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MS 04-19; BRESSI RANCH RV STORAGE; WATER QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT; 2004-12-01
WATER QUALITY TECHNICAL REPORT BREssI RANCH PLANNING AREA 13, RV PARKING AREA CITY OF CARLSBAD, CA DECEMBER 2004 PROJECT NUMBER: DRAWING NUMBER: Prepared For: BRESSI GARDENLANE, LLC 1525 Faraday, Suite 300 Carlsbad, CA 92008 PROJECTDESIGN CONSULTANTS PLANNING • ENVIRONMENTAL • ENGINEERING • SuRvr'/GPS 701 B Street, Suite 800, San Diego, CA 92101 619-235-6471 FAX 619-234-0349 Job No. 2407.00 .oF ESS C3 In Li.I( No 27'376 Jrrp OP. 03-31-05 OF CA Prepared by: C.D.Szczublewski Reviewed by: Bracken Ellis Under the supervision of Gary W. Wesch, PE RCE 27376 Registration Expires 03/31/05 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION . PROJECT DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................2 POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN ......................................................3 Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area................................................3 Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters.........................................................................3 BeneficialUses ........................................................................................................3 Impaired Water Bodies............................................................................................4 Watershed Pollutants of Concern.............................................................................5 Conditionsof Concern.........................................................................................................5 STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES .................................................8 Site Design and Source Control BMPs................................................................................8 Project-Specific BMPs.......................................................................................................10 StructuralTreatment BMPs ............................................................................ . ............ . ....... 10 DetentionBasins....................................................................................................12 FiltrationSystems...................................................................................................12 Hydrodynamic Separator Systems.........................................................................15 BMPSelection .......................................................................................................16 BMPPlan Assumptions.....................................................................................................16 PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION.................................................................18 ConstructionBMPs............................................................................................................18 Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan....................................................................18 Operation and Maintenance Plans .....................................................................................19 PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES....................................................20 11 TABLES Table I. Anticipated Conditions - Anticipated Pollutants and Sources.........................................3 Table 2, Beneficial Uses for Inland Surface Waters.......................................................................4 Table 3. Beneficial Uses for Groundwater .....................................................................................4 Table 4. Structural BMP Selection Matrix ...................................................................................11 Table5. BMP Design Criteria ......................................................................................................17 Table6. BMP Costs.....................................................................................................................20 APPENDICES Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist Project Maps Drainage Calculations Supplemental BMP Information References III 1. INTRODUCTION This Water Quality Technical Report (WQTR) was prepared to define recommended project Best Management Practice (BMP) options that satisfy the requirements identified in the following documents: City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan, April 2003, County of San Diego Watershed Protection, Storm Water Management and Discharge Control Ordinance (County Ordinance), Standard Specifications for Public Works Construction, NPDES General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Construction Activity, and San Diego Municipal NPDES Storm Water Permit (Order Number 2001-01). Specifically, this report includes the following: Project description and location with respect to the Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin (Basin Plan); BMP design criteria and water quality treatment flow and volume calculations; Recommended BMP options for the project; BMP device information for the recommended BMP options; and Operation, maintenance, and funding for the recommended BMPs. T:Waier ResourcesV3Ier QuiIiiy\.Projecis24O1-BRESSI PA 13WQTR\wqir-pa I 3..bc( RV.area only).doc 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION This WQTR is provided for Parcel I of Bressi Ranch Planning Area (PA) 13. The project is located in the City of Carlsbad and is part of the Bressi Ranch Development. The Bressi Ranch Development is bound by Palomar Airport Road to the north, El Camino Real to the west, Melrose Drive and existing residential properties to the East, and open space and existing residential properties to the South. The planning area covered by this WQTR is bound by Open Space 3 to the north and west, Bressi Residential Planning Area 12 to the south, and El Fuerte Street to the east. The total planning area Consists of 13.6 acres, but the total construction site for the RV parking area and associated roadway, as shown on the grading plans, is only 2.04 acres. The project currently consists of the construction of an RV parking area, located west of El Fuerte Street, approximately 3300 feet south of Palomar Airport Road. The RV parking area will cover approximately 0.8 acres at the north end of PA 13 with the rest of the 2.04 acres consisting of an associated roadway and slopes. In the future, construction on the rest of the site will provide a church, a day care, a school, and a park for the community. This WQTR covers only the area shown on the associated grading plans. T:Vaier RcsourccsVaier QuaIiiy_ProjecIs24O7.8RESSI PA I3WQTR\wqir-paI3_be(R/ area OnIy).do -2- 3. POLLUTANTS AND CONDITIONS OF CONCERN• Anticipated and Potential Pollutants from the Project Area Based on land use, potential pollutants from the site under existing conditions include sediment, nutrients, and trash and debris. Anticipated pollutants from the site under proposed conditions include sediment, heavy metals, bacteria and viruses, trash and debris, oil and grease, oxygen demanding substances, pesticides, and nutrients. TABLE 1. ANTICIPATED CONDITIONS - ANTICIPATED POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES Area Anticipated Pollutants Landscaped areas Sediment, nutrients, oxygen demanding substances, pesticides Parking/driveways Sediment, heavy metals, trash and debris, oil and grease Trash storage areas Sediment, trash and debris, bacteria and viruses Pollutants of Concern in Receiving Waters The Bressi Ranch Planning Area 13 Project is located in the Carlsbad Watershed (Hydrologic Unit 904.5) and is tributary to San Marcos Creek.' The sections below provide the beneficial uses and identification of impaired water bodies within the project's hydrologic area. Beneficial Uses The beneficial uses of the inland surface waters and the groundwater basins must not be threatened by the project. Tables 2 and 3 list the beneficial uses for the surface waters and groundwater within the project's hydrologic area. 'Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, San Diego Regional Water Quality Control Board T:Wauer Rcsources%Vaier Qua1iyProjecIs2407-BRESSI PA I3\\VQTRwqir-paI3_bc(RV area only).doc -3- TABLE 2. BENEFICIAL USES FOR INLAND SURFACE WATERS Surface Water MUN AGR IND RECI REC2 WARM WILD San Marcos Creek + S S S TABLE 3. BENEFICIAL USES FOR GROUNDWATER Hydrologic Area, Hydrologic Unit MUN AGR IND Batiquitos, 904.51 Source: Water Quality Control Plan for the San Diego Basin, September 1994 Notes for Tables 2 and 3: = Existing Beneficial Use o = Potential Beneficial Use + = Excepted from Municipal MUN - Municipal and Domestic Supply: Includes use of water for community, military, or individual water supply systems including, but not limited to, drinking water supply. AGR - Agricultural Supply: Includes use of water for farming, horticulture, or ranching including, but not limited to, irrigation, stock watering, or support of vegetation for range grazing. IND - Industrial Services Supply: Includes use of water for industrial activities that do not depend primarily on water quality including, but not limited to, mining, cooling water supply, hydraulic conveyance, gravel washing, fire protection, or oil well re-pressurization. RECI - Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreational activities involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, swimming, wading, water-skiing, skin and SCUBA diving, surfing, white water activities, fishing, or use of natural hot springs. REC2 - Non-Contact Recreation: Includes use of water for recreation involving proximity to water, but not normally involving body contact with water where ingestion of water is reasonably possible. These uses include, but are not limited to, picnicking, sunbathing, hiking, camping, boating, tide pool and marine life study, hunting, sightseeing, or aesthetic enjoyment in conjunction with the above activities. WARM - Warm Freshwater Habitat: Includes uses of water that support warm water ecosystems including, but not limited to, preservation or enhancement of aquatic habitats, vegetation, fish or wildlife, including invertebrates. WILD-Wildlife Habitat: Includes uses of water that support terrestrial ecosystems including but not limited to, preservation and enhancement of terrestrial habitats, vegetation, wildlife, (e.g., mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, invertebrates), or wildlife and food sources. Impaired Water Bodies Section 303(d) of the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA, 33 USC 1250, et seq., at 1313(d)), requires States to identify and list waters that do not meet water quality standards after applying T:Water ResourcesWa,er Quahiy_Pojecis\24O7.BRESSI PA I 3WQTRwqir.p I 3_be(Rv area only).doc SEE certain required technology-based effluent limits (impaired water bodies). The list is known as the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters. The proposed project is not directly tributary to a 303(d) listed water body. The closest impaired water body is the Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San Marcos HA. The Pacific Ocean Shoreline, San Marcos HA is 303(d) listed for bacteria. In addition to the Section 303(d) list of impaired waters, the State of California also identifies waters of concern that may be included on the 303(d) list in the very near future. These waters have some indications that they are impaired, but there is currently insufficient data to meet the requirements for inclusion on the 303(d) list of impaired waters. This list is known as the Monitoring List (2002). The proposed project is not directly tributary to a Monitoring List (2002) water body. The closest Monitoring List (2002) water body is the Aqua Hedionda Lagoon. The Aqua Hedionda Lagoon is listed for copper and selenium. Watershed Pollutants of Concern The proposed project is located within the Carlsbad Watershed. According to the Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program, the pollutants of concern for the Carlsbad Watershed are bacteria, diazinon, sediment, total dissolved solids, and nutrients. Conditions of Concern A drainage study was conducted by a California Registered Civil Engineer (RCE) to identify the conditions of concern for this project. The drainage calculations are available in Appendix 3. Following is the summary of findings from the study: Drainage Patterns: Previously, drainage from the proposed RV area drained to El Fuerte Street, then south to a curb inlet, which connected to the storm drain system. Under existing conditions, the runoff from PA 13 sheet flows to the southeast and into two desilting basins before entering the Bressi backbone storm drain system. Both desilting basins receive offsite flow (see the ProjectDesign Consultants' Drainage Report for T:Waier Resources\Waier QuaIiy\Projecis24O7-BRESSI PA I3VQTRwqIr.paI3.be(RV area onIv).doc -5- Bressi Ranch Mass-Graded Condition, dated February 2003, for desilting basin sizing). The Bressi backbone storm drain system empties into a detention basin on the southwest corner of El Fuerte Street and Poinsettia Lane, which ultimately discharges into San Marcos Creek. Under proposed conditions, storm water runoff from the RV area will be collected by an onsite storm drain, which will connect directly to the El Fuerte Street Bressi backbone storm drain. The rest of the planning area will sheet flow to the southeast and into two desilting basins before entering the Bressi backbone storm drain system. The Bressi backbone storm drain system empties into a detention basin on the southwest corner of El Fuerte Street and Poinsettia Lane, which ultimately discharges into San Marcos Creek. Soil Conditions and Imperviousness: The project area consists of soil group D. Under existing conditions, the project area is less than 5% impervious and the runoff coefficient is 0.45. Under the proposed conditions, the RV parking area will be 50% impervious and the overall runoff coefficient is expected to be 0.65, while the rest of the planning area will remain under existing conditions. Rainfall Runoff Characteristics: Under existing conditions, the RV parking area generates approximately 2.0 CFS (2-year storm) and 2.9 CFS (10-year storm) of storm water runoff. Under the proposed conditions, the RV parking area will generate approximately 3.4 CFS (2-year storm) and 4.75 CFS (10-year storm) of storm water runoff. See the Addendum to Drainage Report, Bressi Ranch Mass Grading, dated October 2004, for the 100-year runoff values and exhibits and the Drainage Report for Bressi Ranch Mass- Graded Condition, February 2003 for existing 100-year runoff values and exhibits for the entire planning area. Appendix 3 in this report contains computations for 2-year and 10-year existing and proposed runoff, corresponding to the exhibits in the Addendum. Downstream Conditions: The modest flow increase from the development of the RV parking area is well within the calculated capacity of the effected storm drains (see the Addendum to Drainage Report, Bressi Ranch Mass Grading, dated October 2004, for the AES Pipeflow Computer Output). The water quality will be improved by the T:.Water ResourcesWater Quality\j'rojectsS.2407.BRESSI PA I3VWQ1R\wqtr-pal3...be(RV area only).doc -6- development through the implementation of site design, source control, and treatment BMPs. The existing pipe's outfall is designed to protect against high velocity erosion in the proposed condition and a detention basin is utilized to mitigate the increase in peak flows from the Bressi Ranch Development. T:\Waler ReourcesWater QuaIity_Projecus24O7.BRESSI PA I3WQTRwqir-paI3_beRV area onIy.doc -7- 4. STORM WATER BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES The City Storm Water Standards Manual (Section 111.2) requires the implementation of applicable site design, source control, project-specific, and structural treatment control BMPs. Site Design and Source Control BMPs The project addresses the site design and source control BMPs required by the City Storm Water Standards (1I1.2.A and 11I.2.B) as follows: Maintain Pre-Development Rainfall Runoff Characteristics Conserve natural areas This project is part of the overall Bressi Ranch Development. In planning the Bressi Ranch Development, construction was concentrated or clustered on the least environmentally sensitive portions of the site. Protect Slopes and Channels All slopes will be stabilized with hydroseed or equivalent erosion control measures. All outfalls will be equipped with an energy dissipation device and/or a riprap pad to prevent high velocity erosion. Design Outdoor Materials Storage Areas to Reduce Pollution Introduction There are no outdoor material storage areas proposed for this project. Design Trash Storage Areas to Reduce Pollution Introduction Any trash storage areas shall be paved with an impervious surface, designed not to allow run-on from adjoining areas, screened or walled to prevent off-site T:Vaier ResourcesVaIer QuaIiiy\j'rojecis24O7-BRESSI PA I3WQTRwqtr.pa I 3...be(RV area only).doc transport of trash and contain attached lids on all trash containers that exclude rain. . Provide Storm Water Conveyance System Stenciling and Signage All storm drain inlets and catch basins within the project area shall be stenciled, labeled, or stamped with prohibitive language (such as: "NO DUMPING - I LIVE DOWNSTREAM") and graphical icons to discourage illegal dumping, according to City approved designs. Use Efficient Irrigation Systems and Landscape Design Rain shutoff devices shall be employed to prevent irrigation during precipitation, consistent with the Carlsbad Landscape Manual. Irrigation systems shall be designed to each landscape area's specific water requirements, consistent with the Carlsbad Landscape Manual. Employ Integrated Pest Management Principles Only professional pest controllers will be used for the application of pesticides. Materials on how to control pests using non-toxic methods will be made available to maintenance personnel. . Additional Source Control BMPs Storm Water Education Residents will be educated on general issues of storm water pollution prevention through the Public Participation and Outreach Programs operated by the City of Carlsbad and County of San Diego. Runoff Diversion T:'tWaier ResourcesWaier QuauiIy\_PojecIs24O7.BRESSI PA I3VQTR\wqtr-paI3...beRV area only).doc -9- . Runoff from surrounding slopes and pervious areas is captured and enters the onsite storm drain system with minimal contact with the impervious roadway. This runoff is completely diverted from contacting the parking area. Project-Specific BMPs The City Storm Water Standards Manual requires specific BMPs if the project includes private roads, residential driveways and guest parking, dock areas, maintenance bays, vehicle and equipment wash areas, outdoor processing areas, surface parking areas, non-retail fueling areas, or steep hillside landscaping. The Bressi Ranch Planning Area 13 Project consists of a private road and surface parking. The City Storm Water Standards Manual lists three options for private roads and two options for surface parking areas. Planning Area 13 does not include any of these options. However, the intent of the Storm Water Standards is to reduce the discharge of pollutants from storm water conveyance systems to the Maximum Extent Practicable (MEP statutory standard) throughout the use of a developed site. The Bressi Ranch Development meets this objective by including treatment BMPs prior to offsite discharge. Structural Treatment BMPs The selection of structural treatment BMP options is determined by the target pollutants, removal efficiencies, expected flows, and space availability. Table 4 is a selection matrix for structural treatment BMPs based on target pollutants and removal efficiencies. T:%Vaier ResourccsWater QuoIiIyProjecus\24O7-BRESSI PA I3WQTR\wqir-paI3_be(RV area only).doc -10- TABLE 4. STRUCTURAL BMP SELECTION MATRIX Treatment Control BMP Categories Detention Infiltration Wet Drainage Hydrodynamic Pollutant Categories Biofilters Basins Basins (J) Ponds or Inserts Filtration Separator Wetlands Systems (2) Sediment M H H H L H H Nutrients L M M M L M L Heavy M M M H L H L Metals Organic U U U Compounds U L M L Trash & L H U U M H H Debris Oxygen Demanding L M M M L M L Substances Bacteria U U H U L M L Oil& Grease M M U U L H L Pesticides U U U U L U L Notes for Table 4: (I) Including trenches and porous pavement (2) Also known as hydrodynamic devices and baffle boxes Low removal efficiency Medium removal efficiency H: High removal efficiency U: Unknown removal efficiency The target pollutants for this project in order of general priority are sediment (with attached materials, such as bacteria and viruses, nutrients, pesticides, and heavy metals), oxygen demanding substances, trash and debris, and oil and grease. Based on the target pollutants and typical removal efficiencies, the treatment BMP options to consider include detention basins, infiltration basins, wet ponds, filtration and hydrodynamic separator systems. The soil characteristics and the onsite drainage patterns for Planning Area 13 make infiltration basins and wet ponds infeasible for this project. T:\Waicr ResourrcsWaier QuaIiiy_Piojecis24O1-BRESSI PA I3WQTRwqtr.paI3_be(RV area only).doc Detention Basins Detention basins (a.k.a. dry extended detention ponds, dry ponds, extended detention basins, detention ponds, extended detention ponds) are basins with controlled outlets designed to detain storm water runoff, allowing particles and associated pollutants to settle. Detention basins may be designed to include vegetation, allowing for further pollutant removal through infiltration and natural pollutant uptake by vegetation. Detention basins are among the most widely applicable storm water management practices. They should be used for drainage areas of at least 10 acres, and they can be used with almost all types of soils and geology. Detention basins for improving water quality can also be designed and used as flood control devices. Based on the size of the Bressi Ranch Development and proposed site plan, detention basins are a feasible option for treating the storm water runoff from this project Note that the existing detention basins for Bressi Ranch will not be used for water quality purposes since the basins are designed for flood control purposes only. Filtration Systems Filtration systems include bioretention, sand and organic filters, and proprietary devices.2 Bioretention Bioretention areas are landscape features designed to provide treatment of storm water runoff. These areas are typically shallow, landscaped depressions, located within small pockets of residential land uses. During storms, the runoff ponds above the mulch and soil of the bioretention system. The runoff filters through the mulch and soil mix, typically being collected in a perforated underdrain and returned to the MS4. 2 National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase 11, US EPA. T:\Water ResourcesWIer QuaIilyj'rojecIsQ4O7.BRESSI PA I3WQTRwqtr.paI3_be(RV area only).doc - 12- Sand and Organic Filters For sand and organic filtration systems, there are live basic storm water filter designs: Surface sand filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and sediment chamber placed aboveground. The surface sand filter is designed as an offline system that receives only the smaller water quality events. Underground filter: This is the original sand filter design with the filter bed and sediment chamber placed underground. It is an offline system that receives only the smaller water quality events. Perimeter filter: This is the only filtering option that is an online system with an overflow chamber to accommodate large storm events. Organic media filter: This is a slight modification to the surface sand filter, with the sand medium replaced with or supplemented by an organic medium to enhance pollutant removal of many compounds. Multi-Chamber Treatment Train: This is an underground system with three filtration chambers designed to achieve very high pollutant removal rates. Proprietary Devices Proprietary filtration devices include offline filtration systems, online filter units, and filtration based inlet inserts. Proprietary catch basin insert devices contain a filtering medium placed inside the stormwater system's catch basins. The insert can contain one or more treatment mechanisms, which include filtration, sedimentation, or gravitational absorption of oils. The water flows into the inlet, through the filter, where pollutants and contaminants are removed, and then into the drainage system. There are two primary designs for inlet inserts. One design uses fabric filter bags that are suspended in place by the grate or by retainer rods placed across the catch basin. The fabric filter design includes a skirt that directs the storm water flow to a pouch that may be equipped with T:Waicr Resource5VsVater QuaIily\3rojecIs24O7-BRESSI PA I3WQTR\wqtr.paI3_be(RV are, only).doc - 13- oil-absorbing pillows. These inlet inserts are typically equipped with "Bypass Ports" to prevent flooding during large storm events. Maintenance on the fabric filter inserts includes periodic inspection and replacement of the entire insert when it becomes clogged with captured pollutants. The other design for inlet inserts uses stainless steel, High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), or other durable materials to form a basket or cage-like insert placed inside the catch basin. This basket contains the filter medium and absorbent materials that treat the storm water as it passes through. These inlet inserts are also equipped with bypass pathways to allow normal operation of the storm drain system during large storm events. Maintenance on the basket-type inlet inserts includes periodic inspection and removal and replacement of the filter medium and absorbent materials (not the entire inlet insert). There are several types of proprietary inlet inserts for both design types: Fabric Filter Bag Design Stream Guard: Stream Guard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media.3 Ultra-Drainguard: Ultra-Drainguard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media. The Ultra-Drainguard has an oil absorbent pillow that can be replaced separate from the filter during times of large free-oil runoff. Basket-type Inlet Inserts AbTech Ultra-Urban Filter: The Ultra-Urban Filter is a cost-effective BMP designed for use in storm drains that experience oil and grease pollution accompanied by sediment and trash and debris. The oil is permanently bonded to a SmartSponge, while sediment and trash and debris are captured in an internal basket. URL: htip://www.epa.oCov/regionl/assistance/Ceitts/stormwater/techs/ T:\Waier Rcsources\Va,cr uaIiIsProjecis2407-BRESSI PA I3\WQTRvqir-p3I3.be(RV area only).doc - 14- AquaGuard: AquaGuard works by initially capturing sediment and trash and debris, and then combats dissolved oil, nutrients and metals through a filter media. AquaGuard compares to others by being easy to handle, i.e. no special lifting equipment for filter removal.3 FloGard: FloGard uses catch basin filtration, placing catch basin insert devices with a filter medium just under the grates of the stormwater system's catch basins. FloGard handles non-soluble solids such as sediment, gravel, and hydrocarbons, which are all potential pollutants originating from the roof and parking lot. FloGard is available for standard catch basins and for roof downspouts.4 Sand, media, and bioretention filters require large amounts of land and have extremely high maintenance costs compared to proprietary filtration designs. Of the two types of filtration based inlet insert designs, experience within Southern California has shown the basket-type inlet inserts to be more reliable and less cumbersome for maintenance and proper operation.5 Therefore, the best type of filtration system for this project is one of the basket-type proprietary filtration based inlet inserts. Hydrodynamic Separator Systems Hydrodynamic separator systems (HDS) are flow-through structures with a settling or separation unit to remove sediments and other pollutants that are widely used in storm water treatment. No outside power source is required, because the energy of the flowing water allows the sediments to efficiently separate. Depending on the type of unit, this separation may be by means of swirl action or indirect filtration. Hydrodynamic separator systems are most effective where the materials to be removed from runoff are heavy particulates that can be settled or floaables that can be captured, rather than solids with poor settleability or dissolved pollutants. 