Afler elimination by hand-pulling, cultivafion, or a posf- emergenl heibicide applicalion, the subsequeni giowth of annual weeds can be discouraged wilh mulches and/ or preemergenl herbicides. Cultivation and Hand-weeding Cultivation (hoeing) and hand- weeding selectively remove weeds from ornamental planfings. These methods are time-consuming, expen- sive, and must be repeated frequently unlil the plantings become eslablished. Cullivalion can damage omamenlals with shallow roots, bring weed seeds to the soil surface, and propagate pie- rennial weeds- When cultivating, avoid deep tilling, as this brings buried weed seeds to the soil suiface where they are more likely lo germinate. Perennial weeds are often spread by rullivation and should be conlrolled or removed by olher methods. Frequenl hand-removal of weeds when they are small and have not yet set seed will rapidly reduce the number of annual weeds. If weeds are scattered al a site, hand-weeding may be the pre- ferred managemenf method. Hand- TABLE 2. How to Manage Weeds in Five Types of Landscape Plantings. Type of planting and comments Woody Trees and Shrub Beds. Densely shaded plantings reduce weeds. PreplanI weed control is nol as critical as in other types of plantings, tt is often necessary to comtiine tiealmenis for complete weed controt Recommer»dations Woody Ground Cover Beds. Wocxfy ground covers should exclude most weeds, however, v^ed encroachment during establishment is likely Annual Flower Beds. A closed canopy will help shade out many weeds. Pe'riocfic cultivations (at 3- Io 4-week intervals and between display rotations) will suppiess many weeds Hertiaceous Perennial Beds. Weed managemenl opiions in herbaceous perennial beds are similar to those for annual floweis, except (1) it is more important lo eradicate perennial weeds as Ihere will be no opportunity to cullivate or renovate Ihe bed for several years; and (2) fewer species are included on fierbicide latiels. Mixed Plantings of Woody and Hert>aceous Plants. Weed managemenl is complex because of Ihe diversity of species. Different areas of the bed could receive different treatments. Site preparation is critfcal because postplant heibicide choices are few Control peiennial weeds before planling (allhough control may be possible after planting); use geotextile fabrics with a shallow layer of mulch or use a thick layer of mutoh without a geotextile base; use a preemergenl herbicide, if needed, and supplement with spot appfications of postemergent herbicides and/or hand-weeding. Perennial weeds may be controlled by manual removal, spot applications of glyphosate or gtulosinale. or. in some instances, ttormant-season applications of preemergent herbicides. Escaped weeds may be conlioHed manually or with spot applications of postemergent herbiddes. Control perennial weeds before planling. although perennial grasses may be selectively controlled after planling with fluazifop (Fusilade, Ornamec), delhodim (Envoy), or other seledive grass herbicides. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulch plus a preemergent herbicide, supplemented with some hand-weeding. Use geolexWes where possible but do not use Ihem where ground covers are expeded lo root and spread. After planling, it is difFicutl lo make spot applicafions of nonseledive herbiddes without injuring desirable plants. Postemergent control of mosl annual and perennial grasses is possible Conlrol perennial weeds before planting and carefully seled flower species for weed managemenl compatibility. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulches, preemergent herbiddes, frequent cullivalion, and/or hand-weeding. Perennial grasses can be selectively conlrolled wilh clethodim of fluazifop. or olher grass- seledive herbiddes, bul other perennial weeds cannot be selectively controlled afler planting. Geotextiles generally are nol useful because of Ihe short-lerm nature of the planting. Avoid nonselective herbicides afler planling. Control perennial weeds tiefore planting; use geotextiles where possible: use mulches with a preemergent herbicide; and supplement with hand-weeding. Planl Ihe woody species first; conlrol perennial weeds in Ihe first W/o growing seasons, then introduce the heibaceous species. Plant close together to shade Ihe enlire area Another option may be lo define use-areas within the bed lhal wilt receive similar weed management programs. August 2001 Weed Managemenl in Landscapes veeding can be lime consuming and Jstly but should be included in all ped management progiams to keep weeds from seeding. Young weeds in open areas also can be controlled wilh smal! flaming units. Propane burners are available lo raf>- idly pass over young weeds lo kill them. A quick pass over the planl is all lhal is necessary; do not burn the weed to the ground. Flaming is more effec- live on broadleaf weeds than grasses. Be careful not to flame over dry veg- etation and dry wood chips or near buildings and olher flammable materi- als, and don'l get the flame near de- sired plants. The top growth of older weeds can be conlrolled by using a siring trimmer. Annual broadleaf weeds are more ef- fedively controlled than annual grasses because the growing pioints of grasses are usually below ground. Pe- rennial weeds regrow rapidly affer using a siring trimmer. Be careful nol to girdle and kill desirable shmbs and trees wilh repiealed use of a string trimmer. lowing owing can be used to prevent the formation and spread of weed seeds from many broadleal weeds into culti- vated areas by culling off flower heads. However, weeds lhat flower lower lhan the mowing blade are not con- trolled. Repealed mowing lends to favor lhe establishment of grasses and low-growing perennial weeds Mow- ing of some ground covers can rejuve- nate fhem and make them more compelilive against weeds. Mulches A mulch is any malerial placed on the soil to cover and protecl it. Mulches suppress annual weeds by limiting light required for weed establishment. Many lypes of landscape mulches are available. The most common are bark and other wood products and black plastic or cloth materials. Other prod- ucts that are used include paper, yard composl, hulls from nuts (pecans) or cereals (rice), municipal composts, and siones. Organic mulches include wood chips, sawdust, yard waste (leaves, clij>- pings, and wood products), and hard- wood or softwood bark chips or nuggels. Bark chips are moderate- sized particles ('/i fo '/^ inch) and have moderate to good slability, while bark nuggels are larger in size C/i to 2/4 inches) and have excellent stability over time. These materials can be used in landscape beds conlaining herba- ceous or woody omamenlals. The thickness or depth of a mulch necessary lo adequately suppress weed growth depiends on the mulch lype and lhe weed pressure. The larger the particle size of the mulch, Ihe grealer the deplh required to ex- clude all light from lhe soil surface. Coarse-textured mulches can lie api- plied up lo 4 inches deep and provide long-term weed control. Fine-lextured mulches pack more fightly and should only be applied fo a depth of aboul 2 inches. If the mulch is too decom- piosed, it may serve better as a weed propagation medium ralher than a means of prevenlion. Plan lo periodi- cally replenish landscape mulches, regardless of particle size, because of decomposition, movemeni, or setfiing. If seedlings germinate in mulches, a lighl raking, hoeing, or hand-weeding will remove lhe young weeds. Inorganic mulches, which include bolh natural and synthetic produds, are generally more expensive and less widely used in Ihe landscapie. Nalural inorganic mulches are stable over time and include materials such as sand, grave), or pebbles. Most of these prod- ucts are used in public and commer- cial plantings. If using a rock mulch, consider placing a landscape fabric underneath it. The fabric creates a layer between the mulch and soil, preventing rock pieces from sinking into the soil. The fabiic prevents soil from moving above the rock layer, which would bring vveed seed lo the surface Black plaslic (solid polyethylene) can be used underneath mulches lo im- prove weed conlrol It provides excel- lent conlrol of annual weeds and suppresses perennial weeds, bul lacks porosity and restricts air and waler movement. For this reason, black plas- tic may not be the preferred long-term weed control method in landscape beds. Synthetic mulches, which are manu- factured materials lhal are called geotextile or landscape fabrics, have been develop>ed to replace black plaslic in the landscape. Geotextiles are porous and allow wafer and air to pass ihrough ihem, overcoming the major disadvantage of black plastic. Al- though these materials are relatively expensive and lime-consuming lo in- stall, lhey become cost-effective if the planling is to remain in place for 4 or more years. Geotexliles are used mainly for long-term weed control in woody omamenlal trees and shmbs. Geotextiles should not be used where the area is to be replanted periodically, such as in annual flower beds or in areas where the fabric would inhibit the rooting and spread of ground cov- ers. Tree and shrab roots can penelrate fhe materials and if the malerial is re- moved, damage can occur to the plant's loot system. This mighl be a concem if a fabric has been in place longer lhan 5 years. Al least one geotextile fabric (BioBairier) has an herbicide encapsulated in nodules on fhe fabric lhat reduces root penetration problems Placing a landscape fabric under mulch results in greater weed control than mulch used alone. There are differ- ences in the weed-controlling ability among lhe geotextiles: fabiics thaf are thin, lightweight, or have an open mesh allow for greater weed penetra- fion than more closely woven or non- woven fabrics. To install a landscape fabiic, you can plant fiist and then install lhe fabric afterwards using U-shaped nails fo peg it down After laying the cloth close to August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes iiie the ground, cuf an "X' over the plant pu!) it through the cloth. If laying wn a fabric before planting, cuf an "X" ihrough the fabiic and dig a planl- ing hole. Avoid leaving soil from the planling hole on lop of the fabric be- cause this could put weed seeds above the material. Fold the "X" back down fo keep fhe geotextile sheel as continu- ous as possible. Weeds will grow ihrough any gap in the landscape fab- ric, so it is important lo overlap pieces of fabric and tack ihem down tightly. Apply a shallow mulch layer (about 1 inch deep) to thoroughly cover lhe fabric and prevent photodegradalion. If weeds grow inio or ihrough the geotextile, remove them when they are small to prevent ihem from creating holes in the fabric. Maintain a weed- free mulch layer on lop of the fabric by hand-weeding or by applying herbi- cides. Use of a rock mulch above a landscape fabric can have greater weed confrol lhan fabric plus organic mulch combinalions- Yellow nutsedge grows through all geotexliles but some fabiics are better at suppressing yellow nutsedge lhan bers (for more informaiion, see Pesl fes: Nulsedge, lisled in "References"). Problems with Organic and Natural Inorganic Mulches. There are several problems associated with Ihe use of organic and inorganic mulches. Peren- nial weeds such as field bindweed and nutsedges offen have sufficient root reserves fo enable them fo penefrate even thick layers of mulches. Some annual weeds will grow through mulches, while others may germinate on lop of them as lhey decompiose. Weeds that are a particular problem are those that have windborne seeds such as common groundsel, prickly lettuce, and common sowthistle. Api- plying mulches at depths of greater than 4 inches may injure plants by keeping the soil too wet and limiting oxygen lo the plant's roofs Disease incidence, such as root or stem rot, may increase when deep mulches aie maintained When mulches aie loo fine, applied too thickly, or begin to decompose, they slay wet between rains and allow weeds to geiminate and grow direclly in the mulch. For best weed control, use a coarse-textured mulch with a low water-holding capacity. When used alone, mulches rarely provide 100% weed confrol. To improve the level of weed control, apply preemergenl her- bicides al the same time as lhe mulch (see Table 3). Supplemenlal hand- weeding or spot spraying may also be needed. Avoid mulches wilh a pH less than 4 or thai have an "off cxlor" such as am- monia, vinegar, or rotten egg smell. These mulches were stored incorrectly and contain chemical compounds that may injure plants, especially herba- ceous plants If using a compiosted mulch, tempera- tures achieved during fhe composting process should have killed most weed seeds. However, if the composl was stored uncovered in the open, weed seeds may have been blown onto the mulch. Be sure the mulch is nol con- taminated with weed seeds or olher propagules such as nutsedge tubers. Hot Water or Steam Treatments There are several machines currently available that use hot water or steam lo kill weeds. These machines aie most effective on very young annual weeds or perennials that have recently emerged from seeds. The effed is simi- lar to thaf of a nonseledive, post- emergent herbicide. Hot water and steam are not very effeclive on peren- nial weeds with established storage organs, such as rhizomes and bulbs, nor do they contro! woody plants. In general, broadleaf weeds are more easily controlled by this melhod lhan grasses. The equipmeni is expensive to purchase and mainlain, so fhese ma- chines are not appropriate for home use. However, commercial landscap- ers may find them useful in certain silualions where fhe use of heibicides is nol desired such as when line- marking playing fields, in play- grounds, aiound woody plants, for edging, and for weeds growing along fence lines. Some brands of equipmeni travel slowly (about 2 mile/hour) and are probably not cost-effective for weed confrol along roadsides. Because these methods employ boiling water or steam, workers mosl be adequately trained in lhe use of the machines to prevent severe burns. Herbicides for Landscape Plantings Herbiddes have been effectively used in many types of landscapie plantings and are most oflen integrated with the cultural practices discussed above. Generally, home gardeners should nol need lo apply herbiades lo exisling landscape plantings. Hand-weeding and mulching should provide suffi- cient confrol and avoid hazards lo de- sirable plants associated with herbidde use. Many herbicides lisled here are for use by professional landscapie pest managers and are nof available fo home gardeners. To determine which herbidde(s) are in a product, look al the active ingredients on the label. Preemergcnf Herbicides. When weeds have been removed from an area, preemergent herbicides can tjien be applied fo pievent the germination or survival of weed seedlings. Preemer- gent herbiddes musl be applied before fhe weed seedlings emerge. Examples of preemergent herbicides include: DCPA (Dacthal), dilhiopyr (Dimen- sion), isoxaben (Gallery), melolachlor (Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol), oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Stopper), oxadiazon (Ronslar), oxyfluor/en (Goal), pendimethalin (Pendulum, Pre- M), and prodiamine (Barricade). DCPA, dilhiopyr, oryzalin, napro- pamide, pendimethalin, and prodia- mine contro! annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds and can be used safely around many woodv and herba- ceous omamentals. Metolachlor has become popular because if confrols yellow nutsedge as well as mosl an- August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes nual grasses Isoxaben is used for con- |I of broadleaf weeds. Timing of a preemergenl herbidde application is determined by when the target weed germinates, or by when the weed is in the stage that is most sensitive to the herbidde. In general, late summer/early fall applications of preemergent herbicides are used lo control winter annuals, while late win- ter/ early spring applications are used lo conlrol summer annuals and seed- lings of pierennial weeds. If heavy rain- fall occurs afler preemergenl herbicide application or if a short residual prod- uct was applied, a second preemergent heibidde application may be needed. Generally, herbiddes degrade faster under wef, warm condifions lhan un- der dry, cool conditions. No cultivation should occur after an applicalion of oxyfluorfen; however, shallow cultivation (1 lo 2 inches) will