Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout3598; MELROSE DRIVE EXTENSION; RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGIAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT; 1999-10-11ç .- :- ¼ ':- RESULTS OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT OF CA-SDI-10,552, CA-SDI-10,550, AND A PORTION OF CA-SDI-9045 FOR THE MELROSE DRIVE EXTENSION PROJECT: * Carlsbad City Project No 3598 Prepared for • 'TIM GABRIELSON, RICK ENGINEERING. ,. 5620 FRIARS'ROAD SAN DIEGO, CA 92110-2596 ' Prepared by JO ANNE D. GILMER PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST 1 ' RUSSELL O.COLLET'1 : PROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST- DAYLE M CHEEVER SUPERVISING ARCHAEOLOGIST ' RECON NUMBER 3012A * ' OCTOBER 11,1999 4941 Ii itlrirr'1'iri, i iif )fll San Diego, CA 92117-3653 - * . * - ': • 1IIL•UI7Ul•I'Il 619 /270-5066 fax 270-5414 ' ' . • - : •.., ' * * This document printed on recycled paper NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA BASE INFORMATION Author: J0 Anne D. Gilmer, Project Archaeologist Russell 0. Collett, Project Archaeologist Dayle M. Cheever, Senior Archaeologist Consulting Firm RECON Report Date: October 11, 1999 Report Title: Results of the Archaeological Significance Assessment of CA- SDI-10,552, CA-SDI-10,550, and a portion of CA-SDI-9045 for the Melrose Drive Extension Project Prepared for: Rick Engineering Company Submitted to: City of Carlsbad Contract No.: RECON Number 3012A USGS Quad Map: San Marcos, Encinitas, Rancho Santa Fe, and San Luis Rey Quadrangles. Keywords: Carlsbad, CA-SDI-9045, 10,550, 10,552, Prehistoric, disturbed, significance testing, not significant, lithic scatters, faunal remains, settlement. Abstract The purpose of the current study was to conduct significance evaluations at three archaeological sites in the Melrose Drive extension area. Over 90 person hours were spent in the field during July 1999, by RECON archaeologists under the supervision of Dayle Cheever. Questions of site chronology, function, and structure were addressed. Examination and analysis of materials collected from CA-SDI-10,550 and CA-SDI- 10,552 were conducted to address these questions. Radiocarbon analysis was not completed because no quantities of shell or bone were present at either of these sites. The results of the study indicate that CA-SDI-10,552 and SDI-10,550 are small activity locations. The site activities were stone tool finishing and refinishing. The sites are not large, suggesting that these areas were used only once. There is nothing to suggest that other activities took place at either location. The untested portion of CA-SDI-9045 was found to be inaccessible, having been buried by recent road construction. No further work is recommended for this location. TABLE OF CONTENTS Management Summary Undertaking Information 4 Setting 8 PaleoenvirOnment 17 Cultural Background 18 Research Design Methods 32 Research 32 Documentation 33 Fieldwork 33 Laboratory Work 34 Report of Findings 35 Survey Results 35 CA-SDI-9045 36 CA-SDI-10,550 36 CA-SDI-10,552 38 Discussion 50 Management Considerations 50 Project Certification and Staff 51 References Cited 52 TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont.) FIGURES 1: Regional locationof the project 2 2: Project location on U.S.G.S. map 3 3: Site locations 9 4: Excavation at site CA-SDI-10,550 37 5: Site Sample map of CA-SDI-10,552 39 TABLES Archaeological Resources 8 Ethnographic Uses of Plants Within the Project Area 13 Flake and Shatter Totals from Units 1 and 2 CA-SDI-10,552 45 Recovered Debitage CA-SDI-10,552 46 5:, Total Debitage from CA-SDI-10,552 47 PHOTOGRAPHS 1: View of Unit 1, looking southwest 5 2: View of Unit 2, looking east . 5 3: View looking south from the industrial parking lot 6 4: Overview of site, fromdebris pile looking south to Carlsbad Raceway 6 5: View looking north . . 7 6: View of general ground conditions 7 7: Surface collected blades and graver/burin from CA-SDI-10,552 40 8: Points from CA-SDI-10,552 41 9: Surface collected biface fragment from CA-SDI-1.0,552 42 10: Surface, collected biface preform from CA-SDI-10,552 . 43 11: Surface collected undifferentiated scraper from CA-SDI- 10,552 44 ATTACHMENTS Cataloging and analysis system Resumes for key project personnel + * . 11 Management Summary The purpose of the current study was to conduct archaeological data recovery excavations at CA-SDI-9045, -10,550 and -10,552. Excavations were conducted in July 1999, by RECON archaeologists under the supervision of Dayle Cheever, certified by the Registry of Professional Archaeologists (RPA). Approximately 90 person-hours were spent in the field. This report presents the methods and results of cultural resource significance evaluations that were conducted for the Melrose Drive Extension alignment and 20-foot construction buffer. The program consisted of significance testing at CA-SDI-10,552 and CA-SDI-10,550, which were previously unevaluated and an evaluation of a portion of CA-SDI-9045, which previously was partially tested. This significance evaluation was conducted according to the Cultural Resource Guidelines (CRG) of the City of Carlsbad and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Section 21083.2. The subject property is located entirely within the limits of the city of Carlsbad, California. The project is located on the north side of Palomar Airport Road on Carlsbad Raceway property. It is on an upland mesa at the headwaters of the south fork of Agua Hedionda Creek (Figures 1 and 2). A search of site records and reports was conducted at the South Coastal Information Center (SCIC) and the San Diego Museum of Man (SDMM) prior to the May 19 and 20, 1998 pedestrian reconnaissance survey and reviewed prior to the commencement of this significance evaluation. The project survey indicated that five archaeological resource locations were within the project's boundaries. Two of these sites (CA-SDI-9041 and CA-SDI-9043) were previously evaluated and found to be not important under CEQA criteria (Wade et al. 1989). CA-SDI-9045 was partially evaluated and it was recommended that further work should be completed on the untested northern portion of this site. During the current evaluation this northern portion was found to be buried beneath the existing road and fill. The final two sites, CA-SDI-10,552 and CA-SDI- 10,550, were not previously evaluated. The following is a 'site significance report evaluating CA-SDI-10,550 and CA-SDI- 10,552. It presents a brief introduction to the project including a review of the environmental setting, a history of cultural resource investigation for the region, a presentation of a synthetic culture history, research questions, and methods, including both field and laboratory studies for evaluation of CA-SDI-10,552, and CA-SDI-10,550, and CA-SDI-9045. The results of the testing study at CA-SDI-10,552 suggests the site was used as a flaking station, because of the number of fine-grained flakes that were recovered. This site does not suggest activities such as cooking, because only five bones were recovered; none were burned and nothing resembling hearths were found. No grinding implements were recovered, which might have suggested procuring and prOcessing of seasonally available 1 VAN BLV. VISTA OCEANSI\\ BUENA VISTA LAGOON CARLSBAD 't r PROJECT \j7 LOCATION 3UA HEL"1ONDA LAGOON LAKE SAN BATIQUITOS LAGOO LEUCADILA ENCINITAS 4 2 MILES 0 FIGURE 1 . Regional Location of the Project 0 'I A", Map Source: U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute topographic maps, 4000 2000 FEET 0 San Marcos, Encinitas, Rancho Santa Fe, and San Luis Rey quadrangles. FIG1JIRIE 2 Project Vicinity -------------------- plant materials. These sites were found to be not important and further evaluation would not significantly add to the body of information already gathered from testing at other. sites in this area. C- An archaeological monitoring program is recommended during construction brushing and grading within the alignment as a supplement to the site evaluation programs. Due to the number of sites located within the area, the probability of identifying undisturbed resources is considered a reasonable possibility. Field notes, photographs, and documents associated with this study are on file at the RECON offices under job number 3012A. Undertaking Information This report presents the results of a cultural resource significance assessment program at three recorded archaeological sites for the Melrose Drive Extension Project. The current cultural resource investigation was undertaken for the purpose of identifying cultural resources and determining their significance and providing recommendations for future treatment/management as an aid to 'project 'planning as suggested in the CRG. Recommendations are provided for treatment of the known cultural resource sites within the study area. The study region is the area immediately surrounding the Carlsbad Raceway property, which is located within a region of the County that has a rich history of prehistoric and historic cultural resource materials and has a high sensitivity for cultural resource sites. A cultural resource document search and pedestrian reconnaissance survey of the project area was accomplished in April 1999 and included close inspection of a 500-foot-wide margin on either side of the proposed centerline of the Melrose Drive Extension (see Figure 1). The proposed road extension will connect the intersection of Melrose Drive and Palomar Airport Road to the south with the existing portion of Melrose Drive, further north. Five cultural resource locations are recorded within the study area. Two of these sites (CA-SDI-0941 and CA-SDI-9043) were evaluated previously, found not important under CEQA criteria (Wade et al. 1989), and require no additional work. A third site, CA-SDI- 9045, investigated by RECON archaeologists in 1989, straddles the boundary between the 1989 study area and the current project. This partially tested site warranted additional study based on the findings of the 1989 investigation: In addition, two sites recorded since the 1989 testing (CA-SDI-10,550 and CA-SDI-10,552) had not been evaluated (Photographs 1-6). The survey report (Collett and Cheever 1999) recommended that additional cultural resource investigations should be completed to evaluate the uninvestigated portions of CA-SDI-9045, and CA-SDI-10,550 and CA-SDI-10,552, and - . I. . cr w- f - •1 J CASDI10,550 PHOTOGRAPH 1 View .of Unit 1, Looking Southwest HIMN CA-SDI-1O,55O PHOTOGRAPH 2 I 01 View of Unit 2, Looking East 0 CA-SDI-10,552 PHOTOGRAPH 5 View Looking North CA-SDI-10,552 PHOTOGRAPH 6 View of General Ground Conditions to evaluate the potential of additional cultural materials being present in areas of poor visibility. The project survey provided updated information on site locations within the study area and general conditions, including p?evious site disturbance. These disturbances were not a significant factor in the investigation. Based on the site record information and survey results, it appeared that both CA-SDI-10,552 and CA-SDI-10,550 are flaked stone tool finishing or rejuvenating stations. Both of these sites appear to represent short-term activity areas (Table 1). TABLE 1 ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES IN THE PROJECT AREA. Evaluated Sites Sites Recommended for Sites Not Sites Requiring Found Not Important Additional Evaluation Evaluated Evaluation CA-SDI-9041 CA-SDI-9045 CA-SDI-10,550 CA-SDI-9045 CA-SDI-9043 . CA-SDI-10,552 CA-SDI-10,550 CA-SDI-10,552 A. Setting The current study area is located in the city of Carlsbad, California (see Figure 1), north of Palomar Airport Road and east of El Camino Real. The proposed alignment lies within the limits of a project area known as the Wimpey/Gentry property. The project region encompasses the Carlsbad Raceway, with tilled fields to the south and deep canyons and finger ridges to the north. The project is shown on the USGS San Marcos quadrangle in Township 12 South, Range 3 West, in Section 18 (see Figure 2). CA-SDI- 10,552 is directly north of and overlooking the raceway on approximately one acre of upland mesa, at the headwaters of the south fork of Agua Hedionda Creek (see Photographs 3-6). The mesa to the north of this site has been completely developed. CA- SDI-10,550 is located just north of Palomar Airport Road, within a plowed field (see Photographs 1 and 2). CA-SDI-9045 is presently buried beneath the terminal segment of the northern portion of Melrose Drive (Figure 3). The Melrose project alignment is composed of two portions (see Figure 2). The area on the south end has a gradual, south-facing slope that supports a thick growth of weeds and ruderal grasses and retains evidence of past agricultural land use. The northern segment / \ / N . L / ;/ ;,, IF ,\~""", / / - N W. - / ... N \\ CASP1:O,552 / - CA-SDI-9O4 - - I _ \ J - \1. / Locauo / ' / / " 11 '// mel -- - - / / - \\ \\ X 1" - ,,/ / I / - - I / - - /z - - - / 7-- / - ' - - - // / % - -- - - / - c - / \\\ \\\\ - - \ \\ \ , - : / - / I \ / / \\ N\\' I - N I \ - - / / N - N CA-SDI-1O,550 \ \ - 2 11 i 1.1 / 'I N // /,,,,, VNI S 5'' '5 'N "I,, 1,5; '" '' - C N I .-i5 _ S N / \ 5..'.'. '. FIGURE RON .A Site Loation - _-_ Approximate site bounda Site Locations I I 0 Meters 50 100 -. - 3012a1arctec.apr/Site Loc - S - is steeper with north-facing slopes, and covered by thick native brush. There is also a small seasonal drainage associated with this segment of the project. This area is within the Carlsbad Raceway property and has been significantly affected by race course activities. The northern end of the alignment includes an embankment that forms the north side of a drainage (mesa or finger ridge) in an area of approximately one acre. Brush and weeds across the length of the alignment hampered surface visibility during both the survey and data recovery portion of the testing. The following discussion of the environmental setting encompasses the Melrose Drive Extension area and is followed by a generalized discussion of the archaeologically and ethnographically based culture history of San Diego County. The purpose of this section is to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the range of natural and cultural resources, which were abundant in the vicinity. 1. Natural Environment The Melrose Drive Extension Project area is located just north of Palomar Airport Road above the south fork of Agua Hedionda creek. The area can be characterized as valley drainages and upland mesa topography with brush-covered steep slopes. Carlsbad Raceway property is centrally located within the study area (see Figures 1-3). The project is located south and east of Agua Hedionda Lagoon (approximately two miles east of El Camino Real). The principal drainage is a seasonal stream flowing roughly southwest toward San Marcos Creek, which in turn flows into Batiquitos Lagoon about 3.5 miles southwest of the project. Elevations on the property range from 339-476 feet above mean sea level (MSL). The land that surrounds the project consists of sloping tilled areas, steep slopes with level ridges, fingers, and benches, which provide suitable sites for human habitation. The area is part of a tributary system of Batiquitos Lagoon and the landform represents a convenient travel corridor. The proximity of a wide range of plant and animal food and utilitarian resources as well as fresh. water and rock outcrops also contribute to the desirability of this location for human settlement. Another important feature of the study area is the climate. In general terms the local climate has been classified as Mediterranean. This is a climate that is characterized by two seasons, a temperate wet winter and a moderate dry summer. Southern California is the only place in the United States with this type of climate (Caughman and Ginsberg 1981). Most rainfall occurs between October and March, with the greatest number of rainy days and greatest rainfall between December and February. The summer is essentially warm and dry. Because of the insular qualities of the Pacific Ocean, the winter temperatures on the coast generally do not reach much below 60 degrees in the day and 50 degrees at night, although the inland areas can be much colder during the day and particularly at night. Similarly, the summer temperatures, while warmer, generally hover in the high 70s to low 80s on the coast, with a considerable increase in temperature as one 10 moves inland. Differences of 10 degrees or more are not uncommon within 10 miles of the coastal belt. The coastal belt is significantly influenced by a strong high-pressure system (the Pacific High) located to the west and by the Pacific Ocean. In combination, these faciors block the cool, moist breezes that originate in the northern Pacific, from moving onshore. The Pacific High shifts from north to south with the approaching winter months, allowing winter storms to come onshore. This system also allows for a condition within the coastal belt known as onshore flow, whereby cooler, moist air moves inland, sometimes as thick fog banks. This circumstance can result in the deposit of trace amounts of moisture as dew that could be considered a source of fresh water, though not a traditional one. 2. Geology and Soil The ridges that surround the project area are composed of well-developed soils, mostly Huerhuero loam and Linne clay loam (Collett and Cheever 1999). Clay soils cover a large portion of the main drainage area but also occupy a significant portion of the upland areas, sometimes occurring as isolated patches surrounded by loamy soils. The'se soils are principally derived from underlying Pleistocene sandstone and conglomerate beds (Lusardi Formation) or from the Eocene sandstone and siltstone beds (Torrey and Del Mar Formations). These sediments are classified as subsets of the Santiago Formation, which is known to be paleontologically sensitive, containing vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in some locations. The basement Santiago Peak Volcanics are metamorphic rocks of Jurassic age. The newest deposits in the study area are Quaternary alluvium and terrace deposits. Slopes range from 5 to 30 percent slopes with medium runoff and moderate erosion (U.S. Department of Agriculture 1973). Of some interest from an archaeological perspective are the metavolcanic rocks, which are present south and southeast of the study area (Kaldenberg 1976). Native Americans used this fine-grained stone extensively for production of stone tools as evidenced at several sites in the vicinity (Wade et al. 1989; Berryman and Cheever 1999). Several quarry sites have been used in historic times, especially along the San Marcos Creek drainage. Two prehistoric quarry sites are located southwest of El Fuerte Street (Kaldenberg 1975a). These sites (SDM-W-587 and SDM-W-589) located on an extrusive vein of andesite were mapped and collected in the 1970s by a local archaeologist (Kaldenberg 1975b). One quarry site is located just east of the intersection of Questhaven Road and Rancho Santa Fe Road, south of the project (Fink 1977). Fink described the site as consisting of thousands of stone flakes, cores, and simple tools. He evaluated the site as being of "major scientific importance" because of the size, rarity, preservation, and apparent association with San Dieguito groups (Fink 1977:10). SDM- W-191 was revisited in 1983 (Woodman 1983) and in 1986 (Wade 1986) and was found to remain as originally described. The site is currently within the fenced area of the San 11 Marcos Landfill. Certainly, the fine-grained and apparently high-quality metavolcanic stone, which was available in the project vicinity represented a draw for the aboriginal populations of this area. Another important stone material, in the form of bedrock outcrops of granite and granodiorite were located within the project boundaries and also have been reported on the hill slopes to the east of Rancho Carrillo, directly south of this project area (Pigniolo and Briggs 1989). These rough stone surfaces have been used extensively throughout San Diego County as grinding or milling surfaces for processing plant foods and other subsistence and utilitarian resources. 