2003 KriStar Enterprises, Inc. Correspondence with the City of Dana Point, the City of Encinitas, and the City of Santa Monica T:\Water ResourcesWaier QuaIiIy_ProjecIs\24O7-BRESSI PA I 3\WQTR\wqtr-pa I 3_be(RV area only).doc - 15 - For hydrodynamic separator systems, there are four major proprietary types: Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS): CDS provides the lowest cost overall when compared to other HDS units. A sorbent material can be added to remove unattached oil and grease.6 Downstream DefenderTM: Downstream Defender traps sediment while intercepting oil and grease with a small head loss.7 Stormceptor®: Stormceptor traps sediment while intercepting oil and grease.8 VortechsTM: Vortechs combines baffle walls, circular grit chambers, flow control chambers, and an oil chamber to remove settleable solids and floatables from the storm water runoff.9 All of the abovementioned devices sufficiently remove the pollutants of concern from this site. The best hydrodynamic separator for this project is the CDS unit because of its relatively low cost and because it has been widely used in San Diego County. BUT Selection A CDS Unit is the recommended treatment BUT for runoff from the RV parking area in PA 13. The CDS Unit already located at the intersection of Poinsettia Lane and El Fuerte Street, as shown in the initial grading plans for El Fuerte Street within the Bressi Ranch Development, was sized to treat the runoff from PA 13, but a small unit has been included onsite also. The onsite CDS unit will be equipped with an oil sorbent material to capture oil and grease and hydrocarbon pollutants from the RV parking runoff. 6 CDS Technologies Inc 2002 2003 Hydro International 8 Stormceptor 2003 hup://www.epa.gov/owm/mtb/hydro.pdf T:Varer ResourcesWater QuaIity\..PTojecIs.24O7-BRESSI PA I 3VVQTRwqtr.paI 3_be(RV area only).doc -16 - BMP Plan Assumptions The following assumptions were made in calculating the required BMP sizes: An averaged runoff coefficient, 'C' value, of 0.65 was used in the runoff calculations for the planning areas draining into the large CDS unit at the southwest corner of the intersection of El Fuerte and Poinsettia Lane. . Treatment of storm water runoff on PA 13 will be designed such that offsite (other Bressi Ranch runoff) flows will be treated with the same treatment BMPs. Table 5 summarizes the criteria that should were implemented in the design, of the recommended project BMP. TABLE S. BMP DESIGN CRITERIA BMP Hydrology Treatment . f L Area/Volume Design Constraints . Locate outside public right-of-way Qtreatment 0.3 CFS Facilitate access for maintenance Flow-based: Q=CIA I = 0.2 in/hour I = 0.2 in/hour Avoid utility conflicts C= runoff coefficient C= 0.65 A = acreage Treatment Area/Volume for the A = 2.04 acres large CDS unit includes Bressi Ranch Planning Areas 5, 7b, 8, 9, 12 (Basin 1), 13, 14, and 15b. T:.Watcr ResourcesWàtcr QuaIiiy\ProjccIs24O7-BRESSI PA I 3%VQTRwqtr-pa I3_be(RV area only).doc 5. PROJECT BMP PLAN IMPLEMENTATION This section identifies the recommended BMP options that meet the applicable storm water and water quality ordinance requirements. This includes incorporating BMPs to minimize and mitigate for runoff contamination and volume from the site. The plan was developed per the proposed roadway and lot layout/density associated with the site. Construction BMPs During construction, BMPs such as desilting basins, silt fences, sand bags, gravel bags, fiber rolls, and other erosion control measures may be employed consistent with the NPDES Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). The objectives of the SWPPP are to: Identify all pollutant sources, including sources of sediment that may affect the water quality of storm water discharges associated with construction activity from the Construction site; Identify non-storm water discharges; Identify; construct, implement'in accordance with a time schedule, and maintain BMPs to reduce or eliminate pollutants in storm water discharges and authorized non-storm water discharges from the construction site during construction; and Develop a maintenance schedule for BMPs installed during construction designed to reduce or eliminate pollutants after construction is completed (post-construction BMPs). Recommended Post-Construction BMP Plan The recommended post-construction BMP plan includes site design, source control, and treatment BMPs. The site design and source control BMPs include protection of slopes and channels, inlet stenciling and signage, covered trash storage, efficient irrigation, storm water education, and integrated pest management principles. The treatment BMP selected for this project is a CDS Unit. T:Waier Resources\Waier QuaIiiy\...Projccis24O1-8RESSI PA I3WQTR\wq1r-paI3...bc(RV area only).doc -18- Operation and Maintenance Plans The City Municipal Code requires a description of the long-term maintenance requirements of proposed BMPs and a description of the mechanism that will ensure ongoing long-term maintenance. Operation and maintenance plans for the recommended post-construction BMP for this project are located in Appendix 4. The Project BMP costs and the maintenance funding sources are provided in the following section. T:Waier RcsourccsWaterQuaIiIyProjecIs24O7-BRESSI PA I3WQTRwqir-paI3..beRV area onty).doc -19- 6. PROJECT BMP COSTS AND FUNDING SOURCES Table 6 below provides the anticipated capital and annual maintenance costs for the CDS Unit. TABLE 6. BMP CosTs BMP OPTION Equipment Cost Installation Cost Annual Maintenance Cost Single CDS Unit $8,500* $3,500 $1,000 Model PMSU 20_15 *CDS Units are a proprietary BMP and may vary in cost at the manufacturer's discretion. The developer will incur the capital cost for the BUT installation. The responsible party for long-term maintenance and funding is the Home Owners' Association (HOA) for Bressi Ranch. T:\Wiucr ResourcesWater Quality\j'rojects\2407.BRESSI PA I 3WQTR\wqtr-paI3_be(RV area only).doc -20 - APPENDIX 1 Storm Water Requirements Applicability Checklist Storm Water Standards 4/03/03 VI. RESOURCES & REFERENCES APPENDIX A STORM WATER REQUIREMENTS APPLICABILITY CHECKLIST Complete Sections 1 and 2 of the following checklist to determine your project's permanent and construction storm water best management practices requirements. This form must be completed and submitted with your permit application. Section 1. Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements: If any answers to Part A are answered "Yes," your project is subject to the "Priority Project Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements," and "Standard Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements" in Section III, 'Permanent Storm Water BMP Selection Procedure" in the Storm Water Standards manual. If all answers to Part A are 'No," and any answers to Part B are "Yes," your project is only subject to the "Standard Permanent Storm Water BMP Requirements". If every question in Part A and B is answered "No," your project is exempt from permanent storm water requirements. Part A: Determine Priority Project Permanent Storm Water BMP Reauirements Does the project meet the definition of one or more of the priority project categories?* Yes - No Detached residential development of 10 or more units - Attached residential development of 10 or more units _7 Commercial development greater than 100,000 square feet - Automotive repair shop - Restaurant Steep hillside development greater than 5,000 square feet - - Project discharging to receiving waters within Environmentally Sensitive Areas - Parking lots greater than or equal to 5,000 ft' or with at least 15 parking spaces, and potentially exposed to urban runoff - - - Streets, roads, highways, and freeways which would create a new paved surface that is 5,000 square feet or greater - - * Refer to the definitions section in the Storm Wafer Standards for expanded definitions of the priority project categories. Limited Exclusion: Trenching and resurfacing work associated with utility projects are not considered priority projects. Parking lots, buildings and other structures associated with utility projects are priority projects if one or more of the criteria in Part A is met. If all answers to Part A are "No", continue to Part B. 30 Storm Water Standards 4/03/03 Part B: Determine Standard Permanent Storm Water Reouirements. Does the project propose: Yes No New impervious areas, such as rooftops, roads, parking lots, driveways, paths and sidewalks? - New pervious landscape areas and irrigation systems? Permanent structures within 100 feet of any natural water body? - Trash storage areas? Liquid or solid material loading and unloading areas? Vehicle or equipment fueling, washing, or maintenance areas? Require a General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities (Except construction)?* - Commercial or industrial waste handling or storage, excluding typical office or household waste? - Any grading or ground disturbance during construction? - Any new storm drains, or alteration to existing storm drains? - *To find out if your project is required to obtain an individual General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activities, visit the State Water Resources Control Board web site Pt, www.swrcb.ca.gov/stormwtr/industrial.html Section 2. Construction Storm Water BMP Requirements: If the answer to question 1 of Part C is answered "Yes," your project is subject to Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP Performance Standards," and must prepare a Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (SWPPP). If the answer to question 1 is "No," but the answer to any of the remaining questions is "Yes," your project is subject to Section IV, "Construction Storm Water BMP Performance Standards," and must prepare a Water Pollution Control Plan (WPCP). If every question in Part C is answered "No," your project is exempt from any construction storm water BMP requirements. If any of the answers to the questions in Part C are "Yes," complete the construction site prioritization in Part D, below. Part C: Determine Construction Phase Storm Water Reauirements. Would the project meet any of these criteria during construction? Yes No Is the project subject to California's statewide General NPDES Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated With Construction Activities? - Does the project propose grading or soil disturbance? Would storm water or urban runoff have the potential to contact any portion of the construction area, including washing and staging areas? - Would the project use any construction materials that could negatively affect water quality if discharged from the site (such as, paints, solvents, concrete, and stucco)? 31 APPENDIX 2 Project Maps 111 VICINITY MAP BRESSI RANCH PLANNING AREA 13, RV PARKING AREA APPENDIX '3 Drainage Calculations **************************************************************************** RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: ProjectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA 92101 Suite 800 619-235-6471 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * DESCRIPTION OF STUDY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ** * * * * * 2407 - BRESSI RANCH - PA 13 RV PARKING * * EXISTING CONDITIONS - ONSITE RV PARKING * * 2-YEAR, 6-HOUR STORM EVENT * ************************************************************************** FILE NAME: EXON2.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 15:26 12/02/2004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.85 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C'-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *JJSER_DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFAL,L,: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) (Depth)*(Velocjty) Constraint = 10.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 200.00 TO NODE 205.00 IS CODE = 21 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 50.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 270.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 260.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 10.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 3.048 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.14 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.14 FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.00 TO NODE 210.00 IS CODE = 51 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW<<<<< >>>>>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT)<<<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 260.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 250.00 CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 350.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0286 CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 5.00 'Z FACTOR = 50.000 MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.030 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 2.00 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOtJR) = 2.173 GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.78 TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA BASED ON VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.23 AVERAGE FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.07 TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.74 Tc(MIN.) = 10.74 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.30 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.27 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.41 END OF SUBAREA CHANNEL FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.10 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.37 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 200.00 TO NODE 210.00 = 400.00 FEET. END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 TC(MIN.) = 10.74 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.41 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: Proj ectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA 92101 Suite 800 619-235-6471 ************************** DESCRIPTION OF STUDY ************************** * 2407 - BRESSI RANCH - PA 13 RV PARKING * * EXISTING CONDITIONS - ONSITE RV PARKING * * 10-YEAR, 6 -HOUR STORM EVENT * **** ********** ****** ******* *** * ** * ** * *** ************ ************* ***** ** ** FILE NAME: EXON10.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 15:34 12/02/2004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.860 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.85 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL 'C-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER_DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE! WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 30.0 20.0 0.018/0.018/0.020 0.67 2.00 0.0313 0.167 0.0150 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 10.0 (FT*FT!S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 200.00 TO NODE 205.00 IS CODE = 21 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 50.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 270.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 260.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 10.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 3.048 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.357 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.20 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.10 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.20 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 205.00 TO NODE 210.00 IS CODE = 51 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>COMPUTE TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL FLOW<<<<< >>>>>TRAVELTIME THRU SUBAREA (EXISTING ELEMENT)<<<<< ELEVATION DATA: UPSTREAM(FEET) = 260.00 DOWNSTREAM(FEET) = 250.00 CHANNEL LENGTH THRU SUBAREA(FEET) = 350.00 CHANNEL SLOPE = 0.0286 CHANNEL BASE(FEET) = 5.00 "Z' FACTOR = 50.000 MANNING'S FACTOR = 0.030 MAXIMUM DEPTH(FEET) = 2.00 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.049 GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS 'D' S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.10 TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA BASED ON VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.32 AVERAGE FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.09 TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 4.43 Tc(MIN.) = 10.43 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 1.30 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.78 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.98 END OF SUBAREA CHANNEL FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.12 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.52 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 200.00 TO NODE 210.00 = 400.00 FEET. END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 TC(MIN.) = 10.43 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.98 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (C) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: Proj ectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA 92101 Suite 800 619-235-6471 * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * DESCRIPTION OF STUDY * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 2407 - BRESSI RANCH - PA 13 RV PARKING * * PROPOSED CONDITIONS - ONSITE RV PARKING * * 2-YEAR, 6-HOUR STORM EVENT * ************************************************************************** FILE NAME: DEVON2.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 15:24 12/02/2004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 2.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.350 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.85 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL "C-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER_DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 15.0 10.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 10.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 305.00 IS CODE = 21 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 120.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 270.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 257.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 13.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 5.793 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.31 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.22 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.31 FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 305.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 62 >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 257.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 250.50 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 385.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 15.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL CRADEBREAK(FEET) = 10.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetfiow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0200 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.63 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.22 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 4.75 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.85 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.41 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.48 Tc(MIN.) = 9.48 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.355 *USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA): ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.29 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.65 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.51 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 0.96 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.05 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.98 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.49 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 310.00 = 505.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 310.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 81 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<<<< 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.355 GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "Di' S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.47 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.50 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.98 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.46 TC(MIN.) = 9.48 ************************************* *************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 310.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 1 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 9.48 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.35 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.98 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.46 ** ** * *********** * ******* ** *** ****** * ********* ****** ******** ****** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 320.00 TO NODE 325.00 IS CODE = 21 -------------------------------------------------- >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< *USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA): ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 313.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 258.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 252.40 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 5.80 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 3.889 TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.93 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.93 ************************************* *************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 325.00 TO NODE 325.00 IS CODE = 81 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<<<< 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.162 GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D' S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.11 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.16 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.42 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.09 TC(MIN.) = 6.00 ************ * *************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 325.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 62 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 252.40 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 250.50 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 105.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 15.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALIJ GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 10.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetfiow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0200 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.09 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.37 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.08 PRODUCT OF DEPT}{&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.53 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.84 Tc(MIN.) = 6.84 2 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 2.905 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.00 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.00 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.42 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.09 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.25 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 6.37 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.08 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.53 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 320.00 TO NODE 310.00 = 418.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 310.