not harm napropamide, pendimeth- alin, or oryzalin. Also, soil type and pH can affect the activity of some herbi- ddes. Use the informaiion contained in heibiride labels and from your local «infy Coopierative Extension office lo prmine the tolerance of an omamen- plant species lo a given herbidde Match heibicides with weeds present, and consider using heibidde combina- lions. Combinalions of herbiddes in- crease fhe speclium of weeds con- lrolled and provide elfeclive control of grasses and many broadleaf weeds. Commonly used combinafions include tank mixes of fhe materials listed above or isoxaben/trifluralin (Snap- shot), oryzalin/benefin (XL), oxyflu- orfen/oryzalin (Roul), and oxyflu- orfen/piendimelhalin (Omamenlal Herbidde II). Check the label fo deter- mine which ornamental species the malerial can safely be used around and which spedes of weeds are controlled. Postemergent Herbicides. When weeds escape preemergent herbicides or geotextile fabrics, postemergent herbiddes can be used lo control estab- lished weeds. Postemergent heibicides contro! existing plants only and do not give residual weed control. Their pri- mary function is to control young an- nual spiedes, but they are also used fo control perennial sp>ecies. Clethodim and fluazifop selectively control most annual and pierennial grasses. Glufo- sinate (Finale), diqual (Reward), and pelargonic add (Scythe) are nonselec- tive, contacl heibicides that kill or in- jure any vegetation they contacl. They kill annual weeds, bul only "burn off" the lops of perennial weeds. Glypho- sate (Roundup Pro and others) is a syslemic herbidde. ll is translocated to the roots and growing points of ma- lure, rapidly growing planis and kills the entire planl. II is effedive on most annual and perennial weeds. Mulch and Heibicide Placemenl. The placemenl of an herbidde in reiafion lo an organic mulch can affect the herb- icide's pierformance. Additionally, fhe characteristics of organic mulches can affect how herbiddes work. A mulch lhal primarily consists of fine particles can reduce the availability of some herbiddes. The finer the organic mate- rial (compost or manure, compared lo bark), the grealer the binding of the herbidde. Mosf herbicides are lightly bound by organic matter, and while the binding minimizes leaching, il can also minimize an herbidde's activity. Mulch lhat is made up of coarse par- ticles vvill have lillle effect on herbidde activity Another impiortanf fador is the depth of the mulch. An herbicide applied on top of a thin mulch may be able to leach ihrough lo where the weed seeds are germinating, bul when applied to the lop of a thick layer of mulch il may not gel down to the zone of weed seed germination- Producis like oxadiazon (Ronslar) and oxyfluorfen (Goal) that require a continuous surface layer musl be placed on the soil surface un- der the mulch. Suggestions for use of mulch with heibiddes are given in Table 3. Avoiding Herbicide Injury. Because of the close proximity of many different spedes of plants in the landscape, herbicide injury may occur, resulting in visual plant damage. Herbicide in- jury symploms vary according lo plant spiedes and the herbidde and can in- clude yellowing (chlorosis), bleaching, root stunting, distorted growth, and the death of leaves. Granular formula- lions of preemergenl herbicides are less likely lo cause injury than spray- able formulations. Using a granular formulation reduces the p>otentiaI for foliar uptake, but granules of oxadi- azon (Ronstar) or oxyfluorfen (Goal) mixtures will injure plants if lhey col- lect in fhe base of leaves or adhere lo TABLE 3. Suggestions for Placement of Herbicide wilh an Organic Mulch. Herbicide Application Devrinol (napropamide) under the mulch Gallery (isoxaben) best under the mulch, moderale conlrol wfien applied on lop of mulch OHI) (pendimethalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well tiolh under or over mulch Pennant (melolachlor) under fhe mulch Ronstar (oxadiazon) over Ihe mulch Rout (oryzalin plus oxyfluorfen) works well bolh under or over mulch Surflan (oryzalin) best under Ihe mulch but provides some conlrol when applied on lop of mulch Surflan plus Gallery under the mulch but will give a fair amount of control even when apptied on top of mulch Treflan (trifluralin) under the mulch XL (oryzalin/benefin) under Ihe mulch August 2001 Weed Managemenl in Landscapes wet leaves. Apply nonselective herbi- |es such as diquat, pelargonic acid, 'glyphosate with low piessure and large droplets on a calm day. Use shielded sprayers when making appli- cations around ornamentals to avoid contact wilh nontarget plants Herbidde injury to established planis from soil-applied chemicals is often lemporary but can cause serious growth inhibition fo newly planted omamenlals. Herbicides lhal conlain oryzalin or isoxaben are more likely to cause this injury. Injury may result when f>ersistent heibiddes are applied lo surrounding areas for weed control in turf, agronomic crops, or complele vegetative control under pavement Activated charcoal incorporated info the soil may adsorb fhe heibicide and minimize injury. Usually it just fakes lime for herbicide residues fo com- pletely degrade. To speed degradation, supplement the organic confeni of the soil and keep it moist bul not wet dur- ing pieriods of warm weather. COMPILED FROM: Derr, J. F. el al. Feb 1997. Weed Man- agemenl in Landscapie and Nursery Plantings, from Weed Managemenl and Horticultural Crops. WSSA/ASHS Sympxjsium. REFERENCES Dreistadt, S. H. 1992. Pesfs of landscape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric Nal. Res. Publ. 3359. Fischer, B. B., ed. 1998. Graiver's Weed Identification Handbook. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 4030. UC Statewide 1PM Project. Pesf Nofes series: Annual Bluegrass. Bermuda- grass. Common Knotweed. Common Purslane Crabgrass. Creeping Woodsorrel/Bermuda Buttercup. Dande- lion. Dodder. Field Bindweed. Green Kyllinga. Kikuyugrass. Mistletoe. Nul- sedge. Poison Oak. Plantains. Russian Thistle. Spotted Spurge. Wild Blackber- ries. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Agric Naf. Res. Also available online al http; / / www.ipm.ucdavis edu /PMG / selednewpesl.home html UC Statewide IPM Project. UC IPM Pesl Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oak- land; Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 3365-T. Also available online at http:// www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/ sclectnewpiesi turfgrass html For more information contact the Universily f california Cooperative Exiension or agri- Ibral commissioner's office in your coun- See your ptione book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR; C. A Wiien and C. L. Elmore EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, uc statewide IPM Proiect. Universily ol California, Davis. CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http;//vww.ipm.ucdavis.edu) rn UC>'iPM ''''' REVJEWED This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed lor technical accuracy by University o( Califomia scientists arxl other quafified profes- sior>a)s This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Edilor tor Pest Management. To simplity information, trade names of products have been osed. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of sim!>ar products that are not mentio/^d. This malerial is partially based upon woiK supportedby Itie ExtenskjnServjce. U S DepairrTent ot Agiicurtme. under special pro;ecl Section 3{d) Inlegraled Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Peslicides are poisonous. Always read ar>d carefully foQow aR precautions and safety recommendations given on Ihe contairrcr label. Store alt chemicals in the cwiginal labeled contamers in a locked cabinet or st>ed. avyay fronr* food or feeds, and out of tbe reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and Westock, Confine chemicals to the property be»T>g treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens contaning fruits or vegetables ready to be picKed. Do not place containers coritaining pesticide in Ihe trash nor pour peslicides dcwn sink or toilet Eilhe» use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Wast© CoHection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner fof additional mformation on safe container disposal and for the kx^tion of the Household Hazardous Waste CoBection site neaiest you. Dispose of empty cootarr>ers by foltowing lal>el directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose ol them in such a rrvanner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural watervrays. The Unrversrty of Calrfomia prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking emptoymerrt with ihe University on the basis of race, color, national origin, reiigion. sex. physical or mental disabrlily, medical corxfilion tea neer-related or ^netic charactenstics). ancestry, marital stalus, age. sexual orientation, citizensfwp. or slalus as a covered v^eran (special disabted veteran. Vietnarrvera veteran, or any other veteran wbo served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or e.xpedilion for which a campaign badge has been aulhorized). Univeisity poBcy rs inlended lo be consistenl with the provistons of applicabte State and Federal laws. Inpuiries regarding the Ur>iver5ity*s rK>nd iser imin at ion policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Stall Personnel Services Director. University of Caiifornia, AgiicuHure and Nalural Resources. 300 lakeside Dr . Oakland. CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. TERMITES Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home Termites are small, while, tan, or black insecls lhal can cause severe destruc- tion to wooden stmctures. Termites belong to the insect order Isopfera, an andent insect group thaf dates back more lhan 100 million years. The Latin name Isoplera means "equal wing" and Orefeis to the facl that the froni set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shapie lo the hind set. Although many pieople think termites have only negative impacts, in nature they make many p>ositive contributions fo the world's ecosyslems. Their great- est contribution is the role lhey play in recycling wcxjd and plant malerial. Their tunneling effoits also help lo ensure that soils are poious, conlain nulrienls, and are healthy enough to support planl growth. Termiles are very imporlani in the Sahara Deseil where their activity helps to reclaim soils damaged by drying heat and |jnd and the overgrazing by liveslock. Termiles become a problem when Ihey consume structural lumber. Each year thousands ol housing units in the United Stales require treatment for tbe control of lermiles Termiles may also damage utility poles and other wooden Anl Wings (if present) have fewverns. Hind wings are smaller Itian front wings. vrtirker soldier winged repicxloctive Subterraneart Tcrmile soldier Pacific Dampwood Termile soldier repioduclive Dryv^ood Tenmife Figure 1. Subferranean, drywood, and dampwood lermiles. structures. Termite pesfs in California include drywood, dampwood, and subterranean spiedes. These piests cause serious damage to wooden stmc- tures and posts and may also attack stored food, books, and household fumiture. IDENTIFICATION Teimites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different looking individuals (castes). Termite Broad waisl Wings (if preseni) fiave many small veins Front and hind wings are same size. Figure 2. Distinguishing features of ants and fermiles- Physically the largest individual is the queen- Her function is lo lay eggs, sometimes thousands in a single day- A king is always by her side- Olher indi- viduals have large heads with powerful jaws, or a bulblike head lhal squirts liquid. These individuals are called soldiers. Bul the largest group of ter- mites in a colony is the woikers. They toil long hours lending the queen, building the nesl, or gathering food. While olher species of scKial insecls have workers, termiles are unique among insects in lhat woikers can be male or female. Surprisingly, termites can be long-lived; queens and kings can live for decades while individual workers can survive for several years. Signs of termite infestation include swarming of winged forms in fall and spring and evidence of tunneling in wood. Darkening or blistering of wooden stmctural members is another indication of an infestafion; wood in PEST NOTES University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 741 5 Revised May 2001 May 2001 Termiles ^^a • amaged areas is typically thin and sily punctured with a knife or screw- driver. There are more lhan 2,500 different types of termites in lhe world and at least 17 different types of lermiles in California. However, most of this di- versity can be lumped into four dis- tinct groups: dampwood, drywood, subterranean, and mound builders. Mound builders do not occur in North America, bul the ofher three species do (Fig. 1). Dampwood lermiles are very limifed in iheir distribution: most spe- cies are found only in Califomia and the Pacific Northwest. Dampwood termiles derive their name from the fact lhal they live and feed in very moist wood, espiedally in stumps and fallen frees on the forest floor. Drywood termites are common on most continents and can survive in very dry conditions, even in dead wood in deseits. They do nof require contacl with moisture or soil. Subterra- nean lermifes are very numerous in many parts of lhe world and live and breed in soil, sometimes many feef deep. Lastly, the mound builders are Ipable ol building earthen lowers 25 fel or more in height. Mounds may be located eilher in lhe soil or in trees, and where lhey occur in Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and parts of South America, lhey are very noticeable and remarkable. Termiles are sometimes confused with winged forms of anls, which also leave their underground nests in large num- bers to establish new colonies and swarm in a manner similar to lhal of reproductive stages of termites. How- ever, ants and lermiles can be distin- guished by checking three features: antennae, wings, and waisl (Fig. 2). Dampwood Termites Dampwood termiles are fairly com- mon in cenlral and noithem coastal areas in Califomia. They nest m wood buried in the ground, although contacl wilh lhe ground is not necessary when infested wood is high in moisture. Be- cause of their high moisiure require- ments, dampwood lermiles most often are found in cool, humid areas along the coa.sl and are typical pests of beach houses. Winged reproductives lypically swarm between July and October, bul it is not unusual lo see them at other limes of lhe year. Dampwood lermite winged reprodudives (sometimes called swarmers) are attracted to lighls. Dampwood termites produce distinc- tive fecal pellets that are rounded at bolh ends, elongate, and lack the clear longitudinal ridges common to drywood termile p>e!lets (Fig. 3). Final confirmation of pellet identificafion may requiie help from an expert. The Nevada dampwood termile, Zootermopsis nroadensis, occurs in the higher, drier mountainous areas of the Sierras where it is an occasional pesl in mountain cabins and other forest stmc- tures; it also occurs along the northern Califomia coast. The Pacific dampwood lermile, Zootermopsis angusticollis, is almost one inch long, making il the largest of the termites occurring in Cali- fomia. Winged reproductives are dark brown wifh brown wings. Soldiers have a flattened brown or yellowish brown head with elongated black or dark biown mandibles. Nymphs are cream colored with a characterisfic spiolted abdominal pattern caused by food in fheir inlesfines. Nevada dampwood termites are slighfly smaller and darker lhan the Padfic spiecies; reproductives are about Y* inch long. Drywood Termites Drywood termites infest dry, unde- cayed wood, including stmctural lum- ber as weil as dead limbs of native trees and shade and orchard frees, utility poles, posts, and lumber in storage. From these areas, winged reproduc- tives seasonally migrate fo nearby buildings and other structures usually on sunny days during fall months. Drywciod lermiles are mosl prevalent in southern Califomia (including the deseil areas), but also occur along most coastal regions and in the Cenfral Valley. Drywood teimites have a low moisture requirement and can tolerate dry condi- tions for prolonged periods. They re- main entirely above ground and do not connect their nests to the soi). Piles of iheir fecal piellels, which