3. Vegetation The vegetation patterns within the project boundaries have been heavily disturbed by construction and off-road vehicles. Eight different plant communities were identified during a biological survey conducted by RECON (1999). Dunham and Berryman (1991) identified nine vegetation communities within a short distance from the Melrose Drive Extension area. The Melrose Drive Extension property consisted of freshwater marsh, willow scrub, baccharis scrub, Diegan coastal sage scrub, mixed chaparral, agriculture, non-native grassland, and disturbed areas. The cultural resource sites on the property are found in direct association with areas that are now or were in- the past coastal sage scrub, mixed chaparral, -oak woodland, and native grassland communities. Native Americans utilized many of the plants, common to these vegetation communities for food, medicine, clothing, and construction of shelter and weapons. Information on the plants that are known to have been utilized by native people in this region is provided in Bean and Saubel (1972), Balls (1972), Hedges and Berresford (1986), Hinton (1975), Waterman (1910), Shipek (1970), and Sparkman (1908). Based on these ethnographic sources and the plant list generated during the biological assessment of projects to the south of the Melrose Drive Extension, a listing of plants was constructed that were likely used by Native Americans for food, medicine, or construction on this property was created. In Table 2, the plants- are categorized by vegetation communities and the common and scientific names are listed as well as the proposed uses. As can be seen from Table 2, a wide variety of plants were available for use as food, medicine, or construction materials. The majority of the usable foods are found within the sage scrub and chaparral communities or within oak woodland/riparian communities. Many of the plants found in the native grasslands contain edible bulbs, which are also likely to have been eaten by Native American populations. The upland sites were within coastal sage or chaparral plant communities, although at some locations those native plant communities had been destroyed by agriculture. The lowland sites existed at the interface between the riparian woodland/willow scrub and sage scrub/chaparral communities. One of the pervasive themes of testing research in this region is the influence of plant resource proximity on site location. Based on the changes that have been reported for plant community distribution in San Diego County, generally 12 TABLE 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC USES OF PLANTS WITHIN RANCHO CARRILLO Scientific Name Common Name Part Used/Use Valley Needlerass Grassland A Ilium sp. Wild onion bulb/food Avenafaula Wild oats (non-native) seeds/food Bloomeria crocea Golden star Brodiaeafihtfolia Threadleaved brodiaea bulb/food Bromus rubens Red brome Brornus mollis Smooth brome Dichelostemma puichella Wild Hyacinth Orthocarpus densflorus Owl's clover Sisyrinchium bellum Blue-eyed grass - Stipa pulchra Valley needlegrass Coastal Sace Scrub/Southern Maritime/Mixed Chaparral Adenostoma fasciculatum Chamise Adoiphia caitfornica California adolphia Arctostaphylos glandulosa Del Mar manzanita berry, leaves/food, beverage Artemisia californica Coastal sagebrush Calochortus splendens Mariposa lily bulbs/food Comarostaphylis diversifolia Summer holly CorethrogynefiIaginfolia Sand aster Encelia calçfornica Coast encelia Eremocarpus setigerus Dove weed leaves/medicinal Eriogonumfasciculatum Flat-top buckwheat flowers/medicinal Helianthemum scoparium Alderson rockrose Heteromeles arbutifolia Toyon fruit Isomeris arborea Bladderpod Lonicera subspicata Wild honeysuckle medicinal Lotus scoparius Deerweed TABLE2 ETHNOGRAPHIC USES OF PLANTS WITHIN RANCHO CARRILLO (continued) Scientific Name Common Name Part Used/Use Malacothamnusfasciculatus Bush mallow Marah macrocarpus Wild cucumber -. Mimulus puniceus Red bush monkey-flower Quercus dumosa Scrub oak seeds (acorn) Mirabilis calfornica Wishbone bush Opuntia littoralis 0 Shore cactus fruit/pads Plantago major Common plantain Polypogon monspeliensis Rabbitfoot grass Rhamnus crocea Redberry medicinal (R. calfornica [coffeeberry] ref. in Hedges and Beresford 1986) Rhus integrifolia Lemonadeberry berries/beverage Rhus laurina . Laurel sumac , medicinal Ribes speciosum - Fuchsia-flowered gooseberry Salvia apiana White sage stalks, seeds/food Salvia mellifera Black sage seeds/food Selaginella cinerascens Pygmy spikemoss Stachys rigida Hedge-nettle Stephanomeria virgata Stephanomeria or mule weed Stipa coronata Giant stipa Xylococcus bicolor Mission manzanita Yucca schidigera Mohave yucca stalk/construction Yucca whipplei Our Lord's candle root-stalk/food Riparian Woodland/Willow Scrub Ambrosia psilostachya Western ragweed medicinal Anemopsis calfornica - Yerba mansa - root, leaves/medicinal Baccharis glutinosa Mulefat Platanus racemosa California sycamore medicinal - TABLE 2 ETHNOGRAPHIC USES OF PLANTS WITHIN RANCHO CARRILLO (continued) Scientific Name Common Name Part Used/Use Quercus agrifolia Coast live oak food Rhus laurina Laurel sumac Salix gooddingii California black willow construction Salix lasiolepis Arroyo willow construction Sambucus mexicana Elderberry food/fruit Toxicodendron diversilobum Poison oak Mesic Areas and Wetlands Distichilis spicata Saltgrass Heliotropium curassavicum Chinese pusley Juncus acutus Spiny rush leaves/basketry Juncus bufonius Toad rush leaves/basketry Juncus mexicanus Mexican rush leaves/basketry Nicotiana glauca Tree tobacco smoking/non-native Opuntiaficus-indica Indian fig fruit, pads/food Scirpus acutus Tule or hard-stem 'bulrush Scirpus robustus Prairie bulrush Sida leprosa ' Alkali-mallow Solanum nodflorum Nightshade Solidago occidentalis Western goldenrod leaves, stems/medicinal Typha latfo1ia Tall cattail root, shoots/food Xanthium sp. Cocklebur leaves/cooking Zigadenusfremontii Star zigadenus medicinal it appears that the project has lost many of the native species as well as the diversity that was once more prevalent. One of the more dramatic changes may include the loss of larger trees, in particular oaks and willows from the banks of the drainages. 4. Fauna The vegetation communities, which are described above, support a diverse assemblage of animals. The following information was extrapolated from the Carrillo Ranch biological report (Dunham and Berryman 1991), which is located directly south across Palomar Airport Road, and the current RECON biological report written for the current project. It should be noted that the animals that are present in the project area today are probably consistent with the species that have been present in the area for many thousands of years. It is probable that if there have been changes, it has probably been towards a reduction in population numbers and in the variety of species that are currently present. Few animals were observed during the archaeological excavations on these sites; however, an alligator lizard (Elgaria multicarinata webbi), a western fence lizard (Sceloporus occidentalis), cottontail (Sylvilagus audubonii), red-tailed hawk (Buteo, jamaicensis calurus), turkey vulture (Cathartes aura), and a roadrunner (Geococcyx californianus) were observed. The biological survey report noted that several species were likely to occur, but were not observed during fieldwork. These include the side- blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana), the orange-throated whiptail (Cnemidophorus hyperythrus beldingi), rattlesnakes (Crotalus sp.), gopher snakes (Pituophis catenifer annectens), ground squirrels (Spermophilus beecheyi), coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon (Procyon lotor), striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), and a variety of mice and rats. Individuals who live near the project property reported bobcats in that drainage. Each of these animals represents a potential food source for Native American occupants of the region and archaeological collections from throughout the county indicate the strong presence of rabbit, squirrel, and woodrat as components of cultural bone assemblages. Numerous perching birds were also observed, which may or may not represent food resources, ' although larger birds such as California quail, various migratory fowl, and egret were likely used as food. A range of migratory birds may also have-been available on ponds or at Batiquitos Lagoon. The project property and the surrounding area, because of several natural resource communities, each supporting a wealth of food, medicinal, and utilitarian resources, appears to have represented an extremely favorable location for human habitation in the past Staple foods, such as acorn, agave, and shellfish, were and remain available either on-site or within a one-day collecting radius. Bushes and trees that can be used to supply fuel; and water are present in the upper drainages and seeps, and the creek in the valley bottom represents a permanent water source. Raw material for the manufacture of flaked stone and ground stone artifacts (granitics for ground stone implements and fine-grained metavolcanics for flaked stone tools) is available in nearby locations to the south and Iri southeast. Further evidence that this was a favorable settlement location is demonstrated by the presence of a large number of recorded sites in the vicinity and within the project area. B. Paleoenvironment It is an undisputed fact that there have been shifts in environmental conditions throughout the Holocene (the past 10,000 years) (Mehringer 1967; Axelrod 1983). Evidence for these changes has come primarily from geological evidence on the coast and paleobotanical studies completed in the Great Basin area. Antevs (1952) has discussed the climatic history of California in terms of three post-Pleistocene, periods: the Anathermal, the Altithermal, and Medithermal. Warren and Pavesic (1963) summarized the available pollen data from the Great Basin and the implications for reconstructing paleoenvironments in coastal California. They proposed that the period after 10,000 years before the present (B.P.) was a drying trend which culminated in a change from an arboreal (tree-dominated) to a predominantly grassland-dominated community by 7,000 years B.P. Grasslands alternated with desert environments during short intervals over the subsequent centuries until there was a stabilization to the dry environments of today's deserts. Later, with further desiccation of the desert areas, the coast must have been more strongly influenced by diffusion and migration of peoples from the interior" (Warren and Pavesic 1963). Conclusions regarding changes in temperature, rainfall, and vegetation patterns have been extrapolated for coastal California as well. Eighmey (1992) summarized the available information (Mehringer 1967; Inman 1983; Axlerod 1983) regarding known changes in coastal vegetation patterns during the Holocene. A general trend of increasing mean temperatures and aridity resulted in the gradual retreat of conifer forests from the interior and coastal areas and a corresponding replacement by oak woodlands and coastal sage scrub. Paleobotanical data from Mehringer (1967), Inman (1983), and Axlerod (1983) -suggest that nuts from conifers (such as pines and cypress) may have represented a substantial food resource on the coast and, consequently, represented a substantial influence on settlement patterning during the early period of prehistory. In addition to: increasingly inhospitable climatic conditions in the interior regions, there were considerable changes in the physiography of the coast which resulted from the general warming and drying trend. Inman (1983) and Masters (1988) discuss plate tectonics and paleoclimatic changes and the resulting rise of the sea level during the past 10,000 years. Although this rise slowed after 6,000 years B.P. (having subsequently risen approximately five meters), alteration of the coast line configuration is a factor in the explanation of cultural resource settlement patterns. Warren and Pavesic (1963) also argue that this alteration is a factor in the viability of the lagoons for various shellfish 17 populations. These alterations have strong ramifications for the project study area as Batiquitos Lagoon is a prominent element of the physical environment for the area, and the presence of marine shellfish remains in virtually all of the sites in the region further forges the link between these areas. While sea level rose, the lagoons were well flushed and thus supported large populations of rock-dwelling and sandy beach—dwelling shellfish. When the rise in sea level slowed, the lagoons became progressively silted and shellfish populations were reduced or restricted in distribution. These alterations have been discussed at length by local archaeologists with regard to the ramifications they had for human settlement and cultural practices. CA-SDI-10,550 and CA-SDI-10,552 had no shellfish remains present as part of the ecofaunal materials recovered. One small shell was recovered from CA-SDI-10,552; however, it appears to be part of a much, older fossilized deposit. C. Cultural Background 1. Prehistory The traditional culture history for San Diego County consists of three periods: San Dieguito, La Jolla, and Diegueno. These three periods were first identified in the literature by Malcolm Rogers, who conducted archaeological survey, research, and excavation from 1919 through 1945 throughout the county. Most of this work was conducted under the auspices of the San Diego Museum of Man and, as Hanna (1991) has pointed out, Rogers' work was conducted in a time when classification and chronology, were the primary goals of archaeology. Most archaeological investigations completed subsequent to Rogers' proposed chronology have assessed archaeological sites as to where they fit within the framework established by Rogers. With the inception of the "New Archaeology," some archaeological research shifted to a deductive approach where the validity of this framework was tested with 'archaeological data from the sites. The goal of the New Archaeology was to develop and constantly refine models of human behavior. The first step in this more scientifically based research approach is to posit hypotheses, test implications, and data requirements. The information recovered during investigation of an archaeological site is the data which is used to answer the test questions and, thus, to evaluate the hypotheses and ultimately the general model. Several researchers have called for an application of the data (the archaeological site information) to evaluate Rogers' model of San Diego Prehistory (Bull 1983, 1987; Warren 1985). However, Hanna (1991) observed, "Not only did Rogers' work survive the New Archaeology movement (Ca. 1948-1968), but his culture-chronological focus has since remained a main theme of much local work." The following culture chronology for coastal San Diego is based on a synthesis of the existing literature developed by Hanna (1991) and presents only one of many versions of WIV San Diego prehistory. As discussed above, this chronology is intended as a general model which is dynamic and subject to testing as new information is uncovered. One currently accepted general model of San Diego County prehistory, the product of many small revisions with a few broad extensions, is still quite recognizably based on the original Malcolm Rogers' chronology. This presentation differentiates three principal cultural patterns (the Archaic, Late Prehistoric, and Protohistoric Periods—the San Dieguito, La Jolla, and Diegueno, defined earlier by Rogers), each marked by its own material culture inventories, site types, spatial distributions, and relative or absolute date ranges. These three general patterns have also been associated with perceived local or regional variants that some researchers believe must reflect significant differences in ancient peoples' social and economic lives; however, these assertions remain nebulous. A summary of this tripartite model is provided below, together with some discussion of unresolved issues, competing research explanations, and alternatives to the model itself. a. The Archaic Period (San Dieguito and La Jolla Complexes) Early occupants of the San Diego area are archaeologically represented by a culture pattern that Malcolm J. Rogers first described as the "Scraper-Makers" and later as the "San Dieguito" (Rogers 1929, 1938). The material culture inventory was initially defined on the basis of several sites and then formalized with material from the C.W. Harris site (CA-SDI-149/SDM-W-198), first excavated by Rogers in 1938 and since considered the San Dieguito "Type Site" (Warren 1966). The so-called San Dieguito artifact assemblage is typified by large, unifacially worked core-based tools, unidirectional flake cores, and bifacial, flake-based tools classified as "projectile points" and "knives." These stone tools often exhibit both a high degree of workmanship and careful raw material selectivity. Leaf-shaped blades, occasionally with wide-stemmed hafting elements, are common point and/or knife forms in this tradition. The hafting and delivery systems associated with these artifacts are widely debated but probably included hardened foreshafts fastened to atlati darts and lances. Bows may have been used, but the mass (weight) of many of these points implies that this was rare if in fact present at all. Rogers' original compilation of San Dieguito tool kit traits did not include ground stone artifacts, a technology that was attributed to the later "La Jolla" culture complex. Along with members of the Western Lithic Co-Tradition, the primary economic emphasis for the San Dieguito people has been suggested as a large-game—based subsistence strategy requiring the production of hunting and butchering tools (Davis et al. 1969). Since the early work by Rogers, a number of investigators have suggested the presence of ground stone implements in direct contact with San Dieguito—age materials, in particular at sites dating to the later phase of this tradition (Grenda 1992:22). The presence of ground stone and the suggestion on the part of some researchers that the San Dieguito were not solely hunters of game animals has created an area of some controversy (Grenda 1992:22). A growing body of data from purported San Dieguito sites in the San Diego area has 19 recently begun to place some of these reconstructions in doubt. Whereas ground stone artifacts were not previously thought to be associated with these earlier complexes, manos have been found within lower sections of the C.W. Harris site (Carrico et al. 1990). Other sites, such as SDM-W-131, SDM-W-40, and SDM-W-1584, have revealed milling technology in association with dates of greater than 8,000 years B.P. (Gallegos 1984; Norwood 1980). There appears to be a progressive narrowing of definitional differences between the San Dieguito and assumedly later complexes. Many archaeological sites attributed to the San Dieguito time frame are described as surface or very shallow deposits, typically located on inland knolltops and ridge-fingers overlooking watercourses. The usually tenuous nature of these deposits, coupled with a limited range of tool types, has led many researchers to interpret San Dieguito sites as either temporary camps or as loci of specialized activities, such as hunting or food processing. If these views are correct, then a San Dieguito economy, based