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< >>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 6.84 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 2.91 .TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.42 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.09 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY AREA NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 1 1.46 9.48 2.355 0.98 2 1.09 6.84 2.905 0.42 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 2.27 6.84 2.905 2 2.34 9.48 2.355 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.34 Tc(MIN.) = 9.48 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 310.00 = 505.00 FEET. END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 TC(MIN.) = 9.48 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 2.34 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS RATIONAL METHOD HYDROLOGY COMPUTER PROGRAM PACKAGE Reference: SAN DIEGO COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT 2003,1985,1981 HYDROLOGY MANUAL (c) Copyright 1982-2003 Advanced Engineering Software (aes) Ver. 1.5A Release Date: 01/01/2003 License ID 1509 Analysis prepared by: Proj ectDesign Consultants San Diego, CA 92101 Suite 800 619-235-6471 **************************.DESCRIPTION OF STUDY ************************** * 2407 - BRESSI RANCH - PA 13 RV PARKING * * PROPOSED CONDITIONS - ONSITE RV PARKING * * 10-YEAR, 6-HOUR STORM EVENT * ************************************************************************** FILE NAME: DEVON10.DAT TIME/DATE OF STUDY: 15:32 12/02/2004 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- USER SPECIFIED HYDROLOGY AND HYDRAULIC MODEL INFORMATION: ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1985 SAN DIEGO MANUAL CRITERIA USER SPECIFIED STORM EVENT(YEAR) = 10.00 6-HOUR DURATION PRECIPITATION (INCHES) = 1.860 SPECIFIED MINIMUM PIPE SIZE(INCH) = 18.00 SPECIFIED PERCENT OF GRADIENTS(DECIMAL) TO USE FOR FRICTION SLOPE = 0.85 SAN DIEGO HYDROLOGY MANUAL 'C-VALUES USED FOR RATIONAL METHOD NOTE: ONLY PEAK CONFLUENCE VALUES CONSIDERED *USER_DEFINED STREET-SECTIONS FOR COUPLED PIPEFLOW AND STREETFLOW MODEL* HALF- CROWN TO STREET-CROSSFALL: CURB GUTTER-GEOMETRIES: MANNING WIDTH CROSSFALL IN- / OUT-/PARK- HEIGHT WIDTH LIP HIKE FACTOR NO. (FT) (FT) SIDE / SIDE/ WAY (FT) (FT) (FT) (FT) (n) 1 15.0 10.0 0.020/0.020/0.020 0.50 1.50 0.0313 0.125 0.0175 GLOBAL STREET FLOW-DEPTH CONSTRAINTS: Relative Flow-Depth = 0.00 FEET as (Maximum Allowable Street Flow Depth) - (Top-of-Curb) (Depth)*(Velocity) Constraint = 10.0 (FT*FT/S) *SIZE PIPE WITH A FLOW CAPACITY GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO THE UPSTREAM TRIBUTARY PIPE.* *** ************************************************************************* FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 305.00 IS CODE = 21 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D' S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 120.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 270.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 257.00 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 13.00 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 5.793 *CAUTION: SUBAREA SLOPE EXCEEDS COUNTY NOMOGRAPH DEFINITION. EXTRAPOLATION OF NOMOGRAPH USED. TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.357 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.43 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.22 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.43 FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 305.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 62 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 257.00 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 250.50 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 385.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 15.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 10.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetf low Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0200 **TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 0.88 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.24 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 5.74 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 1.97 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.47 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 3.26 Tc(MIN.) = 9.26 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.292 *USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA): ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.29 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.91 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.51 PEAK FLOW RAPE(CFS) = 1.34 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.27 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.15 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.13 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.57 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 310.00 = 505.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 310.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 81 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<<<< 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 3.292 GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.47 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.70 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.98 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 2.03 TC(MIN.) = 9.26 FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 310.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 1 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 9.26 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 3.29 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.98 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 2.03 * *********************** **** *** **** * * ***** * * * ************* ***************** * FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 320.00 TO NODE 325.00 IS CODE = 21 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>RATIONAL METHOD INITIAL SUBAREA ANALYSIS<<<<< *USER SPECIFIED(SUBAREA): ROAD(HARD SURFACE) COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .9500 S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 INITIAL SUBAREA FLOW-LENGTH(FEET) = 313.00 UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 258.20 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 252.40 ELEVATION DIFFERENCE(FEET) = 5.80 URBAN SUBAREA OVERLAND TIME OF FLOW(MIN.) = 3.889 TIME OF CONCENTRATION ASSUMED AS 6-MIN. 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.357 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.28 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.31 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.28 FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 325.00 TO NODE 325.00 IS CODE = 81 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>ADDITION OF SUBAREA TO MAINLINE PEAK FLOW<<<<< 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.357 GRASS POOR COVER RUNOFF COEFFICIENT = .4500 SOIL CLASSIFICATION IS "D" S.C.S. CURVE NUMBER (AMC II) = 89 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.11 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.22 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.42 TOTAL RUNOFF(CFS) = 1.50 TC(MIN.) = 6.00 **************************************************************************** FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 325.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 62 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>COMPUTE STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME THRU SUBAREA<<<<< >>>>>(STREET TABLE SECTION # 1 USED)<<<<< UPSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 25240 DOWNSTREAM ELEVATION(FEET) = 250.50 STREET LENGTH(FEET) = 105.00 CURB HEIGHT(INCHES) = 6.0 STREET HALFWIDTH(FEET) = 15.00 DISTANCE FROM CROWN TO CROSSFALL GRADEBREAK(FEET) = 10.00 INSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 OUTSIDE STREET CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 SPECIFIED NUMBER OF HALFSTREETS CARRYING RUNOFF = 1 STREET PARKWAY CROSSFALL(DECIMAL) = 0.020 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Streetfiow Section(curb-to-curb) = 0.0175 Manning's FRICTION FACTOR for Back-of-Walk Flow Section = 0.0200 "TRAVEL TIME COMPUTED USING ESTIMATED FLOW(CFS) = 1.50 STREETFLOW MODEL RESULTS USING ESTIMATED FLOW: STREET FLOW DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.46 AVERAGE FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.22 PRODUCT OF DEPTH&VELOCITY(FT*Fr/SEC.) = 0.61 STREET FLOW TRAVEL TIME(MIN.) = 0.79 Tc(MIN.) = 6.79 10 YEAR RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HOUR) = 4.024 SUBAREA AREA(ACRES) = 0.00 SUBAREA RUNOFF(CFS) = 0.00 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 0.42 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 1.50 END OF SUBAREA STREET FLOW HYDRAULICS: DEPTH(FEET) = 0.28 HALFSTREET FLOOD WIDTH(FEET) = 7.46 FLOW VELOCITY(FEET/SEC.) = 2.22 DEPTH*VELOCITY(FT*FT/SEC.) = 0.61 LONGEST FLOWPATH FROM NODE 320.00 TO NODE 310.00 = 418.00 FEET. FLOW PROCESS FROM NODE 310.00 TO NODE 310.00 IS CODE = 1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- >>>>>DESIGNATE INDEPENDENT STREAM FOR CONFLUENCE<<<<< >>>>>AND COMPUTE VARIOUS CONFLUENCED STREAM VALUES<<<<< TOTAL NUMBER OF STREAMS = 2 CONFLUENCE VALUES USED FOR INDEPENDENT STREAM 2 ARE: TIME OF CONCENTRATION(MIN.) = 6.79 RAINFALL INTENSITY(INCH/HR) = 4.02 TOTAL STREAM AREA(ACRES) = 0.42 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) AT CONFLUENCE = 1.50 ** CONFLUENCE DATA ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) 1 2.03 9.26 2 1.50 6.79 INTENSITY AREA (INCH/HOUR) (ACRE) 3.292 0.98 4.024 0.42 RAINFALL INTENSITY AND TIME OF CONCENTRATION RATIO CONFLUENCE FORMULA USED FOR 2 STREAMS. ** PEAK FLOW RATE TABLE ** STREAM RUNOFF Tc INTENSITY NUMBER (CFS) (MIN.) (INCH/HOUR) 1 3.16 6.79 4.024 2 3.26 9.26 3.292 COMPUTED CONFLUENCE ESTIMATES ARE AS FOLLOWS: PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.26 Tc(MIN.) = 9.26 TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 LONGEST FLOW-PATH FROM NODE 300.00 TO NODE 310.00 = 505.00 FEET. END OF STUDY SUMMARY: TOTAL AREA(ACRES) = 1.40 TC(MIN.) = 9.26 PEAK FLOW RATE(CFS) = 3.26 END OF RATIONAL METHOD ANALYSIS APPENDIX 4 Supplemental BMP Information The CDS Unit treating runoff from Bressi Ranch Planning Area 13 will be located outside the public right-of-way and will be privately constructed, maintained, and funded. The Operational and Maintenance Plan of CDS Unit treating runoff from Bressi Ranch Planning Area 13 (and other planning areas within Bressi Ranch) includes: Inspection of its structural integrity and its screen for damage. . Animal and vector control. Periodic sediment removal to optimize performance. Scheduled trash, debris and sediment removal to prevent obstruction. Removal of graffiti. Preventive maintenance of BMP equipment and structures. Erosion and structural maintenance to maintain the performance of the CDS. Inspection Frequency The facility will be inspected and inspection visits will be completely documented: Once a month at a minimum. After every large storm (after every storm monitored or those storms with more than 0.50 inch of precipitation.) • On a weekly basis during extended periods of wet weather. Aesthetic and Functional Maintenance Aesthetic maintenance is important for public acceptance of storm water facilities. Functional maintenance is important for performance and safety reasons. Both forms of maintenance are combined into an overall Storm Water Management System Maintenance Program. The following activities are included in the aesthetic maintenance program: Graffiti Removal: Graffiti will be removed in a timely manner to upkeep the appearance of the CDS Unit and discourage additional graffiti or other acts of vandalism. Functional maintenance has two components: preventive maintenance and corrective maintenance. Preventive maintenance activities to be instituted at the CDS Unit are: Trash and debris removal. Trash and debris accumulation, as part of the operation and maintenance program at the CDS Unit, will be monitor once a month during dry and wet season and after every large storm event. Trash and debris will be removed from the CDS unit annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Sediment removal. Sediment accumulation, as part of the operation. Maintenance program at a CDS unit will be monitored once a month during the dry season and after every large storm (0.50 inch). Sediment will be removed from the CDS annually (at end of wet season), or when material is at 85% of CDS' sump capacity, or when the floating debris is 12 inches deep, whichever occurs first. Characterization and disposal of sediment will comply with applicable local, county, state or federal requirements. Mechanical and electronic components. Regularly scheduled maintenance will be performed on fences, gates, locks, and sampling and monitoring equipment in accordance with the manufacturers' recommendations. Electronic and mechanical components will be operated during each maintenance inspection to assure continued performance. Elimination of mosquito breeding habitats. The most effective mosquito control program is one that eliminates potential breeding habitats. Corrective maintenance is required on an emergency or non-routine basis to correct problems and to restore the intended operation and safe function of a CDS unit. Corrective maintenance activities include: Removal of debris and sediment. Sediment, debris, and trash, which impede the hydraulic functioning of a CDS will be removed and properly disposed. Temporary arrangements will be made for handling the sediments until a permanent arrangement is made. Structural repairs. Once deemed necessary, repairs to structural components of a CDS and its inlet and outlet structures will be done within 30 working days. Qualified individuals (i.e., the manufacturer's representatives) will conduct repairs where structural damage has occurred. Erosion repair. Where factors have created erosive conditions (i.e., pedestrian traffic, concentrated flow, etc.), corrective steps will be taken to prevent loss of soil and any subsequent danger to the performance of a CDS. There are a number of corrective actions than can be taken. These include erosion control blankets, riprap, or reduced flow through the area. Designers or contractors will be consulted to address erosion problems if the solution is not evident. Fence repair. Repair of fences will be done within 30 days to maintain the security of the site. Elimination of animal burrows. Animal burrows will be filled and steps taken to remove the animals if burrowing problems continue to occur (filling and compacting). If the problem persists, vector control specialists will be consulted regarding removal steps. This consulting is necessary as the threat of rabies in some areas may necessitate the animals being destroyed rather than relocated. If the BMP performance is affected, abatement will begin. Otherwise, abatement will be performed annually in September. General facility maintenance. In addition to the above elements of corrective maintenance, general corrective maintenance will address the overall facility and its associated components. If corrective maintenance is being done to one component, other components will be inspected to see if maintenance is needed. Maintenance Frequency The maintenance indicator document, included herein, lists the schedule of maintenance activities to be implemented at a CDS. Debris and Sediment Disposal Waste generated at a CDS is ultimately the responsibility of Bressi Ranch PA 13. Disposal of sediment, debris, and trash will comply with applicable local, county, state, and federal waste control programs. Hazardous Waste Suspected hazardous wastes will be analyzed to determine disposal options. Hazardous wastes generated onsite will be handled and disposed of according to applicable local, state, and federal regulations. A solid or liquid waste is considered a hazardous waste if it exceeds the criteria list in the CCR, Title 22, Article 11. Treatment BMP CDS Technologies, Inc., CDS TECHNOLOGY Continuous Deflective Separation (CDS®) is an innovative technology that is revolutionizing liquids/solids separation in storm water and combined sewer overflow industry. The technology accomplishes high efficiency separation of settleable particulate matter and virtually 100 percent capture of floatable material. Its application is ideal to any situation where removal of gross pollutants is desired. The primary features of the CDS® system are: EFFECTIVE: capturing more than 95% of solid pollutants NON-BLOCKING: unique design takes advantage of indirect filtration and properly proportioned hydraulic forces that virtually makes the unit unblockable. NON-MECHANICAL: the CDS® unit has no moving parts and requires no supporting mechanical package to affect solid separation from stormwater flows. LOW MAINTENANCE COSTS: because the system has no moving parts and is constructed of durable materials. COMPACT AND FLEXIBLE: design and size flexibility enable units embodying the CDS® technology to be used in a variety of configurations and in limited spaces. HIGH FLOW EFFECTIVENESS: the technology remains highly effective across a broad spectrum of flow ranges, with hydraulic loadings exceeding 80 gallons per square foot of plan surface area. ASSURED POLLUTANT CAPTURE: all materials captured are retained during high flow conditions. SAFE AND EASY POLLUTANT REMOVAL: extraction methods allow safe and easy removal of pollutants without manual handling. COST EFFECTIVE: total costs are lower per mass material captured compared to existing available alternatives. CDS® offers small separation units to process flows of 1 cubic foot per second (cfs) or less. The smallest unit is ideal for small drainage areas such as parking lots. CDS® offers a range of premanufactured units sized to process typical drainage flows from new and existing urban developments. CDS® also offers design services for larger cast in place units to meet the treatment requirements of more significant runoff flows generated by larger drainage areas. To date, CDS® can design units capable of processing up to 300 cfs. CDS® units are available in precast reinforced concrete modules for all applications processing flows up to 64 cubic feet per second. For applications requiring larger flow processing, units are designed complete with construction specifications for cast in place construction. Units can be readily adapted to pipelines, box culverts, and open channels with varying geometric shapes. DS Performance Specifications Continuous Deflective Separation Storm Water Treatment Unit The Contractor shall install a precast storm water treatment unit (SIWU) in accordance with• the notes and details shown on the Drawings and in conformance with these Specifications. The precast storm water treatment units shall be continuous deflective separators (CDS®) unit. The CDS® unit shall be non-mechanical and gravity driven, requiring no external power requirements. The CDS® unit shall come equipped with a stainless steel expanded metal screen having a screen opening of 4700 microns (4.7 mm or 0.185 inches). The separation screen shall be self-cleaning and non-blocking for all flows diverted to it, even when flows within the pipe exceed the CDS® unit's design treatment flow capacity. For this condition, some storm flow bypasses the unit over the diversion weir. Solids Removal Performance Requirements The CDS unit shall be capable of removing suspended and fine solids and shall capture 100% of the floatables and 100% of all particles equal to or greater than 4.7 millimeter (mm) for all flow conditions up to unit's design treatment flow capacity, regardless of the particle's specific gravity. The CDS® unit shall capture 100% of all neutrally buoyant material greater than 4.7 mm for all flow conditions up to its design treatment flow capacity. There shall be no flow conditions up to the design treatment flow capacity of the CDS® unit in which a flow path through the CDS® unit can be identified that allows the passage of a 4.7-mm or larger neutrally buoyant object. The CDS® unit shall permanently retain all captured material for all flow conditions of the storm drains to include flood conditions. The CDS® unit shall not allow materials that have been captured within the unit to be flushed through or out of the unit during any flow condition to include flood and/or tidal influences. The CDS® unit shall capture 95% of 2350-micron size sand particles (one half the screen opening size), 90% of 1551-micron size sand particles (one third the size of the screen opening) and 50% of 940-micron size sand particles (one fifth the size of the screen opening). There shall be no attenuation of these removal efficiencies or blocking of the screen face as the flow rate increases up to treatment flow capacity of the CDS® unit. The following table lists these required removal efficiencies for a CDS® unit equipped with 4700- micron size screen: D-1 LCDS Performance Specifications Table I MEDIUM/FINE SAND SEDIMENT REMOVAL (Indirect Screening - 4700-Micron Screen) Particle Removal Efficiency* Particle Size as percentage of screen opening (%) Removal Efficiency Effici Screening Standard Screen Openings 4700 Micron (0.185-inches) Microns Inches 100 100% 4700 0.185 50 95% 2350 0.093 33 90% 1551 0.061 20 50% 940 0.037 Particle Specific Gravity = 2.65 Solids Removal Performance Requirements: [For CDS® units equipped with a 2400-micron (0.095 inches) screen] The CDS unit shall be capable of removing suspended and fine solids and shall capture 100% of the floatables and 100% of all particles greater than 2.4 millimeter for all flow conditions up to its design treatment flow capacity, regardless of the particle's specific gravity. The CDS unit shall capture 100% of all neutrally buoyant material greater than 2.4 millimeters (mm) for all flow conditions up its design treatment flow capacity. There shall be no flow conditions up to the minimum treatment flow capacity in which a flow path through the CDS unit can be identified that allows the passage of a 2.4-millimeter or larger neutrally buoyant object. The CDS unit shall permanently retain all captured material for all flow conditions of the storm drain to include flood conditions. The CDS unit shall not allow materials that have been captured within the unit to be flushed through and/or out of the unit during any flow condition. The CDS unit shall capture 98% of 600-micron size sand particles (one fourth the screen opening size), 80% of 425-micron size sand particles (one twelfth the size of the screen opening) and 42% of 300-micron size sand particles (one twelfth the size of the screen opening). There shall be no blocking of the screen face as the flow rate increases up to the treatment flow capacity. The following table lists these required removal efficiencies for a CDS unit equipped with a 2400-micron size screen: 0-2 Performance Specifications Table 2 MEDIUM/FINE SEDIMENT REMOVAL (Indirect Screening - 2400-Micron Screen) Particle Removal Efficiency* Particle Size (pm) Particle Removal Efficiency (%) CDS flow rate 28% Capacity (81/s) 60.7% Capacity (171/s) >2400 100 100 2400-850 100 100 850-600 100 100 600-425 100 98 425-300 96 80 300-150 76 42 150-75 42 --] 12 *Particle SG = 2.65 Manufacturers Performance Certificate The manufacturer of the CDS® unit shall submit details and shop drawings of sufficient detail for the Engineer to confirm that no available flow paths exist that would allow the passage of an object greater than 4.7 mm [2.4 mm if a 2400 micron screen is specified]. Additionally, the manufacturer shall submit a "Manufacturers Performance Certificate" certifying that the CDS® unit shall achieve the specified removal efficiencies listed in these specifications. This Manufacturer's Performance Certification of removal efficiencies shall clearly and unequivocally state that the listed removal efficiency shall be achieved throughout the entire treatment flow processed by the CDS® unit with no attenuation of removal efficiency as the flow increase up to the minimum treatment flow capacity specified above.. Oil and Grease Removal Performance The CDS® unit is equipped with a conventional oil baffle to capture and retain oil and grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) pollutants as they are transported through the storm drain system during dry weather (gross spills) and wet weather flows. The conventional oil baffle within a unit assures satisfactory oil and grease removal from typical urban storm water runoff. D -3 Performance Specifications The CDS® unit shall also be capable of receiving and retaining the addition of Oil Sorbents within their separation chambers. The addition of the oil sorbents can ensure the permanent removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff. The addition of sorbents enables increased oil and grease capture efficiencies beyond that obtainable by a conventional oil baffle systems. Sorbent material shall be added in accordance with the "OIL SORBENTS SPECIFICATION", Appendix D, CDS® Technical Manual. Warranty The manufacturer of the CDS® unit shall guarantee the filtration unit free from defects in materials and workmanship for a period one year following installation. Equipment supplied by the manufacturer shall be installed and used only in the particular application for which it was specifically. designed. D-4 CDS PRECAST MANHOLE "INLINE" Continuous Deflective Separation Unit Product Specifications (Note: The following specifications are applicable for the CDS Model PMlU20_15, PMSU20I5, PMSU20_15_4, PMSU20_20, PMSU20_25, PMSU30_20, PMSU30 30, PMSU40_30, & PMSU40_40 units) The Contractor shall install a precast stormwater filtration treatment unit in accordance with the notes and details shown on the Drawings and in conformance with these Specifications. The precast stormwater filtration treatment unit shall be a continuous deflective separator (CDS®) unit, model PMIU or PMSU as manufactured by CDS Technologies, Inc., 16360 Monterey Road, Suite 250, Morgan Hill, CA 95037. CDS Technologies® may be reached by telephone at (888) 535-7559. Storm Water Filtration Treatment Unit Design Hydraulic Treatment Capacity and Separation Screen Design: The CDS storm water filtration treatment unit shall have a minimum treatment flow. capacity as indicated below. This treatment capacity shall be achieved without any flow bypassing the overflow weir of the treatment unit. MINIMUM TREATMENT FLOW CAPACITIES PMIU PMSU _ _____ CDS UNITS: 20 _15 20_ 15 _ 4 20 20 2025 3020 3030 4030 4040 &20_15 - - - - - - TREATMENT 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.6 2.2 3.0 4.5 6.0 FLOW, CFS (314) (314) (493) (673) (987) (1,346) (2,020) (2,693) Storm Water Filtration Treatment Unit Structure and Design: If required, the structure shall be designed to withstand H20 traffic and earth loadings to be experienced during the life of the installation. The storm water filtration treatment units shall be furnished with the following minimum sump capacities for the storage of sediments, organic solids, and other settleable trash and debris. 