are distinctive in appearance, may be a clue to their presence. The fecal pellets are elongate (about 3/joo inch long) with rounded ends and have six flattened or roundly depressed surfaces separated by six longitudinal ridges (see Fig. 3). They vary considerably in color, bul appear granular and sail and piepperlike in color and appearance. Winged adults of western drywood termiles (Incisiiermes minor) aje dark brown wilh smoky black wings and have a reddish brown head and thorax; wing veins are black. These insecls are noliceably larger lhan subterranean lermites- Subterranean Termites Subterranean termites require moist environments- To satisfy this need, they usually nesl in or near the soil and mainlain some conneclion wilh lhe soil through turmels in wood or through shelter tubes they conslmcl (Fig. 4). These shelter tubes are made of soil with bits of wood or even plasterboard (drywall). Much of the damage they cause occurs in foundation and struc- tural support wood. Because of the moisture requirements of subterranean lermifes, they are often found in wood that has wood rot. The western subterranean termite, Reticulitermes hesperus, is the mosf de- structive termite found in Califomia. Reproductive winged forms of subler- ranean termiles are dark brown lo brownish black, with brownish gray wings. On warm, sunny days follow- dampwood termite Figure 3. Feral pellets of drywood and dampwood lermiles. May 2001 Termiles working tubes exploratory tufcies drop tubes Figuie 4. Subterranean lermiles construct three types of lubes or tunnels. Working lubes (lefl) are constmcted from nesls in the soil lo wooden structures; Ihcy may tiavel up concrete or stone foundaiions. Exploratory and migratory lubes (center) arise from the soil but do nof conned lo wood stnidnres. Drop lubes (right) extend from wooden strudures back lo the soil. ing fall or sometimes spring rains, swarms of reproductives may be seen. Soldiers are wingless wilh white bod- ies and pale yellow heads. Their long, nairow heads have no eyes. Workers are slighfly smaller lhan reprodudives, wingless, and have a shorter head than soldiers; their color is similar lo that of soldiers. In the desert areas of Califor- nia, Helerotermes aureus, is the most destmctive sp>ecies of sublerranean lermifes. Another destmctive spiedes this group, the Formosan subterra- n termite, Coptolermes formosanus, is now in Califomia but restrided lo a small area near San Diego. Unlike the western subterranean lermite, Formosan sublerranean termites swarm at dusk and are attraded fo lights. LIFE CYCLE Most termite sp>ecies swarm in late summer or fall, allhough spring swarms are nol uncommon for subter- ranean and drywood termiles. New kings and queens are winged during fheir early adult life but lose their wings after dispiersing from their origi- nal colony. An infestation begins when a mated pair finds a suitable nesting site near or in wood and constmcts a small chamber, which they enter and seal. Soon afterward, the female begins egg laying, and both the king and queen feed the young on predigested food until thev are able to feed them- selves Most species of termites have midoscopic, one-celled animals called protozoa wilhin their intestines that help in conveiling wood (cellulose) into food for the colony. Once workers and nymphs are pro- duced, the king and queen are fed by the workers and cease feeding on wood. Termites go through incomplete metamorphosis wilh egg, nymph, and adult stages. Nymphs resemble adulls but are smaller and are fhe mosl nu- merous stage in lhe colony. They also groom and feed one another and other colony members. MANAGEMENT Successful termite management re- quires many special skills, including a working knowledge of building con- struction. An understanding of lermile biology and identification can help a homeowner detect problems and un- derstand melhods of conlrol. In most cases it is advisable to hiie a profes- sional pest conlrol company to carry out the inspection and confrol program- Management techniques vary depend- ing on the species causing an infesta- tion. Multiple colonies of the same spiedes of termile or more than one spiedes of termile can infest a building (Fig. 5). Any of ihese variables wil) influence your confrol approach. Sub- terranean, and less frequently, dampwood termites can have nesls at or near ground level, so conlrol meth- ods for ihese can be similar. However, drywood lermiles nest above ground, therefore the approach for eliminafing fhem is unique. Use an integrated program to manage termites. Combine melhods such as modifying habitats, excluding termiles from the building by physical and chemical means, and using mechanical and chemical melhods lo destroy exisl- ing colonies. Inspection Befoie beginning a control program, thoroughly inspecl the building. Verify lhal there are termiles, identify fhem, and assess the extent of their infesta- tion and damage. Look for conditions wilhin and aiound the building that promote termite attack, such as exces- sive moisture or wood in contact wilh lhe soil. Because locating and identify- ing termite spedes is not always easy, il may be advisable to have a profes- sional conduct the inspeclion. Figure 5. Sublejianean lermite colony wilh mulliple nesting sites. May 2001 Termites Table 1 Relative Resistance of Lumber to Termites' ^Moderately or Slightly resistant or very resistant Moderately resistant nonresistant Arizona cypress bald cypress (young growth) alder bald cypress (old growth) t)ouglas fir ashes black cherry eastern while pine aspens black locust tioney tocusi basswood black walnut toblolly pine beech bur oak longleaf pine birches catalpa stiortleaf pine t>lack oak cedars svnamp chestnut oak butternut chestnut tamarack cottonwood chestnut oak western larch elms gambel oak hemlocks junipers hicliories mesquile maples Oregon while oak pines osage orange poplars Pacific yew red oak posl oak spruces red mulberry true firs ledwood sassafras white oak Adapted from: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. USDA Agricutlure Handbook No. 72. ' The heartwood ol Ihe tree offers Ihe greatest resistance lo termite attack. Prevention Building design may contribute to • Tiile invasion. Keep all subslmctural od at least 12 inches above the soil beneath the building. Identify and correct olher stmctural deficiencies thai attract or promote termite infesta- tions. Stucco siding that reaches the giound piomoles termite infestations Keep attic and foundation areas well ventilated and dry. Use screening over attic vents and seal other openings, such as knotholes and dacks, fo dis- courage the entry of winged drywciod termiles. Allhough screening of foun- dation vents or sealing other openings info fhe substrudure helpis block fhe entry of lermiles, ihese procedures may inlerfere wilh adequale ventila- tion and increase moisture problems, especially if a very fine mesh is used in the screening. Inspect utility and ser- vice boxes attached lo lhe building lo see lhaf they are sealed and do nof provide shelter or a pioini of enfry for termiles Reduce chances of infestation by removing or protecting any wood in conlact with the soil. Inspect porches and other structural or foundation wood for signs of termiles. Look for and remove free stumps, stored lum- ber, untreated fence posts, and buried Sdap wood near the stmcture that may atfract termites. Consult your local dty building codes before beginning re- pairs or modifications. Recent research has proved the effec- tiveness of foundafion sand barriers for sublerranean termite conlrol. Sand wilh pailicle sizes in lhe range of 10 lo 16 mesh is used lo replace soil around the foundaiion of a building and some- times in the crawl space. Subterranean lermifes are unable lo constmct their tunnels through the sand and therefore cannoi invade wooden stmctures rest- ing on the foundafion. Stainless steel screening may also be available soon as a physical barrier for subterranean lermifes. Replacing Lumber in Slnidures. Struclural lumber in buildings is usu- ally Douglas fir, hemlock, or spmce Of ihese mateiials, Douglas fir is moder- ately resislanl to termites, whereas the other two are nol (Table 1). Lumber used in foundaiions and ofher wood in conlact with the soil may be chemically treated fohelp protect againsl termile damage in areas where building de- signs must be altered or conciete can- not be used. The mosl eflective method of chemi- cally treating wood is Ihrough pressure treatment. Chemicals currently used in pressurized treatments include chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), disodium octoborate tetrahydrale (DOT), and wolman salts (sodium fluoride, piolassium bichro- mate, sodium chromate, and dinitro- phenol). Wood containing CCA is tinted green and ACZA is brownish. DOT (borate) is clear in appearance on the wood surface when used al labeled. amounts. Borates are gaining in popu- lar usage because of iheir low mamma- lian toxicity. Many of lhe chemicals used in pressur- ized lumber can also be applied topi- cally lo the wood by bmshing or spraying it on. Pressure treatment is preferred over topical applicalion be- cause the chemical pienefrafes the lum- ber much deeper (V4 fo Vz inch) than it does when applied by bmsh or spray. Some of the more porous lumbers such as the southern yellow pines (lobloUy- Pinus laeda; )ong!eaf-P. palusiris; and shortleaf-P. echinala) may be com- pletely penefrated by fhe chemical during fhe pressurized process. Topical applications are most effedive when used as Sf>of freafmenis on pressure- treated lumber lo Ireai newly exp>osed wood when lhe lumber is cut and drilled during conslmdion. Pressure-treated lumber is loxic lo lermiles and discourages new kings and queens from establishing colonies in it. If susceptible wood is used above the treated wood, however, sublerra- nean termiles can build their sheller tubes over chemically treated wood and infest untreated wood above- Use only "exterior grade" pressure- treated lumber for areas fhat aie ex- posed to wealher, otherwise lhe chemical m the lumber mav leach from • 4 • May 2001 Termiles ^^o fhe wood. All topical treatments, espe- iallv borates, that will be exposed to eather, must also have a sealer coat h prevent leaching into the soil follow- ing rain. Because lhey conlain pesti- cides, disposal of freated lumber requires special handling. For more information on propei disposal of treated lumber, contact your local Household Hazardous Wasle Collec- fion sile. For fhe site nearest you, call l-«00-253-2687. Treating Lumber in Stractures. Treat- ing infested lumber in a stmcture re- quires drilling and injeding chemicals into fhe wood lo reach the colony. Because of toxicity and complexify of use, most wood preservatives that are applied lo wciod in a stmcture are professional-use only. Controlling Drywood Termites Drywood termite colonies are usually small and difficult fo detect. Treal- ments for fhis pesl include whole- stmdure apiplications of fumigants or heal and localized or spol treatments of chemicals or tieatments that use heat, freezing, microwaves, or electric- ity. Techniques to prevent infestations kthis spedes include lhe use of emicals, pressure-tieated wciod, barriers, and resistant woods. For more delails on these confrol melhods and fheir effectiveness, see Pesf Notes: Drywood Termites, listed in "Compiled From" Controlling Subterranean and Dampwood Termites Subterranean and dampwciod termites in stmctures cannot be adequately conlrolled by fumigation, heaf treal- ment, freezing, or lermite electrocution devices because fhe reprodudives and nymphs are concentrated in nests near or below ground level in structures oul of reach of these control methods. The primary methods of controlling these lermifes are fhe application of insecfi- cides or bailing progiams. Use of insecticides or baits should be supplemented with the destruction of their access points or nesls. To facilitate control of sublerranean termites, de- stroy their shelter tubes whenever pos- sible f o inleirupt access to wooden subslmclures and lo open colonies to attack from natural enemies such as ants. For dampwood termites, if infes- tafions are small, destroy accessible nests by removing infesled wood. Re- moving excess moisture from wood will also destroy dampwood termite nests. Insecticides. Insectiddes are applied fo the soil either in drenches or by injec- tion. Special hazards are involved wilh applying insecticides to the soil around and under buildings and a licensed professional does these prcxredures best. Applications in Ihe wrong piace can cause insecficide contamination of heafing ducts, radiant heat pipes, or plumbing used for water or sewage under the treated building. Soil typie, weather, and applicafion techniques influence the mobility of insectiddes in the soil; soil-applied insedicides must not leach through lhe soil profile to contaminate groundwaier. In the past, chlorinated hydrocaibon inseclicides (e g , chlordane) and orga- nophosphates (chlorpyrifos) were ex- tensively used for termile control bul many of ihese materials have been phased out because of health and envi- ronmental concerns. Aclive ingredients in currenlly available lermitiddes can be broadly classified as repellent or nonrepellent. Pyiethroids, such as pieimelhrin and cypermethrin (Dragnet and Demon), are considered lo be re- pellent. This means that the termites are able to deted the insecticide, which basically serves as a barrier, and they are repelled by it wilhoul receiving a dose thai will kill them. Therefore, when using these materials if is impior- tant lo make sure there are no gaps or breaches in the barrier. Also, any ad- joining stmctures musl be monitored lo ensure thai the lepelled termites don't infest them. Recently introduced chemicals (imidacloprid and fipronil) are now available lhat aie less toxic to humans and other mammals than the older insecticides but highly loxic to insects. Both of these insecticides are also noniepellenl lo termites and have been shown to be effective in killing lermiles al low dosage rales under California's climatic conditions. Generally, the most effective insecticides are only available Io licensed stmctural pest control operators. Bailing. Baits for subterranean termites are commerdally available in Califor- nia. While this melhod of controlling termites is very appiealing because it does not require extensive site prepara- tion such as drilling or trenching and extensive applicalion of insectidde to the soil or strudure, research is still ongoing to develop lhe mosl effective baits and delivery syslems. Eieveral bait producis (e g., Sentricon wilh hexaflumuron and FirslLine with sulfluramid) are available for profes- sional use only. There is also an over- the-counter product (Terminate wilh sulfluramid) available in retail stores. Currenlly, bails are only available for subterranean termites, not drywocxl or dampwood termites. Because subterra- nean termites in Califomia vary in their foraging and in fhe limes lhat they will lake baits, the placement of bait stafions and the fime of installa- tion is a crucial componeni in a suc- cessful bailing program. Be sure to read and follow all the label direclions for the produci you use. Once a termile infestation is confrolled, it is essenfial thaf the bait stations continue to be monitored monthly. Spring is an espie- dally critical time fo detect invasion by new colonies. Other Methods, Experimental efforts have been made to control soil- dwelling termites using biological con- trol agents, including use of Argentine ants and nematodes. However, these melhods are nol yel effecfive enough fo be lecommended. COMPILED FROM: Lewis, V. R. July 1997. Pesf Nofes; Drywood Termiles. Oakland: Univ. Cahf. Agric. Nat Res Publ. 7440 Also available online at www ipm ucdavis edu May 2001 Termites _Marer, P. 1991. Residential, Industrial, kd Institutional Pest Control. Oakland: fniv Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ 3334 REFERENCES Potter, M. F. 1997. Termites. In A. Mallis, ed. Handbook of Pest Conlrol, 8* ed. Cleveland; Franzak & Foster Co. Scheffrahn, R. H., N.-Y. Su and P. Busey. 1997, Laboratory and field evaluations of selected chemical treat- ments for control of drywood termites (Isoptera; Kalotermilidae). /. Econ. Entomol. 