primarily on hunting activities and secondarily on the use of plant resources, was probably expressed as a nomadic lifestyle that may have entailed seasonal patterns of movement dictated by the availability of local resources. Excavations in and around San Diego County in the 40 years following Rogers' pioneering work have revealed the existence of the San Dieguito Complex within San Diego County by as early as 9,000 years ago (Gallegos 1985). Technological attributes, tool forms, and general material culture trends have been used to place the San Dieguito Complex within a much larger Archaic Period cultural continuum, sometimes called the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition (Bedwell 1970; Hester 1973). This group of coeval cultural patterns developed in Great Basin and Colorado Desert playa lake areas during moist periods following the last glaciation, with the economy developing around plants and animals that survived increasingly and environments. This post-Paleoindian era saw the emergence of hunting economies, over wide areas of the desert southwest, which exhibited similar technological patterns due to their shared economic base. Such similarities among many Archaic Period sites in the Colorado Desert and Great Basin have led some researchers to group them within what has been called the "Western Lithic Co-Tradition" (Davis et al. 1969). Within traditional nomenclature, the San Dieguito Complex is followed in the archaeological record by a pattern that Malcolm J. Rogers first termed the "Shell-Midden People" and later renamed the "La Jolla Complex" (Rogers 1938, 1945). Rogers' initial formulation considered that the "Shell-Midden People" were antecedent to the "Scraper-Makers." This conclusion was based on what he perceived to be as differences in the sophistication of stone tool technology. His subsequent chronological reversal of these two assemblages stemmed largely from stratigraphical interpretations at the C.W. Harris site (Warren 1966). The definition and chronological position of the La Jolla Complex, particularly in relation to the San Dieguito Complex, have since been subject to continuing debate (Bull 1987; Gallegos 1987; Hayden 1987). Warren (1968) considers 20 the La Jolla Complex a local variant of the Encinitas Tradition. Other complexes commonly associated with the Encinitas Tradition include the Pauma, Topanga, Oak-Grove, and Early Milling Horizons of the southern California coastal and inland zones (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984:108). Frequently mentioned Encinitas Tradition hallmarks are an increased dependence on milling technology and a decrease in certain styles of flaked lithic artifacts, which characterize San Dieguito assemblages. This technological shift, which purportedly stemmed from utilization of a wider resource base and an emphasis on settlement in the coastal belt, is reflected by a more diverse tool assemblage. The resource shift appears to have been towards plant foods and marine resources and hunting of smaller game. A specific inference is that the large number of grinding implements indicates processing of hard seeds from plants of the chaparral and inland mountain regions, which might have permitted a diminished reliance on hunting. This shift, coupled with an increasing use of littoral resources, marks the end of the Western Pluvial Lakes Tradition and its coastal manifestation, sometimes called the "Paleo-Coastal Tradition" (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984:108; Moratto 1984:109). Archaeological sites attributed to the La Jolla Complex have been assigned dates ranging from about 8,000 B.P. to 3,000 B.P., overlapping late San Dieguito phases in many areas (Moratto 1984:147). Besides the presence of ground stone tools, La Jolla sites are typically associated with flexed burials and shell middens, and occasionally with cogstones or discoidals. The flaked stone tool assemblages from these sites generally contain higher percentages of battering and crushing implements. There is less emphasis on tools with a finely worked cutting edges, and assemblages with significantly lower percentages of large bifacially worked knives and unifacially worked "scraper/cores" than is thought to be typical of the San Dieguito Complex. Tools from coastal sites of the La Jolla Complex appear to express less selectivity of raw material and to show less detail and care in workmanship than tools found within San Dieguito assemblages. An apparent inland manifestation of the La Jolla Complex was termed the "Pauma Complex" by D. L. True (1958), who proposed the name to describe assemblages recovered from over 20 inland sites in northern San Diego County. The Pauma assemblage features stone'tools, which initially seemed to follow the San Dieguito pattern (e.g., foliate points and crescentics) but were found in association with ground stone implements usually ascribed to the La Jolla Complex. Subsequent research revealed that some of these purported associations resulted from mixed strata and provenience at multi- component sites. After further study and reflection, True decided that "the Pauma complex inventory is very similar to the adjacent La Jolla ... and some undefined but close relationship is proposed between the two" (True 1980:370). Materials from these sites seem closely tied to the La Jolla Complex, although influences from the emergent Campbell Tradition to the north are sometimes proposed (Moratto 1984:152). Site assemblages attributed to the Campbell Tradition often include "side notched and 21 lanceolate points, large knives, a variety of flake scrapers, and drill-like implements" (Warren 1968:2). Relationships between the San Dieguito, Pauma, and La Jolla Complexes are an area of active debate and research locally. Present interpretations of the archaeological data fall into two main categories: (1) defense of the traditional view asserting temporal and cultural differences between the three complexes and '(2) a variety of alternative explanations as to the purported differences among the artifact collections based on incomplete data. Perhaps the most commonly referenced alternative explanation is that the La Jolla Complex is simply a different, environmentally based manifestation of the original San Dieguito Complex. Traditionaliss explain distinctions between San Dieguito and La Jolla assemblages as genuine examples of adaptive culture change or population replacement. The former scenario posits that an inland hunting lifestyle (San Dieguito culture) expanded toward the seashore, where an abundance of shellfish and other marine resources promoted longer-term settlement around lagoons where the population was supported by intensive gathering and foraging for subsistence resources within a smaller catchment area. The abundant food supply found in and around lagoons is suggested to have resulted in a deèmphasis on hunting and a reduced mobility accounting for depth and richness of the midden deposit at La Jolla Period' sites far exceeding what has been noted at San. Dieguito—age associations. This explanation seems to fit the evidence from coastal sites fairly well and can also accommodate evidence from inland sites. Radiocarbon dates, where available, do not seem to indicate a hiatus between .the two cultures giving the appearance of a seamless cultural transition of a single culture group. If this is true, then the so-called Pauma sites may represent settlements created by people in transition between the two economies or expressed differences associated with responses to environmental conditions. The second traditional scenario, population . replacement, is fueled primarily by. the observation that assemblages from San Dieguito sites are by definition significantly different from thOse seen in coastal La Jolla sites. In a classical example of a "migration versus diffusion" argument, some archaeologists have viewed the technological differences between these archaeological assemblages as significant enough to require separate historical origins for the two archaeological cultures. Although the invasion scenario appears expedient and efficient, it is based on partially tautological premises. Changes in economic and technological patterns are evident throughout the Archaic Period, but whether they represent in situ change or they represent the introduction of other cultural elements is a critical point of difference. Models allowing for in situ change would more easily. reconcile data retrieved from San Diego County sites with that found in adjacent areas to the north and east. The question also remains as to where these immigrants came from. 22 Nontraditional interpretations have been fueled by several types of information stemming from the proliferation of archaeological surveys and site excavations in recent years. Many local archaeologists have come to realize that distinctions between La Jolla—pattern and San Dieguito—pattern sites lessen with increased distance from the coast. Moving inland, archaeological collections produce more finely made hunting tools in association with milling tools and even shellfish remains have been found at these sites, in some cases as much as 20 miles from the coast. Accumulating radiocarbon dates over the past three decades indicate significant temporal overlaps between La Jolla and San Dieguito assemblages. It now appears that the 12,000-7,500 B.P. range for "San Dieguito" sites (Wallace 1955, 1978; True 1958; Warren et al. 1961; Warren 1966, 1967, 1968; Rogers et al. 1966; Moriarty 1967; Davis et al. 1969) maybe too conservative on the upper end. While the 11,000-1,500 BP. range for "La Jolla" sites (Wallace 1955, 1978; Moriarty 1966; Rogers et al. 1966; True 1966; Warren 1968) is too conservative on the lower end. Such observations have led some researchers to propose that what have been seen as culturally diagnostic artifact assemblages are actually alternate tool kits of a single culture which were adapted to suffice in different resource areas. The "La Jolla" assemblages may in fact be specialized tool kits associated with seasonally utilized, coastal processing sites. Where these "La Jolla" processing sites also functioned as temporary camps, briefly but regularly used over long time spans, substantial deposits of food refuse and specialized tools could accumulate in the archaeological record. Given a small and biased sample of sites, such deposits might easily be misinterpreted to define a technologically simple, almost retrograde "La Jolla" culture pattern distinctive from separate, technologically complex "San Dieguito" hunting culture elsewhere. The apparent proliferation of La Jolla sites and the apparent length of this cultural horizon may represent a gradual accumulation of similar site occupation episodes, a progressively increased reliance upon locally available coastal resources, or both. Similarly, the duration and size of coastal site occupations may have changed through time in response to environmental conditions among other factors, with a result of a misunderstanding of the cultural continuity. The resolution of these debates is feasible through archaeological means and, will partly depend on obtaining' detailed information, including absolute dates, from a significantly expanded sample of the still poorly represented inland sites. Discovering a large number of contemporary inland and coastal Archaic Period sites would strongly suggest "San Dieguito" and "La Jolla" synchronicity, whereas an absence of such sites, despite concerted efforts to locate them, would go far towards confirming traditional views. Zone patterning for frequently recurrent in situ associations of "San Dieguito" and "La Jolla" diagnostic artifacts would support the thesis of functional (tool kit) rather than cultural distinctiveness, particularly if "San Dieguito" items were rarest near the coast and "La Jolla" items were rarest in the interior. Near-coast sites at locations transitional to interior valleys and highlands should provide good test data because the functional 23 (tool kit) thesis predicts a high frequency of occurrence of specialized items from both patterns, as well as habitation and tool-production debris. b. The Late Prehistoric Period Milling technology in southern California and adjacent areas appears to have had a relatively complex history. As noted, suggestions that milling artifacts were present in at least some portion of the San Dieguito pattern's spatial-temporal distribution have fueled enduring controversy over the validity of supposed cultural-chronological units and the nature of relationships between them. There is broad consensus over assigning "La Jolla" and other possible regional variants to the Early Millingstone Horizon, and very late La Jolla Complex assemblages appear to exhibit lineal continuity with Late Millingstone Horizon assemblages. A potentially significant Early Millingstone Horizon variant is the "Encinitas Tradition," which Warren (1968) believes endured innorth -coastal San Diego County until about 1,500 B.P. and defines as a well-developed collection economy focused on pinyon pine, hollyhock, shellfish, and a wide variety of other plant and animal resources The "Cuyamaca Complex" (True 1970), an early Late Millingstone Horizon assemblage in southern San Diego County, adjacent parts of Imperial County, and northern Baja California, is considered directly antecedent to the ethnohistonc Diegueno or Kumeyaay (Chartkoff and Chartkoff 1984:164; Moratto 1984:156). Rogers (1945) defined three phases of these "Yuman" cultures, which Warren (1968) classifies as the "Yuman Tradition" of his "Late Prehistoric Stage." The two-phase "San Luis Rey Complex" (Meighan 1954) in northern San Diego County and adjacent areas, which Rogers (1945) considered "Shoshonean" precursors to the ethnohistoric "Luiseno," is called the "Shoshonean Tradition" within Warren's (1968) Late Prehistoric Stage. Wallace (1955) classifies all of these cultures as part of the "Late Prehistoric Horizon." The slow development of Early Millingstone Horizon cultures seems to have progressed fairly uniformly until approximately 1,200 B.P., when fairly strong evidence appears for population influxes into San Diego County from desert regions to the east. According to Rogers (1945), the "Yuman invasion" of Hokan speakers was episodic and protracted, and in the final phase (Yuman III) can be equated with the appearance of direct Kumeyaay ancestors. Similarly, Meighan's (1954) San Luis Rey II phase is thought to reflect a direct intrusion of Shoshonean speakers from desert areas north of the Yumans, while Moratto (1984) believes that the circa 1,200 B.P. appearance of the Irvine Complex and San Luis Rey Complex signifies establishment of the ancestral Luiseno populations. C. The Protohistoric Period The Protohistoric Period is associated with local populations that were directly ancestral to ethnohistorically known cultures, which in archaeological terms equates with Yurnan III and San Luis Rey II. Through roughly 1,300 B.P., the Late Prehistoric Period archaeological record shows increasing contacts with groups outside the San Diego area. Groups settled in the lower Colorado River valley were partly agricultural, for the most part spoke a Hokan-family language, and maintained contacts with the Pima-Papago and various Pueblo peoples farther east. Most nonriverine desert groups belonged to a widespread set of social groups, including nomads and a few semi-agriculturalists, that spoke languages of the Shoshonean family and had connections throughout the Great Basin and into Mexico. There also appear to have been contacts between groups in the San Diego area and groups along the California coast, including the Santa Barbara Channel area. Through trade, assimilation, or population movements, or some combination of all three, a number of distinctive cultural attributes were overlaid onto the local Millingstone Horizon traditions. Among these attributes are certain projectile point types, other finely worked lithic tools, steatite artifacts, different mortuary goods, and cremations. At some point between about 1,350 and 1,200 B.P., the local material culture inventory became virtually identical with that of the ethnohistorically known groups. This is particularly true with the local appearance of imported lower Colorado River valley ceramics and the later onset of local ceramic production, probably by about 750 B.P. (AD. 1200). Proto-historic Period economies are characterized by a heavy reliance on acorns and other plant materials requiring extensive processing before use. The gradual elaboration of this economy, which probably began earlier in the Late Prehistoric Period, resulted in distinctive milling features found on bedrock outcrops throughout the area. These features include conical depressions (mortars) and shallow but larger depressed areas (basins and slicks) on the surfaces of boulders (usually granite). Mortars were used with a pounding tool (pestle) for grinding acorns into a paste that was leached and dried to make acorn meal, which was a dietary staple. The large, shallow slicks and basins are thought to have been used with a hand-stone (mano) in processing seeds and other vegetable foodstuffs. Although such features cannot be directly dated, many have been found in association with site deposits of Late Prehistoric or occasionally early historic age. One difficulty with defining the Protohistoric Period is that influences from encroaching Spanish colonial forces undoubtedly reached northern groups, far in advance of the founding of Mission San Diego de Alcala and Presidio de San Diego in A.D. 1769. For the local area the pace of cultural change accelerated after that date, and ultimately, the coming of the Spanish precipitated large-scale native depopulation, relocation, and social collapse of the aboriginal groups. This era also resulted in terminological confusion because Fray Junipero Serra, following standard practice, called the San Diego mission neophytes "Dieguenos" and the Mission San Luis Rey de Francia neophytes "Luisenos." These terms were extended to incorporate all natives within the holdings of each combined mission and Presidio administrative district, generally in complete ignorance of traditional sociopolitical divisions. 25 It is difficult to accurately reconstruct aboriginal social and political structures because the Spanish recorded little information of value in this regard, and ethnographic field research began long after native cultures had experienced significant historical impacts. The Yuman-speaking inhabitants throughout most of San Diego County were loosely organized into at least two dialectically separate groups, each associated with a geographic area that was home to many triblets or bands. The Ipai (northern) and Tipai (southern) divisions were not so much clearly defined territorial units as they were emicly recognized, cultural and dialectical structures (Luomala 1978:592). In original usage, these terms probably had geographic and/or classificatory meanings that have since been lost or modified. A currently accepted name for the Diegueno is Kumeyaay, a term of unclear origin that Spier (1923:298) records as originally associated with the northern Ipai division. The term Kumeyaay was subsequently and variously extended to include other groups, and it is now used to designate all Yuman-speaking peoples between the Pacific Ocean, the vicinity of Carlsbad, the Salton Sea area, and north-central Baja California (May 1975:1). - The Batiquitos Lagoon drainage system has been a focus of ongoing research into these issues, due partly to the abundance of archaeological investigations which have been completed in this area and due also to the density and quality of the archaeological sites along the drainage. The following chapter (Research Design) discusses previous archaeology and conclusions regarding settlement and subsistence for the Batiquitos Lagoon system. 