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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCT 98-10; Carlsbad Raceway Business Park; Tentative Map (CT) (18)j . AUG. 1 3 1990 -" RECEIVED SEP 0 1 1998 CITY OF CARLSBAD PLANNING DEPTo DRAFT ^ ARCHAEOLOGICAL TESTING OF FOUR SITES AT THE WIMPEY/GENTRY PROPERTY: SDi-9041, SDi-9042, SDi-9043, and SDi-9045 CARLSBAD, CALIFORNIA Prepared for WIMPEY/GENTRY INC. 7084 MIRAMAR ROAD, SUITE 400 SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA 92121 Prepared by SUE A. WADEPROJECT ARCHAEOLOGIST MCMILLAN DAVISHELD ARCHAEOLOGIST SUSAN M. HECTOR, Ph.D PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR 1Z76 Mom Boutmra. S*n OMgo. CA 8Z11U-381S 275-3732 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. CULTURAL BACKGROUND 1 m. HELD INVESTIGATIONS 6 IV. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS 12 A. MATERIALS RECOVERED DURING THE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS 12 B. ADDITIONAL MATERIALS 15 V. CONCLUSIONS 22 VI. RECOMMENDATIONS 22 VH. PROJECT PERSONNEL 23 VHL REFERENCES CITED 23 Attachment 1: Raw data summary FIGURES 1: Project vicinity map 2 2: Project location as shown on U.S.G.S. map 3 3: SDi-9041 site map and unit location 8 4: SDi-9042 site map and unit location 10 5. SDi-9043 site map and unit location 11 6: SDi-9045 site map and unit location 13 PHOTOGRAPHS 1: Unifacial core and tool 16 2: Unifacial core tools 16 3: Unifacial core tools 17 4: Unifacial cores 17 5: Unifacial flake tools 18 6: Bifaces/blanks 18 7: Bifaces/knives/points 20 8: Bifaces/knives/points 20 9: Bifaces/points 21 10: Bifacial mano 21 I. INTRODUCTION Four archaeological sites recorded on the Wimpey/Gentry property, formerly referred to as the Carlsbad Raceway property (Figures 1 and 2), were tested for significance as required under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) Section 21083.2. Surface collections and test excavations were conducted at each site. Although the sites are severely disturbed by agriculture, raceway improve- ments, vehicular traffic, and erosion, 156 pieces of debitage and 5 flaked stone tools were recovered. Private collections held by the previous property owner were also inspected. The artifact analysis indicated that activities related to biface tool use were occurring at the sites. Additional artifacts recovered by the previous property owner indicated that plant processing activities were also occurring at the sites. He, has also observed possible hearth features during track maintenance grading. Due to the severe disturbance, no significant cultural deposits were located at sites SDi-9041, SDi-9042, SDi-9043 and no further archaeological measures are necessary at these sites. Subsurface deposits were located on the small portion of site SDi-9045 which is located on the project property. Because current testing focused on the small portion located on the project area, which was very disturbed, no further archaeological excavations are warranted. However, the portion of site SDi-9045 which remains intact north of the project property is a very important resource and should be protected. It is recommended that two conditions be placed on the Final Map approval. The first would require the portion of the site north of the fence line to be fenced during grading and construction activities. If this is done, no inadvertent disturbance to the portion of this site north of the project will occur. The second would require the on-site grading in the area of sites SDi-9043 and SDi-9045 to be monitored by a qualified archaeologist. In the event that intact features are uncovered, it would be possible to hand excavate and recover carbon materials for dating. IL CULTURAL BACKGROUND A. RESEARCH ORIENTATION FOR THE SURROUNDING AREA The Wimpey/Gentry property consists of a small west-flowing drainage surrounded by several low knolls which rise to the surrounding mesa tops. The property lies in an isolated pocket where, in the past, riparian vegetation in the drainage would have been naturally -surrounded by coastal sage scrub vege- tation on the nearby knolls. Because of the severe damage to the area from the raceway activities, only small remnants of the original ecosystem remain. The creek ultimately drains into Agua Hedionda Lagoon. Previous archaeological studies conducted in the vicinity of the project have centered on development surrounding Palomar Airport. In addition, devel- opment and public facilities improvements on the south shore of Agua Hedionda Lagoon have contributed information related to subsistence patterns close to the ocean. Phased archaeological investigations along the proposed Cannon Road alignment have resulted in the proposition and revision 01 a model for subsis- tence and settlement patterns in the lagoon area. Test excavations at five .••; - v'•' ^ • -N •'• ''-\ /r •—"••.'• / • y\ «r/-v-%'''.- >'--• v:•• ••-•:';-:-''>•'.''•f-:'^*; ;2=~* ^1 r— v^'^kT /^^V-'^^^^^^^^^L-r-:-:-f" ... ._zl__JL_ J- • -v^^i^. / / v';=r--:'--''^-;'"-;---^'::-5si>^-f'«^--: , ,'•. f,. :,-•4:••"/• -<-^r ^^^gfe-^f^^^^..-'. ::•/' «-'•' '-^' V- «i'it ^^S l) ; -^'.' •••'!'" '•!'•' •-••«] s ((f f / ; x-'-'-'X-''' V... * •):'•'•; V/?^rS^!?>gJl PROJECT LOCATION]] |\\^ '..: • fs'~\' - •^:!