90: 492-502. Online References California: CAL Termile Web page, www.cnr.berkeley.edu/lewis frrfernBlioniil: UNEP/FAO/Global 1PM Facilify Workshop on Termile Biology and Managemenl, www.chem.unep.ch/ popis/pidf/term rpt pdf For mofe information coniacl the University of California Cooperalive Exiension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See youi phone book for addresses and phone numtiers. ^ES AUTHOR (revision): V. R. Lewis, ITOR: B. Ohlendod HNICAL EDITOR; M. L. Flint SIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS; Figs. 1. 3. 4: D. Kidd; Fig. ?: Adapted from Termites and Other Wood- Infesting Insects. Oakland: UC DANR Leaf let 2532, Fig. 5: Adapted from Mallis. A. 1997. Handbook of Pest Control 8lh ed Cleveland: Franzak S Foster Co. Produced by IPM Education and Putilica- tions, UC Slatewide IPM Projed. University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on tbe Wortd Wide Web (hllp://www.ipm.ucd3vis.edu) uc m REVItWED This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of CaWornia scientists and other qualifted profes- sionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associale Edilor for Pesl Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsementof named products is intended, nor is c/ iticism implied ol similar producis lhat are not menlior>ed. This material is partially based upon work supported by the E;>tension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3{d), Inlegraled Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Peslicides are poisonous. Ahvays read arKf carefuRy follow alf precautions ar>d safety recommerxJations given on the conlainer labet Store all chemicals in the origina! labeled containers in a locked cabinet of shed, away fn>m food or leeds. and out ol Ihe reach of children, unauthorized persons, pels, and Rvestock. Confine cliemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drifl ooto neighboring properties, especially gardens cc>nlair)ir>g fruits or vegetables realty to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticKJes down skik or tc»let Either use Ihe pesticide according lo the label or lake unwanted peslicides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner lor additional information on safe contairwr disposal and for the kxralion ol tbe Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty contajr>ers by fotk>wing label directiori. Never reuse or bum the containers or depose of Ihem in such a manner that they may contaminate water sup>pr»es or natural walerways. The University ol Cartfornia prohibils discrrmiriahoo against or harassment of any person emptoyed by or seeking emptoyment wilh the Unfversity on Ihe basis of race, color, national origin, religion, soc. physical or n>ent3tdis3bif)ty. medical condition (career-related or ger»et)C characteristics), ancestry, marital stalus. age, sexual orienlalion, cilizenship, or status as a covered veieran (special disabted velerar>. Vi&triam-cra veteran. Of any other veieran who served on active duly during a war or ina campaign or expedition fot which a campaign badge has been authorized). Universily policy is inlended to be consislent with the provisions of appficable Stale and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding Ihe Unfversily's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to lhe Attirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director. Universily of California. Agriculture ar>d Natural Resources, 300 lakeside Dr_. Oakland. CA 94607-5?00: (510) 987-0096 • 6 • Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home Many people fear or dislike spiders but, for the most part, spiders are ben- eficial because of their role as predators of insects and other arthropods, and most cannot harm people. Spiders that mighl injure people—for example, black widows—generally spend most of Iheir lime hidden under furniture or boxes, or in woodpiles, corners, or devices. The spiders commonly seen oul in the open during the day are unlikely to bite people. IDENTIFICATION Spiders resemble insects and some- times are confused wilh Ihem, but they are arachnids, not insects. Spiders have eight legs and Iwo body parts—a head region (cephalothorax) and an abdo- men. They lack wings and antennae. Although spiders oflen are found on planis, they eat mainly insects, olher spiders, and related arthropods, not plants. Mosl spiders have loxic venom, which they use to kill their prey. How- ever, only those spiders whose venom typically causes a serious reaction in ^mans are called "poisonous " Tiders. Black Widow Spider The black widow spider, Lafrodectus hesperus (Fig. 1), is the most common harmful spider in California. Venom from its bite can cause reaclions rang- ing from mild to painful and serious, but death is very unlikely and many symptoms can be alleviated if medical treatment is obtained. Anyone bitten by this spider should remain calm and promptly seek medical advice; it is helpful jf the offending spider can be caught and saved for identificalion. The typical adult female black widow has a shiny black body, slender black legs, and a red or orange mark in the shapie ofan hourglass on the underside oflhe large, round abdomen (Fig. 2). The body, excluding legs, is Vie to Vg inch long. The adujt male black widow is one-half to two-thirds the length of the female, has a small abdomen, and is seldom noticed. The male black widow does possess venom, but its fangs are too small to break human skin. The top side of its abdomen is olive greenish gray with a pattern of cream-colored areas and one light- colored band going lengthwise down the middle. The hourglass mark on the underside of the abdomen lypically is yellow or yellow-orange and bioad- waisted. The legs are banded with alternating lighl and dark areas. Con- trary to popular belief, the female black widow rarely eats the male after mat- ing, bul may do so if hungry. Like males, young female black widow spi- ders are patterned on the lop side. In the early stages they greatly resemble males, but gradually acquire the typi- cal female coloration wilh each shed- ding of the skin. In intermediate stages Ihey have lan or cream-colored, olive gray, and orange markings on the top side of the abdomen, a yellowish or- ange hourglass mark on the underside, and banded legs. Only Ihe larger im- mature female and adult female spi- ders are able to bite Ihrough a person's skin and inject enough venom to cause a painful reaction. Webs and Egg Sacs. The web of the black widow is an irregular, tough- stranded, sticky cobweb mesh in which the spider hangs wilh ils underside up. During Ihe day it often hides under an objed al Ihe edge of the web or stays in a silken retreat in the cenier. The black widow may rush oul of its hiding place wben tbe web is distuibed, especially if egg sacs are present. The egg sacs are mostly spherical, about Vzinch long and Vg inch in diameler, creamy yel- low lo light lan in color, opaque, and tough and paperlike on Ibe surface. A female may produce several egg sacs. Tiny, young black widows, which are PEST NQTES (actual size ol body) Figure 1. AduJi black widow spider. nearly white in color, disperse to new localions by ballooning and infest new Wbere the Spiders Live. Black widow spiders occur in mosl parts of Califor- nia. They and their associated webs usually are found in dark, dry, shel- tered, relatively undisturbed places such as among piles of wood, rubbish, or siones; in culverts, hollow stumps, and old animal burrows; in garages, sheds, barns, crawl spaces, utility meter boxes, and outhouses; and some- limes among plants. People are most likely lo be bitten when ihey disturb the spider while Ihey are cleaning out or picking up items in such places. A sensible precaulion is lo always wear gloves and a longsleeved shirt when working in areas lhat have been undis- turbed for a time and wbere there are good hiding places for spiders. Figure 2. Two variations of hourglass markings of black widow spider. Publication 7442 University of California Division of Agriculiure and Natural Resources Revised May 200O May 2000 Spiders Effects of the Bite. The symptoms of a black widow bite are largely inlernal, itlle more lhan local redness and elling may develop al the bite site he internal effecis may range from mild to severe. Pain tends to spread from lhe bite to other parts of the body and muscular spasms may develop. In severe cases the abdominal muscles may become quite rigid. Other effects can include profuse sweating, fever, increased blood pressure, difficulty breathing and spieaking, restlessness, and nausea. Typically, the pain and other symploms reach a maximum within 3 day of the bite, then gradually subside over the next 2 to 3 days. Mosl people who are bitten spiend a few hours under observation by a physi- cian but do not develop symptoms severe enough to require treatment. Small children, the elderly, and per- sons wilh health problems are likely to suffer some of Ihe more severe conse- quences of the bite. Black widow bites are fairly common in California. YeJIow Sac Spider The common house-dwelling agrarian sac or yellow sac spider, C/ieiracan- tbium inclusum, is a small spider that spins a silken sac web in the corners of ceilings and walls, and behind shelves and pictures: it is also commonly found outdoors in shrubbery. This spider is light yellow and has a slightly darker stripe on Ihe upper middle of lhe abdomen (Fig 3). The eight eyes of this spider are all aboul equal in size and arranged in two horizontal rows IFig. 4). Yellow sac spiders can be seen running on walls and ceilings at night and quickly drop to the floor to escape if Ihey are disturbed. Bites usually occur when the spider becomes trapped against a person's skin in clothing or bedding. It is estimated that sac spiders are responsible for more biles on people than any other spider. Typical symptoms of a bile include initial pain, redness, and sometimes swelling. A small blister may form, oflen breaking, leaving a sore that heals over a period of several weeks. Soreness near the bite may last for a few days to several weeks or may not occur al all, depend- ing on the individual. Reciuse Spiders Recluse spiders of Ihe genus Loxosceles include the well-known brown recluse spider, L. reclusa, which does nol occur Spider Bites Unlike mosquitoes, spiders do nol seek people in order lo bite ihem. Generally, a spider doesn't try to bite a pierson unless it has been squeezed, lain on, or similarly provoked to defend itself Moreover, the jaws of most spiders are so small lhat the fangs cannoi penetiate the skin ofan adult person. Sonnetimes when a spider is distuibed in ils web, il may bite inslinclively because it mistakenly senses thai an insecl has been caughl. Tbe severity of a spider bite depiends on factors such as the kind of spider, lhe amount of venom injeded, and the age and health of the person bitten. A spider bile mighl cause no reaction at all, or it mighl result in varying amounts of itching, redness, stiffness, swelling, and pain—at worst, usually no more seveie lhan a bee sling. Typically lhe symptoms persist from a few minutes to a few hours. Like reactions to bee stings, however, people vary in their responses to spider bites, so if the bile of any spider causes an unusual or severe reaction, such as increasing pain or extreme swelling, conlact a physician, hospilal. or poison control cenier (in California, the numbei is 1 8(X) 876 4766 or 1-800 8-POlSON). Sometimes a person may not be aware of having been billen until pain and olher symptoms begin to develop. Other species of arlhropods whose biles or slings may be mistaken for thai of a spider include ticks, fleas, bees, wasps, bedbugs, mosquitoes. Ibe conenose (kissing) bug (Triaroma protracta). deer flies, horse flies, and waler bugs fletfiocerus spp). For first aid irealmenl of a spider bile, wash the bite, apply an antiseptic lo prevent infection, and use ice or ice water lo reduce swelling and discomfort. Ifyou receive a bite thai causes an unusual or severe reaction, contacl a physician. Ifyou calch the critler in the act capture it for identification, preserve it (or whatever parts ofil remain), and take it to your couniy UC Cooperative Extension office. If no one iheie can identify it ask that il be forwarded to a qualified arachnologisi. (aclual size of body) Figure 3. Adull yeilow sac spider. Figure t. Head region of recluse spider (left) and yellow sac spider (ri^t). Note Ibe arrangements ofthe eyes: the recluse spider has sbe eyes arranged in three pairs and the yellow sac spider has eight eyes arranged in two rows of four. in California. While the brown recluse has occasionally been brought into California in household furnishings, firewood, and motor vehicles, it does nol reside in lhe stale. However, an- other recluse spider. Ihe Chilean re- cluse spider (L. faelaj.was introduced into Los Angeles County in the late 1960s. In Chile, Soulh America it is known to have a bile lhat is toxic to humans. The native recluse spider of California (L. deserfa) is found in the desert regions of southern California and neighboring states. Its bite can cause problems, but it is not as loxic as that of Ihe Chilean recluse. In any case, bites from either species are rare. Both lhe native desert recluse spider and tfie Chilean recluse spider occur princi- pally in the drier areas of southern California. Recluse spiders can have a violin- shaped mark (with Ihe neck of Ihe vio- lin pointing backward) on Ihe top side of the head region (cephalothorax). However, the maik is not always dis- tinct, so it should not be used as an identifying character. A unique feature of recluse spideis is their six eyes, ar- ranged in pairs in a semicircle (Fig. 4), May 2000 Spiders which can be seen wilh Ihe use of a good hand lens Mosl olher spiders lave eight eyes. ha\ ^Wi ll recluse spiders make large, irregu- lar, flattened, cobweb type webs with thick strands extending in all direc- tions. These spiders avoid light, are active al night, and tend to build their webs in out-of-the-way places. Chilean recluse spiders may be found indoors in boxes, in corners, behind pictures, in old clothing hanging undisturbed, and in other similar places. Deseit recluse spiders appear outdoors where they may be found under rocks or wood. A person bitten by a recluse spider may not be aware of having been bit- ten at Ihe time of Ihe bite. The first symploms oflen appear several hours later. They consist of pain, formaiion of a small blister, redness, and swelling at the bite sile. In Ihe days following the initial bite, the tissue dies and sloughs off, exposing underlying flesh. The area develops into an open sore thai is very slow to heal and may leave a sunken scar after healing. There may be accompanying flulike effects such as nausea, fever, chills, and restlessness. Bites from brown recluse spiders have gver been confirmed in California- are detailed information on these "spiders is available in Pesf Notes Brovvn Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders, lisled in the "Suggested Reading" seclion. Ofiier Spiders In addition lo the sp>edes mentioned above, there are only a few other spe- cies of spiders in California that may on occasion bile humans. (Remember, if Ihe bite of any spider causes an un- usual or severe reaction, contact a physician.) One kind of red and black jumping spider, Phidippus johnsoni. may bile if il is disturbed, but the bites are usually nof seiious The female spiders are black with red on the lop side ofthe abdomen whereas Ihe males are ail red. These spiders range in size from '/4 lo '/2 inch long Tarantulas are long-lived spiders lhat occupy burrows in Ihe ground during lhe day but oflen come out at night Io hunt insecls near the burrow They commonly are feared because of their large size and hairy appearance. Some poisonous tarantulas occur in tropical pans of Ihe world, but the bites of Cali- fornia tarantulas are not likely to be serious—al worst, Ihey are similar lo a bee sting. The hobo spider. Tegenaria agreslis, also called Ihe aggressive house spider, is a common spider in the Pacific Northwest. It builds funnel-shaped webs in dark, moisl areas such as base- ments, window wells, wood piles, and around the perimeter of homes. Jt is a large (1 to 1 'A inch, including legs), fast-running brown spider with a her- ringbone or multiple chevron pattern on the lop of the abdomen. Biles most commonly occur when a person picks up firewood wilh a spider on it or when a spider finds its way into clothing or bedding- Reaclions to bites of the hobo spider are similar to those caused by brown recluse spiders. The major difference between lhe rwo is that sometimes Ihe bile of Ihe hobo spider is accompanied