2. History - The occupation of San Diego County by nonindigenous populations began in A.D. 1769 with the establishment of a Spanish royal presidio and the Franciscan Mission, San Diego de Alcala near the mouth of the San Diego River, about 30 miles south of the Melrose Drive Extension Project. In 1798, Mission San Luis Rey de Francia, eighteenth mission in the California chain, was founded on the San Luis Rey River about eight miles northwest of the project location. The San Luis Rey mission was particularly successful in terms of religious conversions, relations with the native populace generally, agricultural enterprises, and cattle ranching. According to Engelhardt (1921:46), the mission prospered well into the period following Mexico's revolt against Spain in 1810. After 1812 the Mexican government failed to supply goods for the missions or salaries for the soldiers and San Luis Rey was forced to support both the military and its own operations. By 1831, the mission had baptized 5,298 Indians, performed 1,391 marriages' and 2,586 Christian burials, had direct control of 1,891 people, and boasted livestock amounting to 26,000 head of cattle, 25,500 sheep, 2,150 horses, 1,200 goats, 300 pigs, and 250 mules (Engelhardt 1921:80). The coming of Mexican independence in 1822 initiated a series of significant changes affecting occupants of the Carlsbad region. In 1826 the new government emancipated 26 from mission control all Indians who had qualified for Mexican citizenship, and several moved away from Mission San Luis Rey. The same year, a decree of Governor Jose Maria Echeandia directed that the emancipated Indian communities be organized as secular pueblos, the padres be replaced by secular clergy, and the mission lands then be parceled out to private ownership (Pourade 1961:178-179). An 1829 decree by Echeandia, expelling all men of Spanish birth from California, was designed to defeat Franciscan opposition to secularization (Pourade 1961:179). It precipitated the departure of Fray Antonio Peyri from San Luis Rey in 1832, notwithstanding Governor Echeandia's granting an exception to the decree in Peyri's favor (Engelhardt 1921:73-78). In 1834 the mission was placed under the military administration of Captain Pablo de la Portilla. By 1835, the mission lands were formally confiscated by the Mexican government (Engelhardt 1921:94-96). Contrary to the Secularization Act and Echeandia's decrees, so far as is known, only three towns composed of ex-neophytes were ever organized in San Diego County, these being at Las Flores, San Pasqual, and the San Dieguito Valley (Pourade 1961:208). In general, mission lands and goods were appropriated by local Californios, while the Indians were left either to fend for themselves or work as marginally remunerated laborers. Pio Pico took control of Mission San Luis Rey in 1835. Refusing the Indians their freedom, which had been granted under Mexican emancipation decrees, he retained them as forced labor until he sold the property (in violation of government orders) to Jose A. Cot and Jose A. Pico in 1845. When the United States obtained California in 1846, Pio Pico fled to Mexico and the mission's owners were forced to surrender it to the new government of California (Engelhardt 1921:102-103, 133, 136). North County Indians remained scattered and generally dispossessed of both land and civil rights throughout the middle and latter nineteenth century, despite the appointment .of government agents beginning soon after California joined the Union. There was minimal progress in regularizing Indian policies until the establishment of reservations beginning in 1875 (Engelhardt 1921:173). The mission was left mostly abandoned from 1846 until 1892, although in 1865 President Abraham Lincoln executed title deeds that returned it to the Catholic Church (Engelhardt 1921:233). The mission was restored in 1892-1893 by two Franciscans from Mexico and rededicated on May 12, 1893. A day school for local children and a boarding school for girls were opened in 1913, and both the church and schools have remained in continuous operation since (Engelhardt 1921:242-248). Secularization of the California missions during Mexican rule brought about an era of large private land grants, directly abut the Melrose Drive Extension. The nearby 13,311.01-acre Agua Hedionda Rancho that extended along the coast south of Carlsbad and east to include part of the present study area, was granted toJuan Maria Marron in 1842. Marron, a sea captain who was first recorded as a San Diego resident in 1821, became the head of a prominent southern California family and played an influential role in political affairs during the Mexican era (Brackett 1960:38). Marron has also been 27 described as "a son of a frontier settler, who always managed to hold a public post of some kind at one time or another" (Pourade 1963:66). Marron's wife Felipa was born in San Diego in 1809. The daughter of Juan Maria Osuna, who was born in California in 1785. Osuna served as a corporal in the San Diego Company, participated in the revolt of 1831, became the first alcalde of San Diego in 1834 and justice of the peace in 1839. He was the majordomo and administrator of Mission San Diego during 1840-1843, and in 1836 assumed the Silva family's 1831 San Dieguito Rancho grant, for which he was given provisional grants in 1840 and 1841 and an absolute grant in 1845 (Brackett 1960:20-21). Osuna's role as an alcalde meant that he was empowered to approve or deny land grant petitions, and this early start on'a career of political bossism probably paid subsequent yields in the form of his son-in-law's obtaining the Agua Hedionda grant. As was typical of the period, many acres lying outside the grant boundaries were treated as a de facto part of the holdings. Marron left Agua Hedionda to his heirs in 1853, and they obtained patent in 1872 (Brackett 1960:38), but the land had already been sold in 1860 to Robert Kelly. Robert Kelly, a native of the Isle of Man, came to California in 1850 during the Gold Rush and helped build the Davis Wharf in "New Town" San Diego (Brackett 1960:31). In 1852, Kelly and "Colonel" Asher R. Eddy (former lieutenant, U.S. Army) had somehow wrested ownership of Jamacha Rancho from Dona Apolinaria Lorenzana, to whom it had been granted in 1840 (Brackett 1960:31; Pourade 1963:209-210). After the partners sold Jamacha Rancho in 1858, Kelly was in the mercantile business at Old Town until 1860, when he purchased Agua Hedionda Rancho (Brackett 1960:31, 38). The Marrons had begun selling their interests in Agua Hedionda during 1859 and leased the ranch to Francis Hinton in 1860 for a $6,000 loan (Pourade 1963:261) prior to Kelly's purchase the same year. The present project abuts the southeastern corner of Agua Hedionda Rancho. To the south lies Las Encinitas Rancho, a grant of one square league that was made to Andres Ybarra in 1852 (Brackett 1960:39). Although Ybarra was a Los Angelino in 1819, he participated in the 1831 revolt against Victoria, in 1836 was juez de campo (judge of the plains) at San Diego, and, prior to receiving his grant, ran a dram shop in San Diego (Brackett 1960:40). Las Encinitas Rancho became a way station for the San Diego—Los Angeles stages and in 1868 was purchased and stocked by Joseph S. Mannasse and Marcus Schiller, pioneer San Diego merchants who operated a large supply business serving local ranchers (Brackett 1960:40). Immediately south of Las Encinitas Rancho was Osuna's San Dieguito Rancho. wz Research Design The region encompassihg the Melrose Drive Extension has been the subject of intensive archaeological investigation for the past 23 or more years. Recorded investigations include pedestrian surveys, significance evaluations to characterize some of the identified cultural resource sites, and data recovery excavations. The majority of this work has resulted in the discovery, recording, and assessment of sites located on the uplands, slopes, and drainages flanking Agua Hedionda Creek, around Batiquitos Lagoon. The current study seeks to determine the patterns of regional land use through the identification of site distribution patterns within the Melrose Drive Extension area. To accomplish this one must summarize the data on record for the region, supplement this with new information from the current study, and compare the results with earlier results to identify patterns of land use. The basic settlement model has tribal groups camped at habitation areas situated along the large or primary drainages in a region. Smaller foraging or gathering parties set off on short-term, resource-specific forays along secondary drainage courses and created resource collection sites (Collett and Cheever 1999). These sites were evaluated for importance within a developing regional settlement and environmental model focused on Batiquitos Lagoon and the adjacent drainages. Much archaeological research in the Batiquitos Lagoon region has been devoted to explanations of inter- and intrasite variability through time and across the landscape (Cheever and Eighmey 1991. One way to appraise land use by prehistoric inhabitants is to address a limited range of assemblages. The following definitions and expectations are provided as the operating parameters for defining the archeological sites under study. Stations. Stations are the simplest and most ephemeral of the site types. Stations represent activities that are not associated, for the most part, with the production of material culture items but are stopping places associated with specific goals or needs. Stations could prove important for understanding nonresidential aspects of gathering and might include specialized tools and personal items. In the case of tool production and maintenance, situation is based on visibility and proximity of raw material. Landform and available water may determine the potential location of stations. Expected artifacts and features associated with lithic stations would include but are not limited to the following: Locally, available materials associated with stone tool production, use or. maintenance. . Debris associated with the production, use, and maintenance of stone tools. 29 Cache Sites. Cache sites are the locations where surplus commodities are stored for later use. Examples might be Piute pine-nut storage pits and Kumeyaay acorn granaries. It is proposed that cache sites should be associated with processing areas or locations. The combination of these two site types in close proximity might better be classified as a location rather than a, cache. In' the current model, a simple cache site is expected to include at least the following characteristics: A small or absent tool assemblage, exclusive of the cached, items. Situation in close proximity to either the cached resource or the potential use area. Quantities of unprocessed remains or raw materials. Protective structures, pits, or covers Cache sites are expected to occur either separately, in conjunction with processing sites (locations), or in proximity to residential bases. The recognition of cache sites is problematic, especially if nothing remains of the cached materials. The generally secret nature of caching things also makes detection of these sites difficult. ' Locations. A location is a site produced by the activities associated with a processing or extractive task. A kill site or a shell midden could be considered locations, as could a quarry. Within this site type category, the unit of analysis is an activity event and its material manifestations. Since a single temporal event would be, for all intents and purposes, invisible to archaeological resolution, what is needed is a site where a repetitive series of single activity events or a group of related activity events were conducted. These sites are generally termed "special activity sites" in that they do not (theoretically) encompass all of the domestic activities (and by inference the material by-products) that would occur near a central habitation area. Given these conditions, locations are predicted to contain the following: A specific task-related' tool kit. Situation in an area that is more favorable for the activity or is associated with resources important to the activity. A limited amount and diversity of domestic refuse. Debris from the use or modification of the targeted resource(s). From the standpoint of archaeological recovery,. these variables will manifest themselves 30 A limited number of specific tool types. Location, near a definable orreconstructable resource. Limited recovery of multiple classes of domestic refuse (for example, shellfish, bone, charcoal, and seeds). - Specific types and limited quantities of debitage.' Hearths, if present, related to basic processing and not containing a variety of cooking debris. Field Camp. A field camp represents a temporary working and living area associated with gatherer task groups while they are away from the main residential base. Field camps are expected to be located along the routes between resource areas and within larger resource areas. With transient camps, the remains of special processing activities are not expected to occur in large quantities. In proximity to a specific resource area,' a field camp might show some similarities with locations; however, they are considered to be distinctive because they would have a significantly higher percentage of domestic debris in the recovered sample. Field camps should be recognizable by: A small but representative sample of several artifact types. Location, near a major resource area or travel route. Moderate quantities of domestic refuse, including portable food items. F 4. A variable debitage assemblage with recognizable emphasis on the production and use of a particular task-related tool kit. / 5. Cooking and processing .hearths, although they should be single-use with small or absent quantities of food refuse. Residential Base. The last of the sites in the typological hierarchy is the residential base. This is considered to be the most complex of the sites that are encountered in archaeological research in the southern California region. This site type probably accounts for the fewest number of sites in the region and perhaps the most often misidentified. The differentiation between residential bases and field camps is problematic, especially when a field camp has been occupied more than once. Of particular concern is differentiating "accretion middens" from true residential bases. The situation of a field camp at a desirable location may result in multiple occupations over a series of years and the accumulation of ecofact and artifact patterns similar to those found r 31 at a residential base. This is particularly true if there is a shift in resource emphasis over the occupation sequence at a field camp. Residential bases are seen as the hub of both forager and gatherer social group settlement during the seasonal rounds. For foragers, the residential base may be a transitory phenomenon; in particular, if the social group spends a portion of the year separated into smaller family units. In the case of a gathering-based economy, the residential base may play a more important role as the place where less mobile group members would spend much of 'their time while various search parties brought materials back to this central location. As the focus of social and economic life, a residential base is expected to consist of a relatively complete cross section of domestic and personal refuse. Specialized extractive tasks, such as those carried out at satellite locales, are not expected to be a regular feature of these sites, although limited amounts of all processing tasks could take 'place at a residential base. In general, a residential base is expected to exhibit an increased depth of deposit over a relatively short time frame. These sites should produce large quantities and a variety of subsistence debris. The represented artifacts should be diverse and flaked lithic debris should be representative of categories such' as finishing, sharpening, and maintenance. In addition to the artifacts, residential bases should display multiple and at least some complex features. These might include house floors, hearths, roasting pits, and storage pits. The spatial relationships within these residential sites are predicted to be complex, within definable activity areas or intrasite patterning. Finally, residential bases are predicted to be located in a position central to the other sites in the region. For gatherers, this pattern would include the presence of a residential base with sites identified as locations, caches, and stations in reasonably close proximity. Methods A. Research Archaeological record searches were obtained from SCIC and SDMM for the project area. Compiled archival information includes known sites and isolates within the search area as well as a review of historic maps and landmarks lists. The scope of the searches was limited to the proposed project area. In-house research consisted of reviewing all the site record forms from the Carrillo Ranch project (Hanna and Wade 1990), the 'Mandana property (Collett and Cheever 1999) and the Carlsbad Raceway project (Wade et al. 1989). 32 Documentation Cultural materials and locations identified during the documentary and field portion of this project were recorded using the California Department of Parks and Recreation cultural resource inventory forms. Copies of the completed forms were submitted to the SCIC and SDMM as resource updates to supplement existing records. Fieldwork The purpose of a significance testing is to determine if the sites under study contain the quantity, quality, and variety of archaeological materials that can be applied towards the understanding of important research themes or specific research questions. The goals of the current research project were to determine which of the preceding site types apply to the cultural materials uncovered at CA-SDI-9045, CA-SDI-10,552, and CA-SDI-10,550 and to place these sites within the larger settlement model. The field methods that were used were determined based on a desire to collect the necessary information for such identification. At the onset of evaluation, each site location was revisited to develop specific testing methods. Relocation of each site was based on information provided on the site record forms and observations made in the field. The'data recovery was conducted on July 21- 23, 28, 1999, by RECON archaeologists Russ Collett, Jo Anne Gilmer, John Whitehouse, and Elizabeth Davidson under the supervision of Dayle Cheever, RPA. A total of 102 person hours were spent in the field. The fieldwork began with relocating the previously recorded sites and clearing site vegetation with hand equipment such as shovels and rakes. The location of CA-SDI-9045 was revisited with a finding that the location of this site has been covered by construction of a segment of road. The bedding and fill for this road completely obscure any indications of this site. No further work was conducted at this location. A surface survey was completed at CA-SDI-10,550 and —10552, during which surface artifacts were flagged in cluster groupings and instrument plotted on the site map prior to collection. The locations of the sample units were determined by the results of the surface survey and collection, placing them in the areas with the greatest quantity of surface artifacts and judgmentally placing them in the least disturbed portion of the site. Sample units were established in the areas of these sites that had the best potential for subsurface return and that suggested the least amount of disturbance. A total of four lx 1-meter sample units were completed during the assessment process, two at each of the tested sites. The sample units were excavated in 10-centimeter (cm) contour levels and all of the removed soil was passed through one-eighth-inch wire mesh screen. Excavation of the sample units continued until a non-artifact- or non-ecofact- 33 bearing level was reached. Excavation was accomplished with hand tools such as shovels, picks, .a digging bar, and trowels. The clay quality that was prevalent in a number of the sampled areas required the use of a digging bar and considerably slowed the excavation process. Photographs were taken of each unit and surround areas. Field notes completed for each sample level include descriptions of the stratigraphic contexts, features, and general descriptive information for the various excavation units.. A brief summary of the recovered materials was also recorded on the field record sheets. D. Laboratory Work All of the recovered materials were returned to RECON for cleaning and sorting. The recovered artifacts were labeled with the job number, site number, and the appropriate catalog number. A series of attributes were recorded for each of the formal tools and debitage, including identifying the parent material, tool dimensions, weight, whether the tool was complete or broken, the presence of cortex, and a series of attributes regarding use, damage, and modification. The analysis of the artifacts and ecofacts was designed to identify the elements of the site types described above. The cataloging and analysis system that was used is provided as Attachment 1. This system is designed to provide descriptive as well as attribute information for the flaked lithic and ground stone tools. The accumulated information was entered into the RECON 'database to allow for comparison with other collections and for statistical appraisal. The largest collection of artifacts generally recovered from archaeological sites is classified as debitage. These items are separated by sample unit and subgrouped by level and sorted by material type into nine Type choices. For each level within a sample unit the debitage is, sorted into Type categories by stone material. 