0-5 0S .lj T(cHNOwGIEs PMSU Product Specifications MINIMUM SUMP STORAGE CAPACITIES PMIU PMSU CDS UNIT: 20_15 20_15_4 20_15 2020 20_25 30_20 30_30 40_30 40_40 MINIMUM SUMP 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 2.1 2.1 5.5 5.5 VOLUME CU_YDS: Oil and Grease Removal Unless otherwise specified, all PMSU units will be equipped with a conventional oil baffle to capture and retain oil and grease and Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) pollutants as they are transported through the storm drain system during dry weather (gross spills) and wet weather flows. The conventional oil baffle within a unit assures satisfactory oil and grease removal from typical urban storm water runoff. Additionally, the storm water filtration unit shall have the following gross oil storage capacities: MINIMUM OIL STORAGE CAPACITIES PMIU PMSU CDS UNIT: 20_15 20_15_4 20_15 20_20 20_25 30_20 30_30 40_30 40_40 MIN. OIL STORAGE VOLUME, 104 72 120 140 150 180 270 480 605 WITH BAFFLE, GALS: The CDS® PMSU water filtration treatment units shall also be capable of receiving and retaining the addition of Oil Sorbents within their separation chambers. The addition of the oil sorbents can ensure the permanent removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff. The addition of sorbents enables increased oil and grease capture efficiencies beyond that obtainable by conventional oil baffle systems. Sorbent material shall be added in accordance with the "USE OF OIL SORBENTS" specifications provided by CDS Technologies. 0-6 )s T€cHNOtOGIS PMSU Product Specifications Materials Design for CDS® Unit Manufacture Concrete: Storm water filtration treatment units shall be structurally designed and manufactured from materials per ASTM C478 - 88a "Standard Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Manhole Sections". Concrete shall adhere to ASTM specifications C33, C39, andC15O. Reinforcement shall consist of wire and/or deformed and plain billet-steel Bars conforming to ASTM Designation A82, A185, A496 A497 or A615. Fiberglass: Fiberglass components (inlet riser and oil baffle) for the PMSU model series shall be per national Bureau of Standards PS-15. The components shall be laid up of 3-ounce (oz) chop mat, 24-oz bi-directional woven fabric per MIL-C-19663 and general-purpose polyester resin per MIL-M-43248. 3/16 inch laminated lay up schedule for fiberglass unit shall be achieved by these minimum manufacturing procedures: clean, wax and mask separation unit mold, apply one skin over mold with 3 oz chop mat, cure skin for 1.5 hours, apply second and third layers composed of 3 oz chop mat plus 24 oz woven fabric each, cure 24 hours before de-molding. Hardware: The separation screen shall be fabricated from stainless steel conforming to ASTM Designation A316L. Support structure shall be fabricated from stainless steel conforming to ASTM Designation. Fasteners used to install the screen shall be A316 stainless steel. The access cover for the unit shall be designed to withstand 150 pounds per square foot pedestrian loading, or designed for direct traffic loading if so noted on the Drawings, and shall provide an access hatch of the dimensions shown on the Drawings. The cover may be fabricated from either aluminum or steel depending on application. If the access cover is to be fabricated of cast iron, all materials shall conform to ASTM Designation 48-30. If the access cover is to be fabricated of aluminum, aluminum welding and stainless steel bolts shall be used for assembly. If the access cover is to be fabricated of steel, the assembly shall be hot dipped galvanized in accordance with ASTM designations A123 & A525. Galvanizing shall be performed after fabrication. Nuts, bolts & washers shall be galvanized in conformance with ASTM Designation A153. DJ F s - T€CHNOtOGI€S PRECAST STORM WATER FILTRATION TREATMENT Continuous Deflective Separation Storm water Treatment Unit Installation Specifications (Note: The following specifications are applicable for the CDS Models PMSU20_15, PMSU20_20, PMSU20_25, PMSU30_20, PMSU30_30, PMSU40_30 & PMSU40_40 units) Small Tools Recommended For A Successful Installation . Builders Level and Rod Combination rotary drill and hammer drill (two are desirable so bit changing between the wood bit and masonry bit isn't necessary 3/8" diameter masonry bit that will drill a hole at least 3" deep 1/z" diameter wood bit for drilling fiberglass Hammer 9/16" deep socket ratchet drive for tightening nuts on 3/8" concrete anchors %" wrench and 3/4" socket for tightening the 1/2" diameter bolts and nuts used to connect the screen to the fiberglass riser %" mastic to fill gaps that may exist between the fiberglass flanges and the concrete wall (maximum that could be needed- 10') Small generator (1500 watt) 50' extension cord with splitter to operate both drills A Skill saw with a wood cutting and masonry cutting blade Two 2 x 4 lumber sections long enough to hold the oil baffle to the correct height while it is fastened to the manhole wall with the concrete anchors (see following table. ALL REQUIRED FASTENERS WILL BE DELIVERED WITH THE CDS SEPARATION SCREEN PMSU UNIT 20_15 20_20 20_25 30_20 30_30 40_30 40_40 2X4 14 18" 22" 18" 24" 24" 32" LENGTH The CDS® precast components will be delivered to the project site via a flatbed transport. The Contractor shall provide equipment at the site that has adequate capacity to unload the precast components. The Contractor may either determine the unit weights for components or contact CDS Technologies® for unit weights. The installation sequence proceeds as follows: Sump installation; separation slab; 5', 6', or 8' diameter starter section; 5', 6' or 8' diameter section with blockouts (to receive the storm drain into the unit and connect to storm drain outlet); riser sections as required to come to sub-grade level; internal components consisting of the oil baffle (installed first), followed by CDS screen and fiberglass inlet; top slab; lastly, finished grade is achieved D16 CDS TEcMNOtoo4Es using grade rings (if necessary) and the manhole frame(s) and cover(s) or other hatch system as applicable. General Finishing Requirements The precast components are delivered with lifting points cast into the various pieces. Where cavities were created for lifting, said cavities shall be mortar packed and finished to conform to the surface that would have otherwise existed had not the lifting point been cast. Where rebar or fabricated cable loops have been used to provide for lifting, those that project above the normal finish surface shall be cut flush with the normal finished surface. Rebar or fabricated cable loops used to provide for lifting that project above the normal finish surface shall be cut flush with the normal finished surface. All work throughout the installation shall be done to a professional standard normally expected for the class of work being performed. The PMSU unit shall be installed using Butyl Mastic, rubber gaskets and/or grout to seal joints of the precast manhole structure to ensure that unit is water tight, holding water up to the flow line invert of the inlet and outlet pipes. Excavation, Dewatering and Shoring The Contractor shall excavate, dewater and shore in accordance with the applicable project specifications for "Excavation and Backfill", "Dewatering and Shoring", as provided by the Engineer to ensure a safe working environment. Sump Installation Subgrade shall be established as shown on the Drawings. The subgrade material shall be composed to withstand a design loading of 2,000 pounds per square foot (psf). It is recommended that the hole be over-excavated a minimum of six (6") inches and backfilled with aggregate base and compacted to 90% to make subgrade. The sump shall be placed on the compacted base, elevation confirmed, plumbed and aligned to ensure that the balance of the unit will be properly aligned and situated as assembly of the rest of the precast pieces proceed. Note: The correct vertical distance between the top of the separation slab and pipe invert must exist in order to ensure proper installation of the separation screen and fiberglass inlet. The Contractor may wish to "dry stack" the sump and separation slab first to determine any discrepancy between the actual height of these two components and the nominal height as indicated on the drawings. The following table lists the required distances based upon CDS model. I PMSU UNIT 20_15 20_20 20_25 30_20 30_30 J 40_30 40_40 VERTICAL I I 1 I DISTANCE 24" 31" 35" 31" I 42.5" I I 42.5" I I I D-17 TECHNOLOGIES Seoaration Slab Installation Prior to placement of the separation slab, the Contractor shall place a minimum of one layer of 3/4 inch X 1 1/2 inch mastic rope (delivered with the CDS Unit) on the tongue joint of the sump section. The separation slab shall be set with the proper orientation to the storm drain to ensure correct alignment of the separation screen and fiberglass inlet. IMPORTANT: FOR INSTALLATION OF THE PMSU20 UNITS, THE SEPARATION SLAB MUST BE ORIENTED TO ENSURE THAT THE CENTERPOINT OF THE SUMP OPENING HAS AN OFFSET DISTANCE OF 12 INCHES TO THE RIGHT (OR 12 INCHES TO THE LEFT FOR LEFT- HAND ORIENTED UNITS) OF PIPE CENTERLINE AND 3 INCHES DOWNSTREAM OF THE RISER CENTERPOINT (LOOKING DOWNSTREAM). IMPORTANT: FOR THE INSTALLATION OF PMSU30 UNITS, THE CENTERPOINT OF THE SUMP OPENING HAS AN OFFSET DISTANCE OF 12 INCHES TO THE RIGHT (OR LEFT FOR LEFT-HAND ORIENTED UNITS) AND PERPENDICULAR TO THE PIPE CENTERLINE (LOOKING DOWNSTREAM). REFER TO THE CONSTRUCTION DRAWINGS TO SEE THE PROPER ORIENTATION OF THE SLAB. IMPORTANT: FOR INSTALLATION OF THE PMSU40 UNITS, THE SEPARATION SLAB MUST BE ORIENTED TO ENSURE THAT THE CENTERPOINT OF THE SUMP OPENING HAS AN OFFSET DISTANCE OF 14 INCHES TO THE RIGHT (OR 14 INCHES TO THE LEFT FOR LEFT- HAND ORIENTED UNITS) OF PIPE CENTERLINE AND 8 INCHES DOWNSTREAM OF THE RISER CENTERPOINT (LOOKING DOWNSTREAM). Access Riser Installation Prior to placement of the barrel sections, the Contractor shall place a layer of mastic rope on the tongue joint of the separation slab and each barrel section in the manner described previously. Subsequent placements of the barrel sections are performed in the manner previously described. At this point, the Contractor may elect to backfill in accordance with the following specification, or the Contractor may elect to continue with the installation of the oil baffle, separation screen, fiberglass inlet followed by the top cap, as the Contractor deems appropriate (Note: Installation of the internal components (fiberglass oil baffle if required, screen assembly and fiberglass inlet) must precede installation of top cap). The backfill material around the base and separation slabs and the barrel sections shall be placed and compacted achieving a minimum compaction of 90% when tested by ASTM Designation A1557. Backfill material may be a "minimal compaction effort" material such as 3/8" pea gravel or clean fill sand. The Contractor may use native material if approved by the Engineer if said material provides an allowable bearing pressure of 2,000 pounds per square foot. Said native material shall be compacted to a minimum relative density of 90% when tested by ASTM Designation Al 557. Oil Baffle, Separation Screen/Fiberglass Inlet Installation Prior to the installation of the oil baffle, screen and inlet, a well-distributed load applied to the manhole stack may be required to compress the mastic joints in order to minimize subsequent settling from damaging the separation screen or fiberglass inlet. D-18 IE(HNOIOGI€S The Installation (Oil Baffle, Separation Screen/Fiberglass): Step 1: Install the oil baffle. The oil baffle needs to be placed over the outlet pipe and held up from the floor, as shown on the drawings, while it is fastened with the concrete anchors. The 2- 2 X 4's cut to the required length, (see table, page 1 or D17, are ideal for this vertical support. Fill any gaps between the oil baffle flange and the access riser wall with an appropriate sealant material, if necessary. Step 2: Assemble the separation screen and fiberglass inlet riser components. If. the PMSU unit is specified as a "RIGHT-HAND" orientation, place the screen so that the GREEN FLANGE IS UP. If the unit is specified as a LEFT-HAND" orientation, place the screen so the RED FLANGE IS UP. After setting the screen for its proper orientation, set the fiberglass inlet on top of the separation screen and bolt together before lowering the assembled unit into the manhole. This requires installing four 1/2 inch diameter x 1 1/2 inch long bolts with locknuts and washers (locknuts may be substituted using standard nuts with lock washers). Step 3: Lower the assembly into the manhole and position fiberglass inlet to ensure that the inlet pipe is reasonably centered in the fiberglass inlet that the flange of the fiberglass inlet is flush with the wall of the manhole riser. In addition, verify that the screen is approximately centered properly over the opening in the separation slab. Make final adjustments to the positioning of the screen/inlet assembly if necessary. Step 4: Drill 1/2 inch diameter holes through the fiberglass flange of the inlet with the wood bit, followed by match drilling the manhole wall with the 3/8 inch masonry bit to a depth of at least 3 inches. Attach the flange to the riser wall with concrete anchor bolts (supplied by CDS Technologies).. Fill any gaps between the inlet flange and the access riser wall with an appropriate sealant material, if necessary. Step 5: Drill 3/8" holes into the separation slab at the location of the existing holes through the stainless steel angle that is resting on the floor to attach the screen to the separation slab with the provided concrete anchor bolts. A stainless steel donut made from 11 ga. Metal 24 in diameter with a 15 inch diameter hole is provided with the PMSU20 units. The donut is to be placed on top of the separation slab to reduce the hole into the sump to 15 inch in diameter. This should be placed after the screen has been anchored to the floor. This completes the internal components installation. Manhole Top Cap Installation Upon installation of the barrel sections and internal components (fiberglass oil baffle, screen assembly and fiberglass inlet), the concrete manhole cap is installed. Mastic sealant is placed on the tongue and groove joint as described previously. The top cap is oriented in a fashion similar to that of the separation slab with the clear opening centered over the separation cylinder, screen, and sump opening unless indicated otherwise on the construction drawings. Use grout and manhole rings as necessary to match grade and install the provided manhole frame and cover (or other hatch system) as shown on the drawings. :CDS_ TECHNOLOGIES Backfill Upon completion of the CDS® unit installation, the excavation shall be backfihled with an aggregate base material, pea gravel, or controlled density cement backfill. The aggregate base material shall be compacted to 90% compaction when tested by ASTM Designation Al 557, except as noted below. If the unit is installed in a travel way, the upper two feet of backfill shall be aggregate base compacted to 95%. D-20 DS TKHNOtOGIES SECTION SIZES MAY VARY ACCORDING TO LOCAL PRECASTERS SPECIFICATIONS. DATE SCALE 01/10/02 N.T.S. DRAWN SHED J.S.F. 1 APPROV. R. HOWARD LEFT-HANDED UNIT SHOWN HERE TM CDS MODEL PMSU20 TYPICAL ASSEMBLY TECHNOLOGIES Separation Screen & Sump Access Q MH Riser Stack Top Cop Approx. Wt = 3550 If Fiberglass Oil. Baffle 5'0 Manhole Riser. Sections Approx. Wt. = 1950 # (1.5 ft. riser section) 2600 # (2.0 ft. riser section) 3250 # (2.5 ft. riser section) 3900 # (3.0 ft. riser section) lass Inlet Separation Chamber Component Approx. Wt. = 3900 # (lyp.) Inlet Pipe / Separation Screen - SEPARATION CHAMBER COMPONENT Approx. Wt. = 1950 # (1.5 ft. riser section) 2600 # (2.0 ft. riser section) 3250 # (2.5 ft. riser section) 3900 / (3.0 ft. riser section) Separation Slab, Approx. Wt. = 2150 # Sump, & Base Approx. Wt. = 4800 # OIL SORBENT SPECIFICATIONS Oil Sorbent Material For Use With CDS Units Material, Application and Replacement Specifications Oil & Grease Removal From Stormwater Runoff Material If sorbent material is to be added to the CDS unit, it shall be Rubberizer® filter media 2 to 4 Mesh for 4700 micron screens, 4 to 8 Mesh for 2400 micron screens or Oars® Particulate for Filtration, HPT4100 or equal. Rubberizer® 8 to 4 Mesh and 2 to 4 Mesh is supplied by Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc., 4626 Santa Fe Street, San Diego, CA 92109, (800) 542-3036. Oars® Particulate for Filtration, HPT4100 is supplied by AbTech Industries, 4110 N. Scottsdale Rd., Suite 235, Scottsdale, AZ 85251, (602) 874- 4000. Oil Sorbent material may also be furnished in boom configurations. The oil sorbent material shall be Rubberizer (2.25-inch diameter boom), OARS (2-inch diameter Smart Sponge Line Skimmer Series), or equal. Application Place sorbent material within the CDS unit's separation chamber. Initial application of sorbent shall be a minimum of 1/4 inch thick layer across the entire area of the separation chamber. The annual application of sorbent shall be a minimum of four (4) pounds per acre of impervious surface subject to oil and grease runoff. This four (4) pound /acre application is proposed for runoff from surfaces subject to typical oil and grease concentrations of 5 milligrams per liter (mg/1). Higher rates of sorbent application will be required where oil and grease concentrations exceed 5 mg/I. If booms are the preferred configuration for applying the oil sorbent material, booms shall be linked together across the area of the separation chamber per the recommendation of CDS. Sorbent Inspection and Replacement Sorbent may be used until it is saturated with oil and grease. Visual indications of saturated or near saturated sorbent material include: sorbent appears dark and becomes less buoyant when heavily saturated with oil, grease and debris. Heavily saturated sorbent appears to be coated with oil, grease and particulates. Disposal Used sorbent material may be categorized as hazardous waste in some states; consult local and state requirements. Consult with CDS Technologies for additional information on efficiencies of sorbent material, estimating annual sorbent needs, replacement frequency or maintenance needs. 0-29 C~DS TEcHNOtOGlES TYPICAL / GENERIC INSTALLATION 60" I.D. CONC. OIL BAFFLE, MH RISER, 6" ,-MODEL A FOR PIPES TO 18"0 THICK WALLS \ :. / MODEL B FOR PIPES TO 30"0 (1YP.) ELEVATION VIEW (SEE SHEET 3) FLOW xx"O PIPE INLET \ ELEVATION VIEW - (SEE SHEET 3) A __C PIPE AND I MH RISER xx" 0 PIPE OUTLET 11 24"0 MH COVERS & FIBERGLASS I FRAMES (2)- OTHER AND CYLII HATCHES AVAILABLE NOTE: THE INTERNAL COMPONENTS ARE SHOWN IN THE RIGHT-HAND CONFIGURATION-THESE COMPONENTS MAY BE FURNISHED IN THE MIRROR IMAGE TO THAT SHOWN (LEFT-HAND CONFIGURATION). CDS MODEL PMSU20_15, 0.7 CFS CAPACITY STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT DATE 12/3/01 SCALE DSTM PROJECT NAME DRAWN SHEET CITY, STATE J.S.F. TECHNOLOGIES APPROV. PATENTED ATTACH SIDE AND BOTTOM - FLANGES TO WALL OF MH RISER USING ANCHOR BOLTS (6 MIN), SUPPUED BY CDS. ACCESS RISER, 5'—O I.D. CENTER OF MH RISER SECTIONS OIL BAFFLE (OPTIONAL) OPENINGS PROViDED DURING PRECASTING FOR PIPE INLET AND OUTLET TYPICAL / GENERIC INSTALLATION SHOWN IN RIGHT-HAND CONFIGURATION FLOW I) !? - 12" XXø_/ PIPE INLET ATTACH SCREEN TO SLAB USING 4 ANCHOR BOLTS, SUPPLIED BY CDS. 25"0 SEPARATION SCREEN, SEE NOTE #2 / \_xx"o PIPE OUTLET N CENTER OF SCREEN, 21"0 SUMP OPENING STAINLESS STEEL SEPARATION PLATE NOTES: THE INTERNAL COMPONENTS ARE SHOWN IN THE RIGHT—HAND CONFIGURATION—THESE COMPONENTS MAY BE FURNISHED IN THE MIRROR IMAGE TO THAT SHOWN (LEFT—HAND CONFIGURATION). FOR PROPER INSTALLATION, GREEN FLANGE ON SCREEN FACES UP FOR RIGHT—HAND INSTALLATION, RED FLANGE UP FOR LEFT—HAND ORIENTED UNITS. CDS MODEL PMSU20i5, 0.7 CFS CAPACITY STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT DATE SCALE -. 12/3/01 TM PROJECT NAME DRAWN SHEET CITY, STATE TECHNOLOGIES CITY, PATENTED I TYPICAL / GENERIC INSTALLATION RISER SECTIONS FINISHED GRADE 24" 0 COVERS & FRAMES (2), ç SEPARATION TYP. - OTHER HATCH SYSTEMS —\ SECTIONS READILY AVAILABLE. I II II i_io" $ tl 5'-O" I VARIES xx". ___________ INLET PIPE7 I FIBERGLASS .:+ SEPARATION CYLINDER& L ir Ii -. - SEPARATiON 24 SCREEN 14 5'-l"± XX" DEPTH XX"Ø 9. 1 r FR / BELOW CORE F PIPE urIvc.rc PLAN 22 S INSET DUAL , SUMP MIN. 6" - 6'-O" r $ SECTION CUT (SEE SHEET 2) NV EL=XX.XX' SUMP EXTERIOR 11W EL=XX.XX'± -- -OIL BAFflE + xx.. OLJTI.Et PIPE7 SECTION _____ • CUT (SEE SHEET 2) INTERNAL SEPARATION SLAB CDS MODEL PMSU20_15, 0.7 CFS CAPACITY STORM WATER TREATMENT UNIT DATE SCALE 12/3/01 1"=2.5' TM PROJECT NAME DRAWN SHEET J.S.F. CITY, STATE .1 TECHNOLOGIES APPROV. 4. PATENTED SEPARATION ® & RISER I SECTIONS -\ __________ © VARIES N --- ,r' DEPTH BELOW PIPE 14", INVERT SEE (TYPICAL) Ng~TE CONSTRUCTION NOTES: 6-0 APPLY BUTYL MASTIC AND/OR GROUT TO SEAL JOINTS OF MANHOLE STRUCTURE. APPLY LOAD TO MASTIC SEAL IN JOINTS OF MR SECTIONS TO COMPRESS SEALANT IF NECESSARY. UNIT MUST BE WATER TIGHT, HOLDING WATER UP TO FLOWLINE INVERT (MINIMUM). IF SEPARATION SLAB IS NON-INTEGRAL TO THE SEPARATION SECTION OF THE UNIT, SET AND VERIFY TOP ELEVATION BEFORE PLACING MORE PRECAST COMPONENTS OR BACKFILUNG. ENSURE 24" FROM TOP OF SEPARATION SLAB TO PIPE INVERT. GROUT PIPE CONNECTIONS TO SEAL JOINT. SET BOTTOM OF OIL BAFFLE 14" ABOVE SEPARATION SLAB FLOOR; DRILL AND INSERT A MINIMUM OF TEN (10) 3/8" x 3 3/4" SS EXPANSION BOLTS @ 12" O.C. EQUALLY SPACED TO SECURE FIBERGLASS OIL BAFFLE FLANGE TO RISER WALL-(HARDWARE SUPPLIED BY CDS TECHNOLOGIES). FASTEN FIBERGLASS CYLINDER/INLET TO SCREEN ASSEMBLY USING FOUR (4) SETS OF x 1 SS HEX HEAD BOLTS W/ NUTS AND WASHERS-(HARDWARE SUPPLIED BY COS TECHNOLOGIES). IN THE LEFT-HANDED CONFIGURATION THE "RED" COLORED FLANGE ON THE SCREEN CYLINDER SHALL FACE UP. IN THE RIGHT-HANDED CONFIGURATION, THE "GREEN" COLORED FLANGE SHALL FACE UP. CENTER SCREEN ASSEMBLY OVER SUMP OPENING AND POSITION FIBERGLASS INLET AGAINST RISER WALL DRILL AND INSERT A MINIMUM OF SIX (6) 3/8" x 3 3/4" SS EXPANSION BOLTS EQUALLY SPACED TO SECURE FIBERGLASS INLET FLANGE TO RISER WALL-(HARDWARE SUPPLIED BY COS TECHNOLOGIES). VERIFY THAT SCREEN ASSEMBLY IS CENTERED OVER SUMP ACCESS HOLE AND ADJUST IF NECESSARY; DRILL AND INSERT FOUR (4) 3/8" x 3 3/4" SS EXPANSION BOLTS TO FASTEN SCREEN ASSEMBLY TO SEPARATION SLAB- (HARDWARE SUPPLIED BY COS TECHNOLOGIES). BLOCK AND GROUT SEAL TO MATCH GRADE AS REQUIRED. DATE SCALE PMSU2O 15 12/3/01 N.T.S. TM !CD5 CONSTRUCTION DRAWN J. SF SHEET - - NOTES TECHNOLOGIES APPROV. PATENTED 5'-O" 4) FIBERGLASS SEPARATION CYUNDER& INLET ---I----- 24, SEPARAi1ONr SEE CREEN NOTE 5 __ CDS T€O4NOOO€S OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE GUIDELINES For the CONTINUOUS DEFLECTIVE SEPARATION UNIT INTRODUCTION The CDS unit is an important and effective component of your storm water management program and proper operation and maintenance of the unit are essential to demonstrate your compliance with local, state and federal water pollution control requirements. The CDS technology features a patented non-blocking, indirect screening technique developed in Australia to treat water runoff. The unit is highly effective in the capture of suspended solids, fine sands and larger particles. Because of its non-blocking screening capacity, the CDS unit is un-matched in its ability to capture and retain gross pollutants such as trash and debris. In short, CDS units capture a very wide range of organic and in-organic solids and pollutants that typically result in tons of captured solids each year: total suspended solids (TSS), sediments, oil and greases and captured trash and debris (including floatables, neutrally buoyant, and negatively buoyant debris) under very high flow rate conditions. CDS units are equipped with conventional oil baffles to capture and retain oil and grease. Laboratory evaluations show that the CDS units are capable of capturing up to 70% of the free oil and grease from storm water. CDS units can also accommodate the addition of oil sorbents within their separation chambers. The addition of the oil sorbents can ensure the permanent removal of 80% to 90% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff. OPERATIONS The CDS unit is a non-mechanical self-operating system and will function any time there is flow in the storm drainage system. The unit will continue to effectively capture pollutants in flows up to the design capacity even during extreme rainfall events when the design capacity may be exceeded. Pollutants captured in the CDS unit's separation chamber and sump will be retained even when the unit's design capacity is exceeded. CDS CLEANOUT The frequency of cleaning the CDS unit will depend upon the generation of trash and debris and sediments in your application. Cleanout and preventive maintenance schedules will be determined based on operating experience unless precise pollutant loadings have been determined. The unit should be periodically inspected to determine the amount of accumulated pollutants and to ensure that the cleanout frequency is adequate to handle the predicted pollutant load being processed by the CDS unit. The recommended cleanout of solids within the CDS unit's sump should occur at 75% of the sump capacity. However, the sump may be completely full with no impact to the CDS unit's performance. Access to the CDS unit is typically achieved through two manhole access covers - one allows inspection and cleanout of the separation chamber (screen/cylinder) & sump and another allows inspection and cleanout of sediment captured and retained behind the screen. The PSW & PSWC off-line models have an additional access cover over the CDS TECHNO4.OGIS weir of the