^f ^SS^i^^^^^T^^^^^^ FIGURE 2. PROJECT LOCATION ON U.S.G.S. 7.5 MINUTE TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS, SAN MARCOS, SAN LUIS REY, RANCHO SANTA FE, AND ENCINITAS QUADRANGLES R-1276C 2/89 sites along the south shore of the lagoon have demonstrated that the sites represent a system of interrelated campsites. Artifacts recovered included a variety of stone tools (including a steatite plummet stone and a deliberately shaped discoidal mano), lithic waste, shell, bone, bone awls, and a shell bead. These artifacts reflect activities of a habitation site where the everyday activities of a campsite took place (Wade and Hector 1989). It appears that a variety of subsistence activities took place at the site, and that the basis for occupation of the location was the presence of the lagoonal and marine resources which were being exploited. Based on the artifact characteristics and the lack of ceramics (a Late addition to the prehistoric culture in San Diego), it is suspected that these sites date to the Early Milling period of San Diego prehistory. Located less than 0.5 mile inland from these sites, along a tributary to Agua Hedionda Creek, the Kelly Springs site, by contrast, possesses projectile point types and ceramics characteristic of the Late Prehistoric period. It is suspected that the subsistence pattern at the Kelly Springs site included regular visits to surrounding special-use sites where the resource desired was processed and the partially prepared resource was brought back to the base camp site. This pattern of subsistence has been documented at other Late Prehistoric sites in the county (Hector 1984). It is suspected that the early sites discussed above along the south shore of the lagoon were also visited by the Late Prehistoric peoples specifically for the acquisition of shellfish. Further inland, several sites have been investigated related to Carlsbad Research Center and the Del Mar Financial development. Within the Carlsbad Research Center property, one light scatter of shell and a locus of the Kelly Springs site were located. These sites were assumed to be related to the Kelly Springs site. Site SDi-9700, located on the Del Mar Financial property, consisted of two loci: a shell midden site with a limited assemblage of unifacially flaked tools, yielded a radiocarbon date of 6,630 + 90 years before the present (B.P.). This date places the shell processing camp within the Early Milling period. A second loeus consisted of a flake, core, and tool scatter which was determined not to represent a quarry locus, but a processing special-use site. It is thought the two sites were occupied on a temporal}' ba~sis for the exploitation of shellfish and plant materials. The lithic resources which are present at the site constituted an additional draw for the prehistoric occupants. Based on previous investigations, two types of settlement and subsis- tence patterns have been proposed and seem to be separated by time. The first consists of temporary base camps which are habitation sites established conve- niently for the exploitation of resources. Particularly in the case of Agua Hedionda Lagoon, for the exploitation of shellfish. The second consists of a permanent base camp established in a compromise location where short forays for special resources can be accomplished. A particular example of this type of site is the Kelly Springs site. Based on artifact assemblages and radiocarbon dating evidence, the_first site type appears to be early (before 2000 B.P.), and the second appears to be late (after 2000 B.P.). B. PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS ON THE PROJECT PROPERTY The archaeological sites located on the project property were first recorded by Malcolm Rogers of the San Diego Museum of Man in the 1920s. He recorded several localities in the vicinity of ~SDM-W-183 (SDM-W-1S3A and B). Site SDM-W-183B is the same site as SDi-9045 and SDi-9043. Site SDM-W-183A consisted of several observed artifacts exposed by grading of Palomar Airport Road (then San Marcos Road). The location of SDi-9042 was mapped by Rogers, but was not formally assigned a number until 1979. Rogers described the three loci of site SDM-W-183 as Littoral II and San Dieguito II (his classifications of the two early periods of San Diego prehistory). He specifies that felsite artifacts were observed and recovered in small quantities and that "a few broken metates and manos were present" (Rogers n.d.). More recently, the property was surveyed by R. Norwood (1981). The site locations reported by Rogers were relocated with the exception of SDM-W-183A, the location which had been exposed by road grading for San Marcos Road. It is possible that this area was destroyed by improvements to Palomar Airport Road in the intervening 50 years. Norwood's observations regarding the sites reflect a situation similar for the most part with conditions when the current fieldwprk was completed. One notable exception regards SDi-9045 which Norwood determined to be completely off the project property; in actuality, a small portion is located on the property. Photographs taken in 1981 show the extent of the raceway impacts to be similar to today. It is probable, however, that the severity of the impacts has increased with use. The northern portion of the knoll top where site SDi-9041 is located was reported by Norwood to have been in recent cultivation. Very few artifacts were observed at the site: five flakes were located south of the fence which runs east to west across the site and two flakes were found in a shovel scrape surface test conducted in an areas of darkened soil on the north of the fence. Norwood proposed that the value of the site would lie in any subsurface deposits which remained below the plow zone. Site SDi-9042 was observed to be situated on the west-facing slope of an east/west-trending ridge. Norwood observed subsurface materials in the road cut, although no darkened midden soil was observed. He noted that most arti- facts recovered from the surface were deposited as a result of road construction and subsequent erosion. He indicated that intact deposits were possibly located both north and south of the road. Surface artifacts collected included 95 flakes, 4 scrapers, 2 edge-damaged flakes, 2 cores, and 1 projectile point. He noted that the artifacts suggested an Early Milling period occupation. Impacts to site SDi-9043 from the racetrack were noted by Norwood. Most materials were found on the raceway or near a bridge that crosses