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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1979-03-20; City Council; Resolution 57221 1 1 n V li l! 2( 21 2; 2: 24 25 26 27 28 RESOLUTION NO. 5722 A RESOLUTION OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE CITY OF CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA, APPROVING AN AGREEMENT BETWEEN THE CITY OF CARLSBAD AND COVINGTON BROTHERS AND PAPAGAYO DEVELOPERS FOR THE PROVISION OF FUNDS FOR SERVICES TO PROVIDE A MASTER PLAN FOR WASTE WATER RECLAMATION AND AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT REPORT ON SAID PLAN. The City Council of the City of Carlsbad, California does nereby resolve as follows: 1. That that certain agreement between the City of Carlsbad 2nd Covington Brothers and Papagayo Developers for the provision md compensation of consulting services to provide a Master Plan Eor Waste Water Reclamation in the City of Carlsbad and an 2nvironmental Impact Report on said Master Plan, a copy of which is attached hereto marked Exhibit "A" and made a part hereof, is hereby approved. 2. That the Mayor of the City of Carlsbad is hereby iuthorized and directed to execute said agreement for and on Iehalf of the City of Carlsbad. PASSED, APPROVED AND ADOPTED at a regular meeting of the lity Council of the City of Carlsbad, California, held on the 20th day of March , 1979 by the following vote, to wit: AYES : NOES : ABSENT : Councilmen Packard, Skotnicki, Anear, Lewis and Counc i 1 woman Cas 1 er None None - *RONALD C. PACKARD, Mayor ATTEST 2 1 [SEAL) AGREEMENT THIS AGREEMENT is made this 26th day of March I 1979, between the CITY OF CARLSBAD, a municipal corporation of the State of California, hereinafter referred to as "CITY", and- COVINGTON BROTHERS, INC. and PAPAGAUO DEVELOPERS, hereinafter ref erred to as "DEVELOPERS". RECITALS WHEREAS, the City of Carlsbad is under a sewer moratorium due to a lack of treatment capacity in the Encina Plant. The City Council has been investigating various ways to acquire additional sewaqe treatment capacity. One of the methods unc?.er consideration is the use of satellite treatment plants to allow - for the reclamation and reuse of waste water. commissioned a Project Report and Environmental Impact Report The City has on a satellite plant proposed for the Lake Calavera Hills Drain- age Basin; and WHEREAS, before givinff further consideration to satellite treatment plants, the City Council has determined that a master plan for waste water reclamation in the City of Carlsbad (herein- after "PLAN") and Environmgntal Impact Report on that plan (here- inafter "REPORT") are required and the City has also determined that it must engage the services of qualified consultants to prepare the Plan and Report. 6, 1979 meeting, considered a memorandum from the Public Worlcs The City Council, at their February , , .. Administrator, dated January 30, 1979, containing recommenda- tions on how to proceed in that regard. The memorandum is marked Exhibit A, and is attached hereto and is made a part hereof; and WHEREAS, the City determined to delay their decision on whether or not to proceed with the Plan and Report for the entire City until after a decision is made on the satellite plant proposed for the Lake Calavera Hills area; and WHEREAS, Developers have offered to provide all funds necessary to pay the consultants to prepare the Plan and Report if the City will agree to commission that work at this time; and - WHEREAS, the City is willing to accept the funds from Developers, upon the understanding that the City will have no responsibility to proceed with satellite treatment plants and will assume no obligation to otherwise provide sewer service to Developers; NOW, THEREFORE, the parties agree as follows: 1. City and Developers agree that the above recitals are true and correct. . 2. The City will negotiate with the firm of Lowry and Associates, Consulting Civil Engineers, and if terms satisfactory to the City can be arranged, contract with Lowry and Associates for the preparation of the Plan as outlined in the proposal dated December 22, 1978, marked Exhibit B, . .- attached hereto and made a part hereof. 3. It is understood that the preparation of the Plan shall conform to Exhibits A and B and such other matters as the City determines necessary to properly evaluate a plan for the reclamation of domestic sewage from the study area and 4, The City will solicit proposals from consultants to perform the necessary work in the preparation of the Report. The City Council will select the consultant and contract for the preparation of the Report. 