diversion vault. For units possessing a sizable depth below grade (depth to pipe), a single manhole access point would allow both sump cleanout and access behind the screen. CDS Technologies Recommends The Following: NEW INSTALLATIONS - Check the condition of the unit after every runoff event for the first 30 days. The visual inspection should ascertain that the unit is functioning properly (no blockages or obstructions to inlet and/or separation screen), measuring the amount of solid materials that have accumulated in the sump, the amount of fine sediment accumulated behind the screen, and determining the amount floating trash and debris in the separation chamber. This can be done with a calibrated "dip stick" so that the depth of deposition can be tracked. Schedules for inspections and cleanout should be based on storm events and pollutant accumulation. ONGOING OPERATION - During the rainfall season, the unit should be inspected at least once every 30 days. The floatables should be removed and the sump cleaned when the sump is 75-85% full. If floatables accumulate more rapidly than the settleable solids, the floatables should be removed using a vactor truck or dip net before the layer thickness exceeds one to two feet. Cleanout of the CDS unit at the end of a rainfall season is recommended because of the nature of pollutants collected and the potential for odor generation from the decomposition of material collected and retained. This end of season cleanout will assist in preventing the discharge of pore water from the CDS® unit during summer months. USE OF SORBENTS - It needs to be emphasized that the addition of sorbents is not a requirement for CDS units to effectively control oil and grease from storm water. The conventional oil baffle within a unit assures satisfactory oil and grease removal. However, the addition of sorbents is a unique enhancement capability special to CDS units, enabling increased oil and grease capture efficiencies beyond that obtainable by conventional oil baffle systems. Under normal operations, CDS units will provide effluent concentrations of oil and grease that are less than 15 parts per million (ppm) for all dry weather spills where the volume is less than or equal to the spill capture volume of the CDS unit. During wet weather flows, the oil baffle system can be expected to remove between 40 and 70% of the free oil and grease from the storm water runoff. CDS Technologies only recommends the addition of sorbents to the separation chamber if there are specific land use activities in the catchment watershed that could produce exceptionally large concentrations of oil and grease in the runoff, concentration levels well above typical amounts. If site evaluations merit an increased control of free oil and grease then oil sorbents can be added to the CDS unit to thoroughly address these particular pollutants of concern. t;. CDS moo's Recommended Oil Sorbents Rubberizer® Particulate 8-4 mesh or OARSTM Particulate for Filtration, HPT4100 or equal. Rubberizer® is supplied by Haz-Mat Response Technologies, Inc. 4626 Santa Fe Street, San Diego, CA 92109 (800) 542-3036. OARSTM is supplied by AbTech Industries, 4110 N. Scottsdale Road, Suite 235, Scottsdale, AZ 85251 (800) 545-8999. The amount of sorbent to be added to the CDS separation chamber can be determined if sufficient information is known about the concentration of oil and grease in the runoff. Frequently the actual concentrations of oil and grease are too variable and the amount to be added and frequency of cleaning will be determined by periodic observation of the sorbent. As an initial application, CDS recommends that approximately 4 to 8 pounds of sorbent material be added to the separation chamber of the CDS units per acre of parking lot or road surface per year. Typically this amount of sorbent results in a 1/2 inch to one (1") inch depth of sorbent material on the liquid surface of the separation chamber. The oil and grease loading of the sorbent material should be observed after major storm events. Oil Sorbent material may also be furnished in pillow or boom configurations. The sorbent material should be replaced when it is fully discolored by skimming the sorbent from the surface. The sorbent may require disposal as a special or hazardous waste, but will depend on local and state regulatory requirements. CLEANOUT AND DISPOSAL - A vactor truck is recommended for cleanout of the CDS unit and can be easily accomplished in less than 30-40 minutes for most installations. Standard vactor operations should be employed in the cleanout of the CDS unit. Disposal of material from the CDS unit should be in accordance with the local municipality's requirements. Disposal of the decant material to a POTW is recommended. Field decanting to the storm drainage system is not recommended. Solids can be disposed of in a similar fashion as those materials collected from street sweeping operations and catch-basin cleanouts. MAINTENANCE The CDS unit should be pumped down at least once a year and a thorough inspection of the separation chamber (inlet/cylinder and separation screen) and oil baffle performed. The unit's internal components should not show any signs of damage or any loosening of the bolts used to fasten the various components to the manhole structure and to each other. Ideally, the screen should be power washed for the inspection. If any of the internal components is damaged or if any fasteners appear to be damaged or missing, please contact CDS Technologies to make arrangements to have the damaged items repaired or replaced: CDS Technologies, Inc. Phone, Toll Free: (888) 535-7559 16360 Monterey Road, Suite 250 Fax: (408) 782-0721 Morgan Hill, CA 95037-5406 tO4NOLOGIS The screen assembly is fabricated from Type 316 stainless steel and fastened with Type 316 stainless steel fasteners that are easily removed and/or replaced with conventional hand tools. The damaged screen assembly should be replaced with the new screen assembly placed in the same orientation as the one that was removed. CONFINED SPACE The CDS unit is a confined space environment and only properly trained personnel possessing the necessary safety equipment should enter the unit to perform maintenance or inspection procedures. Inspections of the internal components can, in most cases, be accomplished through observations from the ground surface. RECORDS OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CDS Technologies recommends that the., owner maintain annual records of the operation and maintenance of the CDS unit to document the effective maintenance of this important component of your storm water management program. The attached Annual Record of Operations and Maintenance form is suggested and should be retained for a minimum period of three years. elavOR, DS TECHNOLOGIES ANNUAL RECORD OF OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OWNER: ADDRESS: OWNER REPRESENTATIVE: MODEL DESIGNATION/DATE: SITE LOCATION: DEPTH FROM COVER TO BOTTOM OF SUMP: VOLUME OF SUMP (CUYD): VOLUME OR INCH DEPTH (CUYD): INSPgC IONS DATE/INSPECTOR SCREEN INTEGRITY FLOATABLES DEPTH SEDIMENT VOLUME SORBENT DISCOLORATION OBSERVATIONS OF FUNCTION: DATE VOLUME FLOATABLES VOLUME SEDIMENTS METHOD OF DISPOSAL OF FLOATABLES, SEDIMENTS, DECANT AND SORBENTS OBSERVATIONS: SCREEN MAINTENANCE: (DATE OF POWER WASHING, INSPECTION AND OBSERVATIONS) CERTIFICATION DATE: TCHNOtOGI5 Storm Water Maintenance Applications February 2002 Maintenance Questions & Answers How often should units be cleaned? Clean out frequency or schedules are site specific and depend upon particular land use activities and the amount of gross pollutants and sediment generated within a given catchment area. Experience in Australia, Florida and California have found that CDS® units typically need to be cleaned out approximately 2 to 4 times per year. Some CDS® installations have required cleaning every two weeks; because of pavement wash down activities of an open-air produce market (farmers' market). Understanding and defining the type and amount of pollution to be generated within a catchment area is an important aspect of the planning process when considering installing a CDS® unit. For more information please refer to the attached: "Operations and Maintenance Guidelines for the Continuous Deflective Separation Unit". A cleaning schedule should be developed for each CDS® unit installed. It should be noted that if a CDS® unit fills up during any storm event there are no detrimental impacts. The CDS® unit is installed with a full capacity bypass that allows the drain to continue to function when the CDS® is filled with captured material. Under this operating condition, the storm drain does undergo some head loss, but generally speaking not enough to create any problems upstream of the unit. The CDS® unit will retain all of the pollutants captured up to the point it is filled up with trash, debris, vegetation, and coarse and fine sediment, and can no longer function. The CDS® unit does not "wash out", nor do sediments become re-suspended. A Typical Cleaning & Inspection Schedule (4 times/year) September/October - Pre-Rainy Season Inspection November/April - Inspect and Clean out (After first several rainfall events with intensities equal to or greater than 0.5" per hour) May/June - Post-Rainy Season Inspect, Clean out, Power Wash And Inspect Screen For the most extensive experience in maintaining and cleaning an installed CDS® unit in the United States, we recommend that you contact Mr. Rick Howard, City Engineer, Orlando, Florida at (407) 246-3222. The City of Orlando has used their vactor trucks to clean out their CDS® unit several times since its installation in the spring of 1998 and can provide the best feedback on cleaning cycle, maintenance, and characterization of the removed pollutants, and methods of disposal. What is the recommended maintenance procedure? As mentioned above, maintenance procedures are outlined in the attached: "Operations and Maintenance Guideline for the Continuous Deflective Separation Unit". This 3-page document should address most all maintenance issues. However, Page 1 T*CO(O0S Storm Water Maintenance Applications February 2002 if there are specific issues not covered in these procedures or the following information on use of oil sorbent material within a CDS® unit, please contact CDS Technologies®. How should used oil sorbent material be removed and disposed? If sorbent has been added to the separation chamber of a CDS® unit to capture oil and grease, special handling of used sorbent material may be required. Used sorbent material should be skimmed from the top of the separation chamber. In small units, a pool skimmer is well suited for this task. If the sorbent material has adsorbed significant amounts of oil and grease it may have to be handled as special or hazardous waste. Requirements for the disposal of used sorbent material containing oil and grease vary from state to state. It is recommended that the local regulatory agency be consulted to obtain the proper guidance for disposal. The following table is a conservative estimate of maximum amount of oil sorbent material that could be required to remove the oil and grease from storm water: Table 1. Oil Sorbent Costs TYPICAL SORBENT COSTS PARKING LOT APPLICATIONS ANNUAL 80% REMOVAL (Oil Concentration) OIL LOADING Q10 Gallons/year lbs/yr s/acre/year Industrial 2 16 $80 Commercial 3.75 30 $150 What are the estimated maintenance costs? Cleanout costs will be user specific and will vary according to the amount and types of floatables and sediment captured by the CDS® Unit, safety requirements for the area of operation, equipment utilized, disposal costs and personnel costs. Experience in Sydney Australia has found the following approximate costs (US Dollars) for cleanout and disposal of material from CDS® Units when contractors are used for the service: Page 2 CDS TCNO(OOES Storm Water Maintenance Applications February 2002 Table 2 Retail Cleanout Cost CDS Model Treatment Flow Capacity (cfs) Collection Basket ($) Vacuum Removal ($) PM1U2015 0.7 350 400 PMSU20 .15_4 0.7 350 400 PMSU20_15 0.7 350 400 PMSU2020 1.1 350 400 PMSU20_25 1.6 350 400 PMSU30_20 2.0 500 400 PS W30 30 3.0 500 400 PS WC3O 30 3.0 500 400 PMSU3030 3.0 500 400 PMSU40_30 4.5 500 400 PMSU4040 6.0 500 400 PSWC40_40 6.0 500 400 PSW5042 9.0 500 400 PSWC5640 9.0 500 400 PSW5050 11 500 400 PSWC56_53 14 500 400 PSWC56_68 19 750 525 PSWC56_78 25 750 525 PSW70_70 26 750 525 PSWI0060 30 900 1200 PSWI00_80 50 900 1200 PSW100 100 64 900 1200 CSW150 134 148 1200-1400 - CSW200 164 270 1200-1400 - CSW240_160 1 300 1200-1400 - Tabulated Uniformity of Clean-Out Costs The listed uniformity of clean-out costs are based on a typical four (4) hour minimum retail clean-out charge at $100 to $125 per hour, resulting in a minimum cost of $400 regardless if one or four CDS® units were cleaned. Clearly there are savings to be had if vactor truck services are scheduled to clean out multiple CDS® units or other facilities. If an agency has their own vactor trucks then clean-out costs could be best estimated on a 1 to 2 hour maximum clean-out duration multiplied by hourly labor costs. Equipment depreciation costs should also be added if such costs are not considered as "sunken." Page 3 Storm Water Maintenance Applications February 2002 The following table provides an example format for calculating the cleanout cost of a CDS® unit owned and operated by a municipality, which has their own vactor truck and landfill. Table 3. Typical Agency Maintenance Costs, Example Work Sheet PSW50_42, 9 cfs capacity CDS® Unit Sump volume = 1.9 yd3 Labor Costs Per Event Agency Agency Duration Labor Wage Rate Labor Labor Costs of Cleanout ($/hr) Multiplier ($/hr) Cleanout Costs (hr) 1 ($/Event) Vactor Truck Driver 1 $24 1 2.7 1 $64.80 1 2 $129.60 Weiaht of Caotured Material Per Clean Out Event %of Volume of Captured Estimated Weight of Sump Volume Material in Sump Saturated Captured (yd 3) Material in Density Mateial Sump 1 (yd 3)(ft3) (lbs/ft3) (tons/event) Material Captured 1 1.9 1 85% 1.615 44 1 80 11.7 Material Disposal Costs Per Clean Out Event Weight of Agency Captured Landfill Disposal Mateial Disposal Costs (tons/event) Costs (S/ton) (S/ton) Captured Material 1.7 $24 $41.86 Annual Labor and iposal Cost Labor -Disposal Annual Cleanout Cleanouts Cleanout Costs (S/ton) Costs (Event/year) Costs (S/Event) (5/yr) Labor & Disposal 1 $129.60 1 $41.86 1 4 1 $686 As mentioned above, the City of Orlando, Florida has the most extensive experience in maintaining and cleaning an installed CDS® unit in the United States and we recommend you contact Mr. Rick Howard, City Engineer at (407) 246-3222 for further information. CDS® has maintained two units at Lake Merced in San Francisco and has cleaned those units within 20 minutes each at a cost of $600 inclusive for both units and disposal of the entire contents of the units. Page 4 tCDS YECM.00S Storm WaterMaintenance Applications February 2002 What amounts of material are removed? This will depend entirely upon the nature of the watershed and its ability to deliver solid pollutants to the storm drain. Our experience has taught us that every cleanout quantity is different. An ideal cleanout will yield the sump volume identified in the Table on this page. However, finding that volume in the unit is rarely the case. Table 4 Standard Unit Capacities & Physical Features Manufacture Material * Designation Treatment Capacity Range Screen Diameter\Height (ft) Sump Capacity (yd) Depth Below Pipe Invert (It) Foot Print Diameter (ft) cfs MGD Precast PM1U20_15 0.7 0.5 2.0\1.5 0.5 4.2 4.8 PMSU20_15_4 0.7 0.5 2.0\1.5 0.5 - 3.5 4.8 PMSU20_15 0.7 0.5 2.0\1.5 1.1 5.1 6 PMSU20_20 1.1 0.7 2.0\2.0 1.1 5.7 6 PMSU20_25 1.6 1 2.0\2.5 1.1 6.2 6 PMSU30_20 2 1.3 3.0\2.0 2.1 6.25 7.3 PSW30_30 3 1.9 3.0 \ 3.0 1.8 6.9 6.5 PSWC30_30 3 1.9 3.0\3.0 2.1 8.2 7.3 PMSU30_30 3 1.9 3.0\3.0 2.1 7.1 7.2 PMSU40_30 4.5 3 4.0\3.0 1.9 8.7 9.5 PMSU40 - 40 6 3.9 4.0\4.0 1.9 9.7 9.5 PSWC40_40 6 3.9 4.0\4.0 1.9 9.7 8.3 PSW50_42 9 5.8 5.0\4.2 1.9 9.7 9.5 PSWC56_40 9 5.8 5.6\4.0 1.9 9.7 9.5 PSW50_50 11 7.1 5.0\5.0 1.9 9.7 9.5 PSWC56_53 14 9 5.6\5.3 1.9 10.8 9.5 PSWC56_68 19 12 5.6\6.8 1.9 12.5 9.5 PSWC56_78 25 16 5.6\7.8 1.9 13.5 9.5 PSW70_70 26 17 7.0\7.0 3.9 13.5 10.8 P5W100_60 30 19 10.0\6.0 6.90r14.1 12 17.5 16 PSW100_80 50 32 10.0\8.0 6.9or14.1 14 PSW100_100 64 41 10.0\10.0 6.90r14.1 Cast in Place Concrete CSW150_134 148 95.5 15.0\13.4 14.1 19.6" 25.5 CSW200_164 270 174 20.0\16.4 14.1*** 22.6*** 34.5 CSW240160 300 194 24.0\16.0 14.1 21.2*** 41 CDS Precast Manhole Insert Unit (PMlU), Precast Manhole Stormwater Unit (PMSU), Precast Stormwater Concentric (PSWC), Precast (P), and Cast in Place (C), Stormwater (SW) CDS Technologies can customize units to meet specific design flows and sump capacities ,*.Sump Capacities and Depth Below Pipe Invert can vary due to specific site design Page 5 Inlet Stenciling and Signage Menu of BMPs Information Menu of BMPs Home Public EducattiL Outreach on Storm Water Impacts Public involvement & Participation. #fiqjLQL%charge Detection & Elimination Construction Site Storm Water Runoff Control Post-Construction Storm Water Management in New Development Redevelopment Ppllution Prevention & (3 Housekeeping for Muniial Operations DownIoadag Files Measurable Goats EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 1 of 6 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency \ National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) event Addibçns I contact Us I Print Version Search NPDES: J EPA Home> OW Home > OWM Home> NPDES Home> Storm Water, Menu of BMPs Storm Water Home Public Involvement/Participation Storm Drain Stenciling Description Storm drain stenciling involves labeling storm - - - drain inlets with painted messages warning citizens not to dump pollutants into the drains. The stenciled - messages are generally a •'., simple phrase to remind passersby that the storm drains connect to local waterbodies and that dumping pollutes those . .. ...:., -a.... waters Some specify Storm_drais can be labeled wtth stencils 16" which waterbody the inlet d....hu1!0! dumpmg - drains to or name the particular river, lake, or bay. Commonly stenciled messages include: "No Dumping. Drains to Water Source,' "Drains to River," and "You Dump it, You Drink it. No Waste Here." Pictures can also be used to convey the message, including a shrimp, common game fish, or a graphic depiction of the path from drain to waterbody. Communities with a large Spanish-speaking population might wish to develop stencils in both English and Spanish, or use a graphic alone. IQ2 Applicability Municipalities can undertake stenciling projects throughout the entire community, especially in areas with sensitive waters or where trash, nutrients, or biological oxygen demand have been identified as high priority pollutants. However, regardless of the condition of the waterbody, the signs raise awareness about the connection between storm drains and receiving waters and they help deter littering, nutrient overenrichment, and other practices that contribute to nonpoint source pollution. Municipalities should identity a subset of drains to stencil because there might be hundreds of inlets; stenciling all of them would be prohibitively expensive and might actually diminish the effect of the message on the public. The drains should be carefully selected to send the message to the maximum number of citizens (for example, in areas of high pedestrian traffic) and to target drains leading to waterbodies where illegal dumping has been identified as a source of pollution. Construction Activity -Who's Covered? -Application Requirements Industrial Activity -Who's Covered? -Application Requirements Municipal MS4s -Large & Medium -Small Phase I Phase II -Menu of BMPs -Urbanized Area Maps Wet Weather Discharges Endangered Species -Search Species Implementation Municipalities can implement storm drain stenciling programs in two ways. In some cases, cities and towns use their own public works staff to do the labeling. Some municipalities feel that having their own crews do the work The documents on this site are best viewed with Acrobat 5.0 http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwaterlmenuofbmps/i n%,ol-6.cfm 2/21/2003 EPA - Public Involvement/Participation Page 2 of 6 produces better results and eliminates liability and safety concerns. More commonly, stenciling projects are conducted by volunteer groups in cooperation with a municipality. In such an arrangement, volunteer groups provide the labor and the municipality provides supplies, safety equipment, and a map and/or directions to the drains to be stenciled. The benefits of using volunteers are lower cost and increased public awareness of storm water pollutants and their path to waterbodies. A municipality can establish a program to comprehensively address storm drain stenciling and actively recruit volunteer groups to help, or the municipality can facilitate volunteer groups that take the initiative to undertake a stenciling project. Whether the municipality or a volunteer group initiates a stenciling project, the municipality should designate a person in charge of the storm drain stenciling program. Many municipalities will designate a person from the pubic works or water quality department to coordinate stenciling projects by volunteer groups. Because these programs depend heavily on volunteer labor, organizers and coordinators should be skilled in recruiting, training, managing, and recognizing volunteers. Coordination activities include providing Stenciling kits containing all materials and tools needed to carry out a stenciling project A map of the storm drains to be stenciled Training for volunteers on safety procedures and on the technique for using stencils or affixing signs Safely equipment (traffic cones, safety vests, masks and/or goggles for spray paint, and gloves if glue is used) Incentives and rewards for volunteers (badges, T-shirts, certificates). The coordinator might also wish to provide pollutant-tracking forms to collect data on serious instances of dumping. Participants in storm drain stenciling projects can be asked to note storm drains that are clogged with debris or show obvious signs of dumping. This enables city crews to target cleanup efforts. Volunteers should be instructed on what kinds of pollutants to look for and how to fill out data cards. Volunteers also should record the locations of all storm drains labeled during the project, so the city can keep track. Additionally, the participants should convene after the event to talk about what they have found. Their reactions and impressions can help organizers improve future stenciling projects. If a municipality chooses to initiate a storm drain stenciling program and solicit the help of volunteer organizations, they can advertise through a variety of channels. Outreach strategies include Distributing pamphlets and brochures to area service organizations Placing articles in local magazines Taking out newspaper ads Placing an environmental insert in the local newspaper Making presentations at community meetings Developing public service announcements for radio Creating a web site with background and contact information as well as photos and stories from past stenciling events (the references section contains a list of storm drain stenciling web sites from communities across the country) Using word-of-mouth communications about the program. Newspapers can be notified to get advance coverage of a planned stenciling event. Newspapers might choose to cover the event itself as an environmental feature story to further public awareness. A news release issued for the day of the event can draw TV and/or newspaper coverage. Public service announcements made before the event also will help to reinforce the message. Additionally, some municipalities can have volunteers http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/siormwater/menuofbmps/invol-6.cfm 2/21/2003 EPA - Public lnvolvemcntlParticipation Page 3 of 6 distribute door hangers in the targeted neighborhoods to notify residents that storm drain stenciling is taking place. The hangers explain the purpose of the project and offer tips on how citizens can reduce urban runoff in general. For any volunteer project to be successful, volunteers must feel they have done something worthwhile. Communities active in storm drain stenciling have developed a variety of ways to recognize volunteers, including Providing each participant with a certificate of appreciation and/or letter of thanks signed by the mayor Distributing logo items such as T-shirts, hats, badges, plastic water bottles, or other items to participants before or after the event Holding a picnic or small party after the event with refreshments donated by a local business Providing coupons for free pizza, hamburgers, ice cream, or movies donated by local merchants Taking pictures of stenciling teams before, during, and after the event to create a pictorial record of volunteers' activity. Since stenciling projects take place on city streets, volunteer safety is of utmost importance. The city might wish to designate lower-traffic residential areas as targets for volunteer stenciling and provide safety equipment and training. Most programs require that stenciling be done in teams, with at feast one person designated to watch for traffic. Adult supervision is needed when volunteers are school children or members of youth groups. Most cities also require participating volunteers (or their parents) to sign a waiver of liability. An attorney for the municipality should be consulted to determine what liability exists and how to handle this issue. Materials Most communities use stencils and paint to label their storm drains. Some communities stencil directly onto the curb, street, or sidewalk, while others first paint a white background and then stencil over it. The most commonly used stencils are made of Mylar, a flexible plastic material that can be cleaned and reused many times. However, stencils can also be made from cardboard, aluminum, or other material. The reference section lists web sites where stencils can be purchased. Storm drain messages can be placed flat against the sidewalk surface just above the storm drain inlet, while others are placed on the curb facing the street or on the street itself, either just upstream of the storm drain or on the street in front