'In this way each of the items is examined and any modification or utilization can be noted. This allows for a close inspection of the collections and in this 'way any fragments of flaked lithic artifacts such as bifaces, will not escape notice. The analysis of flaked lithic debris follows a series of steps that were originally proposed by Jane Rosenthal (Norwood, Bull, and Rosenthal 1981). The categorization method is summarized here. The analysis of these items is geared towards reconstructing the stages of manufacture that provides information regarding the manufacture of flaked lithic artifacts, provides information on the types of flakes and shatter that is produced at various stages in the manufacturing process. These artifacts are described as flakes and angular waste. The definition of a flake for the current study is' a stone, which was 34 removed from a larger stone by a human agent and retains evidence of this removal in the form of a striking platform and a bulb of percussion among other attributes. The angular waste grouping includes items that are probably flakes; but the bulb and/or the striking platform are not present. In addition, the angular waste group includes items that are produced during hard hammer percussion where a strike can result in pieces or shatter breaking off the parent stone. These items do not have the attributes of a flake; however, the size, presence of flake scars on the dorsal surface, and selected materials are all used to make a determination regarding the placement of an item in this group. Both flakes and angular waste were sorted by geological parent material and subsequently into groups of seven flake types and two types of angular waste. In general, the sorting of these items is based on size and on the presence of flake scars and cortex or-rind. Report of Findings A. Survey Results Archaeological record searches were conducted through the South Coastal Information Center at San Diego State University and the San Diego Museum of Man, on April 27, 1998. A field reconnaissance of the proposed alignment found no evidence of the cultural materials that are recorded for these sites. Overall, visibility was difficult due to heavy vegetation cover over the entire study area. The raceway track area was not surveyed during this field effort due to vehicle activity and also because of an absence of undisturbed areas. In 1989, archaeologists from RECON conducted cultural resource site evaluations for three sites recorded within the Melrose Drive Extension area (Wade et al. 1989). The present field reconnaissance survey of the project area included close inspection of a 500-foot-wide margin on either side of the proposed centerline of the Melrose Drive Extension. CA-SDI-9045, -10,550, and -10,552 are relocated. Limited quantities of cultural material were observed; however, the potential for obtaining data in undisturbed strata seemed likely. The pedestrian survey for the Melrose Drive Extension was conducted according to the Cultural Resource Guidelines of the City of Carlsbad and the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Section 21083.2. The record searches indicate that many rchaeological sites and cultural isolates are recorded within a one-mile radius of the subject property. These resources were recorded during studies of neighboring properties. The known prehistoric sites include long-term camps with developed refuse middens, and short-term processing locations containing shell midden, ceramics, lithics, or a combination of these. Historic period activity also has been recorded within the search area. Historic map searches conducted by the SCIC indicate that no historic-era activity was mapped within the Melrose Drive Extension 35 project area before 1948. The result of this research indicate agricultural clearing and planting ona limited scale at the southernmost edge of the subject property. In summary, four sites within the proposed Melrose Drive alignment have been assessed for their importance under CEQA criteria, during the survey portion of this examination. Three of these were found not important. A portion of the fourth resource was also evaluated. The investigators recommended that additional evaluations be undertaken on remaining portions of the fourth resource located outside of their study area. This site, CA-SDI-9045, is situated within the proposed Melrose Drive alignment at the southern terminus of the existing Melrose Drive. Two additional cultural resource sites were recorded in the project area since Wade et al. (1985) completed their investigations. The additional work recommended as part of the current Melrose Drive Extension investigation includes testing at these new sites, CA- SDI-10,550 and —10,552. CA-SDI-9045 In 1989 RECON archaeologists tested a series of four cultural resource sites on the Wimpey/Gentry property (Carlsbad Raceway) (Wade et al. 1989), including CA-SDI- 9045 (see Figure 3). These sites were found not important based on the results of the archaeological investigation. CA-SDI-9045 was tested only within the southern margin, and a variety of material was recovered. The potential for additional subsurface deposits lead investigators to propose additional study of the remaining area of CA-SDI-9045, which was mapped to the north of the Wimpey/Gentry fence line. Unfortunately, the previously untested northern portion of this site has been entirely covered by approximately six meters of fill and completely capped by a relatively new roadway. The areas around the alignment were inspected for indication of site components such as artifacts, soil stratum, and disturbed site components. The results of these searches was negative. Further investigation in this area is impractical. CA-SDI-10,550 This site is located at the southeast end of the proposed Melrose Drive alignment corridor, along the northern edge of Palomar Airport Road (Figure 4; see Photographs 1 and 2). This site was recorded by Cardenas and Winterrowd (1985) as a "light density lithic scatter." The number of artifacts reported includes two tools and two bifacial thinning flakes of metavolcanic material. These four artifacts, plus one small interior flake that was recovered during the present study, represent the total assemblage identified in the site area. This suggests a low level of occupation, possibly limited to a single resource collection event. The distribution of the artifacts is more likely the result of post depositional disturbances from agricultural activity than from prehistoric discard 36 / Palomar ARoi / Shovel Scrape Meters E Unit L Site Datum 0 7 14 3012alArctec.apr/SDI- 10,550 FIGURE 4 Excavation at Site CA-SDI-10,550 patterns occurring over the reported 12,892-square-meter site area. Ground surface visibility during the 1985 survey was reported as excellent and the site boundary, based on the dispersal of these stone artifacts was given as 12,892 square meters. Conditions at this site during the current work efforts indicate that a moderate amount of disturbance has occurred. Weeds and dry grasses covered and hindered surface visibility. The area had been disked for weed abatement and agricultural purposes some time in the past. The soil was friable, medium brown, sandy loam with recent cultural materials mixed in. The area had also been partially graded because there were several large debris piles on the property. This area retains little integrity; therefore, the potential for obtaining data would be limited. Areas undisturbed, such as below the plow zone, and obscured areas at the margins of the impacted site area may retain undisturbed deposits. One small, patinated, fine-grained metavolcanic flake was recovered from this site in a shovel scrape. A total of four shovel scrapes and two ixi-meter units were completed at this location (see Figure 4). Shovel scrapes and sample units were placed in areas that showed the least amount of disturbance and where it appeared there was a better likelihood of finding buried archaeological deposits. Visibility was moderate to poor because of the dried vegetation present across the site. Historic materials, including glass and asphalt, were recovered from both units. D. CA-SDI-10,552 This site is located north of the Carlsbad Racetrack on the southern edge of a well developed mesa top (Figure 5; see Photographs 3-6). The total quantities of recovered artifacts and ecofacts from the two sampling units (lxi meter) from this site resulted in 442 flakes, 180 pieces of angular waste or shatter, 1 projectile point, 3 black flakes, 1 modified flake, and 5 bone fragments (Photographs 7-11). The surface collection recovered 404 flakes and 262 pieces of angular waste or shatter. The data recovery effort consisted of four distinct collection methods. The traditional collection method was from sample units, excavated in 10-centimeter increments; the second was point plot surface cluster collections; and a third recovery method was the general surface collection. This consisted of everything that did not comfortably fit into the point plot surface collection or material that was observed during or after excavation. In this method items were recovered from the site surface and collected without locational information. This collection of surface artifacts was undertaken on an opportunistic basis as items were uncovered by foot and vehicle traffic during the course of the field effort. Finally, the Subsurface Exploratory Excavation Units (SEEUs) (0.5 x 0.5-meter sample units dug in 10-cm increments) method was used to explore additional areas. Unit 1 was excavated in heavily compacted sandy clay soil to a depth of 30 centimeters. At 27 centimeters the soil changed to a yellowish gray clay subsoil with decomposing -f M. / \ c t - ' - / / s. '< , _,I• / - - / --< n", it 1 " S-2 II I Ax .,,.-- - // / Unit --, ' ¼ / / N 'A ) / Unit ,f 0 SEEU I 0 Surface Collection 0 Meters 7 14 Site Datum 3012a/arctec.apr/SDI- 10.552 :11111111111 Debris Pile Native Vegetation — — — Approximate site boundary FIGURE 5 Site Sample Map CA-SDI-10,552 It 2 1 :4-::'• ici :1- ' .7 .. 9 PHOTOGRAPH 7 Surface Collected Blades and Graver/Burin from CA-SDI-10,552. All are Fine-grained Metavolcanic and are Patinated R ECON t . - .- .• 4_ 7_ .• -- •'- - ? , .. .. ..? . '- - - ----• . ' . . 4 4 1 •'11.;J.. e- - ',;, - ?• 4- i-!; 6 r t ? .. . 4_ :-. .•.. :. - -- •:'-• '- .,; * /f- .0 h L --- '? - ? - Ipflh1TiffprnrnTrpinnlnnr . 6 7 8 9 10 al - - tf5 r #60: Chert point tip, patinated, surface collection fine grained metavolcanic point tip, patinated , Unit 1, 0-10cm. level Chert point fragment, patinated, Unit 2, 10-20cm. level PHOTOGRAPH 8 Points from CA-SDI-10,552 0 H ECU N F-: - * - - S 0 1cm 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - t $ C -' - S .. S - - PHOTOGRAPH 9 Surface Collected Biface Fragment from CA-SDI-10,552. Fine Grained Metaviocanic, Patinated (#58) H ECU N ' .- . " I A le A114, Air 0, •-.' .. "'TftTfiiiiTiiTifTiiTrrJT rrITpi I I I•_ I I I I - I I. I I 4.1 " 0 1cm 2 3 4 .5 6 7 8 9 10 -I PHOTOGRAPH. 10 Surface Collected Biface Preform from CA-SDI-10,552. - Fine Grained Metaviocanic, Patinated (#81) 0 AECON ••,• _.•I•• V IIII1UIf I 111111IR 1-1-MII Il III I Hf Q1cm2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10 - - . V - • - - 4-1 .,- L3; PHOTOGRAPH 11 HI Surface Collected Undifferentiated Scraper from CA-SDI-10,552. Fine Grained Metaviocanic Patinated (#59) -- FIEIIII\i granite; by 30 centimeters the subsoil was made up completely by decomposing granite. The amount of artifacts recovered dropped to zero. The unit produced debitage (including chert), and angularly fractured rock. Unit 1 excavation effort resulted in the recovery of 384 pieces of debitage and one. projectile point, while Unit 2 produced 233 pieces of debitage and 5 bone fragments. Debitage found at CA-SDI-10,552 units 1, and 2 is summarized in Table 3. The represented flakes include examples of core reduction, shaping, and finishing/retouching types, with the greatest number representative of finishing and retouching. The shatter from the site is predominantly from secondary reduction. There are flakes and shatter from fine- and coarse-grained metavolcanics, quartzite, quartz, and chert with the greatest number of items sourced from fine-grained metavolcanics. Unit 1 also produced one unclassified projectile point from level 10, and a modified flake and three blade flakes from level 20. The formal tools are all formed from the fine-grained metavolcanic material. All formal tools except one projectile point (2 projectile points, 1 scraper, 2 blade flakes, 1 modified flake) come from the surface collection and not the units. TABLE 3 FLAKE AND SHATTER TOTALS FROM UNITS 1 AND 2 CA-SDI-1O,552 Flake/Shatter Type Unit 1 Total Number Percent of Flake Total Unit 2 Total Number Percent of • Flake Total Flakes Blade 3 1.2% 0 0 Core reduction, basic shaping 38 14.8% 18 10% Finishing, resharpening 215 83% 161 90% Total Flakes 256 179 Shatter Secondary shatter 126 100% 54 100% Unit 2 was excavated on the southern edge of the site in more compact (yellow brown sandy clay) soil. Angular rock was present throughout the unit and yellowish clay and decomposing granite was encountered at 10 centimeters. The unit was abandoned at 20 cm. Debitage was present in a lower quantit' than was found in Unit 1. Five small bone pieces were recovered from this unit. CA-SDI-10,552 appears to occupy an area of approximately one acre based on the results of the testing program. Site size is limited to some extent by the surrounding landform and the cultural deposit appears to be localized within a somewhat smaller site area with a 45 maximum depth of deposit of 30 centimeters. The assessment program at this site resulted in the recovery of Piedras del Lumbres chert, fine-grained metavolcanic debitage, and five bone fragments (0.6 gram). No ceramic material was recovered. Based on artifact morphology, the site appears to date from an early period of prehistory; however, the presence of chert indicates the possible influence of Late Period cultural activities. Based on the testing results, this site appears to qualify as a flaking station, separated from the main field camp, which was probably located within the Carlsbad Raceway or across Palomar Airport Road at Carrillo Ranch. The only activities that appear to have taken place are the finishing and rejuvenation processes of lithic artifacts production. CA-SDI-10,552 does not appear to be a multi-component site, but rather an activity area. The comparison of dated samples from this site with other sites in the region is not possible. Only one fragment of shell (0.1 gram) was recovered and the five bone fragments weighed only 0.6 gram. The ideal choice for a radiocarbon sample would be charcoal from an intact hearth feature or burned bone or shell from such a feature; however, none are available. The two SEEUs produced 22 flakes and 9 pieces of angular waste or shatter (Table 4). TABLE 4 RECOVERED DEBITAGE CA-SDI-10,552 Debitage SEEU #1 SEEU #2 Total Finishing 12 8 20 Secondary Shatter 9 0 9 Basic Shaping 2 0 2 TOTAL 23 8 31 1. Debitage Debitage (flakes and angular waste) typically comprises the greatest number of artifacts recovered from prehistoric archaeological sites. The group includes formal flakes that exhibit multiple formation landmarks; that is, a bulb of percussion, platform, ripples, striations, terminal hinge fractures, dorsal scars or cortex, and so on. The classification system for debitage is discussed above and includes seven flake types and two types of angular waste. These items are separated into groupings by the stone parent materials and then subdivided into groupings by the established attributes associated with the reduction process. The recordedflake and waste types are summarized below: The represented stone parent materials for debitage at CA-SDI-10,552 are coarse-grained metavolcanic stone with and without porphyry (CGM and CGM), finegrained metavolcanic stone with and without porphyry (FGM and FGM), quartzite, quartz, and chert (see Table 4). Fine-grained metavolcanic stone was used most often on-site as a source of flakes and shatter. Among the flakes 98.1 percent are categorized as fine- grained metavolcanic stone with 90.8 percent of the shatter also identified as fine-grained metavolcanic stone. In the local archaeological community this material type is described variously as felsite (a green color variant), rhyolite, andesite, and occasionally, basalt (usually the black color variant). The distinguishing qualities among these material types tend to be color and the fineness of the graim The collection from CA-SDI-10,552 can be descriptively characterized as predominantly felsite. The represented materials tend to be green in color and items in the fine-grained grouping have an almost imperceptible grain. This type of fine-grained material could be described as "plastic" in appearance in as much as the surface of the stone is uniform and smooth with no apparent inclusions or irregularities. Table 4 breaks down the debitage by units at CA-SDI-10,552.