5, It is understood that the preparation of the Report shall conform to the requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act, the State Euidelines, the City of Carlsbad Environmental Protection Ordinance and its implement- ing resolutions and may require: (a) (b) Laboratory tests and analysis; (c) Written reports; and (d) Field exploration review and tests; Such other data as may be necessary to enable the City to properly evaluate the potential impacts of the Plan and its implementation on the environment. Developers shall pay to the City the actual costs incurred by Lowry and Associates and the Environmental Impact Report Consultant (hereinafter "CONSULTANT") in preparing 1 6. ,_ -3- the Plan and the Report. TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($25,000.00) as payment for the . Developers shall advance the sum of report to be prepared by Lowry and Associates. Upon deposit of said amount, the City will immediately undertake to contract with Lowry and Associates for the Plan and solicit proposals for preparation of the Report. When the City negotiates contract for the Report, the City will determine the amount necessary to pay for the Plan and the Report. deposit funds in addition to the TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS ($25,000.00), as may be necessary, to cover the cost of said Report. for the Report. Developers shall immediately Upon such deposit, the City will immediately contract 7. It is understood that in the event it appears, as the work on the Plan and Report progresses, that the sum specified in Paragraph 6 will not be sufficient, the City will notify the Developers. No further work will be performed or obligations incurred beyond the amount on deposit without an appropriate amendment to this agreement. 8. It is understood that Lowry and Associates and the consultant shall be independent contractors of the City. It is agreed that the Developers will at no time interfere with Lowry and Associates or the consultant in the performance of their work or attempt to'influence them during the course of their work. 9, It is understood that in accepting the funds -4- t 0 from Developers the City incurs no obligations beyond the obligation to utilize those funds to proceed at this time to obtain the Plan and Report. 10. It is further agreed that any part of such funds not utilized for the payment of the Plan and Report, as provided herein, shall be refunded to the Developers. It is recognized that even if the City Council were willing to give further consideration to implementation of one or more satellite treatment plants in the City, that there are a number of problems which could prevent their development including, but not limited to, the necessity for Coastal Commission approval, the objections of area residents to the location of a sewage treatment plant in their neighborhooti, financial limitations, environmental problems, objections from Federal or State officials, adverse efiects on the City's efforts to expand the Encina Treatment Plant and other matters. The City shall have no obligation to Developers to take any action in regard to said reports. undertakes no obligation to proceed with the development of In accepting Developers' funds, the City * satellite treatment plants,for the City or to otherwise provide sewer service to Developers. any preference in allocating sewer that may become available. The City shall have full discretion to act in regards to the Plan and the Report as they determine to be in the best interest of all the citizens of Carlsbad. The City will not afford Developers -5- 0 e IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the 'day and year first above written. ATTEST: City Clerk APPROVED AS TO FOM: CITY OF CARLSBAD, a Municipal Corps- ration of the State of California COVINGTON BROTHERS, INC PAPAGAYO DEVELOPEES .. Genkral Partner torney for Papagayo Developers Is" (Notarial Acknowledgements Required) -6- ....\ t , ' .' .I . ,I IM WITNESS WHEREOF, the parties hereto have executed this Agreement on the day and year first above written. ATTEST: CITY OF CARLSBAD, a Municipal Corpo- ration of the State of California RONALD C. PACKARD, Mayor City Clerk - _____ - - - ----- - ~ - -- .- .