the track. He indicated the presence of a remnant of potential subsurface deposit, or darkened soil. Artifacts collected by Norwood included 26 flakes, 1 core, 1 mano, and 1 biface fragment. Again, he postulated an Early Milling occupation. Site SDi-9045 was described as being off the property to the north and potentially subject to off-site impacts. The site consisted of a surface j scatter of artifacts and midden deposit. Approximately 100 flakes, 1 scraper, 1 mano fragment, and thermally fractured rock were observed. The site was ascribed to the £arly Milling period. Two biface fragments and one projectile point were recovered during Norwood's fieldwork. These artifacts are particularly interesting and important because of their time and geographical diagnostic qualities. One biface and the projectile point were recovered from SDi-9042. The biface is the midsection of a relatively large biface of porphyritic andesite. The specimen is moderately patinated and showed no use wear. The projectile point is composed of a "... motted [sic] grey and maroon chert. The material apparently contains pockets of impurities, perhaps calcite that has dissolved away leaving a large pocket in the specimen that looks like a notch. The tip of the crudely pressure-flaked specimen is broken off. The specimen has a shape and shouldering reminiscent of a Silver Lake series projectile point; however, the base is slightly concave. A similar specimen was discovered during excavation of an Early Milling site at Fairbanks Ranch (SDM-W-593) which dated between 6200 ± 70 and 6840 ± 90 years B.P. (Norwood 1980)." The third biface was recovered from SDi-9043 within the racetrack. It consists of a "very crudely retouched, grey porphyritic rhyolite biface base. In its entirety, the specimen would have been roughly leaf-shaped" (Norwood 1981). No edge damage was observed. In conclusion, Norwood emphasized the need for subsurface testing to be conducted at these sites to determine their significance. He notes that the lithic artifacts have a relatively high degree of patination, possibly indi- cating relatively great age. Because these lithic materials do not occur naturally on the site area, he proposes that the lithic materials were imported to the site. The flaked materials exhibit fine flaking and Norwood suggests that the particularism of this trait suggests that these tools had a highly controlled and specialized function. He notes that it is possible that these sites represent an inland adaptation of the coastal, maritime oriented, Early Milling peoples who left their shell middens on the lagoon shores. HI. FIELD INVESTIGATIONS On January 5 and 6, 1989, RECON archaeologists conducted surface collections and test excavations at each of the four recorded prehistoric sites within the project boundaries. Each site was relocated by the presence on the surface of cultural materials in the form of flakes and debitage produced in the process of manufacturing stone tools. After relocation, the surface of each site was closely scrutinized, artifacts collected, and 1-by-1-meter test units excavated in areas judged most likely to contain in suu (undisturbed) deposits of cultural materials. "Site SDi-9043 (SDM-W-3138), which is severely disturbed as a result of being crossed by the raceway, was treated in a slightly different manner. Due to the damage inflicted on the site by racing activity, few artifacts were discovered at any location within the site boundaries other than the racing track surface. Because the racing surface is an average of 0.5-meter below the surrounding ground surface and is regularly graded with a bulldozer (such activity being ^observed in progress while the field team was on site), there was judged to be no chance of locating cultural deposits surviving in sim. Five 50-by-50-centuneter shovel test pits were excavated in the areas within the site boundary which were not a part of the racing surface, in an attempt to locate less disturbed subsurface deposits of cultural material. AJ1 excavated dirt, from the shovel test pits and the test units, was screened through one-eighth-inch mesh to insure the recovery of small or fragmentary artifacts. The artifacts recovered from the excavations and those located on the surface were collected and returned to the RECON laboratories for cataloging, analysis, and curation. A. SDi-9041 rSDM-W-1831 The site is located on a high knoll that rises above the surrounding area. The view from the knoll includes the ocean to the west, the surrounding mesa tops to the northeast and south, and the mountains to the east. The site is very open and breezy. Very few rocks were observed on the ground surface of the knoll. As previously noted, this knoll-top site has been heavily impacted by past farming practices (Hector 1987). In addition to the disturbance due to mechanical cultivation, the field crew noted that the site has been further impacted by leveling and the dumping of gravel over almost the entire surface area. At the time of the field investigations, the site was heavily overgrown in weedy grasses, although occasional clear areas and rodent backdirt piles allowed some surface visibility, Norwood's (1981) area of darkened soil could not be relocated. During the surface collection, three pieces of debitage were discovered on the northeast slope. These isolates are marked on Figure 3. Test units were placed in areas where the surface disturbance was less "severe (see Figure 3). Unit 1, placed north of the fence line which bisects the knolltop and just upslope from the isolates, produced five pieces of lithic material in the surface to 10-centimeter level. The next 10-centimeter level was sterile; fragments of yellow clay were observed in the soil, and the unit was terminated. Unit 2, located south of the fence line, did not yield any artifacts in the surface to 10-centimeter level, and