of the drain. However, messages placed on the street might wear out sooner. Paint or ink can be sprayed on or applied by brush androller. Spray paint is quickest and probably the easiest to apply neatly. Regions that do not meet federal air-quality standards should avoid using spray paints, since many contain air-polluting propellants. It is recommended to use 'environmentally friendly' paint that contains no heavy metals and is low in volatile organic compounds. Alternatives to painted messages include permanent signs made of aluminum, ceramic, plastic, or other durable materials. These signs last longer than stenciled messages and need only glue to affix them to storm drain inlets. They might also be neater and easier to read from a distance. Tiles or plaques can be dislodged by pedestrian traffic if they are disturbed before the glue dries. Benefits http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwater/mefluOfbmPS/iflvOl_6.Cfm 2/21/2003 EPA - Public Invo1vementJParticipation Page 4 of 6 Storm drain stenciling projects offer an excellent opportunity to educate the public about the link between the storm drain system and drinking water quality. In addition to the labeled storm drains, media coverage of the program or stenciling event can increase public awareness of storm water issues. Volunteer groups can provide additional benefits by picking up trash near the stenciled storm drains and by noting where maintenance is needed. Additionally, stenciling projects can provide a lead-in to volunteer monitoring projects and increase community participation in a variety of other storm water-related activities. Limitations A storm drain stenciling program is generally effective, inexpensive, and easy to implement. However, larger communities can have many storm drain inlets, so volunteer coordinators need to be skilled at recruiting and organizing the efforts of volunteers to provide adequate coverage over large areas. Safety considerations might also limit stenciling programs in areas where traffic congestion is high. Other environmental considerations such as the use of propellants in spray paint in areas that do not meet air quality standards should be taken into account. Finally, stencils will require repainting after years of weather and traffic, and tiles and permanent signs might need replacement if they are improperly installed or subject to vandalism. Effectiveness By raising public awareness of urban runoff, storm drain stencikng programs should discourage practices that generate nonpoint source pollutants. As with any public education project, however, it is difficult to precisely measure the effect that storm drain stenciling programs have on human behavior. Nor is it easy to measure reductions in certain components of urban runoff, which by definition is diffuse in origin. Some municipalities attempt to assess the effectiveness of storm drain stenciling programs by periodically examining water samples from targeted storm drain outlalls (places where storm drains empty into a waterbody). lfthe storm drains leading to a particular outfafl have been labeled, and if the levels of pollutants from that outfall decline after the stencils were put in place, one can assume the labeling has had some deterrent effect. This monitoring can be conducted by the same volunteer groups that stenciled the drains and can be incorporated into existing volunteer monitoring programs or can initiate the development of a new program. Cities also infer stenciling program success from increases in the volume of used motor oil delivered to used-oil recycling centers. Others measure success in terms of how many drains are stenciled and the number of requests received by volunteer groups to participate in the program. They can also take into consideration the number of cleanups conducted by the city as a result of reports made by volunteers. Costs. Mylar stencils cost about 45 cents per linear inch and can be used for 25 to 500 stencilings, depending on whether paint is sprayed or applied with a brush or roller. Permanent signs are generally more costly: ceramic tiles cost $5 to $6 each and metal stencils can cost $100 or more. References How To Develop a Storm Drain Stenciling Program and Conduct Projects: Center for Marine Conservation. 1998. Million Points of Blight. http://cfpub.epa.govfnpdes/stormwater/menuofbmps/invol_6.cfm 2/21/2003 EPA - PubJic Involvement/Participation Page 5 of 6 lrITdnrIimrr>l). Last updated 1998. Accessed February 13, 2001. Center for Marine Conservation. No date. How to Conduct a Storm Drain Stenciling Project. [http:I/www.cmc-ocean.org/mdio/drain.php3 fTdi.chiinr.)4]. Accessed February 13,2001. East Dakota Water Development District. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling. s.coryVbswitto2.htm 1. Accessed February 13,2001. Hunter, A. 1995. Storm Drain Stenciling: The Street-River Connection. [tpvw.epa.govIvolunteer/fa1195/urbwat1O.htm). Last updated December 8, 1998. Accessed February 13,2001. The Rivers Project, Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville. 1998. Gateway Area Storm Sewer Stenciling Project. [http://www.siue.edufOSME/river/stencil.html Last updated November 9, 1998. Accessed February 14, 2001. Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. No dale. Storm Drain Stenciling: Preventing Water Pollution. !to://www.tnrcc.state.tx.us/exey/opor/cc200(Wstorm drain.html Accessed February 13, 2001. Purchase Stencils: Clean Ocean Action. 2000. Storm Drain Stenciling. (,hjtpi/www.cleanoceanaction.orglStencilinqlStormDrains.html ItNil d lii, Last updated June 23, 2000. Accessed February 13, 2001. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. 1997. Earthwater Stencils, Ltd. Ihtftx//www.earthwater-stencils.com XITdb tr),IJ. Last updated 1997. Accessed February 14, 2001. Communities With Storm Drain Stenciling Web Sites: City of Berkley, California, Department of Public Works. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling. [fittpi/www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/PW/Stormlstencil.html lLThd6cIhnrr511. Accessed February 13, 2001. City of Honolulu, Hawaii. No date. Volunteer Activities. [ix//www.cleanwaterhonolUlu.comldrain.html Tchi..v).JJ Accessed February 14, 2001. City of Portland, Oregon, Environmental Services. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling. fhttpi/www.enviro.ci.portland.or.us/sds.htm ILIT d,tt.i.wr>j] Accessed February 14, 2001. Clemson Extension Office. No date. Storm Drain Stenciling South Carolina "Paint The Drain' Campaign. (htlpi/virhiaLctemson.edu/grours/watergualitv/STENCIL.HTM IPS11r1ah1wr)l]. Accessed February 14, 2001. Friends of the Mississippi River. 2000. Storm Dram Stenciling Program. Tdiriuiwr).] Last updated 2000. Accessed February 14, 2001. http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/stormwaierlmenuofbmps/invol_6.cfm . 2/21/2003 o lifter, No waste. Goes To 41ccau %%3Lk itj, TM 1 Pu Peseclios Aqun, Va flLrccto AU 1cea11140 Lasohicióu a In cuiifawlnacióui del drcirnje phivial eres hi. Eagle 9455 Ridgehaven Ct,, Suite 106 Earthwater Stencils, LTD San biego, CA 92123 Rochester, WA 98579 1-858-541-1888 1-360-956-3774 1-888-624-1888 FAX 360-956-7133 Storm Water Education th4 ádMJiUA4 Did You Know. The primary purpose of storm drains is to carry rain water away from developed areas to prevent flooding. Storm drains are net connected to sanitary sewer systems and treatment plants. Untreated storm water and the pollutants it carries flow directly to creeks, lagoons and the ocean. Storm water pollution comes from a variety of sources including: Oil, fuel and fluids from vehicles and heavy ' equipment Lawn clippings, pesticide and fertilizer runoff from landscaping Sediment and concrete from L construction and landscaping activities Bacteria from human and animal waste Litter The City of Carlsbad is committed to improving water quality and reducing the amount of pollutants that enter our precious waterways. Why do we need a clean environment? Having a clean environment is of primary importance for our health and economy. Clean waterways provide commercial opportunities, recreation, fish habitat and add beauty to our landscape. All of us benefit from clean water and all of us have a role in making arid keeping our reeks, lagoons and ocean clean. EVERYONE is responsible for protecting storm water! Storm Water pollution prevention is a shared duty between the City of Carlsbad and the Community. Storm drains on public property are monitored and cleaned by the City. Everyone has a part to play in keeping our storm drains free of pollutants. Methods used to prevent storm water pollution are called Best Management Practices (BMPs). Help keep our creeks, lagoons and ocean clean! &ow are some F3MPs you can use at home. Sweep or Rake Sweep up debris and put it in a trash can. Do not use a hose to wash off sidewalks, parking areas and garages. Rake up yard waste and start a compost pile.(11 Reduce Use of Landscape Chemicals Minimize the use of lawn and garden care products such as pesticides, insecticides, weed killers, fertilizers, herbicides and other chemicals. Avoid over-irrigation which washes chemicals into the gutter and storm drains. Use Soap Sparingly When washing your car at home, use soap sparingly, divert washwater to landscaped areas and pour your bucket of soapy water down the sink. Never wash your car in the street. Clean up After Your Pets Take a bag when you walk your pets and be sure to always clean up after them. Flush pet waste down the toilet or dispose of it in a sealed plastic bag and throw it in the trash. Buy Non-Toxic Products When possible, use non-toxic products for household cleaning. If you must use a toxic cleaning product, buy small quantities, use it sparingly and properly dispose of unused portions. For the Household Hazardous Waste collection facility nearest you, call 1-800-CLEANUP. Educating the public about ways to prevent storm water pollution Are all discharges to the storm drain illegal? In the strictest definition, only rain water can legally enter the storm drain. However, the permit currently allows some types of discharges into storm drains when BMPs are used to reduce pollutants. Some examples include: Landscape irrigation and lawn watering runoff Dechlorinated pool water Residential car washing Potable water sources Foundation drains Waterline flushing What is the Storm Water Program? The City is regulated by a municipal storm water permit that was issued by the State Water Resources Control Board. The City's Storm Water Program helps to ensure compliance with the permit by: How do I report a storm water violation? The Storm Water Program operates a hotline and an e-mail address to receive referrals about storm water pollution and illegal discharges and to answer questions about storm water pollution prevention. If you see someone dumping or washing waste or pollutants to the street or storm drain, please call the hotline at 602- Inspecting Carlsbad 27' or send an email to stcn;at' d.cr!sbad.ca.us. businesses and requiring This information is entered into the City's Request for Action BMPs to prevent pollution system and is routed to the appropriate person for response. Investigating and eliminating illegal discharges to the storm water system Overseeing and conducting water quality monitoring programs Where can I get more information? Visit the City's website at v'ww.ci,: khad.ca,us/ se, v 'Stat rthtml to view brochures, documents or link to other water quality websites. Call the hotline at 50 . to have information sent to you. To view a copy of the Permit, please go to VY cl storr,c 'atet.htmi. What is the City doing to keep our 'Jterways clean? Significant efforts are being made by City departments to help keep our waterways clean. A few program activities are listed below: Educating the public and City employees about storm water pollution prevention through our website, brochures, publications, workshops and public events Inspecting construction sites to ensure that developers are implementing Best Management Practices Implementing Best Management Practices at City facilities Conducting industrial and commercial inspections to ensure businesses are aware of and complying with the storm water program requirements Addressing storm water requirements for new development and significant redevelopment Conducting water quality monitoring in the storm drain system and in our creeks, lagoons and ocean Investigating reports of illegal discharges Implementing a Watershed Urban Runoff Management Plan (WURMP) with the County and other North County cities to protect all of our waterways Pet waste photo is used courtesy of the Water Quality Consortium, a cooperative venture between the Washington State Department of Ecology, King County and the cities of Bellevue, Seattle and Tacoma S 0, Protec °" Storm Water HOTline: 760-602-2799 stormwatorci crIshadca us City of Carlsbad 16335 Faraday A ue' Mb www. c . carlsbad . ca . us Printed on recycled paper Did you know that storm drains are NOT connected to sanitary sewer systems and treatment plants? The primary purpose of storm drains is to carry rainwater away from developed areas to prevent flooding. Untreated storm water and the pollutants it carries, flow directly into creeks, lagoons and the ocean. In recent years, sources of water pollution like industrial waters from factories have been greatly reduced. However now, the majority of water pollution occurs from things like cars leaking oil, fertilizers from farms and gardens, failing septic tanks, pet waste and residential car washing into the storm drains and into the ocean and waterways. All these sources add up to a pollution problem! But each of us can do small things to help clean up our water and that adds up to a pollution solution! 6 Only Rain in the Storm Drain! City of Carlsbad Storm Water Protection Program Pet waste is a health risk to pets and people, especially children. It's a nuisance in our neighborhoods. Pet waste is full of bacteria that can make people sick. This bacteria gets washed into the storm drain and ends up in our creeks, lagoons and ocean. The bacteria ends up in shellfish living in these water bodies. People who eat those shellfish may get very sick. Preliminary studies show that dog and cat waste can contribute up to 25% of the harmful bacteria found in our local lagoons. Be responsible and clean up after your pets. It's as easy as 1-2-3 Bring abag. C, Clean it up. (. Dispose of waste . properly in toilet or 46 trash. Having a clean environmen is of primary importance for our health and economy. Clean waterways provide commercial opportunities, recreation, fish habitat and add beauty to our landscape. YOU can help keep our creeks, lagoons and ocean clean by applying the following tips: Carry a plastic bag wher walking pets and be sure to pick up after them. Clean up pet waste in your yard frequently. Pick up after your pets before cleaning patios, driveways and other hard surfaced areas. Never hose pet waste into the street or gutter. r.. The best way to dispose of pet waste is to flush it down the toilet because it gets treated by a sewage treatment plant. Other disposal methods for pet waste include sealing it in a bag and placing in trash or burying small quantities in your yard to decompose. Be sure to keep it away from vegetable gardens. Did you know that storm drains are NOT connected to sanitary sewer systems and treatment plants? The primary purpose of storm drains is to carry rainwater away from developed areas to prevent flooding. Untreated storm water and the pollutants it carries, flow directly into creeks, lagoons and the ocean. In recent years, sources of water pollution like industrial waters from factories have been greatly reduced. However now, the majority of water pollution occurs from things like cars leaking oil, fertilizers from farms, lawns and gardens, failing septic tanks, pet waste and residential car washing into the storm drains and into the ocean and waterways. All these sources add up to a pollution problem! But each of us can do small things to help clean up our water and that adds up to a pollution solution! 000"M~ AMR Motor oil photo is used courtesy of the Water Quality Consortium, a cooperative venture between the Washington State Department of Ecology, King County and the cities of Bellevue, Seattle and Tacoma. Only Rain in the Storm Drain! City of Carlsbad Storm Water Protection Program City of CarIsb 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad CA 92008 Storm Water HOTline: 760-602-2799 Ô Funded by a grant from the California Integrated Waste Management Board Motor Oil Only Rain in the Storm Drain! Storm Water HOTline: 760-602-2799 f jPrinted on recycled paper Oil does not dissolve in water. It lasts a long time and sticks to everything from beach sand to bird feathers. Oil and other petroleum products are toxic to people, wildlife and plants. One pint of oil can make a slick larger than a football field. Oil that leaks from our cars onto roads and driveways is washed into storm drains, and then usually flows directly to a creek or lagoon and finally to the ocean. Used motor oil is the largest single source of oil pollution in our ocean, creeks and lagoons. Americans spill 180 million gallons of used oil each year into our waters. This is 16 times the amount spilled by the Exxon Valdez in Alaska, Having a clean environment is of primary importance for our health and economy. Clean waterways provide commercial opportunities, recreation, fish habitat and add beauty to our landscape. YOU can help keep our ocean, creeks and lagoons clean by applying the following tips: Stop drips. Check for oL leaks regularly and fix them promptly. Keep your car tuned to reduce oil use. Use ground cloths or drip pans beneath your vehicle if you have leaks or are doing engine work. Clean up spills immediately. Collect all used oil in containers with tight fitting lids. Do not mix different engine fluids. When you change your oil, dispose of it properly. Never dispose of oil or other engine fluids down the storm drain, on the ground or into a ditch. Recycle used motor oil. There are several locations in Carlsbad ' accept used motor oil. For hours an: locations, call 760-434-2980. Buy recycled ('refined") motor oil to use in your car. - . - - :4 .Y. ' Storm Water HOTline: 760-602-2799 stormwater@ci.carlsbad.ca.us Did you know that storm drains are NOT connected to sanitary sewer systems and treatment plants? The primary purpose of storm drains is to carry rainwater away from developed areas to prevent flooding. Untreated storm water and the pollutants it carries, flow directly into creeks, lagoons and the ocean. In recent years, sources of water pollution like industrial waters from factories have been greatly reduced. However now, the majority of water pollution Occurs from things like cars leaking oil, fertilizers from farms and gardens, failing septic tanks, pet waste and residential car washing into the storm drains and into the ocean and waterways. All these sources add up to a pollution problem! But each of us can do small things to help clean up our water and that adds up to a pollution solution! What's the problem with fertilizers and pesticides? Fertilizer isn't a problem—IF it's used carefully. If you use too much fertilizer or apply it at the wrong time, it can easily wash off your lawn or garden into storm drains and then flow untreated into lakes or streams. Just like in your garden, fertilizer in lagoons and streams makes plants grow. In water bodies, extra fertilizer can mean extra algae and aquatic plant growth. Too much algae harms water quality and makes boating, fishing and swimming unpleasant. As algae decay, they use up oxygen in the water that fish and other wildlife need Fertilizer photo is used courtesy of the Water Quality Consortium, a cooperative venture between the Washington State Department of Ecology. King County and the cities of Bellevue, Seattle and Tacoma. City of Carlsbad 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad CA 92008 www.ci.carlsbad.ca.us Storm Water HOTline: 760-602-2799 ' Printed on recycled paper Use pesticides only when absolutely necessary. Use the least toxic product intended to target a specific pest, such as insecticidal soaps, boric acid, etc. Always read the label and use only as directed. Use predatory insects to control harmful pests when possible. Properly dispose of unwanted pesticides and fertilizers at Household Hazardous Waste r'r,Irfir,r f'iIitc Gardeners can provide good information about dealing with specific pests and plants. You may call the Master Gardener Hotline at 858-694-2860 or check out their website at www.mastergardenerssandieqo.org. The hotline is staffed Monday—Friday, 9 am-3 pm, by experienced gardeners who are available to answer specific questions. Information from Master Gardeners is free to the public. For more information on landscape irrigation, please call 760-438-2722. Master Gardeners San Diego County has a Master Gardener program through the University of California Cooperative Extension. Master Having a clean environment is of primary importance for our health and economy. Clean waterways provide commercial opportunities, recreation, fish habitat and add beauty to our landscape. YOU can help keep our creeks, lagoons and ocean clean by applying the following tips: Don't blow or rake leaves and other yard waste into the street or gutter. Recycle yard waste or start your own compost pile. Don't over irrigate. Use drip irrigation, soaker hoses or micro- spray system and water early in the morning. If you have a spray head sprinkler system, consider adjusting your watering method to a cycle and soak. Instead of watering for 15 minutes straight, break up the p . session into 5 minute intervals allowing water to soak in before the next application. - .• i;;T• . -•.- -*p ,t .1 . 4. Keep irrigation systems well- maintained and water only when needed to save money and prevent over-watering. Use fertilizers and pesticides sparingly. Have your soil tested to determine the nutrients needed to maintain a healthy lawn. Consider using organic fertilizers— they release nutrients more slowly. Leave mulched grass clippings on the lawn to act as a natural fertilizer 40, * La fotografia al frente as cortesia del Consorcio de Calidad de Agua, en cooperación con el Departamento Ecológico del Estado de Washington, el Condado de King, y las ciudades de Bellevue, Seattle y Tacoma. ,SabIa usted que los desagües de Iluvia ó alcantarillas no están conectadas al sistema de drenaje sanitario ó a las plantas de tratamiento de aguas negras? La funciOn principal del desagQe ó las alcantarillas es remover el agua de lluvia y asi evitar inundaciones. El agua que entra en los desagues va directamente a los arroyos, lagos y el océano junto con la contaminaciôn depositada en las alcantarillas y las calles. En estos dIas la contaminación del agua causada directamente por fàbricas é industries se ha reducido sign ificantemente. Ahora la mayoria de la contaminacián del agua origina de carros que tiran aceite, el sobre uso de fertilizantes para plantas, tanques sépticos dñCdoS, sucieded de animeles y avado de carros en zonas residenciales, Todos estos contaminantes se acumulan en los desagLes ô alcantarillados y son acarreados directamente al océano cuando llueve. En suma todos contribuimos a un gran problema de contaminación. iPero cada uno de nosotros puede hacer algo para limpiar el agua y participar en la solución a la contaminaciónl ,Cuál es el problema creado por el uso de fertilizantes y pesticidas? El fertilizante no es un problema SI se use con cuidado. Usar un exceso de fertilizante ó en la temporada incorrecta resulta en el que el fertilizante se deslave con la lluvia y so vaya por el desagUe O alcantarillas a nuestros arroyos, lagos y el océano, Los fertilizantes en nuestros lagos y arroyos hacen que las plantas crezcan, tal como en el jardin. Pero en el océano el fertilizante causa que las algas y plantas acudticas sobrecrezcan. Y el exceso de algas marinas pueden ser dañinas a la calidad del agua y causer quo la pesca, natación y navegación sean desagradables. Al echarse a perder las algas consumen el oxigeno del agua quo los peces y otros animales nocesitan para sobrevivir. Cuidado del 0 01 JardIn y Césped Solo Lluvia en el Alcantarilladol Ciudad de Carlsbad Programa. de Protect - ló" Sistema de Alcantarillado (Drenaje Pluvial).. Linea de Asistencia: 760-602-2799 the St Cn eta PrOteC Linea de Asistencia: 760-602-2799 stormwater@ci.carlsbad.ca.us MCA Ciudad do Carlsbad 1635 Faraday Avenue Carlsbad CA 92008 www.ci.carlsbad.ca.us Los pesticidas y fertilizantes " V vencidos deben desecharse legalmente llevándolos a los centros de colección de substancias tOxicas - localizados en varies ciudades del condado de San Diego Llame al 760-602-2799 para obtener V más informacibn. . Mantener el medio ambente limpic es muy importante para nuestra salud y la economia. Conservar el agua limpia proporciona oportunidades para usos comerciales, recreativos, habitat para peces y ayes, y agrega belleza a nuestro paisaje. Todos podemos ayudar a mantener los arroyos, las lagunas, y el océano limpios sencillamente siguiendo estos consejos: Al barrer o usar mãquinas sopladoras no permita que las hojas de árbol y el césped recién cortado entren en las alcantarillas o el desague. Es preferible, convertir estos desperdicios del jardin en abono Usar sistemas de irrigación de goteo y otras técnicas de conservación del agua son altamente recomendables. Es preferible regar por la mañana. Los sistemas de riego automãtico son más eficientes si se programan con ciclos de cinco minutos y más frecuentemente para que el agua hurnedezca bien la tierra. Mantener los sistemas de rrigación limpios y en buenas condiciones es importante para reducir el desperdicio del agua. Regar solamente cuando sea necesario reduce el uso del agua y ahorra dinero. V : c.y sistemas de riego liame al 760-438-2722. Los pesticidas y fertilizantes deben usarse solamente cuando sea absolutamente necesario. Para mantener un pasto saludable se recomienda hacer un análisis de a tierra pare determinar cuales fertilizantes aplicar y en que temporada. Es recomendable usar fertilizantes orgánicos en vez de productos quimicos. En ocasiones se puede dejar el sácate reclén cortado sobre el pasto ya que actUa como un fertifzante natural. El uso de pesticidas