- __ - . . - -- __ - -__ STATE OF CALIFORNIA COUNTY OF- OrmCTe Q - 2 011- 23, 1979 ---- ltefore me, SAFECO the undersicned, a Notary Public in and for said County and State, personally appeared >r?'y n- Zi- known to me to Le the-J&CE-Preqident, and LEU-&-, known to me to [)e - ' ? p: K FOR NOTARY SEAL OR STAMP g- = r 6 Secretary of the corpora:ion that executed tlre within Instrument, known to me to he the persons who exeruted the within In~trument on l~~half of !he corporation therein named, alltl acknowledged to nie that PUC~ corporation executed the .withir~ instrument pursuant to its by-laws or a resolution of its board of directors. U r FOR NOTARY SEAL OR STAMP before me, COUNTYOF sAN Dm On May& 23, 1979 the undersleed, a Notary Publlc in and for said County and State, ) ss. * STATE OF CALIFORNIA i E personally appeared 2 D. HTm =. 0 OFFICIAL SEAL SUSliN ELrllTJE C!)UGHRA?S N3DTI:RY PUCLIC . CALIFORNIA P#IN3I?AL OTi ICE IN SAN D!XO ':I;UNTY i 5 , known to me Notary pubk in and for said Cow , mown to me to be the person(s) whose name[s)& subscrlbed to the within instrument and acknowledged that said person(s) executed the same. s Notary Pubhc in and for said County and Stat EeBiT A, to 'Agreement .. Dated: klrch 26, 1979 MEMORANDUM TO: City Manager 1. 1. FROM: DATE : January 30, 1979 Pub I i c Works Adm i n i si-rator SUBJECT: SATELLITE PLANT MASTER PLAN * The City Council on December 5, 1978 unanimously voted to instruct staff to prepare a report on the effort and funds necessary to prepare a Satel- lite Plant Master Plan and E.I.R. for all portions of the City's sewer service area other than that covered by the Montgomery report, Analysis of the effort necessary to complete the task has included con- sideration of available useful information. 'Among the resources consid- ered, we included the Encina Phase Ill E.I.R., the Agua Hedionda Specific Plan E.I.R., the Montgomery report and E.I.R. and the Plaza Camino Real expansion E.I.R. The reports prepared for the Leucadia County Water Dis- trict and the San Marcos County Water Districf wil I be used as resource material but have no direct information-about lands within the Cii-y's sewer se rv i ce a rea. . .Soon after receiving Council's direction, staff-met with Mr. Dennis O'Leary of Lowry & Associates to discuss the scope of work and effort to complete the project. The attached proposal was a result. The proposal was analyzed . assumptions were made which should be modified before a contract is nego- . .tiated, the proposal gives a good indication of the scope of work and effort requ i red. Fol lowing review of the Lowry proposal, discussions were held with R'ECON which resulted in the attached proposal. This level of effort assumes con- sideration of information avai lable in existing certified E. I .R.s. '. by the Planning Director and the Public Works Administrator. While some ' - The inclusion of one-third of our City in the coastal zone and the uncer- tainty of the completion schedule for our local coastal program precludes ?-he studies in question from containing the specificity of the Montgomery report. The proposed Master Plan should be able to identify logical ser- vice basins within the coastal zone-and analyze the environmcntal impact In suFficient detai I to al low for adoption of the Master Plan. Preparation of specific project reports, within the guidelines established by an adopted Master Plan, and supplementary E.1.R.s 'would be the responsibi I ity of parties proposing specific projects. . The following outlines are sugges-ted as being appropriate for the Master Plan and E.I.R.: Master Plan - '. I e Introduction I I Dovolopmcnt of satel I !to cdncopt to Jato I I I Background Informat ion . " .,.. ', 1. D ,:.,::-- , s .. *. IV. V. ' VI. VI 1. VIII. IX. 1. 11. Ill. IV. .