only one flake between 10 and 20 centi- meters. A hard yellow clay was encountered in the 20- to 30-centimeter level and the excavation was ended. B. SPi-9042 rSDM-W-2003) Located on the gently sloping area just below a knoll top (removed by road grading) overlooking the midpoint of the drag strip, this site was felt by previous investigators to contain a possible midden deposit (Norwood 1981; Hector 1987). No trace of this midden was discovered during the fieldwork. A paved asphalt road runs through the site from the bottom of the point of the ridge to the top. Although stands of native vegetation remain to the north and south of the road, the area has been disturbed by electrical installations, spectator foot traffic, and has been heavily washed by erosion. Deep erosional nils are located on the south slope. Where the erosion is less severe, the surface soil consists of a shallow loam underlain by sandstone. In areas of erosion, no remains of natural soil surface were seen. Five of the six flakes recovered from the surface were collected from the downslope area in the erosional rills. One flake was observed on the north, uphill side, of the road. The presence of flakes in the erosional areas is attributable to redeposition; the main site area was destroyed by the road placement. A fossil mollusk deposit is located just below the surface of the UNIT LOCATION AND NUMBER RECORDED SITE AREA ISOLATE FIGURE 3. SDi-9041 SITE MAP AND UNfT LOCATIONS R-1276C 2/B9 site. In areas where the erosion has exposed the subsoil, the fossil shell is scattered across the site. A sample of the fossil bearing rock was collected from an area wnere it was exposed by erosion. Unit 1, located north of the paved road (Figure 4) in an attempt to determine if the site extended across the area destroyed by road construction, was sterile from the surface to 30 centimeters. Unit 2, located south of the paved road, was equally unproductive. No evidence of prehistoric cultural activity was noted within or adjacent to the boundaries of the site as mapped. C SDi-9043 rSDM-W-3138^ This site has been the most heavily impacted by the raceway activities. Although it is difficult to determine where the original ground surface was located, it appears that the racetrack, which crosses the recorded site location three times, is cut from two to six feet below the surface. Berms have been created at the edge of the tracks, and the intervening areas have been cleared and leveled in places. The northern portion of the recorded site area appears to have originally gently sloped up to the knoll located on the northern project boundary. This knoll has been bisected by a east/west running cut slope approximately four meters from the northern project fence line. The knoll top is the location of the remaining deposits of site SDi-9045. Numerous flakes and several tools were found in the bed of the din racetracks. The locations where artifacts were located in the tracks are shown in Figure 5. Several very small stands of native brush were observed, and these areas were determined to most likely contain intact cultural deposits. Because the area was so heavily disturbed and the areas where cultural deposits could be located were small and scattered, it was determined to use shovel test pits to locate cultural deposits. These were placed in areas close to where artifacts had been located in the track and in areas where the vege- tation indicated that the natural ground surface might be intact. Five shovel test pits were excavated to an average depth of 50 centimeters and no cultural materials were located. The locations of the shovel test pits are shown in Figure 5. Based on the lack of subsurface deposits indicated by the results of excavation of test pits, the presence of artifacts in the track cuts, and the fact that the three-meter-high cut slope cuts the site to the north, it is suspected that site SDi-9043 consists of slope wash from, and possibly the peripheral area of, site SDi-9045. It is likely that before the knoll was cut for the racetrack activities, it continued in a gentle slope to the creek to the south. The racetracks have obliterated all but a few artifacts in the tracks. D. SDi-9045 fSDM-W-3144^ This site is located along the northern property line, and only par- tially extends into the project area. As discussed above, the southern site area has been cut away as a result of improvements to the raceway. This leaves an approximately four-meter-wide "shelf between the fence on the north and the three-meter-high cm slope on the south. From east to west, the site area south of the fence measures approximately 15 meters. Investigations were confined to this area, and surface collection was restricted to include only the portion of ctilo 3 O < zo LOCATII-53 • 111(E LJK55 D1Uocoouc n1U 2£ -IU.LECTED0 O *EXPOSURE«j_iUJ CO _J (0(0oU. 1 \CM - 1 AREA IN WHICH FLAKES WERE SHOVEL TEST PFT LOCATION \ A\\\\ FIGURE 5. SDi-9043 SITE MAP R-1276C 2/89 the site within the property boundaries. The area studied consists of approxi- mately 10 percent of the site area as recorded; 86 pieces of lithic debitage were recoverea during the surface collection. Test excavation units were placed in that portion of the site which is a part of the project area (Figure 6). Unit 1, to the west, produced only three pieces of debitage between the surface and 10 centimeters and was sterile between 10 and 20 centimeters. Unit 2, 10 meters to the east, yielded seven pieces of debitage at the first level and two lithic fragments at the 10- to 20- centimeter level. In all, 93 pieces of worked lithic material were recovered from the surface and unit excavations for analysis. Based on the recovery for this peripheral area of the site, it is anticipated that the central portion of the site (north of the project area) is an important resource. As discussed above, it is apparent that site SDi-9043 and SDi-9045 are portions of the same cultural deposit, artificially separated by historic disturbance. IV. ARTIFACT ANALYSIS A. MATERIALS RECOVERED DURING THE FIELD INVESTIGATIONS Relatively few artifacts were recovered during the investigations. Most were recovered during the surface collections from disturbed contexts. The collection consists of 156 pieces of stone debitage and 5 stone tools. A listing of the artifacts recovered is provided in Attachment 1. 