by a severe headache lhat does nol respond to aspirin. The hobo spider has not been documented in California, but it has been documented as expanding its range into other slates lhat border Washington and Oregon. One spider frequently found indoors is Ihe common house spider, Achaearanea tepidariorum (Fig. 5). which makes a cobweb in corners of rooms, in win- dows, and in similar places. Another is the marbled cellar spider. Holocnemus pJucfjei. which was introduced info Ihe state in the 1970s and has since dis- placed the once common longbodied cellar spider, Pholcus phaJangioicfes (Fig. 6), a longlegged spider lhal re- sembles a daddy-longlegs. These spi- ders are incapable of biling humans because iheir fangs are too short to pierce people s skin; they primarily cause problems by producing messy cobwebs. Various kinds of smalt hunting spiders may wander indoors and occasionally, rather large, hunling-lype spiders are discovered in homes or garages. Often these are fully grown wolf spider or tarantula males lha! have reached ma- turity and are searching for females. When these spiders are wandering, one (actual size ol body) Figure 5. Adult common house spider. (actual size of body) Figure 6. Adult longbodied cellar spider. or more may accidentally get indoors. New houses and olher stmdures in developments may be invaded by wolf spiders thai have lost their usual out- door living places. The more inseds Ihere are inside a building, the more likely it is lo have spiders living there. Usually spiders are most abundant in fall following the first few rains of the season. Immature and adult female burrow-living spiders sometimes wan- der for a lime during the rainy season if they have had to abandon wet burrows. MANAGEMENT Remember lhat spiders are primarily beneficial and iheir activities should be encouraged in the garden. Peslicide control is difficult and rarely neces- sary. The best approach to controlling spiders in and around Ihe home is lo remove hiding spots for reclusive spi- ders such as biack widows and regu- larly clean webs off the house wilh brusfies and vacuums. Prevention and NonchemicaJ ControJ Spiders may enter houses and other structures through cracks and other openings. They also may be carried in on items like plants, firewood, and boxes. Regular vacuuming or sweeping of windows, corners of rooms, storage areas, basements, and olher seldomly used aieas helps lemove spiders and their webs Vacuuming spiders ran be May 2000 Spiders an effective control technique because Iheir sofl bodies usually do nol survive Bis process. Indoors, a web on which list has gathered is an old web that is "no longer being used by a spider. Individual spiders can also be removed from indoor areas by placing a jar over them and slipping a piece of paper under Ihe jar that then seals off the opening of the jar when it is lifted up. To prevent spiders from coming in- doors, seal cracks in the foundation and other parts ofthe stmcture and gaps around windows and doors. Good screening not only will keep out many spiders but also will discourage Ihem by keeping oul insects Ihal Ihey must have for food. In indoor slorage areas, place boxes off the floor and away from walls, when- ever possible, to help reduce their use- fulness as a harborage for spiders. Sealing the boxes with tape will pre- vent spiders from laking up residence within. Clean up duller in garages, sheds, basements, and olher slorage areas. Be sure to wear gloves lo avoid accidental biles. more inforrrafion contact Ihe Unrversity Califomia Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- iy. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. COtfTRlBUTORS; R VeUer. P O'Connor- Marer, E. Mussen. L. Alten, K Daane. G. Hickman, A. Staler, P- PhiUips, R. Hanna EDITOR: B. Ohiendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 3: J. L. Lockwood; Fig 5: V. Winemiller PRODUCED BY IPM Educalion and Publi- cations. UC Statewide IPM Project. Univer- sity of California. Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (ht1p;//virww.ipm. ucdavis.ecftj) To simplify informaiion. trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named prod- ucts IS intended, nor is crilicisiri implied ot similar producis that are not meniioned. This material is partiaUy based upon woik supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Deparlmenl ol Agri- cultufe, undei speciai projecl Section 3(d), fnlegial- ed Pest Managemenl. Outdoors, eliminate places for spiders to hide and build their webs by keep- ing Ihe area next to the foundation free of Irash. leaf litter, heavy vegetation, and other accumulations of materials Trimming plant growth away from the house and other strudures will dis- courage spiders from first taking up residence near the siruclure and then moving indoors. Outdoor lighting at- tracts insects, which in turn attracts spiders. If possible, keep lighting fix- tures off structures and away from windows and doorways. Sweep, mop, hose, or vacuum webs and spiders off buildings regularly. Insecticides will not provide long-term control and should not generally be used against spiders outdoors Chemical Control Typically peslicide conlrol of spiders is difficult unless you aclually see the spider and are able to spray it. There are various inseclicides available in retail oullets labeled for spider control, including pyrethrins, resmethrin, al- lethrin, or combinalions of Ihese prod- ucts. Avoid producis conlaining chlorpyrifos or diazinon because they have been implicated jn storm water contamination. Ifyou spray a spider, it will be killed only if Ihe spray lands direclly on it; the spray residual does nol have a long-lasling effect. This means a spider can walk over a sprayed surface a few days (and in many cases, a few hours) after treat- ment and nol be affected. Conlrol by spraying is only temporaiy unless ac- companied by housekeeping. It is just as easy and much less loxic lo crush the spider with a rolled up newspaper or your shoe or lo vacuum it up. Sorptive dusts containing amorphous silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyre- thrins. which can be applied by profes- sional pest control applicators only, may be useful in certain indooi situa- tions. Particles of the dusl affect the ouler covering of spiders (and also insects) lhal have crawled over a treated surface, causing Ihem Io dry out. When applied as a dustlike film and left in place, a sorptive dusl pro- vides permanenl protection against spiders. The dust is most advanta- geously used in cracks and crevices and in attics, wall voids, and other enclosed or unused places. COMPILED FROM: Barr. B. A.. C. W. Hickman, and C. S. Koehler. 1984. Spiders. Oakland: Univ. Calif Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2531. SUGGESTED READING Akre. R. D . and E. P. Calls 1992 Spiders. Pullman: Wash. Slale Univ., Cooperalive Extension Publ. EB1548. Hedges, S. A., and M. S. Lacey. 1995. Field Guide for the Managemenl of Urban Spiders. Cleveland; Franzak and Foster Co. Marer. P. 1991. Residentja/. fnduslrjaj. and Institutional Pesl Control. Oakland; Univ. Calif Div. Agric. Nal. Res. Publ. 3334. •Veller, R. S. Jan. 2000. Pesf Notes; Brown PecJuse and Olher RecJuse Spiders. Oakland: Univ. Calif Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7468. Also available online at: hlfp./Avww jpm ucdavis edu/PMG/ seiectnewpesf home./itmJ WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides aie poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety lecommendalior^ given on Ibe container label Store all cfiemKafs in the original labeled cof*lainef s in a tocked cabinel or shed, away Irom food or teeds, and out of Ihe r^ach of children, unautiiorized persons, pets, arvd liveslock. Confine chemicals to lhe property being trealed. Avoid driH onto r>eighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Dispose of empty containers csiefutly. Foltow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse the conlainers. h4ake sure empty containers are nol accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate watei supplies oi natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or loilel. Consutl your couniy agrrcuflurat commissioner tor conect ways of disposing of encess peslicides. Nevei bum pesticide containeis. The University ol California prohibits discriminalion against or harassment ol any peison employed by or seeking emptoyment wilh the Unrversity on the l>asis of race, cotor, naltonat origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disabifity. medical condition (cancet-ielaled or genetic chaiacteristics), ancestry, marital status, age. sexual orientaiion. citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veleian, Vietnam-era veleian. or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition loi vrfiKh a campaign badge has been authoiized). University Policy is intended lo be consistent wilh tbe piovisions ol applicabte Stale and Fedeial iaws Inquiiies legaid'mg the Univeisity's nondiscrimination policies may be diiecied to the AfTiimative Aclion/Slafi Personnel Services Drrecloi, Univeisily ol California. Agricuttuie and Mamial Resouices. till Fianklin. 6ih Floor. Oakland. CA 94607-5200. (510) 987-0096 SNAILS AND SLUGS Integrated Pest Management for the Home Gardener Figure 1. Brown gaiden snail. Snails and slugs are among fhe mosl bothersome pests in many garden and landscapie situations. The brown gar- den snail (Helix aspersa) (Fig. 1), is the most common snail causing prob- lems in Califomia gardens; it was in- troduced from France during the for use as food. ^^Os Several spiedes of slugs are frequently damaging, including the gray gaiden slug (Peroceras reticulatum) (Fig. 2), the banded slug (Limox poirieri) and the greenhouse slug (Mito gagates). Bolh snails and slugs are members of the mollusk phylum and are similar in siruclure and biology, except slugs lack the snail's exlemal spiral shell. IDENTIFICATION AND BIOLOGY Snails and slugs move by gliding along on a muscular "loot." This muscle constantly secretes mucus, which later dries lo form the silvery "slime trail" thaf signals the presence of these pests. Adull brown garden snails lay about 80 spherical, pearly white eggs at a lime into a hole in lhe topsoil. They may lay eggs up lo six times a year. If lakes about 2 years for snails lo mature. Slugs reach maturity in about a year. Snails and slugs are mosl adive at night and on cloudy or foggy days. On sunny days lhey seek hiding places ouf of the heat and sun; offen fhe only clues lo their presence are iheir sil- very trails and plant damage. In mild- winler areas such as in southem Califomia and in coastal locations, young snails and slugs are adive throughout the year. During cold weather, snails and slugs hibernate in the topsoil. During hot, dry pieriods, snails seal themselves off with a parchmenllike membrane and often attach themselves to tree trunks, fences, or walls. DAMAGE Snails and slugs feed on a variety of living planis as well as on decaying planl matter. On plants they chew irregular holes wilh smooth edges in leaves and can clip succulent planl parts. They can also chew fruit and young plant bark. Because they prefer succulent foliage, lhey are primarily piests of seedlings, herbaceous plants, and ripening fruits, such as strawber- ries, artichokes, and tomatoes, that are close to lhe ground. However, lhey will also feed on foliage and fruit of some trees; citrus are espiedally suscepfible to damage. MANAGEMENT A good snail and slug managemenl program relies on a combinafion of melhods. The first step is lo elimi- nate, to the extent possible, all places where snails or slugs can hide during the day. Boards, stones, debris, weedy areas around Iiee trunks, leafy branches growing close to the ground, and dense ground covers such as ivy are ideal sheltering spots. There will be shelters lhat are not possible lo eliminate — e g., low ledges on fences, lhe undersides of wooden decks, and water meter boxes. Make a regular practice of re- moving snails and slugs in these ar- eas. Also, locale vegetable gaidens or susceptible plants as far away as pios- sible from these areas. Redudng hid- ing places allows fewer snails and slugs fo survive. The survivors con- gregate in lhe remaining shelters, where lhey can more easily be lo- cated and controlled. Also, switching from sprinkler irrigation lo drip irriga- Figure 2. Cray garden slug. PEST fSjoTES Publication 7427 University of Cal ifornia Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources revisecJ August 1 999 August I yyy Jiic3ii:> cjito jiuti Figure 3. A snail frap can be made from a board with 1 -inch risers. tion will reduce humidily and moist surfaces, making fhe habilal less fa- vorable for these piesls. Handpicking Handpicking can be very effedive if done thoroughly on a regular basis. At first il should be done daily; after the population has noliceably declined, a weekly handpicking may be suffident. p draw oul snails, waler the infesled a in lhe lale aftemoon. Affer dark, arch them out using a flashlight, pick ihem up (rubber gloves are handy when slugs aie involved), place them in a plaslic bag, and dispiose of them in the Irash; or lhey can be put in a bucket with soapy water and then disposed of in your comp>ost pile. Al- lematively, captured snails and slugs can be crushed and left in the garden. Traps Snails and slugs can be Irapped under boards or flower pots positioned throughout the garden and landscapie. You can make traps from 12" x 15" boards (or any easy-to-handle size) raised off the ground by l-inch run- ners (Fig. 3). The runneis make it easy for the pests to crawl underneath. Scrape off fhe accrumulated snails and slugs daily and destroy ihem. Crush- ing is the mosl common method of destruction. Do nol use sail lo destroy snails and slugs; it will mcrease soil salinity. Beer-baited Iraps have been used lo trap and diown slugs and snails; however, lhey attract slugs and snails within an area of only a few feet, and musl be refilled every few days to keep the level deep enough lo drown lhe mollusks. If using beer, il is more effective fresh than flat. Traps musl have veriical sides to keep the snails and slugs from crawling oul. Snail and slug traps can also be pur- chased af gaiden supply stores. Barriers Several lypes of baniers will keep snails and slugs oul of planting beds. The easiest to maintain are those made with copper flashing and screens. Copper barriers are effective because it is thought thai the copp>eT reads with fhe slime that the snail or slug secretes, causing a flow of elec- Iridty. Vertical copper screens can be erected around planling beds. The screen should be 6 inches tall and buried several inches below the soil to prevent slugs from crawling be- neath the soil. Coppier foil (for example, Snail-Barr) can be wrapped around planting boxes, headers, or trunks lo repel snails for several years. When band- ing trunks, wrap the copper foil around the trunk, tab side down, and cut it to allow an S-inch overlap. Al- lach one end or the middle of the band Io the trunk with one staple oriented parallel lo lhe trunk Overlap and fasten the ends with one oi two large paper clips lo allow lhe copper band to slide as the trunk grows. Bend the tabs oul at a 90 degree angle from the trunk. The bands need fo be cleaned occasionally. When using coppier bands on planter boxes, be sure the soil within the boxes is snail- free before applying bands. If il is nol, handpick the snails and slugs from the soil afler applying the band unlil the box is free of Ihese pesls. Instead of copper bands, Bordeaux mixture (a copper sulfate and hy- drated lime mixture) can be brushed on trunks lo repel snails. One treat- ment should last aboul a year. Adding a commerdal spreader may increase the piersislence of Bordeaux mixture through two seasons. Slicky malerial (such as Sfickem Green, which con- tains copper) applied lo trunks ex- cludes snails, slugs, ants, and flightless species of weevils. Barriers of dry ashes or diatomaceous earth heaped in a band 1 inch high and 3 inches wide around the garden have also been shown lo be effeclive. How- ever, ihese barriers lose iheir effec- tiveness afler becoming damp and are iherefore difficult to maintain Natural Enemies Snails and slugs have many natural enemies, including ground beetles, pathogens, snakes, loads, turtles, and birds (including ducks, geese, and chickens), but lhey are rarely effec- five enough fo provide satisfactory control in the garden. A predaceous snail, the