* . , i Variations of satellite concept Impact of regional sol ids handt ing facl I ity .. Drainage basin boundaries, alternatives and recommendations Satel I ite plant site - feasibi I i-I-y, alternatives and recommenda- t ions Recommended program . . .. Specifications I Envi ronmenta I Impact Report Introduction Environmental setting and summary Envi ronmenta I ana I ys i s' of proposed Master PI an Environmental analysis of the implementation of reclamation fa- -. cilities V. Unavoidable adverse impacts if program implemented -. VI,. Significant irreversible impacts if program implemented VII. Short-term use versus long-term productivity V111. Aiternatives . - It is my opinion that each document can be prepared in 45 days,'not includ- ing printing time. %VO weeks after the Master Plan. is esti- ?he E.1.R. should be started and completed approximately The total'budget for the project . mated to be $50,000. The normal process for projects of this nature would be to solicit pro- posals, review and recommend to Council: Staff would feel comfortable in following this process for both parts of,this project. We recommend that it'be followed fcr the E.I.R. portion. .It is our opinion that significant time and money can be saved if, instead of requesting proposals for the Master Plan portion, .we were authorized to negol-iate with Lowry & Associ- al-es for that poriion of the project. They have done considerable work of this nature for public agencies and private parties in the Encina Basin and I-hey have an existing level of knowledge that would be expensive to dupli- . cate in another f i rm. RECOMMENDAT I ONS That Ctty Counci I : 1. . Authorize transfer of $50,000 from unapproprfated reserves to an appro- prlatc account for this project. Authorfzo staff to send out a Request for'ProposaI for the E.I.R. por- tion of the project. 2. .. _* . , .. -. .. ._ . .. . ... -. . . . .. . . .. .. 0 -: .' ., a 8' c. -. I 3; -3- .. Authorize sf-aff to negotiate a contract Master Plan portion of the project with . for Counci I dpproval for the Lowry & Associates. 0 . ._ Pub1 ic Works Administrator RAf3: VEB cc: PI anni ng Di rector .. . . f 1. ** .. .. . .. .. . . 8 .. .- s December 22, 1978 *.. t .. - -0 Mr. Ron Beckman P.O. Box 265 Carl sbad, Cal i forni a 92008 Dear tgr. Beckman: . CITY OF CARLSBAD c .. -. Subject: PROPOSAL - Waste Water . -Reclamgtion !laster Plan .. Lowry b Associates appreciates this opportunity to submit a propcsal . to the City of Carlsbad for preparation of a vaste water reclamation . plan. Because of our participation in and familiarity with waste : water reclamation planning to date in north San Diego County, $!e ' believe that we can develop in iiiinimm tiine'a plan that is completely -responsive to your needs and goals. Lowry & Associates proposes to conduct a study and recommend a waste *water reclamation plan to the City of Carlsbad in conformance with . the follcwing outline: .. . .. . e Study' Area e .* . -- The.arca to be covered by the study will include the entire City of Carlsbad with the exception of: both that area encompassed by the Treatment Faci 1 i ty (James 1.1. Clontgomery, Consu 1 ting Engineers, Inc. , December 1978) and lands served by special sewrace districts. A plan now exists for the fornier area and it is understood that special sewerage districts trill develop their own waste water reclamation plans. . Obj cc ti ve of doincstic sewage within the study area an4 for beneficial use of the re: sulting rcclaiiiicd water supply. Use of reclaimed water would be priniarily diverted toward irrigation of cPops, landscaping and the like, but other opportunities for use, such as industrial supply and ground water waste recharge will also be investigated. " study Environmental Impact and Facilities Plan for a Satellite Sewage .* I * .. Objective of the study will be to deve1op.a plan for reclamation .. . .. .. -, Mr. Ron- Beckman .. . CITY OF CARLSBAD .. December 22, 1978 Page 2 -. 0 e *. . *. -Previous Studies I* .. Reference wilt be made to and guidance obtained from previous studies having to do with waste water reclamtion in the Carlsbad area. These reports include : .- . I .. I- Overview of IJaste blater Reclamation Opportunties in 'the City of Csrlsbad (Lo~ry & Associates, Idarch 1978) Water Quality Problem; & Manaaeinent Responsibilities, Part I1 G.!aste\;tater Reclamation and Reuse (CPO, Apri' 1978). I '. 1.- Technical Approach ... -. W The technical approach to the study will be as Colfo~~s: (a) A prelintinary review and screenifig of pr6jects in the overviw report referred to above will be made. Written recommendations will be made. to City staff for selection of projects to be included .in this study. Upon approval of staff, the study will 'proceed. '(b) Analytical and flow data will be'obtained from agency records or by sampling and analysis performed by the agency and estimates of flow based upon unit contributions and population data. . Projections of future sewage flow in the study area will be based upon population data from the City of Carlsbad. Sewage flow projections will be for