1. Debitage The debitage was analyzed utilizing a stage of reduction approach based on similar studies by Collins '(1975), Norwood, Bull, and Rosenthal (1981), and Hector (1984). This analysis approach focuses on identifying the stage of the reduction sequence and the type of reduction technology, which is fepre- sented by a piece of debitage. These determinations are based on attributes of the diagnostic flake type, "flake size, and amount of cortex present. Stone material type is also recorded. This method of analysis allows the investigator to make inferences regarding site activity (initial quarrying, primary reduc- tion, tool finishing, tool use, and maintenance, etc.), reduction technology (biface production, blade production), and preferred material types (e.g., metavolcanic, quartz, chert, and obsidian). One hundred fifty-six pieces of debitaae were recovered: 9 from SDi=9141, 6 from SDi-9042, 48 from SDi-9043, and 93"from SDi-9045. The majority of the debitage was composed of porphyritic and nonporphyritic fine-grained metavolcanic "stone/ commonly called felsite. Two flakes of quartzite were recovered from the surface of SDi-9045, and one piece of chert debitage was recovered from SDi-9043. All flakes recovered are related to tool finishing and resharpening. No flakes were recovered which indicated that stone material was being quarried or subjected to initial reduction activities at the site. This is consistent with the fact that very little natural rock was observed on the ground surface during the fieldwqrk. Significantly, a large proportion of the collection consisted of biface thinning flakes: type two comprised 21 percent of the collection. This high number of flakes related to biface production is unusual in prehistoric sites in the North County region. 12 RECORDED SfTE AREA UNIT LOCATION AND NUMBER FLAKES COLLECTED FIGURE 6. SDi-9045 SITE MAP AND UNIT LOCATIONS R-1276C 2/88 2. Stone Tools Tne flaked stone tools were described using an attribute analysis. This method was used by Hector (1984) and was found to be useful in describing the multifunctional tools which are typical of hunter-gatherer economies. In this method, up to two edges can be described through a set of independent attributes (edge angle, unifacial flaking, unifacial use, bifacial flaking, bifacial use, and crushing). In San Diego County, this method has proved useful because prehistoric tools tended to be used and reused for whatever task was at hand and standardized tools for specific tasks were not manufactured. In addition, this method enables the researcher to record instances of types of manufacture and use as opposed to numbers of tools, which could have been used for many different purposes. Finally, this method allows for a more objective tool analysis in that it records observable attributes rather than applying subjective labels. Five stone tools were recovered: three from SDi-9043 and two from SDi-9045. All tools exhibited patination which has been cited by some investi- gators to represent great age (Norwood 1981). Two artifacts were tools which exhibited bifacial flaking and use damage on two edges. Two artifacts were flakes which exhibited unifacial use damage: one on two edges and one on one edge. The fifth artifact is a chert piece, similar in stone material composi- tion to the projectile point recovered by Norwood and described as mottled gray and maroon chert. One edge displays unifacial flaking and platform preparation of a core fragment. The second edge has been unifacially flaked and used. The tools were all small; the mean weight was 20 grams. No faunal materials or other classes of tools (i.e., ground stone) were recovered during the field investigations. Analysis of the debitage and tools recovered from the site demon- strated that biface production was a major activity at the site. The presence of bifaces in a stone tool collection has been discussed by Kelly (1988). Kelly argues that bifaces are a useful tool in cultures which are mobile and do not anticipate having easy access to stone raw material for the manufacture of tools. For a minimum of bulk stone material to be transported, bifaces possess a maximum of usable working edge which can be resnarpened many times before expended. Given that stone tools are required for the tasks to be conducted, and given that residentially mobile hunter-gatherers must occupy an area of low raw-material density for an extended period of time, we can expect bifaces to be used as cores, since they will maximize the total amount of stone cutting edse while minimizing the amount of stone carried (Kelly 1988). In cases where stone materials are expected to be unavailable, Kelly equates high instances of biface manufacture with a forager subsistence strat- egy, one in which the^ entire group moves to the location of the resource being exploited. If the site location is based on the presence of a particular resource, it is possible that stone raw materials for tool production would not be easily available. Therefore, the efficiency of the biface was highly attractive to prehistoric tool manufacturers and users. 