decollate snail (Rumina decollala) has been leleased in south- ern California citrus orchards for con- trol of the brown garden snail and is providing very effective biological control, ll feeds only on small snails, not full-sized ones. Because of the potential impact of the decollate snail on certain endangered mollusk spe- cies, it cannot be released outside of Fresno, Impierial, Kem, Los Angeles, Madera, Orange, Riverside, Santa Bar- bara, San Bernardino, San Diego, Ventura, or Tulare counties in Califor- nia. Also, decollate snails may feed on seedlings, small plants, and powers as icell as be a nuisance when they caver the back patio on a mislv day Baits Snail and slug bails can be effeclive hen used properly in conjunction Sih a cultural program incorporating the other melhods discussed above. Baits will kill decollate snails if lhey are present. Metaldehyde or metaldehyde/car- baryl snail baits can be hazardous and should nol be used where chil- dren and pels cannoi be kepi away from them. A recently regisiered snail and slug bait, iron phosphate (Sluggo or Escar-Go), has the advantage of being safe for use around domesfic animals and wildlife. Never pile bait in mounds or clumps, especially those bails thai are hazard- ous, because piling makes a bail attractive lo piets and children. Place- menl of the bait in a commerdal bail trap reduces hazards lo pels and chil- dren and can proied baits from mois- ture, but may also reduce their effediveness- Thick liquid bails may pieisist beller under condilions of rain and sprinklers. fi moie infoimation contact ihe Universily "of Califomia Cooperalive Exiension or agii- cultuiat commissioner's office in your coun- ty See your phone book foi addiesses and phone numtieis. CONTRIBUTORS: J Kailik, P Phillips, and N. Sakovich ILLUSTRATIONS; Figs.l, 2-Valerie Winemullei; fig. 3-DANR leaflet 2530 EDITOR: B. Ohiendoif TECHNICAL EDITOR; M. L flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Biush PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Slatewide IPM Pioject, University of California, Davis, CA 956ie>-8620. This Pest Nole is aviilable on the World Wide Web (hltp:7/www.ipm-ucdavis.edu) UC4'IPM To simplifv informaiion, liade names of producis have l>een used. No endoisemenl ol named producis is inlended, nor is r lilicism implied ol simifai piod- ucis Ihal 3ie nol mentioned This maleiia) is pdiiiaily based upon work supporled bv Ihe fxiension Serv ice, US Departmeni of Agricul- iure. under special projecl Seclion 3ldi, Inlegraled Ppjl Maoager^enl The timing of any baiting is crilical; baiting is less effedive during very hot, very dry, or cold limes of the year because snails and slugs are less active during these periods. Irrigale befoie applying a bait to promote snail activity. Make spot applications instead of widespread applications. Apply bait in a narrow slrip around sprinklers or in other moist and pro- tected localions or scalier it along areas that snails and slugs dOSs to get from sheltered areas to the garden. Ingestion of fhe iron phosphate bait, even in small amounts, will cause snails and slugs to cease feeding, al- lhough il may lake several days for the snails lo die. Iron phosphate bait can be scattered on lawns or on the soil around any vegetables, omamen- lals, or fruit Irees to be proiected. ll breaks down less rapidly lhan metaldehyde and may remain effec- tive for several weeks, even afler irri- gation. Avoid gelling metaldehyde bait on plants, espedally vegetables. Bails conlaining only metaldehyde are reli- able when conditions are dry and hot or following a rain when snails and slugs are active. Metaldehyde does nol kill snails and slugs direclly un- less they eat a substantial amount of il; ralher, il stimulates their mucous- producing cells to overproduce mucous in an attempt to detoxify lhe bait. The cells eventually fail and lhe snail dies. When it is sunny or hot, they die from desiccation. Jf it is cool and wet, lhey may recover if they ingest a sublethal dose. Do nol water heavily for at least 3 or 4 days after bail placemenl; watering will reduce effectiveness and snails may recover from melaldehyde pioisoning if high moisture condifions occur. Metalde- hyde breaks down rapidly when ex- posed to sunlight; however. Deadline, a spiecial formulation of metaldehyde, does not. Deadline holds up well in wet weather and does nol have the problem wilh sublethal doses that olher metalde-hyde baits have. COMPILED FROM Dreistadt, S. H-, J. K. Clark, and M L. Flinl- 1994. Pesfs of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Inlegraled Pest Manage- ment Guide. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. and Nal. Resources, Publica- lion 3359. Flint, M. L. 1998. Pesfs ofthe Garden and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using Less Pesticide, 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. and Nal. Re- sources, Publication 3332. Hesketh, K. A. and W. S. Moore 1979. Snails and Slugs in Ihe Home Garden. Oakland; Univ. Calif. Div. Agric and Nat. Resources, Leaflet 2530. WARNING ON THE USt OF CHtMICAlS Pestic ides aie poisonous. Always read and carefully follow alt precautions and safery lecommendations given or. Ihe conlainer latjel. Store all chemicals in Ihe origir«l labeled conlainers in a locked cabinel Ol shed, away trom lood Ol feeds, and out of Ihe leach of children, unaulhorized persons, pels, and livestock. Confine chemicals Io lhe piopeily being Irealed, Avoid drift onto neighboiing properties, especially gardens conlaining fruils and/or vegetables read)' lo be picked. Disposeof emply conlainers carefully, rollow label instruclions lor disposal. Never reuse lhe conlainers. Make sure empty containers are not accessibte lo children or animals. Never dispose of containeis where they n^y contaminale waler supplies or nalural walerways Do not pour down sink oi loilet. Consull your county agiicuIiuialcommissior>er foi collect ways of disposing of excess peslicittes. Nevei bum peslicide conlainers. The University of California prohibits discriminalion againsl oi haiassmeni ol any peison employed by or seetitr>g employmenl with lhe tinivcisily on lhe basis of late, coloi, nalional origin, letigion, sex, physical or menlaf disability, medical condiiion tcancei-ielalerfoi genetic chaiacleiistics), ancestry, marilaf slalus. age, sex uat orienlalion. cilizenship. or stalus as a coveied veteian ispecial disabled veleian, Vietnam eia veieran. or any other veleian who served on active duly duiing a war or in a campaign or expedilion foi which a campaign badge has been aulhorized!. Unrversily Poiicv is inlended lo bc consistent wtlh lhe provisions ol applicatrfe Slaie and Federal laws Inquiries legarding lhe University's nondisciiminalion policies may bc diree led lo ihe Affrrmative Aclion/Stall Personnel Services Diree lor, Universiiv ol California. Agriculiure and NatuiDl Resources, 1111 Franklin, bth floor. Oal<tand, CA 9ib07 S200: ISIO) 987 C109b ROSES IN THE GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE: INSECT AND MITE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Roses are among the most intensively managed plants in many home land- scapes. Part of this inlensive manage- menl is lhe frequenl application of pestiddes. However, while inseds and miles may attack roses from time lo time, many rose enthusiasts are able lo mainlain vigorous plants and produce high qualily blooms wilh litlle or no use of inseclicides, espe- dally in Califomia's dry interior val- leys. The key is careful selection of varieties, which vary significantly in susceptibility to insecl and disease problems, gocxf altenlion to appropri- ate cultural pradices, and occasional handpicking or using water to spray away pests. Keep an eye oul for rising populalions of nalural enemies lhal often rapidly reduce the numbers of aphids, mites, and other pesls. For management of diseases see UC IPM Pest Notes Publication 7463, Roses in •the Garden and Landscape: Diseases hd Abiotic Disorders, and fot general !ips on cnjltural practices and weed control, see UC IPM Pest Notes Publica- fion 7465, Roses in the Garden and Landscape: Cultural Practices and Weed Conlrol COMMON INSECT AND MITE PESTS Aphids are the mosl common insect pesls on roses. The actual species involved depends on where lhe roses are grown in Ihe slate and includes the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae, the potato aphid, M. euphorbiae, and the colton aphid. Aphis gossypii among others. Aphids favor rapidly growing tissue such as buds and shoots Low lo moderale levels of aphids do lillle damage lo plants, although many gardeners are concerned with their very presence. Moderate to high populations can sedete copious amounls of honey- dew, resulting in the growlh of sooly mold, which blackens leaves. Very high numbers may kill buds or reduce flower size. Aphids have many nalural enemies including lady beelles, soldier beetles, and syrphid flies (see the section on Common Natural Enemies) lhat may rapidly reduce increasing populations. Keep ants oul of bushes wilh sticky barriers or traps to im- prove biological control. Lady beelles oflen increase in number when aphid populalions are high. The convergent lady beelle is sold al nuiseiies for release againsl aphids and may reduce numbers when properly released. Releasing green lacewings against the rose aphid has nol been shown to offer significant conlrol in research trials A naturally occurring fungal palhogen may control aphids when condilions are wel or humid. In most areas aphids are normally a problem for only aboul 4 to 6 weeks in spring and early summer before high summer temperatures reduce their numbers. In many landscape situafions, knocking aphids off with a forceful spray of water early in the day is all lhal is needed to supplement natural control. Insecticidal soaps or neem oil can also be used lo increase mortality of aphids wilh only mcxierale impaci on nalural enemies. Aphids are easy to control wilh insecfiddes such as the foliar systemic acephate (Orthene) or malathion, but such applications are seldom necessary. Soil-applied sys- temic insecticides may be effeclive bul are not usually necessary. Insects and Mites Tbat Cause Leaves io Stipple or Ve/iow Spider miles, Tetranychus spp., cause leaves to be slippled or bleached, offen wilh webbing, or lhey may cause leaves to dry up and fall. They are tiny (aboul the size of the period al Ihe end of ihis sentence) and are besl seen with the use of a hand lens. High numbers are usually assodated wilh dry, dusly condilions. Spider mite numbers may greatly increase if iheir many natural enemies are killed by broad- spectrum insecliddes applied for olher piests. For instance, applications of caibaryl (Sevin) applied to control otber piests are frequently followed by an increase in mile piopulations. Conserving natural enemies, provid- ing sufficient irrigalion, and reducing dust may all help conlrol mites. Over- head irrigation or periodic washing of leaves wilh water can be very effec- tive in reducing mile numbers. If treatment is necessary, spider mites can be controlled with insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, or neem oil. Releases of predator miles have been used in some silualions. Rose leafhopper, Edwardsianna rosae, causes stippling larger than mite stip- pling but tends to be a problem only in certain PEST [SJOTES Publication 74&6 University of California Division of Agriculture and INIatural Resources September 1 999 September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Kests and Beneficials localities Casl skins and the ab- pnce of webbing on lhe underside leaves is a good indicaiion lhal ihese pesls are present. Planis can tolerate moderale stippling. Use an insedicidal soap if an infeslalion is severe. fnserfs Tbat Distort or Discolor Blossoms Thrips. Westem flower ihrips, Fran- kliniella occidentalis, and Madrone ihrips, Thrips madroni, cause injury primarily to rose flowers, causing blossom pelals lo streak with brown or become dislorted. The liny yellow or black thrips inseds can be found within the blos- soms. Thrips problems are moie likely lo be severe where many rose bushes locaied close to- gether provide a continuously bloom- ing habitat. Fragrant, light-colored or while roses are most often attacked and can be severely damaged. Culti- vars wilh sepals lhat remain lightly wrapped around the bud unfil blooms Iopen have fewer problems. In mosl me garden and landscape sifua- Tons, ihrips ran be tolerated. Fre- quenl clipping and disposal of spent blooms may reduce thrip>s problems. Control with insecticides is difficult because materials are mostly effective on eaily developmental stages, which aie commonly found wilhin buds or flowers where most pestidde applica- tions cannot pienetrate. It should be noled that western flower thrips can have a beneficial role as a predator of spider miles. Insects Tbat May Chew Blossoms and/or Leaves Fuller rose beetle. Adulls of FuIIei rose beetle, /isynonyc/ius godmani, chew flowers and foliage leaving notched or ragged edges. Adult beelles are pale brown wee- vils that are aboul 3/8 inch long. They are flightless and hide during the day, often on the under- ^^pi ^^10 sides of leaves; feeding lakes place at night. The larvae are rool feeders but do not seriously damage roses Low numbers can be ignored; olherwise, handpick the beetles off the plant, use slicky material on stems, and trim branches lhal create bridges lo walls and other plants. The adults are diffi- cult to control with insedicides be- cause they have a long emergence period lhal goes from June lo Novem- ber. Parasitic nematodes may be helpi- ful if applied Io lhe soil in early lo midsummer. Hoplia beelle, Hoplia callipyge, is aboul 1/4 inch long and chews holes mostly in the pelals of open flowers, ll is primarily a problem in lhe Central Valley from Sacramenio south to Bakersfield. The hoplia beelle piefeis feeding on light-colored roses (white, pink, apricol, and yellow) but does not damage leaves. Larvae are root feeders but do nol feed on the rools of rose plants. Theie is only one genera- T /^"lYl't^ ^ ^^^^ ^"'^ -l 11' IQ ' damage is usually tatiual ^<yf confined lo a 2- to size) // >i 4-week period in late spring. Adult hoplia beelles can be handpicked or infested rose blooms clipped off plants. Sprays are nol very effeclive and should nol be necessary in a garden situation. (lenglh of bee) OQ Leafcutter bees, Megachile spp., cut semicircular holes in the margins of leaves and carry leaf material back lo use in lining their nests. Bees are impor- tant pollinators and should nol be killed. Tolerate this pest as there are no effective controls. Rose curculio, Merhynchiles spp. red lo black snout weevil aboul 1 inch long lhal prefers yellow and while roses, ll punch- es holes in flowers and buds and may create ragged holes in blossoms or kill the develop- ing bud If weevils . IS a fi are numerous, terminal shoots may be killed as well. Larvae feed within buds, often killing them befoie lhey opien. Handpick adults off planis and destroy infested buds. A broad-spectrum insec- ticide can be applied to kill adults if the infestation is severe. Caterpillars such as orange loitrix, tussock molh, fniillree leafroller, tent caterpillar, and omnivorous looper may feed on rose leaves; some of these cat- erpillars may also tie leaves wilh silk. Damage is usually no! severe and treat- ment not usually necessary. Handpick or clip out rolled leaves. Small leaf- feeding caterpillars can be killed with an application of the midobial insecti- dde Bacillus thuringiensis. Some cater- pillars, like the tobacco budworm, may occasionally bore into flower buds. Lcx>k for the caterpillar or its frass in- side. Prune and deslroy damaged buds. Rose slug, Endelomyia aethiops, is the black lo pale green, sluglike larva of a sawfly. Unlike pear slug, ihis spiecies has apparent legs and looks like a cat- erpillar. Young larvae skeletonize the lower leaf suiface while mature larvae chew large holes in leaves. These pests have many nalural ene- mies. They may be washed off wilh a strong slream of waler or killed with an application of insecticidal soap. (Bacillus thuringiensis will not work because these are wasp larvae and not the larvae of butterflies or moths ) Insecls Thai Cause Canes to Die Back Flatheaded borers, Chrysobolhris spp., may kill canes or an enlire plant. Larvae axe while and up lo 1 inch long with enlarged heads. Adult beetles do not signiftcanlly damage lactual roses. Eggs lend