the purpose of determining the sufficiency of sewage supply for production of reclaimed watzr at each 'location studied. Therefore, these projections will not be sewage flow projections for the total City of Carlsbad. (c) and delilographic data for the study area will be obtained from the City of Carlsbad. . . Present and projected land use plans, land use data .. .. .. (d) Volumes and quality of reclaimed water available now and in the 'future at the project locations will be projections will take water supply quati ty into account. . estimated and projected from the above data. Quality .. .. .2 .. Nr. Ron- Beckman .. CITY OF CARLSBAD December 22, 1975 Page 3 9 0 .. .. -. .. .. .e . . c -. .. '(e) mensurate with quantity and quality of ava-ilable re- claimed water will be sought. *petted that irrigation will protide the greatest market "for reclaimed water. Irlhile irrigation is expected to create sufficient demand to use the total projected reclaimed water supply, consideration will also be given . to such other uses as industrial supply. requirements intrinsic to each beneficial use of re- el aimed water contempl a ted wi f 1 be determined and considered. Areas in which beneficial uses of reclaimed water will take place will be mapped. for taking or purchase of reclaimed water by potential users would- be obtained at this stage. Opportunities for use of reclaimed water com- In general, it is ex- \later quality No comGittments e .,. .* ._ . .. .. (f)- of reclaimed water for each use and location would then 'be established. Anticipated water quality and requirements for use The following vtill be' taken into account: .. . discussed in (e) above -. requirements intrinsic to the use, as . . . surface and ground water quality in .. the area of use water quality objectives of the Regional Mater Qual i ty Control Board Title 22 standards and requirements of the State Department of Health Services. -. . .* -. .. w .. In carrying out this task, meetings will be held with the staff of the Regional Boardmd the State and County Health Departments, so that the anticipated require- ments developed may more real istically reflect the future regulatory actions of those agencies. . (9) Criteria will be developed from the above requirements, the standards of engineering practice and the plans of the City of Carlsbad for: waste water reclamation plant siting, waste water reclamation plant design, pumping, installations, a + . transnlission 1 incs, storage Facilities and fail -safe .. . operation. -. *. .* .. ' Mr.. Ron Eeckman CITY OF CARLSBAD Page 4 f. December 22, + 1978 .. . t . *(h) I6Jaste water reclamation plant sites will be evaluated and selected, on the basis of the foregoing -criteria, availability of sewage, proximity to use areas, -. and proximity to potential stoqage areas. A1 ternative treatment processes will be evaluated for installation .at each site and a specific treatment methodology recoinmended on the basis ,of the aforementioned criteria water. Also to be analysed for each site are storage, distribution and fail-safe a1 ternatives, and sel ectioii made on the basis-of the foregoing criteria, reliability . . . and requirements, and cost of production of reclaimed .. ' and costs. (i) 'Maps, schematics, plot pldns and other'drawings will be prepared as appropr4ate to the explanation of *- all a1 ternatives considered. .- (j) will be prepared- .. . (k) ' specific waste water reclamation-projects will he recommended to suit the potantial markets and depending -upon monetary costs and environmental. and social factors. .- (It is anticipated than an EIR study of potential waste water reclamation projects v/ill be in progress concurrently with this study and that a continuous exchange of information A final cost estimate of each retownended alternative .. . .. will be taking place. I , Report - - A report of the'above study will be prepared, consisting of text, tables, other presentation of data, maps, schematics., plot plans and diagram, in sufficicrit detail to. set forth the analytical and planning procedure and recommendations clearly, concisely and conipl etely. e Ten copies of the report will be subniitted- An initial outline of the . report contents is attached. .. c_ Fee 9. on a tinic and iiiaterial basis, at rates commensurate with Lowry's fee . The study and report described above ~$11 be perforrncd by Lowry .