14 B. ADDITIONAL MATERIALS During the field investigations, it was discovered that a collection of artifacts recovered from the project property is held by the family of the previous property owner. Arrangements were made to analyze and photograph pieces in the collection. Because the sites on the raceway property represent a lithic manufacturing tradition which is unusual in this area of San Diego, and because no intact areas of the sites on the property remain, it was considered to be important to document these artifacts. The former owner (Lee Grismer) and his wife have collected artifacts exposed during racetrack maintenance activities. They currently have a collec- tion of over 100 artifacts. Although it must be understood that the collection is biased by the fact that only recognizable artifacts were collected (bifaces, "domed scrapers," and a mano), the collection can be sorted into four cate- gories: unifacial cores/domed scrapers, unifacial flake tools, bifaces, and ground stone. Twenty-seven of the artifacts were photographed and will be described in this text: all of the bifaces and points, the one mano, and representative samples of the unifacial flake and core tools and unifacial cores. All artifacts exhibit a thick, sometimes obscuring, patination of the surface. 1. Unifacial Cores and Core Tools These artifacts are illustrated in Photographs 1-4. The majority consisted of unifacial cores and unifacial core tools. Unlike the majority of stone tools recovered from archaeological contexts in San Diego County, these artifacts are methodically flaked and shaped. They have been characterized as "domed scrapers," "horsehoof cores," and "scraper planes." These artifacts range in size from 3 to 11 centimeters, the size being related to the amount of use and subsequent reduction and resharpening of the tools. All are composed of fine-grained metavolcanic stone. The artifacts illustrated in Photographs la, 4a, and 4b represent unifacial cores and are larger than five centimeters. The core tools illustrated in Photographs Ib, 2a-c, 3a and b, and 5a-d exhibit unifacial use as well as unifacial flaking. Edge damage on artifacts in Photographs Ib and 2a is illustrated in Photograph 3. 2. Unifacial Flaked Tools These artifacts are illustrated in Photograph 5a-d. Artifacts in this category are relatively smaller than the core tools, ranging from three to seven centimeters. All are composed of fine-grained metavolcanic stone with the exception of 3d, which is composed of a speckled chert similar to that described by Norwood in 1981. All appear to have been repeatedly resharpened and exhibit use wear on the flaked edges. 3. Bifaces/BlanVryL, Knives, and Points Three artifacts were assumed to be blanks and are illustrated in Photograph 6a-c, Two (a and b) represent unsuccessful reduction attempts where the reduction flakes repeatedly terminated before removing the central area of the blank. The remaining biface (c) does not appear to be finally shaped and has no use damage. All three blanks were composed of fine-grained metavolcanic. 15 PHOTOGRAPH 1. (A) UNIFACIAL CORE (B) UNIFACIAL CORE TOOL PHOTOGRAPH 2. (A-C) UNIFACIAL CORE TOOLS REC0N. R-1276C 3/89 PHOTOGRAPH 3. (A & B) UNIFACIAL CORE TOOLS PHOTOGRAPH 4. (A & B) UNIFACIAL CORES RECQN. R-1276C 3/89 PHOTOGRAPH 5. (A-D) UNIFACIAL FLAKE TOOLS PHOTOGRAPH 6. (A-C) BIFACES/BLANKS RECtDN. R-1276C 3/80 Five bifacial knives are illustrated in Photographs 7a, b, and d and 8c and d. Four points are illustrated in Photographs 7c; 8a, b, and e; and 9a-c. All are composed of fine-grained metavolcanic stone, with the exception of 9a, which is composed of quartz. All knives exhibit thin cross sections (less than 1.25 centimeters) and exhibit unifatial and bifacial use damage, including rounding and micro flaking. All exhibit biface thinning flake scars. The majority of the points are missing the bases. This is true for all point types which exhibit a wide midsection and a triangular tip. Two points have the bases present and these are rounded and show no evidence of having been prepared for hafting. The one complete point is illustrated hi Photograph 9a and is composed of quartz. This point has been serrated along both edges. All points have approximately the same thickness, ranging from 1 to 1.5 centimeters. It is conceivable that the narrow points (shown in Photograph 9) could have evolved from the wider points (shown in Photographs 7 and 8) through repeated use and flaking. 4. Ground Stone One bifacial mano was recovered by the owner (Photograph 10). This is composed of an igneous rock with a high quantity of large black mineral inclusions. The rock type is somewhat similar in characteristics to the granites of the local coastal mountains, although it exhibits a rock matrix which is similar to coarse-grained andesite. The mano is highly polished and shaped, although broken on the edges. The cores and tools are unusual in the archaeological collections of San Diego County. The highly diagnostic bifacial artifacts are representative of what Malcolm Rogers described as the San Dieguito complex of San Diego prehistory. Several illustrations of San Dieguito artifacts (Rogers et al. 1966) are remarkably similar to the artifacts from the project property. These artifacts were recovered from sites investigated by Rogers within what he called the Southwestern aspect of the San Dieguito complex. Dates for some sites within this complex range from 2700 to 7000 years B.P. (Rogers et al. 1966). -Similar biface types were also recovered from excavations at SDi-4648 in the El Cajon Valley (Cardenas and Van Wormer 1984). Although that collection included" a point type diagnostic of the Mojave Desert (Elko eared points), points and knives similar in form to the present collection were recovered. This study concluded that the presence of these diagnostic artifacts reflected an inland hunting adaptation of the coastal Early Milling peoples who inhabited SDi-4648 approximately 2600 years B.P. The artifacts recovered from site SDi-9043 are typologically similar to collections from what is probably the earliest and most poorly understood period of San Diego County prehistory. Based on the available information, it seems that these artifacts were produced by an early, highly mobile, hunter- gatherer people who ranged from the coastal lagoons to the inland foothills to the California deserts. We have little understanding of the patterns of this movement or how the^patterns of movement changed over the length of prehistory. This lack of information is, in large part, due to the lack of intact, strati- fied archaeological sites from this early period which have been excavated in San Diego County. With the increase in development in coastal areas, these sites are becoming fewer. 