debe ocurrir solo como Ultimo recurso. Es preferible usar productos que sean bajos en tOxicos, por ejemplo jabones insecticidas, ácido bOrico, etc. Seguir las instrucciones en la etiqueta y usar el producto correctamente evita contaminar el agua de riego y Iluvia. Cuando sea posible es preferible usar insectos predadores para controlar plagas. Master Gardeners El condado de San Diego y la Universidad de California ExtensiOn Cooperativa, han creado el programa de Master Gardener. Los expertos de este programa están disponibles pare proporcionar informaciOn sobre plantas y plagas. Usted puede lamar a la linea de Master Gardeners al 858-694-2860 de lunes a viernes entre Yam y 3pm para obtener respuestas a sus preguntas. La página Internet masterqardenerssandieqo,orq es otro recurso con informaciOn sobre estos temas. Esta informaciOn es totalmente gratis al pOblico Integrated Pest Management Principles Termite Ant Antenna elbowed Thin waist ' Antenna not elbowed Broad waist Wings (if present) have few veins. Hind wings are smaller than front wings. Wings (if present) have many small veins. Front and hind wings are same size. Figure 2. Distinguishing features of ants and termites. OTES Publication 7411 ANTS Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home Ants are among the most prevalent pests in households. They are also found in restaurants, hospitals, offices, warehouses, and other buildings where they can find food and water. Once ants have established a colony inside or near a building, they may be difficult to control. On outdoor (and sometimes indoor) plants, ants protect and care for honeydew-producing insects such as aphids, soft scales, whiteflies, and mealybugs, increasing damage from these pests. Ants also perform many useful functions in the environment, such as feeding on other pests (e.g., fleas, caterpillars, termites), dead insects, and decomposing tissue from dead animals. There are over 12,000 species of ants throughout the world. In California, there are about 200 species but fewer than a dozen are important pests. The most common ant occurring in and around the house and garden in Cali- fornia is the Argentine ant, Linepitherna hun,ile (formerly Iridomyrmex hunzilis) (Fig. 1). Other common ant pests in- clude the pharaoh ant (Monomorium pharaonis), the odorous house ant (Tapinoma sessile), the thief ant (Solenopsis ,nolesla), and the southern fire ant (Solenopsis xyloni). Less com- mon, but of great importance, is the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis inuicta, which has recently gained a foothold in southern California. In some areas, the spread of the fire ant has been slowed by competition from the Ar- gentine ant. IDENTIFICATION Ants belong to the insect order Hy- menoptera and are close relatives of bees and wasps. They are familiar in- sects that are easily recognized, espe- cially in their common wingless adult EST forms, known as workers. However, winged forms of ants, which leave the nest in large numbers in warm weather to mate and establish new colonies, are often mistaken for winged termites, which also leave their nests to mate. Ants and termites can be distinguished by three main characteristics illustrated in Figure 2. The ant's abdomen is constricted where it joins the thorax, giving it the appearance of having a thin waist; the termite's abdomen is broad where it joins the thorax. The ant's hind wings are smaller than its front wings; the termite's front and hind wings are about the same size. (Shortly after their flights, both ants and termites remove their wings, so wings may not always be present.) Winged female ants and worker ants have elbowed antennae; the termite's antennae are never elbowed. Ants undergo complete metamorpho- sis, passing through egg, larval, pupal, J INN (actual size) Figure 1. Argentine ant. and adult stages. Larvae are immobile and wormlike and do not resemble adults. Ants, like many other hy- menopterans, are social insects with duties divided among different types, or castes, of adult individuals. Queens conduct the reproductive functions of a colony and are larger than other ants; they lay eggs and sometimes partici- pate in the feeding and grooming of larvae. Female workers, who are ster- ile, gather food, feed and care for the larvae, build tunnels, and defend the colony; these workers make up the bulk of the colony. Males do not par- ticipate in colony activities; their only apparent purpose is to mate with the queens. Few in number, males are fed and cared for by workers. University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised November 2000 November 2000 Ants Adult workers of the Argentine and odorous house ant are about /8 inch long and range from light to dark brown in color; those of the pharaoh and thief ant are smaller, measuring about /25 inch long. The workers of the southern fire ant vary in size and have a red head and thorax with a black abdomen. Carpenter ants, Cam ponot us spp., also invade buildings in Califor- nia. Although they do not eat wood as termites do, they hollow it Out to nest and may cause considerable damage. These ants vary greatly in size from 1/4 to 3/4 inch long (for more information on carpenter ants, see Pest Notes: Car- penter Ants, listed in "Suggested Read- ing"). For color photographs and additional information on identifying the different ant species, see A Key to the Most Common and/or Economically Important Ants of Cal fornia, listed in "Suggested Reading." DAMAGE Inside a building, household ants feed on sugars, syrups, honey, fruit juice, fats, and meat. Long trails of thousands of ants may lead from nests to food sources, causing considerable concern among building occupants. Outdoors Figure 3. Life cycle of the Argentine ant. they are attracted to sweet, sticky se- cretions, or honeydew, produced by soft scales and aphids. Frequently out- breaks of scales and aphids occur when ants tend them to obtain their sweet secretions because the ants protect scales and aphids from their natural enemies. Ants can bite with their pin- cerlike jaws, although most species rarely do. A few ants sting; the south- ern fire ant, which is primarily an Out- door species, is the most common and aggressive stinging ant in California. Another very aggressive stinging ant, the red imported fire ant (S. inz'icta), has recently been found in various southern California counties. Contact your county Cooperative Extension office for information on this new pest. LIFE CYCLE AND HABITS Ants usually nest in soil; nests are of- ten found next to buildings, along side- walks, or in close proximity to food sources such as trees or plants that harbor honeydew-producing insects. They also construct nests under boards, stones, tree stumps or plants, and sometimes under buildings or other protected places. Pharaoh ants like warmth and make nests inside buildings, often in wall voids, under flooring, or near hot water pipes or heating systems. Ant food includes fruits, seeds, nuts, fatty substances, dead or live insects, dead animals, and sweets. Food preferences vary some- what between ant species. Ants enter buildings seeking food and water, warmth and shelter, or a refuge from dry, hot weather or flooded con- ditions. They may appear suddenly in buildings if other food sources become unavailable or weather conditions change. A new colony is typically established by a single newly mated queen. After weeks or months of confinement un- derground, she lays her first eggs (Fig. 3). After the eggs hatch, she feeds the white, legless larvae with her own metabolized wing muscles and fat bod- ies until they pupate. Several weeks later, the pupae transform into sterile female adult workers, and the first workers dig their way out of the nest to collect food for themselves, for the queen (who continues to lay eggs), and for subsequent broods of larvae. As numbers increase, new chambers and galleries are added to the nest. After a few years, the colony begins to pro- duce winged male and female ants, which leave the nest to mate and form new colonies. Argentine ants differ from most other ant species in California in that they have multiple queens within a nest, they move their nests if disturbed, and in the winter several colonies will nest together. Moreover, when newly mated queens disperse to found new colonies, instead of doing it by them- selves they are accompanied by workers. MANAGEMENT Ant management requires diligent efforts and the combined use of me- chanical, cultural, sanitation, and often chemical methods of control. It is unre- alistic and impractical to attempt to totally eliminate ants from an outdoor area. Focus your management efforts on excluding ants from buildings or valuable plants and eliminating their food and water sources. Remember .2. November 2000 Ants that ants play a beneficial role in the garden in some cases. Become aware of the seasonal cycle of ants in your area and be prepared for annual invasions by caulking and baiting before the influx. Exclusion and Sanitation To keep ants Out of buildings, caulk cracks and crevices around founda- tions that provide entry from outside. Ants prefer to make trails along struc- tural elements, such as wires and pipes, and frequently use them to enter and travel within a structure to their destination. Indoors, eliminate cracks and crevices wherever possible, espe- cially in kitchens and other food prepa- ration and storage areas. Store attractive food items such as sugar, syrup, honey, and other sweets in closed containers that have been washed to remove residues from outer surfaces. Rinse out empty soft drink containers or remove them from the building. Thoroughly clean up grease and spills. Do not store garbage in- doors. Look for indoor nesting sites, such as potted plants. If ants are found, remove the containers from the build- ing, then submerge the pots for 20 minutes in standing water that con- tains a few drops of liquid soap. Ant nests may be associated with plants that support large populations of honeydew-producing insects. Avoid planting such trees and shrubs next to buildings. Baits One way to control ants in and around structures is to use toxic baits. Baits are formulated as solids or liquids and applied in stations or in the case of granules by broadcasting them. Ants are attracted to the bait and carry small portions of it back to the nest where it is given to other workers, larvae, and reproductive forms. To achieve wide distribution of the bait so the entire colony will be killed, the bait toxicant must be slow-acting. Some examples of toxicants used in ant baits are hydramethylnon, boric acid, and fipronil. Hydramethylnon is photode- gradable, so if it is broadcasted in granular form it should be applied in the evening. Boric acid is most effective at concentrations of 1% or lower. Fipronil is a new class of toxicant that is effective against ants at ultra-low doses. Ants will not eat bait if more desirable food is nearby, so be sure to remove any particles of food or other attractive material from cracks around sinks, pantries, and other ant-infested areas of the home. Place bait stations in places where the ants can easily find them, but avoid placing them in areas that are accessible to small children and pets. Place baits where there are ant trails or along edges where ants travel. In addition to placing ant bait stations indoors, space them every 10 to 20 feet outside around the founda- tion and at nest openings if they can be found. Control with baits is not imme- diate and may take several weeks or more to be complete. Effectiveness of baits will vary with ant species, bait material, and availability of alternative food. In the case of Argentine ants, sweet baits (e.g., Grant's Ant Stakes, Dr. Moss's Liquid Bait System) are attractive year-round. Protein baits (e.g., Combat ant baits) are more at- tractive in spring when the colony is producing brood. Offering a small quantity of each kind of bait and ob- serving which is preferred by the ants is a good way to determine what to use. Indoor Sprays An insecticide labeled for ant control can provide immediate knockdown of foraging ants if necessary while sanita- tion and exclusion measures are being taken. However, if ants can be thor- oughly washed away and excluded from an area, an insecticide is probably not necessary. Sponging or mopping with soapy water, as an alternative to insecticides, may be as effective in tem- porarily removing foraging ants in a building because it removes the ant's scent trail. Outdoor Treatments To prevent ants from entering build- ings, small spot applications can be made at entrance points into the build- ings. Pyrethroids (such as bifenthrin and cyfluthrin) are effective for this kind of application. Botanical pyre- thrins will kill ants that they contact directly, but do not provide any re- sidual control. Preliminary research on mint-oil products as repellents indi- cates that they are not effective. A common method used to prevent ants from coming indoors is to apply a perimeter treatment of residual sprays around the foundation. Perimeter treat- ments pose more risk of environmental upset than baits in bait stations, don't provide long-term control, and should be used cautiously. Commonly used insecticides include the pvrethroids bifenthrin and lambda-q'halothrin. Bifenthrin is available in retail prod- ucts, but lambda-cyhalothrin may only be applied by a licensed pest control professional. Products available to professionals provide a longer residual control than home-use products. Avoid the use of chlorpyrifos and diazinon; landscape and residential use of these materials in urban areas has been iden- tified as a source of pollution for California's creeks and rivers. Apply all pesticides in a manner that prevents runoff into storm drains. Perimeter treatments by themselves are unlikely to provide long-term control because they kill only foraging work- ers. For this reason, some companies offer monthly perimeter spray pro- grams. However, for long-term control and environmental safety, rely on ex- clusion, baits, and other methods that control the colony rather than monthly perimeter treatments. If colonies need to be controlled out- doors, focus treatment on queens and larvae inside nests; killing foraging workers does little to control the colony because as few as 1% of the workers are able to provide sufficient food for nestbound queens and larvae. Toxic baits provide the easiest way to kill a colony (see "Baits"). Control on Trees and Shrubs When numerous ants are found on plants, they are probably attracted to the sweet honeydew deposited on the plants by certain sucking insects. These ants can be kept Out of trees by band- .3. November 2000 Ants ing tree trunks with sticky substances such as Tanglefoot. Trim branches to keep them from touching structures or plants so that ants are forced to climb up the trunk to reach the foliage. Pro- tect young or sensitive trees from pos- sible injury by wrapping the trunk with a collar of heavy paper, duct tape, or fabric tree wrap and coating this with the sticky material. Check the sticky material every 1 or 2 weeks and stir it with a stick to prevent the mate- rial from getting clogged with debris and dead ants that allows ants to cross. Enclosed pesticide baits such as ant stakes may be placed near nests or on ant trails beneath plants. For the most effective and economical control, treat in late spring and early summer when ant populations are low. COMPILED FROM: Marer, P. 1991. Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Pubi. 3334. Moore, W. S., and C. S. Koehler. 1980. Ants and Their Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2526 (out of print). SUGGESTED READING Haney, P., P. Phillips, and R. Wagner 1993. A Key to the Most Common and/or Economically Important Ants ofCalifor- nia. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 21433. Mallis, A. 1982. Handbook of Pest Con- trol. 6th ed. Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co. UC Statewide IPM Project. Oct. 2000. Pest Notes: Carpenter Ants. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 7416. Also available online at http:ll www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. CONTRIBUTOR: J. Klotz EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1, 3: V. Winemi!ter; Fig. 2: Adapted from UC DANR Leaflet 2532, Termites and Other Wood-Infesting Insects. PRODUCED BY 1PM Education and Publi- cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer- sity of California, Davis. CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.lpm.ucdavls.edu) n 'A'LL UC+IPM To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named prod- ucts is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrat- ed Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals In the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicalsto the properly being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active dutyduring a war or in a campaign orexpedition forwhich a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable Slate and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the AttirmativeAclionlStaff Personnel Services Director, Universityof California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1111 Franklin, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200; (510) 987.0096. .4. ApHiDs Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects with long, slender mouth parts that they use to pierce stems, leaves, and other tender plant parts and suck out plant fluids. Almost every plant has one or more aphid species that occa- sionally feeds on it. Many aphid spe- cies are difficult to distinguish; however, identification to species is not necessary to control them in most situations. IDENTIFICATION Aphids may be green, yellow, brown, red, or black depending on the species and the plants they feed on. A few species appear waxy or woolly due to the secretion of a waxy white or gray substance over their body surface. All are small, pear-shaped insects with long legs and antennae (Fig. 1). Most species have a pair of tubelike struc- tures called cornicles projecting back- wards out of the hind end of their bodies. The presence of cornicles distinguishes aphids from all other insects. Generally adult aphids are wingless, but most species also occur in winged forms, especially when populations are high or during spring and fall. The ability to produce winged individuals provides the pest with a way to dis- perse to other plants when the quality of the food source deteriorates. Although they may be found singly, aphids often feed in dense groups on leaves or stems. Unlike leafhoppers, plant bugs, and certain other insects that might be confused with them, most aphids do not move rapidly when disturbed. mild climate reproduce asexually throughout most or all of the year with adult females giving birth to live off- spring (often as many as 12 per day) without mating. Young aphids are called nymphs. They molt, shedding their skins about four times before be- coming adults. There is no pupal stage. Some species mate and produce eggs in fall or winter, which provides them a more hardy stage to survive harsh weather. In some cases, these eggs are laid on an alternative host, usually a perennial plant, for winter survival. When the weather is warm, many spe- cies of aphids can develop from new- born nymph to reproducing adult in 7 to 8 days. Because each adult aphid can produce up to 80 offspring in a matter of a week, aphid populations can in- crease with great speed. DAMAGE Low to moderate numbers of leaf- feeding aphids are usually not damag- 0nic1e Figure]. A wingless aphid. ing in gardens or on trees. However, large populations cause curling, yellow- ing, and distortion of leaves and stunting of shoots; they can also produce large quantities of a sticky exudate known as honeydew, which often turns black with the growth of a sooty mold fungus. Some aphid species inject a toxin into plants, which further distorts growth. A few species cause gall formations. T (me and fourth instar ;:t IrAl third . ( reproductive J 4 instar ',(female) t Summer Cycle .ii. Winter Cycle (many generations) . V (one generation) e .44 - 99 rv` cond ( /nstar live birth - summer -, .- - - migrant - first fundatrix instar LIFE CYCLE Figure 2. General life cycle of aphids. Asexual reproduction occurs during most of Aphids have many generations a year the year (summer cycle). Some aphid species produce a generation of sexual mdi- (Fig. 2). Most aphids in California's viduals that produce overwintering eggs as shown in the winter cycle. EST OTES Publication 7404 University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2000 Figure 3. Life cycle of an aphid parasite. A: An adult parasite lays an egg inside a live aphid. B: The egg hatches into a parasite larva that grows as it feeds on the aphid's insides. C: After killing the aphid, the parasite pupates. D: An adult wasp emerges from the dead aphid, then flies off to find and parasitize other aphids. May 2000 Aphids Aphids may transmit viruses from plant to plant on certain vegetable and ornamental plants. Squashes, cu- cumbers, pumpkins, melons, beans, potatoes, lettuces, beets, chards, and bok choy are crops that often have aphid-transmitted viruses associated with them. The viruses cause mottling, yellowing, or curling of leaves and stunting of plant growth. Although losses can be great, they are difficult to prevent through the control of aphids because infection occurs even when aphid numbers are very low: it only takes a few minutes for the aphid to transmit the virus while it takes a much longer time to kill the aphid with an insecticide. A few aphid species attack parts of plants other than leaves and shoots. The lettuce root aphid is a soil dweller that attacks lettuce roots during most of its cycle, causing lettuce plants to wilt and occasionally die if populations are high. The lettuce root aphid over- winters as eggs on poplar trees, where it produces leaf galls in spring and summer. The woolly apple aphid in- fests woody parts of apple roots and limbs, often near pruning wounds, and can cause overall tree decline if roots are infested for several years. MANAGEMENT Although aphids seldom kill a mature plant, the damage and unsightly hon- eydew they generate sometimes war- rant control. Consider the nonchemical controls discussed below; most insecti- cides, if used, will destroy beneficial insects along with the pest. On mature trees, such as in citrus orchards, aphids and the honeydew they produce can Provide a valuable food source for beneficial insects. Monitoring Check your plants regularly for aphids—at least twice weekly when plants are growing rapidly. Many spe- cies of aphids cause the greatest dam- age when temperatures are warm but not hot (65° to 80°F). Catch infestations early. Once aphid numbers are high and they have begun to distort and curl leaves, it is often hard to control them because the curled leaves shelter aphids from insecticides or natural enemies. Aphids tend to be most prevalent along the upwind edge of the garden and close to other sources of aphids, so make a special effort to check these areas. Many aphid species prefer the undersides of leaves, so turn them over to check them. On trees, clip off leaves from several areas of the tree to check for aphids. Also check for evidence of natural enemies such as lady beetles, lacewings, syrphid fly larvae, and the mummified skins of parasitized aphids. Look for disease-killed aphids as well: they may appear off-color, bloated, or flattened. Substantial numbers of any of these natural control factors can mean that the aphid population may be re- duced rapidly without the need for treatment. Ants are often associated with aphid populations, especially on trees and shrubs, and often are a tip-off that an aphid infestation is present. If you see large numbers of ants climbing up your tree trunks, check for aphids (or other honeydew-producing insects) on limbs and leaves above. To protect their food source, ants ward off many predators and parasites of aphids. Management of ants is a key component of aphid management and is discussed under cultural controls. In landscape settings, aphids can be monitored by using water-sensitive paper to measure honeydew dripping from the tree. This type of monitoring is of particular interest where there is a low tolerance for dripping honeydew, such as in groups of trees along city streets or in parks and for tall trees where aphid colonies may be located too high to detect. See Dreistadt et al. (1994) in "Suggested Reading" for more details on honeydew monitoring. Biological Control Natural enemies can be very important in the control of aphids, especially in gardens not sprayed with broad- spectrum pesticides (organophos- phates, carbamates, and pyrethroids) that kill natural enemy species as well as pests. Usually natural enemy popu- lations do not appear in significant numbers until aphids begin to be numerous. Among the most important natural enemies are various species of parasitic wasps that lay their eggs inside aphids (Fig. 3). The skin of the parasitized .2. May 2000 Aphids aphid turns crusty and golden brown, a form called a mummy. The genera- tion time of most parasites is quite short when the weather is warm, so once you begin to see mummies on your plants, the aphid population is likely to be reduced substantially within a week or two. Many predators also feed on aphids. The most well known are lady beetle adults and larvae, lacewing larvae, and syrphid fly larvae. Naturally occurring predators work best, especially in a small backyard situation. Commer- cially available lady beetles may. give some temporary control when properly handled, although most of them will disperse away from your yard within a few days. Aphids are very susceptible to fungal diseases when it is humid. Whole cob- flies of aphids can be killed by these pathogens when conditions are right. Look for dead aphids that have turned reddish or brown; they have a fuzzy, shriveled texture unlike the shiny, bloated, tan-colored mummies that form when aphids are parasitized. Weather can also impact aphids. Populations of many species are re- duced by summer heat in the Central Valley and desert areas, and aphid activity is also limited during the cold- est part of the year. However, some aphids may be active year round, espe- cially