* .. J 0 .. b -< .. t4r. Ron Bcckman CITY O< CARLSBAD .. December 22, 1978 Page 5 . . schedule current: at the time of billing. fee schedule dated January I, 1978 is attached, The maximum 1 imit of fee will be $25,000 and Lowry trill not hill above that anount without written authorization from the City of Carlsbad. *. Personnel will be Study ManagerjEngi neer.. .. A copy of towry's current .. a 0. *_ Mr. Dennis O'Leary will be Study Director and Mr. Wlliam Fannon .. I am indeed appreciative of 'the opportunity to' submit this proposal to be happy-to meet with you to discuss them. * . . . . the City of Carlsbad. If,there are any questions, I shall certainly Sincerely AS:TiZdT , -.. - .. * w4 Dennis A. O'Leary Vice-president * .. DAO:mh . Encl owe .. .. .. e - .. .. . ** . . a. . .. .' . ........ ............. ...... .... e. .. . .:. I. .. ... LL .. - .. .. . JANUARY 1 ; i978. STANDARD SCHEDULE OF COMPENSATION Applicable for Services Furnished on Per Hour Basis .. B CLASSlFI CATION .. -. Senior Principal Engineer . ........... $ 55.00 . Principal Engineer. ................ $'47.00 Senior Engineer .................... !$ 41.00 Secior Planner ..................... $ 41.00 Senior Scientist ............. ..... .. $ 41.00 Plannkr ...................... *.$ 30.00 . Assistant Engineer. ............ ..... $ 24.00 *. ............. Engineer ....... I'. $ 32.00 Resident Engineer 1 ................. b $ 32.00 Computer Programer ................ $ 27.00' Senior Draftsman. ................... .. .. .. *. . $-24.00 .. ... Construction Tnspector. ......... ; .... .$ 20.00 Computer Operator .................. f 20.00 * ...................... Draftsman $ 20.00 -Engineering Technician. ................ !$ 72.00 -- Technical Report Preparation. ........... $ 13.00 . '' Computer Time, Reproduction and Billed at Actual other Approved Outside Services -1 ... '. ........ Cost Plus' 10% . .. Incidental Expenses ................ Above _Fees Tnclude Incidental Costs for Local Trans- porta ti on, Telephone Costs, etc. Travel Costs. .............. *: ...... Air, Bus and Taxi, lodging, and other ReIBted Travel Costs Billed at Actual Cost EIinimurn daily charge for court testimony as an cxpert.witness is $GOO.OO. Preparation for a court case willsbe charged at regular hourly rates. t --. .. CITY. OF CARLSBAD I.JASTE UATER RECLAWITION AND REUS E PRO G RAM f t4P L EIdE NT AT I 0 N REPORT OUTLINE I .. I. INTRODUCTION A. Purpose of Report 6. Authorization s A. Present Status . .. 111. BACKGROUND INFORi”lT1ON .. A* Statement of Intent B. Popul ati on C. Land Use _- D. Agricultural Practices -- ... , E. Irr.igation Requirements ‘IV. SATELLITE CONCEPTS A. Reclamation arid Reuse is Primary Objective . B. Fail-safe Outlet . C. Storage Facilities E. Charges and Costs F. . Review Alternate Approaches 6. Treatment I:!ethod . * D. Contracts with Irrigators -. 1 .. Y. REVIEW PLANT LOCATIONS * -~ .* A. From Overview Report B. C.. Deferred Plants 0. F. Palorliar Aiport Plant G. Any Others Other Agency Plants not Considered Here Lake Calavera Hills Already Studied E. Batiquitos Plant .. . .. k‘ .. .. c . ,.' 1. L .' -. .. . .e .. E. F. G. e. .) ' REPORT .OUTLINE (Cont d) .. -. *. VI. BATIQUITOS PLANT . A. Service Area .- . B. Site C. Size and Layout D. * General Discussion of A1 ternati ves .. 8 lo Reuse 2. Treatment, Distribution, Fail-safe & Storage 3. Disposal . 4. Consol idation 5. costs .. Recormended Reuse & Disposal System Permits and Agreements 1 . Coastal Comni ssion 2. 3. RWQCB 4. Leucadia 5. 3AC' 6, EPA (maybe) city (for Zoning, General Plan, E~c..) .. Financing . 1. By Developer at Reimbursement 2. Other Methods - .. VI1 . PALOMAR AIRPORT 'PLANT m A. Service Area 1. Direct from Carl sbad . 2. From Other Agenci,es B. Alternate Locations 1. Depends on Service Area -2: Reuse Considerations 3. 4, Consolidation 5. Costs Treatment, Distribution, Fail-safe & Storage * .C. Recommendation Location and Site D, E. Permits & Agreements 1. City (Zoning, Etc.) 2. RkLIQCB 3. SAC 4. 'EPA (nisybe) 5. Upstrearu Agencies Recommended Reuse & Disposal System e G. Financing .. .. . i', .. .. .- REPORT OUTLINE (Cont'.d) .. VI I I. RECOMMENDED PROGRAM A. Process Lake Calavera Hills 3. B. Approve Batiquitos Proposal if Acceptable ' C. Consider Specific Proposals for Palomar A . rport .. IX. SPECIFIC ACTIONS 8 . .' A. Accept this Report B. Authorize EIR C, Announce Interest in Specific Proposals 0, Inform Interested and Affected Agencies -. .. . .. . -, e . O' ,. .. Y .- e .. .. . ..