- Table 5 provides the distribution of the recovered flakes by material type and flake type. This table highlights the weighting of flakes in the fine-grained metavolcanic groups as well as the large numbers of flakes that were identified as finishing flakes and basic shaping flakes. Finishing flakes are represented in the highest number. In addition to the presence of a platform and bulb of percussion, these flakes are smaller than 2 cm in size, have no remaining cortex, and have at least one dorsal flake scar. These items are produced during the finishing stages of stone tool manufacture or during edge rejuvenation. A total of 2,219 flakes of this type were recovered. The large collection of this flake type supports the proposition that tools were completed and maintained for use at CA-SDI-10,552 (Table 5). TABLES TOTAL DEBITAGE FROM CA-SDI-10,552 Flake/Shatter CGPM Chert FGM FGPM Quartz Quartzite Total Cortex Removal - - 5 1 - - 6 Finishing - 29 2121 39 9 1 2199 Primary Shatter - 4 - - - - 4 Secondary Shatter 1 22 405 10 14 1 453 Trimming - S - - 3 - - - 3 Thinning - - 6 - - - 6 Blade Flakes - - 5 - . - - 5 Basic Shaping 1 8 115 21 - -- - 145 TOTAL 2 59 2664 71 23 2 2821 47 Flaked Lithic Artifacts The term flaked lithic artifact is used to describe any individual artifact created of stone and used or modified for a specific purpose as indicated by damage or modification. Artifacts as varied in purpose as projectile points and hammer stones belong to this class (see Photographs 7-11). Modified Flake A single modified flake was recovered from this site (CA-SDI-10,552) during the data recovery effort. This item is defined as having been unifacially or bifacially flaked after being struck from a core. Modification creates more alteration than the rounding and nibbling associated with use. They usually do not display obvious signs of wear or use damage on the edges. An example of a modified flake might be an item with two or more flake scars along the margin of a flake, with no other alteration or signs of use. There is a possibility that these flakes, in particular those with unifacial flake scars, are examples of items that were struck from a tool during production, but after which some margin modification had occurred. The modified fine-grained metavolcanic flake weighed 12.0 grams. Projectile Points There are three items from this site cataloged as projectile points (#60, #14, and #15). Projectile points can be a flake or blade parent stone, which is triangular, subtriangular, or even lozenge-shaped, more or less elongated, with a sharpened distal end which come to a point. The modifications on points are generally produced by pressure flaking although hard and soft hammer percussion can also be used to form a point. The flake may be unifacially or bifacially retouched, the bulb removed, and the proximal end may be worked in a variety of styles to facilitate hafting. One small point fragment was recovered from CA-SDI-10,552, Unit 1 in the 0-10 level. It weighs 1.8 grams and is 5 millimeters (mm) thick. This item was fashioned from fine-grained metavolcanic material. The other two points were surface collected, one is fashioned from chert and the other fine-grained metavolcanic material (see Photograph 8). Biface Two broken biface fragments (#58 and #81) were recovered from the surface at CA-SDI- 10,552. Both items were fashioned from fine-grained metavolcanic material and weighed between 24.0 grams and 24.2 grams. It appears that both were flake based. Neither demonstrate any use wear, and may have been broken during fabrication. Generally, bifaces are worked pebbles or cobbles, but they may also be large flakes where the most common characteristic is that they are worked on both faces by total or comprehensive retouch (see Photographs 9 and 10). Burin/Graver One item in this collection is cataloged as a graver (catalog #57). It is broken and only the distal end remains. It weighs 1.5 grams and was fashioned from fine-grained metavolcanic material (see photograph 7). A burin can be any flake, or blade with one or more points at an angle or concavity, made by bilateral notching or retouching. Unclassified Scraper Scrapers represent a broad category of tools that includes a variety of scraper types. Scrapers are often thick in cross section and typically the shaping of these items was produced by unifacial flaking. Edge damage includes nibbling, microstepping, and limited crushing. Edge angles are generally less than 60 degrees but are occasionally greater among the larger artifacts. One item in the CA-SDI-10,552 collection (catalog #59 is cataloged as an unclassified scraper. This artifact weighs 57.0 grams, is 57.0 mm long, 45.6 mm wide, and is 19 mm thick. This scraper was fashioned from fine-grained, patinated, metavolcanic material with no visible use wear (see Photographs 10 and 11). Blades A blade is produced as a flake that is twice as long as it is wide, with parallel edges,' perpendicular to the striking platform. Unretouched items of this type are classified as "blade" type flakes and are addressed as such. Blade flakes that have been used or moderately retouched are considered as blade tools. Edge damage on these items is typically limited to rounding and/or nibbling, but minimal microstepping may be observed. Edge angles are usually less than 30 degrees. Two items were classified and cataloged as blades. Both were fashioned from fine-grained metavolcanic material and were recovered with the surface collection. The complete blade was cataloged as number 62, weighed 4.5 grams and 54.0 mm long. The broken blade has been cataloged as number 56 and has the typical triangular shape, which is often seen in obsidian blades. Both blades were patinated (see Photograph 7). Animal Bone Bone recovered from CA-SDI-10,552 was analyzed to determine the represented species. The information collected from the analysis was entered into the spread sheet program. A total of 0.6 gram (5 fragments) of animal bone was recovered during the excavation effort at CA-SDI-10,552. All of this material appeared cooked, but not burned. The faunal material appears to represent both fish and rabbit, though the fragmented condition made assignment of a particular species imprecise. 10. Shell There was only one small shell fragment recovered form CA-SDI-1O,552. The origin of this item is unknown and does not contribute any meaningful information to this site investigation. Discussion Documentary research of the study area indicated that five sites are recorded within the Melrose Drive Extension right-of-way. Previous researchers evaluated CA-SDI-9041 and CA-SDI-9043 (Wade 1986) and found them to be not important. During the current S study three sites were examined, CA-SDI-9045, was found to be buried beneath a segment of Melrose Avenue and inaccessible for study, while CA-SDI-10,550 and CA- SDI-10,552 were determined to be not significant. Because of an earlier data recovery effort on portions of CA-SDI-9045 and the inaccessibility of the northern portion, no further work was accomplished at CA-SDI-9045. Excavation at CA-SDI-10,550 produced one small flake from a shovel scrape and the "light density lithic scatter" that was reported On the site record (1985 site record update) was not relocated. No artifacts were recovered from this site in either of the lx 1-meter units. The recorded materials at this location appear to, have been -displaced by various activities and the subsurface testing demonstrated an absence of an archaeological deposit. No further work is recommended at this site. The current evaluation documented a small flaking station with five fragments of faunal material from CA-SDI-10,552. The location of this site is within one-half mile of a year- round water supply. This small stone flaking station was probably a satellite of larger sites in the area. The materials that were found indicate a short duration of use and a fairly focused or limited set of undertaken activities. Further investigation at this site will not contribute substantively to our current understanding of the prehistoric pattern for this area. Management Considerations The combined field effort episodes, analysis, and documentation of CA-SDI-9045, -10,550 and -10,552 have demonstrated that these sites do not contain the quantity, quality, or variety of archaeological materials that support a finding of significance. These sites do not represent deposits with the potential to produce data that would support important research. The work completed at these sites have provided little addi- tional understanding of prehistoric settlement and site development in this region. 50 The three prehistoric sites in the Melrose Drive Extension area were relocated through a pedestrian survey and have been evaluated for significance under the California Environment Quality Act and the City of Carlsbad Cultural Resource Guidelines. In the proposed development undertakings, the level of impact to the existing resources will be heavy. However, the impact to resources is not significant. Project Certification and Staff This report was prepared in compliance with the Californi Environmental Quality Act (Section 21083.2 of the Statues and Appendix K of the ide ines) and with policies and procedures of the City of Carlsbad. To the best of o w ge the statements and information contained in this report are accurate. 'A DayM. Ch ever Archaeologists (RPA) The following individuals were responsible for the completion of the project tasks. Resumes for key personnel are provided as Attachment 2. Dayle Cheever Project Supervisor Russell 0. Collett Project Archaeologist Jo Anne D. Gilmer Project Archaeologist John L R Whitehouse Field Archaeologist Elizabeth Davidson Field Assistant Harry Price Senior Technical Illustrator Loretta Gross Production Supervisor Stacey Higgins Production Specialist 51 References Cited Antevs, E. 1952 Climatic History and the Antiquity of Man in California. University of California Archaeological Survey Reports No. 16, pp. 23-31. Berkeley. Axelrod, D. I. 1983 Paleobotanical History of the Western Deserts. In Origin and Evolution of Deserts, edited by Stephen G. Wells and Donald R. Haragan. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque. Balls, E. K. 1972 Early Uses of California Plants. University of California Press. Bean, L. J., and K. S. Saubel 1972 Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants. Malki Museum Press. Bedwell, S. F. 1970 Prehistory and Environment of the Pluvial Fork Rock Lake Area, South Central Oregon. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene. Berryman, J., and D. M Cheever 1999 Data Recovery Results for the Northern Portion of CA-SDI-8303 Faraday Extension Project. City of Carlsbad. Brackett, R. W. 1960 The History of San Diego County Ranchos: The Spanish, Mexican, and American Occupation of San Diego County and the Story of the Ownership of Land Grants Therein. Union Title Insurance Company, San Diego. Bull, C. S. 1983 Shaking the Foundations: The Evidence for San Diego Prehistory. In Casual Papers in Cultural Resource Management 1(3), edited by Chris W. White. Cultural Resource Management Center, Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University. 1987 A New Proposal: Some Suggestions for San Diego Prehistory. In San Die guito—La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy, edited by Dennis Gallegos, Susan M. Hector, and Stephen R. Van Wormer. San Diego County Archaeological Society. 52 I Cardenas, S. D., and C. Winterrowd 1985 ***Archaeological site records, CA-SDI-10,550 and CA-SDI-10,552. On file at the South Coastal Information Center, Social Sciences Research Lab, San Diego State University. Carrico, R., T. Cooley, and J. Clevenger, 1990 Archaeological Excavations at the Harris Site. ERCE, San Diego. Caughman, M. M., and J. S. Ginsberg 1981 California Coastal Access Guide. California Coastal Commission, University of California Press, Berkeley. Cheever, D. M., and J. D. Eighmey 1991 Data Recovery at SDi-6753 and SDi-6819: Aviara Development Project, Carlsbad, California. RECON. Chartkoff, J. L., and K. K. Chartkoff 1984 The Archaeology of California. Stanford University Press, Stanford. Collett, R. 0., and D. M. Cheever 1998 Cultural Resource Survey of the Manzanita Apartment Project and an Archaeological Significance Evaluation of SDM-W-109, City of Carlsbad. 1999 Results of the Melrose Drive Extension Cultural Resource Survey. RECON. Davis, E. L., C. W. Brott, and D. L. Weide 1969 The Western Lithic Co-tradition. San Diego Museum of Man Papers No. 6. San Diego. Dunham, K. L., and E. M. Berryman 1991 Existing Biological Conditions Report for the Rancho Carrillo Master Plan Area and Adjacent Improvement Area. RECON. Eighmey, J. D. 1992 Archaeological Test Excavations on Carmel Mountain, Site SDi-4907, Loci A, B, and C. RECON. Engelhardt, Fr. Z., O.F.M. 1921 San Luis Rey Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco. 53 Fink, G. R. 1977 Archaeological Survey for the Proposed San Marcos Landfill, San Marcos, California, San Diego County. Gallegos, D. R. 1984 Windsong Shores Data Recovery Program for Site W-131, Carlsbad, California. WESTEC, Inc., San Diego. 1985 The La Costa Site SDi-4405 (W-945) 7000 Years Before Present, Carlsbad, California. WESTEC Services, Inc., San Diego. 1987 A Review and Synthesis of Environmental and Cultural Material for the Batiquitos Lagoon Region. In San Dieguito—La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. San Diego County Archaeological Society. San Diego. Grenda, D. R. 1992 A General. Theory of Economic Flow, Social Exchange, and Hegemonic. Relationships. Unpublished master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, Hanna, D. C. 1991 The Phase II Archaeological Test of Malcolm J. Rogers' Site SDM-W-181 At La Costa Town Center in the City of Carlsbad, California. RECON. Hanna, D. C., and S. A. Wade 1990 A Resurvey and Assessment of the Cultural Resources of Carrillo Ranch in the City of Carlsbad, California. RECON. Hayden, J. D. 1987 Notes on the Apparent Course of San Dieguito Development. In San Dieguito— La Jolla: Chronology and Controversy. San Diego County Archaeological Society. San Diego. Hedges, K., and C. Berresford 1986 Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany. San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes No. 20. Bookcrafters, Chelsea, Michigan. Hester, T. R. . 1973 Chronological Ordering of Great Basin Prehistory. Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 17. Berkeley. Hinton, L. 1975 Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany. The Journal of California Anthropology 2(2):214-222. Inman, D. L. 1983 Application of Coastal Dynamics to the Reconstruction of Paleocoastlines in the Vicinity of La Jolla, California. In Quaternary Coastlines and Marine Archaeology, edited by P. M. Masters and N. C. Flemming. Academic Press, New York. Kaldenberg, R. L. 1975a Archaeological site forms for SDM-W-587 and SDM-W-589. On file at the San Diego Museum of Man. 1975b Archaeological Investigations at Rancho Carrillo Estates. RECON. 1976 An Intensive Archaeological Reconnaissance of the La Costa Land Company Property, Carlsbad, California. RECON. Luomala, K. 1978 Tipai and Ipai. In California, edited by R. F. Heizer. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Masters, Ph.D., P. 1988 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction of San Diego Bay, 10,000 B.P. to Present. In Five Thousand Years of Maritime Subsistence at Ballast Point Prehistoric Site SDi-48 (W-164), San Diego, California. WESTEC Services, Inc. May, R.V. V V 1975 A Brief Survey of Kumeyaay Ethnography. Pacific Coast Archaeological Society Quarterly 11(4):1-25. V Mehringer, Jr., P.H. 1967 Pollen Analysis of the Tule Springs Site, Nevada. In Pleistocene Studies in Southern Nevada, edited by H. M. Wormington and Dorothy Ellis. Nevada State Museum Anthropological Papers No. 13. Carson City, Nevada. V Meighan, C. W. 1954 A Late Complex in Southern California Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10:215-227. 55 Moratto, M. J. 1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, San Diego. Moriarty, J. R. 1966 Culture Phase Divisions Suggested by Typological Change, Coordinated with Stratigraphically Controlled Radiocarbon Dating at San Diego. Anthropological Journal of Canada 7(3):1-18. 1967 Transitional Pre-desert Phase in San Diego County. Science 155(3762):553-555. Norwood, R. H. 1980 The Archaeological Resources of Fairbanks Ranch, Rancho Santa Fe, California. RECON, San Diego. Norwood, R., C. S. Bull, and E. J. Rosenthal 1981 An Archaeological Data Recovery Project in the East Drinkwater Basin, Ft. Irwin, California. RECON. Pigniolo, A., and S. H. Briggs 1989 Archaeological site form for SDI-11,433 through SDI-11,441. On file at the San Diego State University, South Coastal Information Center. Pourade, R. F. 1961 The Time of the Bells. Union-Tribune Publishing, San Diego. 1963 The Silver Dons. Union-Tribune Publishing, San Diego. Rogers, M. J. 1929 Stone Art of the San Dieguito Plateau. American Anthropologist 31:455-467. 1938 Archaeological and Geological Investigations of the Culture Levels in an Old Channel of San Dieguito Valley. Carnegie Institution of Washington Yearbook 37:344-45. 1945 An Outline of Yuman Prehistory. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 1(2):167-198. Albuquerque, New Mexico. Rogers, M. J., H. M. Wormington, E. L. Davis, and C. W. Brott 1966 Ancient Hunters of the Far West. Edited by Richard F. Pourade. Union-Tribune Publishing, San Diego. 56 Shipek, F. C. (editor) 1970 The Autobiography of Delfina Cuero. Malki Museum Press. 1982 Kumeyaay Socio-Political Structure Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology 4(2):96-303. Sparkman, P. S. 1908 The Culture of the Lusieno Indians. American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4): 187-234. University of California Publications, Berkeley. Spier, L. 1923 Southern Diegueno Customs. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 20(16):295-358. True, D. L. 1958 An Early Complex in San Diego County, California. American Antiquity 23(3):255-263. 1966 Archaeological Differentiation of Shoshonean and Yuman Speaking Groups in Southern California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. 1970 Investigation of a Late Prehistoric Complex in Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, San Diego County, California. Monographs of the Archaeological Survey, UCLA. Los Angeles. 1980 The Pauma Complex in Northern San Diego County: 1978. The Journal of New World Archaeology 3(4):1-39. U.S. Department of Agriculture 1973 Soil Survey, San Diego Area, California. Soil Conservation Service and Forest Service. Roy H. Bowman, ed. San Diego. December. Wade, S. A. 1986 Letter to Beth Padon regarding archaeological monitoring at the North County Resource Recovery Facility.- Wade, S. A., M. Davis, and S. M. Hector 1989 Draft Archaeological Testing of Four Sites at the Wimpey/Gentry Property: SDI-9041, SDI-9042, SDI-9043, and SDI-9045, Carlsbad, California. RECON, San Diego State. On file at the South Coastal Information Center, Social Sciences Research Lab, San Diego State University. 57 Wallace, W. J. 1955 A Suggested Chronology for Southern California Coastal Archaeology. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 11 (3) :214-230. 1978 Post-Pleistocene Archeology, 9000 to 2000 B.C. In California, edited by R. F. Heizer. Handbook of North American. Indians, vol. 8, William G. Sturtevant, general editor. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Wan-en, C. N. 1966 The San Dieguito Type Site. San Diego Museum Papers. San Diego. 1967 The San Dieguito Complex: Review and Hypothesis. American Antiquity 32(2):168-185. 1968 Cultural Tradition and Ecological Adaptation on the Southern California Coast. In Archaic Prehistory in the Western United States, edited by C. Irwin- Williams. Eastern New Mexico University Contributions in Anthropology 1(3):1-14. Portales. 1985 Garbage about the Foundations: A Comment on Bull's Assertions. In Casual Papers 2(1), edited by Chris W. White. Cultural Resource Management Center, Department of Anthropology, San Diego State University. Warren, C. N., and M. G. Pavesic 1963 Shell Midden Analysis of -site SDI-603 and Ecological Implications for Cultural Development of Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego County, California. Appendix I in Archaeological Investigations at Batiquitos Lagoon, San Diego County California, by Robert H. Crabtree, Claude N. Warren, and D. L. True. Annual Report Archaeological Survey. Department of Anthropolog-Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles. Warren, C. N., D. L. True, and A. A. Eudey 1961 Early Gathering Complexes of Western San Diego County: Results and Interpretations of an Archaeological Survey. Archaeological Survey Annual Report, pp. 1-106. University of California, Los Angeles. Waterman, T. T. 1910 The Religious Practices of the Diegueno Indians. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(6): 271-358. 0 Woodman, C. F. 1983 1 Cuhüral Resources Inventory for the Questhaven Recycling and Energy Recovery Center, San Marcos, California. Henningson, Durham & Richardson, Inc. 59 ATTACHMENTS ATTACHMENT 1 Catalog Sheets Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CODING DICTIONARYFOR THE RECON LAB SYSTEM Record the codeddata onto one or more of the new analysis/catalog sheets. Remember to complete the accession number, job name, site, and job number entries at the top of each sheet. Use only ONE SITE PER PAGE. Complete the entry for each catalog sheet entry regardless of repetition. Provenience designations are the responsibility of the Field Supervisor, so deficiencies should be brought to his/her attention for correction. Job no. RIIIIIIIIA. No hyphen and indicate letter designation if any or leave blank. Catalog no. This is the artifact's or item's unique number within the collection. Site no. This can be California state trinomial, San Diego Museum of Man, or temporary, but temps must.. be replaced AS SOON AS POSSIBLE. Indicate the character prefix for the site number and "H" designator without hyphens' or other punctuation, for example "5D1121231-r", "5DM633", etc. Locus Designated by site record or as needed for our new sites. Easting Meters east of datum, west is expressed as negative east. [a.k.a. X axis] Northing Meters north of datum, south is expressed as negative north. [a.k.a. Y axis] Level Lowest depth of the vertical provenience. Surface is expressed as zero (0), all others are indicated as a multiple often, i.e. 10, 20, 30, 40, etc. Task code This is a series of codes which identify what was going on when the artifact was collected. Additions are at the discretion of the Field Director and Lab Director in concert with the Senior Archaeologist. Refer to the coding sheets below. Task no. The number of what was being done. Unit 1, scrape 1, trench 1, surface item 1, etc.. Artifact type This is a series of codes in groups of 100. Types ending in 00 are undifferentiated or undetermined. Refer to the coding sheets below. Class List the series of hundreds indicated for type, i.e. 0-99 = class 0, 100-199 = class 1, 200-299 = class 2, etc. Weight The weight of the item to the nearest one-tenth gram. RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. Count The number of the items sharing the same catalog number. This is important where each item is the result of specific action such as flakes or beads. If too many to determine, indicate a zero, for example a bag of shell fragments or undifferentiated bone bits. Completeness is not a factor in determining the number of items. Material List the appropriate code to indicate the material of the item. Refer to the coding sheets below. Length The measurement to the nearest millimeter from A to B.. Refer to the dimension determination diagram below. Width The measurement to the nearest millimeter 900 to AB. Thickness Th& measurement to the nearest millimeter 90° to each of W and L. Condition Indicate the appropriate code to describe the item's condition. Refer to the coding sheets below. Item status Where is the artifact in relation to the collection. 0= Discarded l=Curated 2= In Type Collection During the catalog process is the appropriate time to make observations regarding specific artifacts. At this time the artifact is in-hand and can be commented on easily. Also, observations about the total collection can be made on comment forms. These might include "Most degraded batch of granite I've seen, ever" or "Odd that no manos were found", etc. Comments of this nature and on specific artifacts are encouraged, especially in cases of datable items, items with distinguishing marks, or. decoration, or items that are not explicitly described by the catalog process without additional comment. When making comments or adding descriptions, these should be made on additional sheets and not placed in the margins of the catalog sheets. The sheets must, be coordinated using the catalog number of the artifact. A sample comment sheet is available, but any paper will be suitable if it contains the necessary provenience information to associate the descriptions with the artifacts being commented on. The goal is to collect information; work toward it. RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. Task Codes 0= Undifferentiated task event. 10= Undifferentiated survey. 11= Survey by lOm transects. 20= Undifferentiated surface collection program. 21= Surface collection by point plot. 22= Surface collection by lOm x lom grid. 23= Surface collection by 20m x 20m grid. 24= Surface collection by Im radius surrounding a point. 30= Undifferentiated shovel scrape program. 35= 2m x 5m 31= Im x Im shovel scrapes. 32= 2m x 2m shovel scrapes. 33= 3m x 3m 34=l0mxl0m 40= Undifferentiated shovel test pits (STPs) 44= Auger hole 41= STPs 25cm x 50cm no levels reported. 45= Post hole 42= STPs 25cm x 50cm, 10cm levels reported. 50= Undifferentiated hand excavation. 51= Im x Im subsurface by 10cm levels. 52= 2m x 2m subsurface by 10cm levels. 53= 3m x 3m subsurface by 10cm levels. 54= Im x 2m subsurface by 10cm levels. 55= Im x 0.5m subsurface by 10cm levels. 5 0.5m x 0.5m subsurface by 10cm levels (SEEUs). 57= 20cm x 20cm column sample by 10cm levels. 58= Soil sample. 60= Undifferentiated backhoe (or similar machine) trench. 61= Linear backhoe trench. 62= Broad-blade scrape. 63= Pit or non-linear excavation, [Note: features identified by backhoe are addressed in 80s]. 70= Undifferentiated monitoring recovery. 71= Feature discovered during monitoring. 72= Scatter discovered during monitoirng. 73= Recovery from excavated exposure. RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. Task Codes (cont'd.) 80= Undifferentiated feature. 81= Feature recording. 82= Feature item collection only. 83= Feature surface test and residue sample collection. 84= Feature test probe, to investigate size, depth and content. 85= Feature excavation, as a single entity. 86= Feature excavation and sampling as part of mechanical excavations. LI RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 0 ARTIFACT TYPES Flaked Lithic Artifacts (FLA) 0= Undifferentiated FLA. 10= Crescentic 1= Core 11=Drill 2= Blade 12= Blank 3= Unclassified projectile point 13= Combination 4= Knife 14= DO NOT USE (other is now 0). 5= Unclassified scraper 15= Projectile point [Desert Side Notched] 6= Chopper 16= Projectile point [Cottonwood] 7= Hammerstone 17= Projectile point [Dos Cabezas Serrated] 8= Utilized flake 18= Biface 9= Modified flake For Special Studies Only 20= Convex Sidescraper 21= Convex-Concave Sidescraper 22= Concave Sidescraper,. 23= Double-Convex Sidescraper 24= Convergent Sidescraper 25= Double-Convergent Sidescraper 26= Denticulate Sidescraper 27= Notched Sidescraper 28= Domed Sidescraper 29= Straight Sidescraper 30= Straight-Convex Sidescraper 31= Straight-Concave Sidescraper 32= Double Straight Sidescraper 33= Thumbnail Scraper 34= Tabular Scraper 35= Multiple Scraper 36= Endscraper 37= Graver CLASS 0 CONDITION CODES (abridged) 0= Broken 1= Whole 2= Broken and Burned 3= Broken and Heated 4= Broken and Decorated 7= Whole and Burned 8= Whole and Heated 9= Whole and Decorated RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 0 MATERIAL TYPES. (abridged) 0= Undifferentiated 1= CGM (course grained metavolcanic) 2= CGPM (course grained, porphyritic metavolcanic) 3= FGM (fine grained metavolcanic) 4= FGPM (Fine grained, porphyritic metavolcanic) 5= Quartzite 6= Quartz 7= Chert (includes all crypto-crystalline silicate in general) 8= Obsidian 9= DO NOT USE (Formerly "other", now undifferentiated) 11= Granite 12= DO NOT USE (Formerly quartzite, which is now 5) 13= Andesite 14= Sandstone 15= DO NOT USE (Formerly "other" for groundstone, now undifferentiated) 16= Basalt 17= Felcite 18=Rhyolite 19= Steatite . RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 1 ARTIFACT TYPES Groundstone Artifacts 100= Undifferentiated groundstone item 101=Mano 102= Pestle 103= Slab 104= Basin 105= Bowl 106= DO NOT USE (Formerly "other," now type 100). 110= Drilled Item CLASS 1 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) 0= Undifferentiated 1= CGM (course grained metavolcanic) 2= CGPM (course grained, porphyritic metavolcanic) 3= FGM (fine grained metavolcanic) 4= FGPM (Fine grained, porphyritic metavolcanic) 5= Quartzite 7= Chert (includes all crypto-crystalline silicate in general) 11= Granite 13= Andesite 14= Sandstone 16= Basalt 19= Steatite CLASS 1 CONDITION CODES (abridged) 21= Broken unifacial unshaped 22= Broken unifacial unshaped burned 23= Broken unifacial shaped 24= Broken unifacial shaped burned 25= Broken bifacial unshaped 26= Broken bifacial unshaped burned 27= Broken bifacial shaped 28= Broken bifacial shaped burned 31= Whole unifacial unshaped 32= Whole unifacial unshaped burned 33= Whole unifacial shaped 34= Whole unifacial shaped burned 35= Whole bifacial unshaped 36= Whole bifacial unshaped burned 37= Whole bifacial shaped 38= Whole bifacial shaped burned RECON Archaeology LaboratOry Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 2 ARTIFACT TYPES Debitage or Flakes and Angular Waste 200= Undifferentiated debitage 201= "Blade" type flake 202= Bifacial thinning flake 203= Platform creation, cortex removal 204= Cortex removal 205= Core reduction, basic shaping 206= Finishing, resharpening 207= Trimming 208= Shatter during primary reduction 209= Shatter during secondary or subsequent reduction CLASS 2 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) 0= Undifferentiated 1= CGM (course grained metavolcanic) 2= CGPM (course grained, porphyritic metavolcanic) 3= FGM (fine grained metavolcanic) 4= FGPM (Fine grained, porphyritic metavolcanic) 5= Quartzite 6= Quartz 7= Chert (includes all crypto-crystalline silicate in general) 8= Obsidian 9= DO NOT USE (Formerly "other", now undifferentiated) 11=Granite. 12= DO NOT USE (Formerly quartzite, which is now 5) 13=Andesite 14= Sandstone 15= DO NOT USE (Formerly "other" for groundstoñe, now undifferentiated) 16= Basalt 17=Felcite 18=Rhyolite 19= Steatite RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 3 ARTIFACT TYPES Aboriginal Ceramic Artifacts 300= Undifferentiated ceramic sherd 301= Body sherd 302= Neck sherd 303= Rim sherd 304= Base sherd 305= Lid sherd 306= Handle sherd 307= Foot sherd 311= Pipe 312= Figure or Effigy 313= Shaped Item CLASS 3 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) 70= Undifferentiated 71= Tizon Brown 72= Colorado Buff CLASS 3 CONDITION CODES (abridged) 0= Broken 1= Whole 2= Broken and Burned 3= Broken and Heated 4= Broken and Decorated 5= Broken, Decorated, and Burned 6= Broken, Decorated and Heated 7= Whole and Burned 8= Whole and Heated 9= Whole and Decorated 10= Whole, Decorated and Burned 11= Whole, Decorated and Heated RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 4 ARTIFACT TYPES Bone, Non Human, Including Artifacts 400= Undifferentiated bone 401= Sylvilagus audubonii (desert cottontail) 402= Sylvilagus bachmani (bush rabbit) 403= Lepus calfornicus (black-tailed jackrabbit) 404= Sperinophilus beecheyi (Calif. ground squirrel) 405= Thomomys bottae (pocket gopher) 406= Neotoma sp. (woodrat) 407= Enhydra lutris (sea otter) 408= Odocoileus hemionus (mule deer) 409= Urocyon cinereoagentus (gray fox) 410= Canis sp. (coyote, dog, wolf) 411= Unidentifiable small mammal 412= Unidentifiable large mammal 413= Crotalus sp. (vipers, rattlesnakes) 414= Lampropeltus sp. (kingsnake) 415= Unidenifiable reptile 416= Clemmys sp. (turtle) 417= Unidentifiable bird 418= Peromyscus sp. (mouse) 419= Cervus sp. (deer) 420= Dideiphis virginiana (opossum) 442= Unidentifiable fish 443= Bos taurus (domestic cow) 444= Not speciated Otolith 445= Not speciated crustacean 480= Undifferentiated bone artifact 481= Awl, describe 482= Bodkin or Fid, describe 483= Bead, describe 484= Ovis/Capra (domestic goat) 485= Not speciated ray spine 486= Not speciated snake 487= Needle 488= Unidentifiable med. mammal CLASS 4 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) 30= Undifferentiated 31= Bone 32= Antler 33= Horn 34= Hide 35= Hair 36= Carapace 37= Terrestrial exoskeleton 38= Tooth 39= Cartilage CLASS 4 CONDITION CODES (abridged) 0= Broken 2= Broken and Burned 4= Broken and Decorated 6= Broken, Decorated and Heated 7= Whole and Burned 9= Whole and Decorated 11= Whole, Decorated and Heated 1= Whole 3= Broken and Heated 5= Broken, Decorated, and Burned 8= Whole and Heated 10= Whole, Decorated and Burned I RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 5 ARTIFACT TYPES Shell, Including Artifacts 500= Undifferentiaied shell 501= Acanthina sp. 502= Acanthochitona sp. 503= Acmaea sp. 504= [Do not use] 505= Aesopus sp. 506= [Do not use] 507= Astraea sp. 508= Calliostoma sp. 509= Callistochiton sp. 510= Cancellaria sp. 511= Cerithidea sp. 512= Chione sp. 513= Collisella sp. 514= Conus sp. 515= Crucibulum sp. 546= Turbonilla sp. 547= Turritella sp. 548= Americardia sp. 549= Lamellaria sp. 550= Crepidula sp. 516= Dentalium sp. 517= Donax sp. 518= Haliotis sp. 519= Hinnites sp. 520= Homalopoma sp. 521= Kelletia sp. 522= Leavicardium sp. 523= Lirularia sp. 524= Littoria sp. 525= Lucinisca sp. 526= Macron sp. 527= Megathura sp. 528= Mytilus sp. 529= Nassarina sp. 530= Norrisia sp. 551= Tivela sp. 552= Pteropurpura sp. 553= Ballanus sp. 554= Bead, describe 555= Dendropoma sp. 531= Notoacmea sp. 532= Ocenebara sp. 533= Odostomia sp. 534= Olivella sp. 535= Opalia sp. 536= Ostrea sp. 537= Pecten sp. 538= Polinices sp. 539= Protothaca sp. 540= Pseudochama sp. 541= Saxidomus sp. 542= Serpulorbis sp. 543= Tagelus sp. 544= Tegula sp. 545= Tricolia sp. 556=Septzfersp. 557= Maxwellia sp. 558= Calcum sp. 559= Ocenebra sp. 560= Trimusculus sp. 561= gastropods, asstd. CLASS 5 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) 40= Undifferentiated 41= Shell 42= Coral 43= Pearl 44= Aquatic exoskeleton CLASS 5 CONDITION CODES (abridged) 0= Broken 2= Broken and Burned 4= Broken and Decorated 6= Broken, Decorated and Heated 7= Whole and Burned 9= Whole and Decorated '11= Whole, Decorated and Heated 1= Whole 3=.Broken and Heated 5= Broken, Decorated, and Burned 8= Whole and Heated -10= Whole, Decorated and Burned RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 6 ARTIFACT TYPES Object Of Interest Or Sample Note: Make sure that these are actually planned samples to be cataloged and or kept. 600= Undifferentiated object 601= Soils 602= Charcoal 603= Floral 604= Fire Affected Rock (FAR) 605= Ash CLASS 6 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) Vegetal Mineral 50= Undifferentiated 60= Undifferentiated 51= Charcoal 61=Ochre 52= Seeds 62= Hematite 53= Fibers 63= Soil sample 54= Bark only 55= Wood 56= Natural rubber Fibers 90= Undifferentiated 91= Cotton 92= Silk 93= Wool 94= Linen 95= Grass 96= Bark 97= Paper RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 7 ARTIFACT TYPES Historic Materials Type Groups 700= Undifferentiated historic item For use only with items that are not typed or are not identified. 711= Consumer Group Item (items purchased and consumed on a regular basis) 712= Kitchen Group Item (food preparation and serving) 713= Household Group Item (daily household maintenance) 714= Garment Group Item (clothing items) 715= Personal Group Item (belonging to a single individual) 716= Furniture Group Item (furniture parts) 717= Hardware Group Item (misc. hardware not included in a specific group) 718= Tools Group Item (hand tools) 719= Livery Group Item (horse and horse-drawn vehicle items) 720= Munitions Group Item (firearms and related items) 721= Coin Group Item (Coinage and tokens) 722= Building Materials Group Item (construction materials) 723= Machinery Group Item (machine parts except agricultural implements) 724= Forge Materials Group Item (forge, furnace and stove wastes) 725= Agricultural Implements Group Item (farm machinery) 726= Other Occupations Group Item (specialized occupation items) 727= Unique Item (items not included in other groups) RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 Abbreviated Coding Dictionary Excerpt. Refer to the complete codes for items not listed. CLASS 8 ARTIFACT TYPES Bone, Human, or Potentially Human 800= Human or potentially human bone CLASS 8 MATERIAL TYPES (abridged) 31= Bone 38= Tooth CLASS 8 CONDITION CODES (abridged) 0= Broken 1= Whole 2= Broken and Burned 3= Broken and Heated 7= Whole and Burned 8= Whole and Heated RECON Archaeology Laboratory Coding Dictionary, Version of Aug. 1999 ATTACHMENT 2 Resumes of Key Personnel DAYLE M. CHEEVER Senior Archaeologist Education/ Master of.Arts, Anthropology, San Diego State University, 1983 Certifications Bachelor of Arts, Anthropology, San Diego State University, 1979 Certified by Register of Professional Archaeologists (RPA) in field research and teaching since 1983 Credential for life from the California Community Colleges as an instructor of anthropology Certified by the City and County of San Diego in Archaeology Permits U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Cultural Use Permit, Coastal and California Desert Districts, Arizona Desert Experience 20 years of experience RECON 1988-present, Senior Archaeologist As the senior member of RECON's Cultural Resources Group, has directed and participated in all aspects of cultural resource identification and evaluation programs, including research, survey, mapping, impact assessment, significance testing, data recovery, mitigation recommendations (including preservation planning and implementation), and technical report preparation. Has completed cultural resource projects involving compliance with Section 106 of the State Historic Preservation Act and the California Environmental Quality Act. Tasks are directed towards fulfilling standards set in CEQA and NEPA as well as numerous municipal policies for the evaluation of cultural resources through documentation and analysis. Has devised and managed archaeological mitigation monitoring requirements for numerous construction projects. Works closely with clients and resource agencies in developing feasible mitigation strategies. Has worked in the coastal, mountain, and desert areas of southern California and in western Arizona, with particular expertise in the management of cultural and historic resources of San Diego County. Is directly responsible for supervision and scheduling of field and' laboratory personnel, for the development of research designs, protection and preservation plans, and data recovery programs for RECON's clients. Also develops and monitors project budgets. WESTEC Services, Inc. 1985-1988, Project Archaeologist Consulting Archaeologist/Consulting Faunal Analyst 1979-1985 Cheever, 2 Selected Projects Federal Projects (Section 106, NAGPRA, HABS/HAER) National Register Eligibility Assessment of CA-SDI-12731 in the Pine Creek Summer Home Tract, Cleveland National Forest Naval Post Graduate School Monterey, Wherry Housing Demolition Plan, Cultural Resource Documentation Pacific Bell Highway 80 Alignment Corridor, Cleveland National Forest Loveland Reservoir Land Exchange, Sweetwater Authority and Cleveland National Forest Guatay Grazing Allotment, National Register Assessment of Three Prehistoric Sites, Cleveland National Forest National Register Evaluation of Building 5, Fleet Combat Training Center Pacific, U.S. Department of the Navy, Southwest Division, NAVFACENGCOM