1 Q PHOTOGRAPH 7. (A-D) BIFACES/KNIVES/POINTS PHOTOGRAPH 8. (A-E) BIFACES/KNIVES/POINTS 3-1276C 3/89 PHOTOGRAPH 9. (A-C) BIFACES/POINTS PHOTOGRAPH 10. (A) BIFACIAL MANO REC2W, R-1276C 3/89 Based on observations by Mr. Grismer, it is possible that intact hearth features could be present on the project property and could be uncovered during project grading. Systematic excavation of any remaining intact features could provide valuable information on site dating (through radiocarbon dating of carbon materials) and on subsistence patterns (through microanalysis of faunal and floral remains of soil samples). If recovered, this information would provide valuable insights into the early prehistoric subsistence patterns. V. CONCLUSIONS The four sites located on the Wimpey/Gentry property have been severely impacted by past agricultural activities and the operation and maintenance of Carlsbad Raceway. Because of this, the collections made during the fieldwork may not be representative samples of the sites. More complete samples cannot be collected because most of the site areas have been destroyed. In addition, many of the more diagnostic artifacts have been removed by collectors. Despite these limitations, analysis of the artifacts recovered are indicative of biface production and use. The stage of reduction represented at the site (as shown by the stage of reduction debitage analysis) is not indicative of quarrying activities. Many questions are raised by the absence of certain types of artifacts and faunal remains. No faunal materials were recovered which could shed light on the food materials being processed. No ground stone artifacts were recovered which would indicate that plant processing occurred on the site. No ceramics were recovered which would indicate a late date for occupation. Unfortunately, it cannot be determined if the absence of these is attributable to the distur- bance and collecting, or if their absence truly reflects the absence of the activities and dating which they represent. Intact archaeological sites of this type would represent a very important resource for the interpretation of early settlement and subsistence patterns. Significant cultural deposits are likely to exist at SDi-9045 off the property to the north. Controlled studies of this site could yield information related to the forager/biface production relationship. Questions could be answered related to subsistence and the date of occupation. These are beyond the scope of the Wimpey/Gentry program. VL RECOMMENDATIONS Due to the severe impacts which have occurred on sites SDi-9041, SDi-9042, SDi-9043, and the southern area of SDi-9045, very few artifacts remain; these have been redistributed by erosion, plowing, foot traffic, and vehicular traf- fic. All visible surface artifacts were collected during the field investiga- tions. The units and shovel test pits excavated at sites SDi-9041, SDi-9042, and SDi-9043 indicated that no significant subsurface deposits remain. Excava- tions at SDi-9045 revealed that a small subsurface deposit exists in this small area of the site; however, the area of the site within the project property is so small and the subsurface deposit so limited, that no further investigation in this area is necessary. Two recommendations are proposed: one related to additional potential data recovery and one related to preservation. 9 7 11 Recommendation 1. One important source of information could likely remain in the site area of SDi-9043 and SDi-9045. As indicated by the previous property owner, it is possible that intact hearth features could be present on the propert}'. Investigation of these could produce carbon materials which could be dated. Therefore, monitoring during grading in this area is recommended. Should any intact features be uncovered, grading operations should be diverted from this area while the archaeologist hand excavates and documents the feature and recovers any special samples (carbon materials for radiocarbon dating or soil samples for microfaunal analysis). S*'Recommendation 2. In light of/the destruction of the sites on the property, the remaining portion of SDi-9054 north of the property is a very important resource and should be protected from any inadvertent disturbance which could occur from grading on the Wimpey/Gentry property. It is recommended that this site be fenced during grading and construction activities for protection. Issuance of the Final Map approval should be made conditional on the fencing of site SDi-9045. No further measures related to cultural resources on the property are recommended. VH. PROJECT PERSONNEL Susan M. Hector, Ph.D. Principal Investigator Sue A. Wade Project Archaeologist Mac Davis Field Archaeologist/Artifact Analysis Cheryl Bowden Field Archaeologist/Artifact Analysis Russell Collett Field Archaeologist Harry Price Technical Illustrator Loretta L. Gross Production Supervisor Stacey Tomlinson Production Specialist VUL REFERENCES ClTHD Cardenas, D. Sean, and Stephen R. Van Wormer 1984 Archaeological Investigation of SDi-4648 and SDM-W-348. RBR and Associates, Inc. Collins, Michael B. 1975 Lithic Technology as a Means of Processual Inference. In Lithic Technology, edited by Earl Swanson, pp. 15-34. Mouton Publishers. Hector, Susan M. 1984 Late Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Activities in Southern San Diego County, California. Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan. 1987 Letter to Mick Ratican regarding an Archaeological Survey Update for the Carlsbad Raceway (R-1276A). August 17,1987. RECON. Kelly, Robert L. 1988 The Three Sides of a Biface. American Antiquity 53(4). Society for American Archaeology. Norwood, Richard H. 1980 The Cultural Resources of Fairbanks Ranch. RECON. 1981 A Cultural Resource Survey for the Carlsbad Raceway. RECON. Norwood, Richard, Charles Bull, and E. J. Rosenthal 1981 An Archaeological Data Recovery Project in the East Drinkwater Basin, Ft. Irwin, California. RECON. Rogers, Malcolm J. n.d. Site record form on file at San Diego Museum of Man, SDM-W-183. Rogers, Malcolm J., H. M. Wormington, E. L. Davis, and Clark W. Brott 1966 Ancient Hunters of the Far West. Union Tribune Publishing Company, San Diego. Wade, Sue A., and Susan M. Hector 1989 A Literature Review and Site Check For Archaeological Resources Within the Proposed Cannon Road, Reaches 3 and 4. RECON. 24 ATTACHMENT; PAGE NO. 00001 01/01/BO FLAKES AND SHATTER - RAK DATA SUMMARY ACC CAT SITE LOCUS UNIT FEAT LEVEL HAT TP1 TP2 TP3 TP4 TP5 TPi TP7 TPB TP9 * SITE 9141 R179 3 R179 3 R179 4 R179 12 R179 12 9141 9141 9141 9141 9141 1 1 2SURF" SURF 10 10 20 0 0 3 4 3 3 4 SUBTOTAL « * SITE 9042 R179 11 9042 SURF R179 11 9042 SURF « SUBTOTAL « * SITE 9043 R179 7 9043 R179 7 9043 R179 7 9043 « SUBTOTAL « SURF SURF SURF 0 0 0 3 4 7 10 10 20 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 20 10 0 0 3 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 7 3 3 3 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2fc 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 5 1 2 0 0 1 4 1 0 1 9 0 . 0 9 5 1 1 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 4 1 0 1 27 3 1 31 i± 1 2 0 37 * SITE 9045 R179 1 9045 2 R179 2 9045 2 R179 5 9045 1 R17<? 13 9045 SURF R179 13 9045 SURF « SUBTOTAL « • ~ 1 27 0 0 5 18 0 0 42 « TOTAL « 1 32 0- 0 7 32 3 3 7B KEY TO FLAKES AND SHATTER Item accession number catalog number site number locus unit category feature level material Description RECON: ROOD WESTEC: WOOD 00000 for SDi-#s WOOOO for SDM-W-#s 2. debitage 1. hearth 2. burial 3. 10, 20, 30, ... 1. coarse grained metavolcanic 2. coarse grained porphyritic metavolcanic 3. fine grained metavolcanic 4. fine grained porphyritic metavolcanic 5. 6, 5. quartzite 6. quartz 7. chert/chalcedony 8. obsidian 9. other flake types counts of each type within the material type specified; see attached flow diagram TABLE FOR C:DE CONTROLED FOR VALUE R179 OF VARIABLE ACC SITE 9042 9043 9045 9141 TOTS' 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 100 0 0 0 1 1 FLAKE TYF.S 2 3 4 .4 67 13 0 0 0 27 29 84 1 11 3 32 21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 2 4 29 5 5 71 0 0 0 7 4 4 1 17 3 9 19 28 IB 19 56 4 44 13 32 21 7 0 0 0 3 6 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 8 0 0 0 3 6 100 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2 9 TOT 1 17 1 31 65 40 42 '45 54 4 44 5 78 50 4 1ST IRQ ICO 48 31 IBT IRO ICO 93 60 IBT IRO ICO 9 6 1ST IRO ICO 156 IBT V* O Ot TYPOIU * _Ju. inin 03uou Q_ TJ 93 E3 (/) U1< in B*«-. in0)en aC >• «•• ^—ZHou L. V £ O ^^re inin ui- re0 UD in X L. Ou fl)> £.•10) Va j o J£a! n 3 0)axl~ VaX*< 0 TJ JS •"" TJ 03 "re u 03ain — tn 03 I "ra L.re0. ^. PX ii s XrN •esenlCL •esenlc. ^ Oic cc 3*rf JSure m ^*™ * K— c = oic O) > E 1 11 1 c Vin 0) 0.•esenlc. fN n 0 V Xa L. Ou *c_o *rfra 0)uu L. re 0. ^~^^ » ii o o CO Eu •N •esenlD.-esenlc. m re>o E 0)u X 2 ou ^"«•• • 1 ^1 0 oOS1«*>o Eu fS|•esenlC- c 03in 03 C. a- D>C Q.n£in .._ inre XI *C_£ *rf O TJVu 0)i_oU ii j^ ^™ o(*J Eu c in V CL •esenlQ. in CT I- "E ai_nJCin Vu cn 01 Inishinrimminu. H ^^ ^^ ^* ^* ^ ^ ^^ ^^ \ ii i + + ^0%PresenE Eu u •N «N| | C C 03 03in in0) V CL 0. C C03 03in in03 03 CL CL in r-- C O tj3 TJ 03 ^^rec Ta 01 T™ 3 TJ u Q) re in ^™ ii • i ^j Preseniii "c 03in < "ca)innt±j to 2 o 3 TJ L. >s ra TJ COu03in "T" 3 TJ u V ra JCin ^^^ ii ii £in I C 03 8 3 j3 re 1 L» c -2 0) Vin TJ X) C < D en o . ^ C9en "re RosentTJcre 3o TJ OOMJC^z u re .. 0)u 3Oin • ^5•••u 03 re E 5re rorked£c 3 inre X "Eo *^c 0)in a co ._ in 3crun 0)0)re J75 — .in en in C "oU * PAGE NO. 00001 01/01/80 FLAKED LITHIC ARTIFACTS - RAH DATA ACC CAT SITE LOCUS UNIT LEVEL HAT MT LN KD TH CD PR PA CO AN1 UR1 BR1 UU1 BUI CR1 AN2 UR2 BR2 UU2 BU2 CR2 * SITE 9043 R179 B 9043 SURF 0 3 53 58 42 20 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 R179 9 9043 SURF 0 3 20 39 3fc 11 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 R179 10 9043 SURF 0 7 20 31 30 17 2 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 « SUBTOTAL « 93 t SITE 9045 R179 14 9045 SURF 0 3 5 38 16 i 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 R179 18 9045 1 10 3 422 20 71112222122122122 « SUBTOTAL « 9 « TOTAL « 102 Item accession nutiber catalog number site number locus unit category feature level material weight length width thickness condition production base KEY TO FLAKED LITHIC ARTIFACTS Description RECON: ROOD WESTEC: WOOD 00000 for SDi-#s WOOOO for SDM-W-fs 4. flaked Hthic artifacts 1. hearth 2. burial 3. 10, 20, 30, ... 1. coarse grained meta volcanic 2. coarse grained porphyritic metavolcanic 3. fine grained metavolcanic 4. fine grained porphyritic metavolcanic 'to the nearest gram in millimeters in millimeters in millimeters 1. whole 1. flake 2. core H. 5. 6. 5. quartzite 6. quartz 7. chert/chalcedony 8. obsidian 9. other 2. broken 3. cobble 4. other cortex 1. present 2. absent (each item for side 1 followed by each item for side 2) angle unifacial retouch bifacial retouch unifacial use bifacial use crushing 1. <30 2. 30-60 1. present 3. 60-90 4. >90 2. absent Note: Cores can have angle as well as unifacial and/or bifacial retouch. Tools can have angle and any combination of other attributes.