lo be laid size) on stiessed rose planis, especially in bark wounds caused by sunburn or Septennber 1999 Koses: insect ana fviite rests ano t>eneiiciais disease. Remove and deslroy infested :iaterial and keep planis healthy by roviding suffident irrigation and "avoiding excessive summer pruning. Raspberry homtail, Hartigia cressoni, larvae are while, segmented caterpil- lars up lo 1 inch long lhal can cause lips of canes lo will and die in spring, reducing second cycle blooms. Adulls are wasplike, black or black and yel- low, and aboul 1/2 inch long. Inspiecl canes in spring (mid-April to mid- June) for egg laying indsions or swell- ings caused by larvae and exit them off below the infestation. Prune off infest- ed canes until heallhy pith is found. tactual size) Scale insects including rose scale, Aulacaspis rosae, and San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, are occa- sionally lhe cause of cane decline or dieback when numbers are high. These armored scales can be ob- served on canes as small, grayish, round to oval encrusla- pns, ranging in size from W/S lo 1 /4 inch. These in- secls have no legs or an- tennae for mosl of iheir lives and are immobile. In winler, cut back and destroy infested canes and oppiy insecticidal oil to remaining infested canes if necessary. Scales are attacked by many nalural enemies. Look for exit holes in mature scale coveis, which indicate parasiti- zation. An Insecl Rarely Found in California Rose midge, Dasineura rhodophaga, was lepoited infesting loses in a nurs- ery in Petaluma, California in August 1996. Rose midges are tiny flies lhal lay their eggs inside the sepals of flow- er buds or on plant terminals. Hatch- ing larvae move into flower buds lo feed, leaving the injured buds to with- er, blacken, and die. Pupation occurs {aciuat size) in lhe soil and two to four generations can occur annually. When first report- ed in 19%, there was widespread fear that this pesl would move rapidly ihrough the stale, caus- ing severe damage to roses in gardens and commerdal nurseries. However, few midges were found in 1997. The piesf has been preseni in cenlral Ore- gon and Washington for many years and is nol known to be a major pest there. Hopiefully il will nol become a problem in Califomia. Take any sus- piecled infested material to your coun- iy Agricultural Commissioner for identification. Don'l confuse the rose midge wilh the similar looking benefi- cial midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, which feeds on aphids. Aphidoletes larvae are found on stem, bud, or leaf surfaces feeding within aphid colo- nies, whereas Dasineura larvae are out of view al the base of developing buds in terminals. COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES OF INSECT AND MITE PESTS IN ROSES Aphid parasiles- Tiny parasitic wasps are very important in the conlrol of aphids in roses. Adults lay their eggs wilhin the aphid and developing lar- vae, rapidly immobilizing them. Even- tually, the parasite kills ihem and turns them into bronze or black crusty, bloated mummies. The para- site pupales wilhin the mummy and then cuts a neal round hole and emerges as a full grown wasp. Once you see one mum- my in the aphid colony, you are likely fo see more. Parasitic wasps aie also imporlani in the control of scale insecls, caterpillars, and many other insect pesfs. Minute pirate bug. Minule pirate bugs. Onus tristicolor, are tiny true bugs with black and while maikings as adults They are often among ihe first predators to ap- pear in spring, and they feed on miles, insecl and mite eggs, immature scales, and thrips. Lacewings. Green lacewings in lhe genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are common natural enemies of aphids and other soft-bodied in- sects. The gray-green lo brown alligator-shaped larvae are lhe predatory slage of the Chrysoperla spedes. The gieen lacy- winged adulls feed on honeydew. (actual size) Lady beetles. Many different red and black lady beetle spedes are predators of aphids; the mosl common is the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens (see drawing). Another common species in the garden is the multi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmo- nia axyridis. These lady beetles have the advantage of feeding primarily on aphids and are predators in bolh lhe adull and larval stages. Look for lhe black, alligalor-shapied larva with or- ange dols and the oblong, yeilow eggs lhat are laid on end in groups. Releases of commercially available conver- gent lady beelles can reduce aphid numbers. However, large numbers musl be released on each individual rose plant. Mist lady beetles with a water spray before release. Make releases in the evening al dusk by plac- ing beelles on canes al the base of plants. Wet plants firsl with a fine spray of water. Expert 90% of the lady beetles lo fly away in the first 24 hours. All released lady beetles are unlikely to lay eggs and will fly away once aphid populalions have been substantially reduced riepienrtoer i i^yy Koses: insect ana /viite rests ana Beneiiciais ^^1 Leatherwings or soldier beelles. ese moderale to large-sized beetles the Canlharid family have lealher- ike dark wings and orange or red heads and thoraxes. They feed on aphids and are very common on roses. Many people mistake fhem for pests, bul lhey are predaceous bolh as adults and larvae (in the soil). Sometimes lhey leave dark splotches of excrement on leaves. REFERENCES Dreistadt, S. H. 1994. Pesls of Land- scape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland: Univ Calif Div. Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 3359. FlinI, M. L., and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Nalural Enemies Handbook. Oakland: Univ. Cahf. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. PubL 3386. Karlik,]., P B. Goodell and G. W. Osteen. 1995. Improved mite sampling may reduce acaricide use in roses. Cahf Agric. 49(3);38-40. UC IPM Pesl Notes: various pesls of gardens and landscape. World Wide Web(hltp:// www.jpm.ucdavis.edu) and Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nal. Res. Syrphid flies. Syrphids, sometimes called flower fiies or hover flies, are important predators of aphids and very common on roses. Adulls, which superfidally resemble wasps, feed on nedar and pollen before reprodudng and are oflen seen hovering above flowers. Larvae, often found within aphid colonies, are legless and mag- got shap>ed. There ], , are many species in Calilomia and they j^^^^ vary in color from dul) brown or yellow lo bright green, but mosl have a yellow longitudinal stripe on the back. Don'l mis- take them for moth or bulleifly larvae! (actual size) Predaceous mites. A number of pred- atory mites feed on spider mites, fre- quently keeping them at tolerable levels. Predatory mites can be distin- guished from the plant-feeding spider mites by the absence of the two spiots on either side of lhe body, their pear shapie, and their more active habits. Compared to the planf-feeding spe- cies of miles that remain in one loca- fion feeding, predatory mites move rapidly around the leaf looking for prey Because they are so small, a hand lens is helpful in viewing them. Spiders. All spiders are predators and many contribute significantly to bio- logical control. Many lypes of spiders including crab spideis, jumping spi- ders, cobweb spiders, and lhe orb- weavers occur in landscapes. For more information contacl the Universily of California Cooperalive Exiension or agiiculluial commissioner's office in your couniy. See your phone book for addiesses and phone numbers. AUTHORS: Mary Louise FlinI and )ohn Karlik IlLUSTRATIONS: Child, Ashley: fuller rose beelle; Hoplia beetle; lacewing larva; lady beetle adull; lady beelle larva; leafcutter bee; Kose curculio; Rose leafhopper; Scale insecls; Syrphid fly larva Flint, M I , and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural tnemies Handbook. Oakland: Univ Calif. Div. Agric & Natural Res., PubL 338b: Aphid parasite (Table 7-1 A); lacewing adull (Fig. 8-13); Minule pirale bug (Table 8 2 A); Syrphid adult (Table 8- 3 1) Packaid. A. S 1876 Cuide to the Sludy of Insecti. New York: Hemy Holt i Co.: Rose slug (Fig. 146) Sandeison, E D , andC F jackson. 7912. Elemenlaiy £nlomotogy. Boston; Cinn & Co.: Flatheaded tiorer (Fig. 208) Sasscher, E R., and A. D. Borden. 1919. Tfie f?o5e Midge. Washington, DC: USDA, Bulletin 778; Rose midge UC IFM Pest Notes. Oakland: Univ. CaliL Div. Agric. and Nat. Resourses; Aphid IPubl. 7404, jan. 1995); Raspberry homtail larva (Publ. 7407, )an. 1995); Spider mile (Publ 7429, jan. 1995); Thrips (Publ 30, Feb 1996) EDITOR: B. Ohtendorf DESICN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush PRODUCED BY IPM Educalion and Publi- cations. UC Statewide IPM Projed, Univer- sity ol California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is avaiiabie on Ihe World Wide Web (htIp: //www.ipm.ucdavis.rdo) UC^IPM TD simptify infoimaiion, Irade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named pioducis is tnrended, r>or is criticism implied oi similai piodocls lha! are nol mentroned. This material ^^ partiaMy based upon vvork supported by Ihe Fxiension Service, U.5- Depart- ment (A Agrtctjttuie, under special project Section 3(d), lr>Iegraled Pesl Managemenl. WARNING ON THE USF OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisorwus Always read and carefully fotFcnvaH precauTiorrs and safety recommendations givpn on the containei label. Store all chemicab in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of Ihe reach of cfwldren. unauthorized peisons, pets, and livestoclc. Confine chemicals Jo the propeity being trealed. Avoid drift ortto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fioits and/ot vegetables ready (o be piclted. Dispose of emply containers carefully. Follow label instruct ions for disposal. Never reusethe containers. Male sure empty containers are rK>l accessible to children or anima/s Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do noi pour down sink or loilet. Consufc your courtfy agricultural commissioner for correct ways o( disposing of exc ess pesf ic ides. Never burn peslicide cor>(3iners. The University of California pfohrbrts disciiminalion against or harassment of any person emptoyed by or seeking employment wiih the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, refigion, sex, physical o* mental disability, medical condition Icancei-related or ger>elJC chaiacieristicsh ancestry, marilal status, age, sejtual orienlalion. citi^enship, CM status as a covered veteran rspef ial disabled veteran, Vietnam era veteran, or any off>er veteran who sprved on active cfuty during a war or in o campaign oi ej^pedition for which a campaign badge ha;, been authorizetf). Univeisily Policy is intended ro be consistent wilh the provisions ol appiicable Stare and Jederal laws. Inquiries legarding the Universtiv s ix>ndiscfimtnaIion policies may be directed lo the Atrtimaiixe Action'Stalf Personnel Services Diiectoi UmvPi^ iry ol Calilomia, Agriculture ar^d Natutal Resouices III] Franklin, bth Floor. Oakland, CA 9JfoOr SrOO. iSTO> 9S7.D09b LAWN INSECTS Integrated Pest Management for tfiB Home Gardener Insects are nol a common cause of resi- dential lawn damage in California, bul certain species occasionally damage or kill turfgrass. Insect feeding can cause grass to lurn yellow or brown, or die, espedally if the grass is already stressed. Damage usually begins in small, scattered patches, which may merge into large dead areas. However, lack of proper cultural care and use of inappropriate grass spiecies in a par- ticular localion are more likely respon- sible for unhealthy or dying lawns than insecls. Disease-causing pathogens, excessive or inappropriate use of chemicais such as fertilizers and herbi- cides, and dog urine also produce- damage resembling that of inseds. Be- fore taking any insecl control action, be sure fhaf il is insecls causing the prob- lem and nol something else. Insecls that may cause damage in Cali- fomia lawrns include various root-, crown-, and leaf-feeding caterpillars; Mj^tiite grubs, which are the larvae of ^^prab beelles such as the black lurfgrass ataenius and masked chafers; billbugs, which are weevils with white, grublike larvae; and chinch bugs, which are Irue bugs in fhe order He- mipfera Each species produces some- what different damage symptoms and must be managed differently. Sludy Figure 1 for identifying characteristics and Table 1 for damage symploms as- sodated wilh each species. In addition to fhe pests in Table 1, leafhoppers may occur in lawns, somefimes caus- ing yellowing of leaf blades, bul rarely occur in numbers justifying treatment. Many ofher insects may be observed while examining grass. However, con- lrol is rarely or never needed for mosl types of insects because they are harm- less or beneficial. Common beneficial insects include predatory ants, giound beelles, love beetles, and blister Figuje 1. Identifying features of various tav^n pesls. Billbug adult is a small weevil (snout beelle), '/jinch long wilh a long downward-poinbng snoul and elbowed, clubbed anlennae. Il is often seen walking on paved areas bul is difficult to find in turf unless a drench fest is used. Billbug larva is a creamy ivhite, legless, '/8-inch-long grub with a blown head. The absence of legs distinguishes a billbug larva from a while grub larva. Black turfgrass ataenius adult is a shiny jet biack beetle, ' / s inch long, wilh clul>-end anlennae Chinch bng (southem) adull is siT»a!l (less than '/s inch long) and black wilh mostly while wings folded flal over the body. Both long- and short-winged forms may be present. Nymphs are bright red to black. Armyworm and cutworm adults are dull brown or grayish, relatively large (up to 1' /2 inches long), nighl-adive moths. Armyworm and cutworm larvae are up to 2 inches long al maturity; larvae oflen curl up and lie still when disturtied. Skipper (fiery) adult is a l-inch-long, orange lo browrush bulferfly with a hooked knob al the end of the antennae. Lawn moth has an apjiendage in front of the head resembling a snout. Resting adults appiear slender. When distuibed, the mofh makes a short flighl close lo the grass. Adulls are up lo '/4 inch long. Sod webworm (lawn molh) larva is cream colored, '/< inch long and has a dislinclive double row of brown or black spols down its back, locaied at the base of long bristles. >Yhile grub (chafer) adult is a golden brown, up to'/4-inch- long beetle wilh a dark biown bead; il is hairy on the underside of its thorax. IVhite grub larva has a distinrt brown head capsule and legs, is up to I '/2 inches long; the posterior portion of ils abdomen is enlarged, and it typically curls lightly into a C-shape. P>EST NQTES Universily of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 7476 Reviseid May 2001 May 2001 Lawn Insecls • beetles Other common arthropods lhal are primarily decomposers and do no nificant injury lo tuifgrass include ringtails and millipedes. MANAGING LAWN INSECTS Good cultural practices are the primary melhod for managing insecl damage to lawns. Giowing appropriate grass spe- cies for a particular location and pro- viding lawns with proper care are espedally impxiilanl. Practices such as irrigating and fertilizing have a major impad on lawn health. Physical con- trols, such as thatch removal, choice of mowing heighl and frequency, and providing grass wilh more lighl by pruning Iiee branches, are also impor- tant in certain situations. Naturally occuning biological control may limil some insed pests. Most home lawns in Califomia do nol need lo be trealed with insedicides if propier cultural pradices are followed. Insediddes should never be applied unless a pesl is identified and delected at damaging levels. If insecticides are necessary, choose materials fhat have minimum impacts on beneficial organisms and the environmenl. Preventing Pest Problems The best way to prevent damage from lawn pesls is lo keep grass heallhy. Heallhy lawns require few, if any, in- secficide treatments. Also, if the turfgrass is under stress and a peslicide is applied, il siands a greater chance of suffering phytotoxic damage from lhe pesticide itself. The publicalions on managing your lawn tisted in "Sug- gesled Reading" give detailed informa- tion on how to grow a healthy lawn. Choose Appropriale Varieties. There are a number of grasses available for planting in Califomia. These grasses are offen referred to as either cool-sea- son grasses (examples indude annual ryegrass, benigrass, fine fescue. Ken- lucky bluegrass, pierennial ryegrass, and tall fescue) or warm-season grasses (bermudagrass, kikuyugrass, Sl. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass). Warm-season grasses produce most of iheir growth during summer and usu- ally have a dormant period when they Ium brown during winter. Cool-season grasses aie gieen year-round, but pro- duce mosl of their growlh in spring and fall. The type of grass and the vari- eties within each lyp>e vary in their shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, wa- ler needs, disease resistance, and cul- tural needs. A formerly thriving lawn variety may decline wilh changes in light, such as more or less shade caused by growth or removal of nearby trees. These factors are outlined in Sf- lecling Ihe Besl Turfgrass, listed in "Sug- gesled Reading." Selection of lhe appropriale grass spedes and variety will allow you lo grow a hardy lawn wilh minimal maintenance inpuls. Care for Lawns Properly. Inappropri- ate irrigation is fhe mosl common cause of lawn damage. Overwatering (shallow, fiequent sprinkling) retards deep root growth and increases lawn Table 1. Some Lawn Pesls, Appearance of Thtir Damage, and Cultural Control Methods. Pesf (Scienlific name) Hosts Damage appearance Cultural control larmyviorms, rulwomis WPsrudaktia untp-uncia, Peridroma uiucto, Agrolis spp.) all grasses, dichondra leaves and base of leaves chewed and cut beginning in smalL irregular spots lhal can spread to patches extending many feel in widlh reduce lhalch; eliminale soggy areas; overseed lawn billbugs (Sphenophorus spp ) all grasses brown, ihin. dying grass, beginning in small, irregular spols that can spread to patches enlending many feet in width irrigate and fertilize adetjualeiy; increase mowing height black tuifgrass alaenius (Alaenius spretulus) annual bluegrass, bentgrass, ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass brown, dying grass, few rools; lawn is easily peeled ofl soil inciease mowing heighl; aerate lo improve rool growlh fiery skipper (Hylq^hih phyteus) bienlgrass, bermudagrass, Sl. AugusHnegrass 1- to 2-inch-diameter spots of lawn tum brown; spols may join lo form large, irregular dead patches; leaves chewed or missing reduce lhalch; overseed wilh glass species lhat are not preferred lawn molhs, sod ivebworms (Crambus sperryellus, Tehama bonifalella) all grasses, espedally benigrass, bluegrass, clovers lawn brown, leaves chewed or missing reduce thalch; irrigate and fertilize appropriately southern chinch bug (Blissus insularis) primarily St. Augustinegrass irregular patches of lawn tum yellowish, then brown and begin dying duiing hot wealher reduce thatch; reduce nitrogen fertilization; irrigate adequately; planl resistant varieties such as Floralawn, Floratam, or FX-10 if growing St. Augustinegrass ivhite grubs—jmmatures of masked chafers (Cvclorephala spp ), Mav and June beetles (Phyllopha^a spp ) al! grasses, especially bluegrass, ryegrass brown dying grass; lawn can be rolled up if heavilv infested irrigate and fertilize appropriately; overseed lawn Some pesls specific lo bermudagrass and dichondra are not included in this table Other invertebrates lhal occasionally damage lawns include crane flies, /nl flies and olher flies, flea beetles, leafhoppers. Lucerne moths, plant bugs, mealybugs, scale insects, and mites Adapted from .Ali and JElmore (1989) and Costa et al. {7000); (or more information consult publications in "Suggested Reading." May 2001 Lawn Insects susceptibility lo stress Poorly main- tained sprinklers can apply too much aler in certain spots while under- rafeiing ofher areas. Brown spols from uneven waler applications occur frequently and are oflen caused by im- propeily spaced irrigalion beads, sunken or lilted heads, or unmatched heads that apply differing amounts of waler. Correcting these physical prot>- lems with irrigation systems can de- crease waler waste by over 50%, decrease waler bills, and most impor- tantly, improve lhe health of your lawn. Lawns should be irrigated deeply and no more oflen lhan twice a week. Appropriale fertilization encourages a dense, thick lawn that allows grass to tolerate some insect feeding- The ap- propriate liming and amounl of fertil- izer (primarily nilrogen) varies depending on faclors including season, grass spiedes, and local growing condi- lions. In general, mosl California grasses used for lawns require from 3 fo 6 pounds of actual nitrogen over a 1,000-square-foot area annually during their active growing season. eep the blades on your lawn mower larp and crul your turf at a mowing leighl appropriate for lhe lype of lawn grass lo minimize depletion of food reserves needed to outgrow insecl in- jury. Mowing frequency and heighl depend on grass spedes, season, and the particular use of that lawn. Cool- season lawns have suggesled mowing heights of V/i to 2V7 inches, white warm-season lawns should be mowed lo a height of 3/4 lo 1 inch. No more than one-third of the grass height should be removed at one time. Lawns also benefit from aeialion. To increase water penelralion and reduce soil compaction, periodically remove soil plugs using hollow lines. Thalch, which is the layer of undecomposed organic malerial on the soil suiface, can build up and lesult in poor water, fertilizer, and air penetration. Thalch that is gieatei lhan V2 inch thick en- courages caterpillar and chinch bug populations Thalch also reduces insec- ticide efficacy because insecticides can- not penetrate to reach root-feeding msects Pievenl thalch by avoiding ex- cess nitiogen applicalion, irrigating deeply and infrequently, and miniiriiz- ing the use of lawn peslicides lhal can reduce populations of microorganisms responsible for decomposing lhe lhatch. If it is more than 1/2 inch thick, physically remove thalch with a gar- den rake, mechanical dethatcher, verti- cal mower, or power rake. Olher melhods include lopdressing lawns by adding a thin layer (V8-'/4 inch) of soil and raking or sweeping il into the Lhatch to encourage decompioser microorganisms. Core aerification also mixes soil info thatch, speeding decomposition. Biological Control Certain inseds, other invertebrates, and microorganisms lhat occur natu- rally in lawns feed on or parasitize lawn pesls. This type of conlroL called biological control, may help lo prevent many lawn-dwelling insects from be- coming pesls. To proiect beneficial in- secls, avoid using broad-spedrum peslicides thai will kill them along wilh the pesls. Biological pesticides containing organisms such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and beneficial nema- todes are commerdally available for controlling specific lawn insects. These materials have minimal impacls on natural enemies of insect pests and olher beneficial organisms such as earthworms. Birds, moles, and olher vertebrates also feed on lawn insecls from lime to lime. Detecting Problems in Your Laum Examine your lawn weekly or just be- fore each mowing lo delect problem areas. Al fhe same fime, look for weeds. A dense stand of healthy grass prevents most weeds from growing, so abundant weed growlh indicates thai lhe lawn is unhealthy and susceptible to olher pesls. New lurfgrass is espe- dally vulnerable fo problems and has different irrigation and fertilizer re- quirements lhan established lurfgrass. An indication lhal a lawn may be in- fested svilh inseds is when the adulls (e g., molh or beetle slage) of pesls are drawn lo lights at night or when verte- brate predators (birds, raccoons, or skunks) are digging in your lawn for caterpillars and grubs. However, the insecls coming to light may be drawn from far away and vertebrate activity is not a foolproof indicator. They may be feeding on earthworms instead of insecls; also, vertebrates will return fo where they previously found food, so they may dig in lawns even il insect pests are no longer abundant. If you observe damage, the nexl slep is to determine the aclual cause. Jf you think the damage is caused by insecls, confirm your suspidons by looking for the pesl. The most accurate way lo do this is by using either the drench lest or by insp>ecling aiound roots (Table 2). The drench lest is effedive for delect- ing chinch bugs and caterpillars in- cluding armyworms, crutworms, and sod webworms, but il does not delect grubs. Locating and correclly identify- ing a pesl IS imporlani because differ- ent pesls require different Irealmenl maierials, timing, and application methods. Identify lhe insects you find using de- scriptions in ihis publicalion (Fig. 1) and other publicalions such as Hand- book of Turfgrass Pesls or Turfgrass Pests lisled in "Suggesled Reading." The UC 1PM Pesl Management Guidelines: Turfgrass is available on lhe World Wide Web (www.ipm.ucdatris edu/PMGf selectnewpesl.turfgrass.hlm1) and con- tains color photos of some turfgrass pesfs. Afler identifying the insects, count the number of each type of insect found. Some of the inseds you find may be beneficial or nondamaging. In home lawns, you usually need only to be concemed with Ihe insects listed in Table]. Remember lhat the mere presence of an insect pesl does nol imply lhat it is the cause of unhealthy lawns or thai an insecficide Irealmenl is needed. It is normal to find a few pest insects in any healthy lawn Generally treatments are nol recommended unless the popula- tion level of the insecl pesl reaches a predetermined level called a threshold (Table 2). Thresholds aie the popula- tion levels at which the number of in- sects feeding exceeds the ability of a heallhy lawn to withstand the damage they cause. For example, an insecticide usually is not needed unless there are more lhan aboul 5 armyworms and cutworms 01 15 lawn molh laivae pier arage Safety Before beginning an outdoor project, locate ihe nearest storm drain and take action to protect It; Irom debris. This may require you to sweep the glitter between your pcoject and the storm drain ij£ii!££ starting work. Chemicals, fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides can be harmful to you, your family, plant and animal life. • Use them sparingly. Read labels carefully and don't apply if the forecast calls for rain. • Use mulch instead of herbicides to prevent weeds from growing and to help absorb water • Select drought resistant native plants that con- serve water and prevent runoff. • Don't overwater your lawn. Water during the rodlei- lime.s of day and don't let It run off into the g(j| tci; • Drain swimming pools only when chlorine levels are not detected by your swimming pool test kit. • Keep your gutters in front of your house clean of leaves and grass cuttings. Sweep up debris instead of hosing down your driveway. Helpful Habits Around the House If you use hazardous substances such as paints, solvents and cleaners, use them sparingly, accord- ing to directions. Store properly to avoid spilling. If you use water-based paints, rinse paint brushes in the .-iink. For oil-based paints, filter and reuse paint thinner Dispose of all used paints and materials through a hazardous waste collection program. Never clean brushes or pour paint in the gutter or storm drain. Ifyou use other hazardous substances such as cleaners and solvents, properly dispose through a hazardous waste colleclion program. Pick up trash and litter around your yard and home. If you're working on a home improvement project, dispose of drywall, concrete and mortar in the trash. Don't rinse concrete or mortar into the street. Sweep up all project debris, Pick up pet waste and dispose in the toilet or in a bag for the trash. Bacteria from pet waste contains harmful bacteria that pollutes our waterways. Remember "Scoop the Poop!" Routinely cReck your car for leaks and keep it tuned up. Car pooling or using a bicycle for transportation helps reduce pollutants on our streets, Never pour any chemicals or other hazardous substances from cars down a storm drain, on to the ground or leave on driveways or parking lots. When changing fluids from your car, drain into a clean container and seal completely. Take the oil and the oil fliter to a used oil collection site. Ifyou spill fluids, contain quickly with rags or kitty litter. Safely dispose at a hazardous waste collection site. Ifyou wash your own car, use a shutoff nozzle on your hose and use detergents and water sparingly. Wash your car on a landscaped surface. Important Resources City of San Dlego Household Hazartdous Materials Program Information; (619) 235-2111 Dates and locations of household hazardous waste collections • Locations for recycling motor oil • Information on safe use and storage and substitutes for commonly used household products Poison Control Center: (800) 876-4766 (call 911 in an emergency) www.Thinkbluesd.org The CITY OF SAN DIECO thanks the following partners for their generous support ofthe Think Blue program: Caltrans San Diego Port District www.portofj»ndl«go,org This iriformation wlU be made available tn alternative formats upon request. Prlntud on recycltdptf,,. TP-iri 110/01) When It rains or when watWflovvs out of yards, it flows directly into storm drains.YouVe probably .seen scoi'ir, drain.s on our San Diego streets M.iny people think that everything that flcnv.s into a storm drain nets treated lust Fver^rSn TTi" ^ 'T^' ""'''^^''^^ ^y^'''^^^ ^re ml Connected. rn-Xic!^ that flows down into a .stonn drain goes uatLfimd directly into our uteks, bays, lagoons and ultimately the ocean. Storm water can consist of pesticides, fertilizers, pet waste, litter, oil and other automobile fluids soil erosion and household chemicals, Some ofthese pollutants flow into storm drains unintentionally, but many iteins ai'e carelessiv chrovvn directly into storm drains, The Clean Water Act prohibits disposal of wastes and pollutants inio creeks, bays, lakes and oceans These pollutants have harmful effects on recreational areas waterways and wildlife. Some of San f}iego's most popular loearhes have h;^^;^^^ ^K''^'''^ ^^^'T' P'^>"^''^^^'-^^^' Ultimately, storm water pollution S-m ^ll'^ f"we depend on our waterways for recreation and to support ban Diego s tourist industry, By preventing pollution from occurring in our liomtvs neighborhoods and businesses, we can protect our environnient and our families' health and safety. You and your family play an important role in storm water pollution prevention. This brochure provides you wirh easv and inexpensive tips to prevent pollutants from entering storm drains in the tiist place. If everyone makes a few simple clianges; we can lielp [M'otect our San Diego lifestyle and envii'onment. "Think Blue" means preventing pollution before it reaches our waterways Caltrans Port of San Diego www.portoff»ndi»gij,oi-g vvvvvv.Thinkbkie.sd.or APPENDIX 5 References References 1. City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan, April 2003 2. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the 2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited Segments, February 2003 3. State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the 2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited Segments - Monitoring List, February 2003 4. Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program Document, January 2003 5. ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003 6. ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Mass Graded Conditions Drainage Report, April 2003 7. California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Management Practice Handbook - New Development and Redevelopment, January 2003 8. National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase ll, US EPA 9. California Department of Transportation BMP Retrofit Pilot Program, Proceedings from the Transportation Research Board 8* Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. January 7-11, 200L 10. Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) Unit for Sediment Control in Brevard County, Florida, 1999 11. Herr, J.L., and Harper, H.H. Removal of Gross Pollutants From Stormwater Runoff Using Liquid/Solid Separation Structures. Environmental Research & Design, Inc., Orlando, FL. 14p 12. Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, US EPA. 13. 2002 Aquashield, Inc. 14. 2003 Stormwater Management Inc. 15. AbTech Industries 16. Kristar Enterprises, Inc. 17. Comm Clean 18. Bowhead Manufacturing Co. 19. Ultra Tech Intemational, Inc. 20. CDS Technologies, Inc. 21. Hydro Intemational 22. Stormceptor Technical Manual, Rinker Materials, January 2003. 23. Vortechnics Design Manual, May 2000.