National Register Evaluation/ Documentation of Schwanbeck's Store, Crossroads, CA. Lake Havasu Field Office, Bureau of Land Management Section 106 Compliance for Paseo Ranchero and Telegraph Canyon Road Water Reclamation Pipelines, Otay Water District Section 106 Compliance for Otay Mesa Water Reclamation Pipeline, Otay Water District Historic American Engineering Record Documentation of Six Base End Stations in the White's Point Reservation, Los Angeles County, California. National Park Service and Department of the Air Force (SMC/AXFV) U.S. Naval Subase San Diego Artifact Inventory, NAGPRA Compliance, and GIS Site Information, Southwest Division, NAVFACENGCOM Phase I - Cultural Resource Surveys Cultural Resource Survey of Parcel 3, Carmel Creek Road, and Site Significance Evaluation of CA-SDI-9677, San Diego, CA Fanita Ranch Specific Plan, Santee, CA Archaeological Constraints Study for LCAC Training Activities and Access Roads at Green Beach and Blue Beach, MCB Camp Pendleton, CA Archaeological Constraints Study for Military Vehicles at Red Beach and White Beach, MCB Camp Pendleton, CA Edom Hill Landfill Expansion, Riverside County, CA Rçpublic Imperial Landfill Expansion, Imperial County, CA Deletion of SA 680 from the County of San Diego Circulation Element, County of San Diego, CA Pipeline 2000 Phase IV, San Diego Gas & Electric, San Diego, CA Eden Valley Drainage, San Diego County, CA Mojave Crossing, Apple Valley and.Victorvile, CA Whitewater River Levee/Palm Springs Line 34 in Riverside County, CA Torrey View—Allred/Sorrento Hills Project. San Diego, CA Torrey Reserve Terrace Project, San Diego, CA Beazer Property (NAS Miramar, Parcel "C"), San Diego, CA SDG&E Pipeline Alignment near Interstate 805/8 Junction, San Diego, CA Forty-fourth Street Condominiums Project, San Diego, CA Eagle Mountain Mini and Kaiser Industrial Railroad, Riverside County, CA Mataguay Scout Reservation near Warner Springs, CA Cheever, 3 Portions of the Shaw Valley Property, San Diego, CA Proposed Alignment at Sweetwater Reservoir, San Diego County, CA Carrillo Ranch Road Realignment Study Area, Carlsbad, CA Phase II - Determination of Significance CA-SDI-8472, Locus C, North Torrey Pines/Genesee Avenue, San Diego, CA CA-SDI-7979, Border Avenue Development, Del Mar (LC94/9), CA CA-SDI-10,940, Del Mar, CA 110 Acres within Carmel Highlands Precise Plan Neighborhood 8A; SDI-10,218, Locus A; SDI-10,219; and SDI-4905, San Diego, CA Stallions Crossing Project: SDI-7290, SDI-7291, SDI-7293, SDI-7298, SDI-7300, SDI-10,118, San Diego, CA Archaic Occupations within the San Dieguito River Valley: SDI-687, Sari Diego, CA SDI-11,297: A Prehistoric Site in Duizura, San Diego County, CA Four Prehistoric Sites within the Railroad Canyon Road Project Area, Lake Elsinore, CA SDI-6753, SDI-6754, SDI-6819, and SDI-2046: Four Prehistoric Sites within the Aviara Development, Carlsbad, CA SDI-8813: The Palomar Heights Project, San Marcos, CA A Portion of SDI-197: Torrey Enterprises—Sorrento Valley Property, San Diego, CA San Dieguito Valley Project Area, San Diego, CA SDM-W-2135: A Prehistoric Site within the Southridge Trails Project Area C, Oceanside, CA Pacific Business Park, Otay Mesa, San Diego, CA SDI-11,019: University of California, San Diego Scripps Institution of Oceanography Master Plan, San Diego, CA Results of an Extended Phase II Sampling at CA-SDI-197, Sorrento Pointe Project, San Diego, CA Cultural Resource Significance Assessment of 16 Cultural Resource Sites on the McCrink Ranch Property, Santa Fe Valley Specific Plan, County of San Diego, -CA Phase III - Data Recovery/Mitigation Alta Loma Heights Citrus Association Packing House Pre-demolition Documentation and Educational Video Data Recovery at CA-SDI-12,123, Carmel Valley, San Diego, CA Data Recovery at CA-SDI-4687, Carrillo Ranch, Carlsbad, CA Home Avenue Trunk Sewer Data Recovery Project, San Diego, CA A Proposed Research Design for the Completion of the Mitigation of Impacts to CA-SDI-6941, Locus D; SDI-7604, Locus E; and SDI-10,200, California Terraces Project, Otay Mesa, San Diego, CA SDI-4907, Loci A, B, and C, Neighborhood 8A Carmel Mountain, San Diego County, CA -Data Recovery at CA-SDI-6753 and CA-SDI-6819: Aviara Development Project, Carlsbad, CA Data Recovery at Nine Cultural Resource Sites, Aviara Development, Carlsbad, CA Mechanical Excavation and Removal of Sixteen Human Burial Features from CA- SDI-691, Aviara Development, Carlsbad, CA EI11ElIffl1 Cheever, 4 Results of an Archaeological Data Recovery at CA-SDI-4832/-4833/-4942 and CA-SDI-11,982, Black Mountain Ranch, City of San Diego, CA Mitigation Monitoring - San Diego Convention Center Expansion Mission Valley West Development Project, San Diego, CA Christianitos Creek Groundwater Monitoring Well Excavation Monitoring, Camp Pendleton, CA San Diego Avenue Construction Grading and Historic Feature Recovery, Old Town, San Diego, CA Mission Valley West LRT Extension, Morena Segment/North Mission Valley Interceptor Sewer, San Diego, CA A Portion of Hillside Drive in La Jolla, CA Trenching on a Portion of Jefferson Street in Old Town, San Diego, CA Salk Institute East Building and North Parking Lot Expansion, San Diego, CA Water MainReplacement Group 477, San Diego, CA Trenching for South Creek Tentative Map and Penasquitos Creek Improvement Plan, CA South Chollas Valley Interceptor Sewer Project, San Diego, CA Water and Sewer Main Replacement Group 466A in Downtown San Diego, CA Pomerado Extension Trunk Sewer, Poway, CA Savage/ Spreckels Tire Factory and Aztec Brewing, San Diego, CA Cultural Resource Investigation, Monitoring, and Worker Education Program at the Mataguay Scout Reservation near Warner Springs, CA Carlsbad by the Sea, Carlsbad, CA The Saitman Residence, San Diego, CA Pipeline 2000, San Diego Gas & Electric, Otay Mesa, San Diego, CA Special Projects Proposed Research Design for a Portion of Cleveland National Forest in Vicinity of Loveland Reservoir, Sweetwater Authority, San Diego County, CA Cultural Resource Guidelines for the City of Carlsbad, CA Wrote and directed a 22-minute educational video and CD-ROM on the citrus packing industry generally, and an historic era citrus packing house complex specifically, Redevelopment Agency, Rancho Cucamonga, CA RUSSELL 0. COLLETI Project Archaeologist Education/ Bachelor of Arts, Anthropology, San Diego State University, 1989 Certifications Postbaccalaureate course work in archaeological method and theory, San Diego State University, 1989, 1990, 1991 Experience 12 years of experience RECON 1989-present, Project Archaeologist An experienced archaeologist with special expertise in cultural resources of the southwestern United States, is responsible for conducting background research, field surveys, test excavations, data recovery excavations, and construction monitoring for cultural resource studies. Began his career in archaeology with the excavation and analysis of the San Diego Royal Presidio over the course of six field seasons. Since receiving his bachelor's degree, has been Project Archaeo- logist at RECON, where he has supervised more than 70 prehistoric and historic projects and participated in over 200 survey and excavation projects. As project archaeologist, he is responsible for conducting prehistoric and historic background research, site records maintenance, personnel training and review, and assembling crews for completing projects. Planning and directing project area surveys, mapping including the use of geographic information system (GIS), and translation of results into reports. Is responsible for archaeological significance testing and excavation of mitigation projects. Is also responsible for the coordination of preparation, cataloging, and analysis of artifacts by laboratory staff, and interpreting the results. Is knowledgeable in data entry and editing, and is experienced in transferring the results of his field surveys into RECON's GIS. RECON 1987-1989, Field and Laboratory Assistant Alan Lyons, Inc. 1987-1989, Distribution Controller Selected Projects Phase I - Cultural Resource Surveys Cannel View Development, San Diego, CA Beckman Property, Carlsbad, CA North Santee Reservoir, Santee, CA Cuyamaca Street Offsite Extension, Santee, CA South Carlsbad Village Storm Drain Alignment, Carlsbad, CA Buckel Minor Subdivision, Potrero, CA Medina-Donaldson Survey, San Diego, CA Cannel Oaks VTM Survey, San Diego, CA Santa Fe Depot, San Diego, CA. Affinis Cannel Valley Towne Center Property, San Diego, CA FIF1E11N Collett, 2 Newland Property, North City West Neighborhood 8A, San Diego, CA San Diego Gas & Electric Company Property within the Hillside Review Zone, San Diego, CA San Diego Gas & ElectricCompany Two Pipeline Alternatives, San Diego and Santee, CA Proposed Antelope Valley Business Park, Palmdale, CA Proposed Los Coches Subdivision, San Diego, CA 80-Acre Parkview Project Site, San Diego, CA San Marcos Corporate Center, San Marcos, CA Proposed Sycamore Canyon Power Plant, San Diego, CA Black Mountain Road Bridge Expansion, San Diego, CA Rose Ranch Property, San Marcos, CA El Camino Memorial Park, San Diego, CA Steiner Property, Carlsbad, CA Mandana Property, Carlsbad, CA Cantarini Property, Carlsbad, CA Melrose Drive Extension, Carlsbad, CA King Property, Alpine, CA Phase H -Determination of Significance Site CA-SDI-4628 Carmel View Development, San Diego, CA Site FIN-i (temp) Hecht-Nielsen Property, San Diego, CA Site CA-SDI-8195 Dove Lane/Lohf Property, Carlsbad, CA Site B-S-1 (temp) Beckman Property, Carlsbad, CA Site CA-SDI-9677 Perl Property, San Diego, CA Site CA-SDI-4690 Carrillo Ranch, Carlsbad, CA Site CA-SDI-9676 Cetel Property, San Diego, CA Sixteen Archaeological Sites on the McCrink Ranch Property, San Diego County, CA Site SDI-12,122H: Sorrento Hills Phase 1 Coastal Development Area, San Diego, CA SDI-11,944 and Archival Research of a Suspected Historic Era Swine Farm within the South Palm Precise Plan, San Diego, CA Site SDI-6699A within the South Palm Precise Plan, San Diego, CA Ginsberg Property, San Diego, CA Site SDM-W-109 Manzanita Apartments, Carlsbad, CA Thirteen Archaeological Sites in the Future Urbanizing Area, Sub Area III, San Diego, CA Twelve Archaeological Sites Within the Villages of La Costa, Carlsbad, CA Phase III - Data Recovery/Mitigation Carrillo Ranch, Site CA-SDI-4687 Data Recovery Excavations, Carlsbad, CA Black Mountain Ranch, Site CA-SDI-4832 Complex and Site CA-SDI-11,982 Data Recovery Excavations, Sn Diego, CA North City West Neighborhood 10, Site CA-SDI-12,123, San Diego, CA Home Avenue Trunk Sewer Data Recovery Excavations, San Diego, CA Oceanside Entertainment Center, Historic Archeology Data Recovery Excavations, Oceanside, CA Torrey Reserve West, CA-SDI-197, Data Recovery Excavations, San Diego, CA Construction Monitoring North Mission Valley Interceptor Sewer Pipeline, San Diego, CA I1RftEIW Collett, 3 Rose Canyon Trunk Sewer Archaeological Data Recovery and Monitoring, San Diego, CA. RMW Paleo Associates. Home Avenue Trunk Sewer Archaeological Monitoring, San Diego, CA North Mission Valley Interceptor Sewer, San Diego, CA South Chollas Valley Sewer, San Diego, CA Water and Sewer Replacement Group 466A, San Diego, CA Section 106/NAGPRA/Other Federal Projects National Register Documentation for White's Point Reservation, Base End Stations, San Pedro, CA., National Park Service, San Francisco Field Office. National Register Eligibility Assessment for Three Sites in the Guatay Grazing Allotment Area, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego, CA National Register Eligibility Determination for Schwanbeck's Store, Cross Roads, CA. Bureau of Land Management Lake Havasu Field Office Data Recovery Excavations for Prehistoric Sites in the San Joaquin Hills Transportation Corridor, Irvine, CA. With Chambers Group, Inc., Irvine, CA Cultural Resource Survey for the "Fillmore Alternative" for State Route 86, Riverside County, CA. Caltrans District 11, San Diego, CA Data Recovery Excavations for Prehistoric Archaeological Sites CA-ORA-106 and CA-ORA-482 within the Area of Potential Effect of the Proposed New Ford Road, Irvine, CA. With Chambers Group, Inc., Irvine, CA Demolition Monitoring for the Spreckles/Savage Tire Company and Aztec Brewery, San Diego, CA Construction Monitoring for the Big Pipe Project, San Diego, CA. With Mariah Associates, Reno Nevada branch office National Register Eligibility Assessment of CA-SDI-12,731 in the Pine Creek Summer Home Tract, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego County, CA Cultural Resource Survey of Portions of Range 101, Naval Air Facility El Centro, El Centro, CA Historic Property Evaluations Alta Loma Heights Citrus Association Packing House, Rancho Cucamonga, CA Historical Assessment for the Proposed Oceanside Beach Resort Development, Oceanside, CA Cultural Resource Survey and Significance Assessment of Historic Properties and Shell Scatter (CA-SDI-4628) for the San Diego Jewish Academy Site, San Diego, CA Historical Assessment of Four Residential Buildings and Associated Features on the King Property, Alpine, CA Special Projects Revised RECON's Archaeological Laboratory System for the Treatment and Processing of Artifacts and Data Created a Lab Director's Handbook, Filed Director's Handbook, and Manual of Field Procedures to Accompany the Revised Laboratory and Field Methodologies Revised the Field Director, Laboratory Director, and Team Member manuals to reflect the requirements of NAVFACENGCOM, Southwestern Division Co-created an educational program to build awareness of planning and preparation for high temperature field conditions Collett, 4 Developed and implemented an educational program for building archaeological field skills among recreational project participants JO ANNE D. GILMER Project Archaeologist Education/ B.A. Anthropology, Archaeology and Geography, San Diego State University, 1990 Certifications M.A. Anthropology, San Diego State University Experience 12 years of experience RECON 1988-present, Project Archaeologist Worked extensively in Central America on a number of Classic Maya period sites and has been working in southern California in cultural resource management since 1988. Responsible for survey and archival projects as well as significance assessments and data recovery programs. Has extensive experience as a field construction monitor and recently completed a two-month sewer trench monitoring project in the city of San Diego. KEA Environmental, Inmate Reception Center 1994, Archaeologist Paul Chase 1990, Archaeologist San Diego State University 1991-1993, Archaeological Laboratory Supervisor San Diego State University, Mopan-Macal Archaeological Project, Belize, Central America 1988-1991, Archaeologist Maya Osteology 1987 Royal Presidio Project 1987, Team member/student Selected Projects Phase I - Cultural Resource Surveys SRWB Property Survey and Reporting, Carlsbad, CA Villages Of La Costa Research and Survey, San Diego, CA Sunwest Village Survey, Carlsbad, CA Dumka Property Survey and Reporting, San Diego, CA Tierra Alta Survey and Reporting, San Diego, CA Cantarini Property, Carlsbad, CA Naval Air Facility El Centro 5,000-acre Survey, El Centro, CA Rancho Judith Research, San Diego, CA Ginsberg Property, San Diego, CA Per! Property Site CA-SDI-9677, San Diego, CA Sycamore Canyon Archaeological Survey, CA Carmel View Development, San Diego, CA MON Gilmer, 2 Beckman Property, Carlsbad, CA South Carlsbad Village Storm Dram Alignment, Carlsbad, CA Buckel Minor Subdivision, Portrero, CA Medina-Donaldson Survey, San Diego, CA Cannel Oaks VTM Survey, San Diego, CA Cannel Valley Towne Center Property, San Diego, CA Newland Property, North City West Neighborhood 8A, San Diego, CA 80-Acre Parkview Project Site, San Diego, CA San Marcos Corporate Center, San Marcos, CA Proposed Sycamore Canyon Power Plant, San Diego, CA Black Mountain Road Bridge Expansion, San Diego, CA Black Mountain Ranch Survey, San Diego, CA Otay Ranch Survey, Chula Vista, CA Rancho San Miguel Survey, Bonita,, CA San Diego Gas & Electric Company Los Coches to Barrett Tap Pole Replacement Survey, San Diego County, CA Otay Mesa Reservoir Survey, San Diego, CA Vista Del Mar Survey, San Diego County, CA Goldrush Property Survey, El Cajon, CA Melrose and Hacienda Commercial -Center Survey, Vista, CA Phase II - Determination of Significance Torrey Santa Fe, San Diego, CA Mandana Property, Carlsbad, CA Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, CA Loveland Reservoir Significance Testing and Data Recovery, San Diego, CA CA-SDI-11,944 Archival of a Suspected Historic Era Swine Farm within the South Palm Precise Plan, San Diego, CA CA-SDI-6699A within South Palm Precise Plan, San Diego, CA CA-SDI-4628 Cannel View Development, San Diego, CA HN-1 (temp) Hecht-Nielsen Property, San Diego, CA CA-SDI-8195 Dove Lane/Lohf Property, Carlsbad, CA B-S-1 (temp) Beckman Property, Carlsbad, CA CA-SDI-9677 Perl Property, San Diego, CA CA-SDI-4690 Carrillo Ranch, Carlsbad, CA SDI-12,122H: Sorrento Hills Phase 1, San Diego, CA Rancho San Miguel, Bonita, CA CA-SDI-4760 Willow Glen Drive, El Cajon, CA CA-SDI-4763 Jamacha Boulevard, El Cajon, CA CA-SDI-6714 Thelan Property, Alpine, CA CA-SDI-4690 Pacific Bell Property, Duizura, CA Black Mountain Ranch Archaeological Testing, San Diego, CA Fanita Ranch Archaeological Testing, Santee, CA Phase III - Data Recovery/Mitigation - Carrillo Ranch, Site CA-SDI-4687 Data Recovery Excavation, Carlsbad, CA North City West Neighborhood 10, Site CA-SDI-12,123, San Diego, CA Inmate Reception Center, San Diego, CA Clean Water Program Survey, Excavation and Data Recovery, San Diego, CA Gilmer, 3 Stallions Crossing Data Recovery, San Diego, CA Black Mountain Ranch Data Recovery, San Diego, CA American Girl Mine Data Recovery, Imperial County, CA Pacific Rim Mitigation Monitoring and Burial Feature Removal, Carlsbad, CA Otay Mesa Data Recovery, San Diego County, CA National Register Eligibility Assessment of Three Sites in the Guatay Grazing Allotment Area, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego, CA San Diego Avenue Data Recovery, San Diego, CA North City West Neighborhood 10, San Diego, CA North City West Neighborhood 8A, San Diego, CA Black Mountain Ranch, Site CA-SDI-4832 Complex and Site CA-SDI-11,982 Data Recovery Excavations Lab, San Diego, CA Oceanside Entertainment Center, Oceanside, CA Construction Monitoring SDG&E (Sempra Energy) Pipeline 2000 Monitoring and Reporting, San Diego, CA Stardust Golf Course Monitoring and Reporting, San Diego, CA SDG&E (Sempra Energy) Encina Power Plant, Carlsbad, CA Saitman Residence, San Diego, CA San Diego Convention Center Expansion, San Diego, CA North Mission Valley Interceptor Sewer Pipeline, San Diego, CA La Jolla Farms Road Property, La Jolla, CA North Mission Valley Interceptor Sewex and Light Rail Transit Construction, San Diego, CA Carlsbad by the Sea Archaeological, Carlsbad, CA Stardust Golf Course Archaeological, San Diego, CA Pipeline 2000 Archaeological, San Diego, CA Otay Ranch Villages 1 and 5, Chula Vista, CA Savage/ Spreckels Tire Factory and Aztec Brewing, San Diego, CA Section 106/NAGPRAJOther Federal Projects Cultural Resource Inventory on Naval Air Facility El Centro, El Centro, CA Cultural Resource Services on Camp Pendleton, Oceanside, CA U.S. Naval Subase Artifact Inventory, NAGPRA Compliance, and GIS Site Information, San Diego, CA National Register Documentation for White's Point Reservation, Base End Stations, San Pedro, CA, National Park Service, San Francisco Field Office National Register Eligibility Assessment for Three Sites in the Guatay Grazing Allotment Area, Cleveland National Forest, San Diego, CA Demolition Monitoring for the Spreckels /Savage Tire Company and Aztec Brewery, San Diego, CA Special Projects Contribution to the revised RECON Archaeological Laboratory System for the Treatment and Processing of Artifacts and Data