in the milder, central coastal areas of California. Cultural Control Before planting vegetables, check sur- rounding areas for sources of aphids and remove them. Aphids often build up on weeds such as sowthistle and mustards, moving onto crop seedlings after they emerge. Check transplants for aphids and remove them before planting. Where aphid populations are localized on a few curled leaves or new shoots, the best control may be to prune these areas out and dispose of them. In large trees, some aphids thrive in the dense inner canopy; pruning these areas out can make the habitat less suitable. In some situations ants tend aphids and feed on the honeydew aphids ex- crete. At the same time, they protect the aphids from natural enemies. If you see ants crawling up aphid. infested trees or woody plants, put a band of sticky material (Tanglefoot, etc.) around the trunk to prevent ants from getting up. Teflon products, which are too slippery for ants to climb up, have also been used. (Note: Do not apply sticky material directly to the bark of young or thin-barked trees or to trees that have been severely pruned; the material may have phyto. toxic effects. Wrap the trunk with fab- ric tree wrap or duct tape and apply sticky material to the wrap.) Alterna- tively, ant stakes or baits may be used on the ground to control the ants with- out affecting the aphids or their natural enemies. Prune out other ant routes such as branches touching buildings, the ground, or other trees. High levels of nitrogen fertilizer favor aphid reproduction. Never use more nitrogen than necessary. Use less soluble forms of nitrogen and apply it in small portions throughout the sea- son rather than all at once. Or better yet, use a urea-based, time-release for- mulation (most organic fertilizers can be classified as time-release products as compared to synthetically manufac- tured fertilizers). Because many vegetables are primarily susceptible to serious aphid damage during the seedling stage, losses can be reduced by growing seedlings under protective covers in the garden, in a greenhouse, or inside and then trans- planting them when they are older and more tolerant of aphid feeding. Protec- tive covers will also prevent transmis- sion of aphid-borne viruses. Aluminum foil mulches have been successfully used to reduce transmis- sion of aphid-borne viruses in summer squashes, melons, and other suscep- tible vegetables. They repel invading aphid populations, reducing numbers on seedlings and small plants. Another benefit is that yields of vegetables grown on aluminum foil mulches are usually increased by the greater amount of solar energy reflecting on leaves. To put an aluminum mulch in your garden, remove all weeds and cover beds with aluminum-coated construc- tion paper, which is available in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum Company. Bury the edges of the paper with soil to hold them down. After the mulch is in place, cut or bum 3- to 4-inch diameter holes and plant several seeds or single transplants in each one. You may fur- row irrigate or sprinkle your beds; the mulch is sturdy enough to tolerate sprinkling. In addition to repelling aphids, leafhoppers, and some other insects, the mulch will enhance crop growth and control weeds. When sum- mertime temperatures get high, how- ever, remove mulches to prevent overheating plants. An alternative to aluminum-coated construction paper is to spray clear plastic mulch with silver paint. Reflective plastic mulches are also available in many garden stores. Another way to reduce aphid popula- tions on sturdy plants is to knock them off with a strong spray of water. Most dislodged aphids will not be able to return to the plant, and their honey- dew will be washed off as well. Using water sprays early in the day allows plants to dry off rapidly in the sun and be less susceptible to fungal diseases. Chemical Control Insecticidal soap, neem oil, and narrow-range oil (e.g., supreme or su- perior parafinic-type oil) provide tem- porary control if applied to thoroughly cover infested foliage. To get thorough coverage, spray these materials with a high volume of water and target the underside of leaves as well as the top. Soaps, neem oil, and narrow range oil only kill aphids present on the day they are sprayed, so applications may need to be repeated. Predators and parasites often become abundant only after aphids are numerous, so applying nonpersistent insecticides like soap or oil may provide more effective long- term control. Although these materials do kill natural enemies that are present on the plant and hit by the spray, be- cause they leave no toxic residue, they .3. May 2000 Aphids do not kill natural enemies that mi- grate in after the spray. These and other insecticides with only contact activity are generally ineffective in preventing damage from aphids such as the woolly apple aphid or the woolly ash aphid that are protected by galls or distorted foliage. Do not use soaps or oils on water-stressed plants or when the temperature exceeds 90°F. These materials may be phytotoxic to some plants, so check labels and test them out on a portion of the foliage several days before applying a full treatment. Supreme- or superior-type oils will kill overwintering eggs of aphids on fruit trees if applied as a delayed dormant application just as eggs are beginning to hatch in early spring. These treat- ments will not give complete control of aphids and are probably not justified for aphid control alone. Earlier applica- tions will not control aphids. Common aphid species controlled include the woolly apple aphid, green apple aphid, rosy apple aphid, mealy plum aphid, and black cherry aphid. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioners office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: M. L. Flint EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1 and 2: Pests of the Garden and Small Farm, UC DANR Publ. 3332; Fig. 3: Natural Enemies Hand- book, UC DANR Publ. 3386. PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi- cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer- sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) C1 'au UC+IPM To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named prod- ucts is intended, nor Is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrat- ed Pest Management. Many other insecticides are available to control aphids in the home garden and landscape, including foliar-applied formulations of malathion, permethrin and acephate (nonfood crops only). While these materials may kill higher numbers of aphids than soaps and oils, their use should be limited because they also kill the natural enemies that provide long-term control of aphids and other pests. Repeated applications of these materials may also result in the development of resistance to the mate- rial by the aphid. Insecticides such as oils and soaps are also safer to use when children and pets may be present. Formulations combining insecticidal soaps and pyrethrins may provide slightly more knockdown than soaps alone, yet have fewer negative impacts on natural enemies than malathion, permethrin, and acephate, because pyrethrins break down very quickly. Avoid the use of diazinon and chlorpyrifos; urban garden use of these materials has been identified as a source of pollution in California's creeks and rivers. Carbaryl is not rec- ommended because it is not "ery effec- tive against aphids. Acephate has systemic activity, which means it moves through leaves, thus it can be effective where aphids are hidden be- neath curling foliage. Acephate is not registered for use on food crops in the garden because it can break down to a much more toxic material. The soil- applied systemic pesticide disulfoton is sometimes applied in roses for aphid control, but it is a highly toxic material to people. Professional applicators can make soil injections of the systemic insecticide imidacloprid, which is quite effective against aphids infesting large street trees and not very harmful to beneficial soil organisms. Because it takes a substantial time for the product to get from the soil to the growing points of trees, applica- tions must be made up to 2 months be- fore problems are expected. When considering application of pesti- cides for aphid control, remember that moderate populations of many aphids attacking leaves of fruit trees or orna- mental trees and shrubs do not cause long-term damage. Low populations can be tolerated in most situations and aphids will often disappear when natu- ral enemies or hot temperatures arrive. Often a forceful spray of water or water- soap solution, even on large street trees, when applied with appropriate equip- ment, will provide sufficient control. SUGGESTED READING Dreistadt, S. H., 1. K. Clark, and M. L. Flint. 1994. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3359. Flint, M. L. 1999. Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using Less Pesticide, 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3332. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and Out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the properly being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse the containers. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your county agricultural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never burn pesticide containers. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, orany other veteran who served on active duty during a waror in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is Intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California. Agriculture and Natural Resources. 1111 Franklin, 61h Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200; (510) 987.0096. .4. COCKROACHES Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home Figure 1. German cockroach nymph There are five species of cockroaches in California that can become pests: German cockroach, brownbanded cockroach, oriental cockroach, smokybrown cockroach, and Ameri- can cockroach. Of these, the one that has the greatest potential of becom- ing persistent and troublesome is the German cockroach, which prefers indoor locations. Oriental and Ameri- can cockroaches occasionally pose problems in moist, humid areas. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH COCKROACHES Cockroaches may become pests in homes, restaurants, hospitals, ware- houses, offices, and virtually any structure that has food preparation or storage areas. They contaminate food and eating utensils, destroy fabric and paper products, and impart stains and unpleasant odors to surfaces they contact. Cockroaches (especially the American cockroach, which comes into contact with human excrement in sewers or with pet droppings) may transmit bacteria that cause food poisoning (Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp.). German cockroaches are believed to be capable of transmitting disease- causing organisms such as Staphylo- coccus spp., Streptococcus spp., hepati- tis virus, and coliform bacteria. They also have been implicated in the spread of typhoid and dysentery. Some people, especially those with asthma, are sensitive to the allergens produced by these cockroaches. How- ever, a major concern with cock- roaches is that people are repulsed when they find cockroaches in their homes and kitchens. IDENTIFICATION Cockroaches are medium-sized to large insects in the order Dictyoptera (formerly Orthoptera). They are broad, flattened insects with long antennae and a prominent pronotum (Fig. 1). Some people confuse them with beetles, but adult cockroaches have membranous wings and lack the thick, hardened forewings or elytra of beetles. They are nocturnal and run rapidly when disturbed. Immature cockroaches (nymphs) look like adults, but are smaller and do not have wings. Of the five common pest species, Ger- man and brownbanded cockroaches inhabit buildings, whereas the orien- tal, smokybrown, and American cock- roaches usually live outdoors, only occasionally invading buildings. It is important to correctly identify the species involved in a cockroach infes- tation so that the most effective con- trol method(s) for the species involved is chosen (Fig. 2). German Cockroach The German cockroach, Blat tella germanica, is the most common in- door species, especially in multiple- family dwellings. They prefer food preparation areas, kitchens, and bath- rooms because they favor warm (70° to 75°F), humid areas that are close to food and water. Severe infestations may spread to other parts of build- ings. This species reproduces the fastest of the common pest cock- roaches: a single female and her off- spring can produce over 30,000 individuals in a year, but many suc- cumb to cannibalism and other popu- lation pressures. Egg laying occurs more frequently during warm weather. The female carries around a light tan egg case (about 1 /4 inch long) until I to 2 days before it hatches, when she drops it. Some- times the egg case hatches while it is still being carried by the female. Each egg case contains about 30 young, and a female may produce a new egg case every few weeks. 8rownbanded Cockroach The brownbanded cockroach, Supella bongipalpa, is not as common as the German cockroach in California and accounts for only about 1% of all in- door infestations. This species seeks Out areas that are very warm most of the time, preferring temperatures of about 80°F, about 5° to 10°F warmer than what German cockroaches pre- fer. Favorite locations include near the warm electrical components of appliances such as radios, televisions, and refrigerators. 8rownbanded cock- roaches prefer starchy food (e.g., glue on stamps and envelopes), are often found in offices and other places where paper is stored, and are more common in apartments or homes that are not air conditioned. They also infest animal-rearing facilities, kitch- ens, and hospitals. Adult males some- times fly when disturbed, but females do not fly. Females glue light brown egg cases, which are about 1/4 inch long, to ceilings, beneath furniture, or in closets or other dark places where eggs incubate for several weeks T INJCYTE Al. Publication 7467 University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources November 1999 FIGURE 2. Identifying features of the different species of pest cockroaches .., :•-.• nymph BROWNBANDED adult male - a(lull female ORIENTAL adult male ILIl adult female SMOKYBROWN Adult: 0.5 inch; light brown, two dark stripes on pronotum Preferred location: kitchens, bathrooms, food preparation and storage areas Adult: 0.5 inch; males are golden tan; females are darker brown; both have light-colored bands on abdomen, wings, and sides of pronotum Preferred location: warm areas indoors .-.. 'nymph Adult: 1.25 inch; almost black; male, wings are shorter than body; female, wings are rudimentary Preferred location: damp, dark places— woodpiles, garages, basements, and in drains Adult: 0.5 inch; dark brown to mahogany; almost black pronotum Nymph: banded pattern on antennae Preferred location: trees, shrubs, vegetation adult AMERICAN i Adult: 2 inches; reddish brown; large body, \-.--p •'__•\ -• . - edges of pronotum are light colored .40 Preferred location: sewers, steam tunnels, animal-rearing facilities adult November 1999 Cockroaches before hatching. Each female and her offspring are capable of producing over 600 cockroaches in one year. Oriental Cockroach The oriental cockroach, Blatta orientalis, is sometimes referred to as a waterbug or waterbeetle. It lives in dark, damp places like indoor and outdoor drains, water control boxes, woodpiles, basements, garages, trash cans, and damp areas under houses. It is most likely to occur in single- family dwellings that are surrounded by vegetation. It is also common in ivy, ground cover, and outside loca- tions where people feed pets. They prefer cooler temperatures than the other species do, and populations of this species often build to large num- bers in masonry enclosures such as water meter boxes. At night, oriental cockroaches may migrate into build- ings in search of food. They usually remain on the ground floor of build- ings and move more slowly than the other species. Oriental cockroaches do not fly and are unable to climb smooth vertical surfaces; conse- quently they are commonly found trapped in porcelain sinks or tubs. Females deposit dark red-brown egg cases, which are about 3/8 inch long, in debris or food located in sheltered places. Each female and her offspring can produce nearly 200 cockroaches in one year. Development from a newly emerged nymph to adult can take from I to 2 years or more. Smokybrown Cockroach The smokybrown cockroach, Pen plan- eta fuliginosa, is usually found in decorative plantings and planter boxes, woodpiles, garages, and water meter boxes; it may occasionally in- habit municipal sewers. They some- times invade homes, taking refuge in areas such as the attic. Nymphs are dark brown and have white segments at the end of their antennae and across their backs. Smokybrown cock- roaches prefer the upper parts of buildings; they also may live under shingles or siding and sometimes get into trees, shrubs, and other vegeta- tion during summer months. Females carry the dark brown to black egg case, which measures about 3/8 inch .2. November 1999 Cockroaches long, for about I day before dropping it; eggs can hatch in as soon as 24 days after being laid or as long as 70 days after laying, depending on tem- perature. About 40 to 45 nymphs hatch from a single egg case. American Cockroach The American cockroach, Periplanela americana, prefers warm and humid environments, usually with tempera- tures in excess of 82°F. Under the right conditions, they readily live outdoors and are common pests in zoos and animal-rearing facilities. They are also common in sewers, steam tunnels, and masonry storm drains. Occasionally they forage from sewers and other areas into the ground floor of buildings. Adult fe- males carry the egg cases around for about 6 days and then cement them to a protected surface where they incubate for about 2 months or longer. The egg cases, which are about 3/8 inch long, are brown when laid but turn black in I to 2 days. Each egg capsule contains about 12 young; a female and her offspring can pro- duce over 800 cockroaches in one year. LIFE CYCLE An adult female cockroach produces an egg capsule, called an ootheca, which it carries around protruding from the tip of the abdomen. The Ger- man cockroach carries the ootheca for most of the 30-day incubation pe- riod and then drops it about the time the eggs hatch; the other four species carry it for only about a day before depositing it in a suitable location where it incubates for weeks or months. Young or immature cock- roaches undergo gradual metamor- phosis, which means they resemble adults and have similar feeding hab- its, but they do not have fully devel- oped wings and are not reproduc- tively active. Immediately after molt- ing, cockroaches are white, but their outer covering darkens as it hardens, usually within hours. Cockroaches are nocturnal. They hide in dark, warm areas, especially nar- row spaces where surfaces touch them on both sides. Adult German cockroaches can hide in a crack 1/16 inch or 1.6 mm wide. Immature cock- roaches tend to stay in even smaller cracks where they are well protected. Cockroaches tend to aggregate in corners and generally travel along the edges of walls or other surfaces. MANAGEMENT Managing cockroaches is not easy. You must first determine where the roaches are located. The more har- borages you locate and treat, the more successful your control pro- gram will be. Remember that cock- roaches are tropical and like warm hiding places with access to water. Some locations will be difficult to get to. 11 cockroaches have access to food, baits will have limited effect. Sprays alone will not eliminate cock- roaches. An approach that integrates several strategies is required. If you know the species of cockroach, you will be better able to determine where the source of infestation is and where to place traps, baits, or insecti- cides. Note locations of suspected infestation and concentrate control measures in these areas. The keys to controlling cockroaches are sanita- tion and exclusion: cockroaches will continue to reinvade as long as a habi- tat is suitable to them (i.e., food, wa- ter, and shelter are available), so the conditions that attracted and favored the infestation must be changed. In addition to sanitation and exclusion, baits and sticky traps can be effective against most species of cockroaches. As a last resort, sprays or dusts that are registered for use on cockroaches may temporarily suppress popula- tions, but they do not provide long- term solutions. Commercially available devices that emit sound to repel cockroaches are not effective. Monitoring Cockroaches Traps offer the best way to monitor cockroach populations. By placing traps in several locations and inspect- ing them regularly, you can identify the areas of most severe infestation and know where to concentrate con- trol efforts. Traps also can be very helpful in evaluating the effectiveness of control strategies. Traps can be purchased or made. Most commercially available cock- roach traps are open-ended and con- tain an attractant substance along with a sticky material that lines the inside. An alternative is to make a cockroach trap from a quart-sized can. The inside top of the can is coated with a petroleum jelly to pre- vent the roaches from escaping, and a slice of white bread is placed in the can as bait. To be effective, traps must be placed where cockroaches are likely to en- counter them when foraging. The best places are along the edges of floors and walls and close to Sites where cockroaches are numerous; these sites can be determined by accumula- tions of fecal matter (e.g., dark spots or smears), cast skins, egg cases, and live or dead cockroaches. In the kitchen put traps against walls behind the stove and the refrigerator and in cabinets. Check the traps daily for several days until it is apparent where the greatest number of roaches are caught; usually this is within the first 24 hours of placing a trap—alter that cockroaches may become wary of the trap. Trapped cockroaches may be destroyed with hot, soapy water. You can also monitor a cockroach population at night using a flashlight to inspect cracks, underneath counters, around water heaters, and in other dark locations. Look for live and dead cockroaches, cast skins, egg capsules, and droppings, all of which aid in identification and are evidence of an infestation. Sticky Traps with Pheromones Continuous trapping, especially of slow-developing species such as the oriental cockroach, may be helpful. Trapping by itself has not been shown to be effective in controlling German or brownbanded cockroaches be- cause these species have such a high reproductive rate. A recent develop- ment in the use of sticky traps, how- ever, has been the addition of an aggregation pheromone attractant. With this development, sticky traps have become more useful as a control tool for German cockroaches. An ad- November 1999 Cockroaches ditional benefit of pheromone sticky traps is that the bodies of trapped roaches are removed with the traps. Dead roaches contain proteins that can cause asthma symptoms when they are inhaled by susceptible indi- viduals, so the removal of dead cock- roaches may be beneficial in certain situations. Intensive trapping may provide a reduction in German cock- roach populations but the number of traps and their placement are critical: follow the manufacturer's recommen- dations. Sanitation Cockroaches thrive where food and water are available to them. Even tiny amounts of crumbs or liquids caught between cracks provide a food source. Important sanitation mea- sures include the following: Store food in insect-proof contain- ers such as glass jars or sealable plastic containers. Keep garbage and trash in contain- ers with light-fitting lids. Remove trash, newspapers, magazines, piles of paper bags, rags, boxes, and other items that provide hiding places and harborage. Eliminate plumbing leaks and cor- rect other sources of free moisture Increase ventilation where conden- sation is a problem. Vacuum cracks and crevices to remove food and debris. Be sure surfaces where food or beverages have been spilled are cleaned up immediately. Vacuuming also re- moves cockroaches, shed skins, and egg capsules. Removing cock- roaches reduces their numbers and slows development. Vacuumed cockroaches and debris should be destroyed. Because bits of cuticle and droppings may be allergenic, it is recommended that the vacuum cleaner have HEPA (high efficiency particulate absorber) or triple filters. Trim shrubbery around buildings to increase light and air circulation, especially near vents, and eliminate ivy or other dense ground covers near the house, as these may har- bor cockroaches. Remove trash and stored items such as stacks of lumber or fire- wood that provide hiding places for cockroaches from around the out- side of buildings. Exclusion and Removal of Hiding Places During the day cockroaches hide around water heaters, in cupboard cracks, stoves, crawl spaces, outdoor vegetation, and many other locations. They invade kitchens and other areas at night. Limiting hiding areas or av- enues of access to living areas is an essential part of an effective manage- ment strategy. False-bottom cup- boards, hollow walls, and similar areas are common cockroach refuges. Prevent access to the inside of build- ings through cracks, conduits, under doors, or through other structural flaws. If it is not practical to remedy these problem areas, treat them with boric acid powder. Take the following measures if roaches are migrating into a building from outdoors or other areas of the building: Seal cracks and other openings to the outside. Look for other methods of entry, such as from items being brought into the building, especially appli- ances, furniture, and items that were recently in storage. Look for oothecae glued to under- sides of furniture, in refrigerator and other appliance motors, boxes, and other items. Remove and de- stroy any that are located. Locate and seal cracks inside the treatment area where cockroaches can hide. Chemical Control Insecticides are most effective in con- trolling cockroaches when combined with sanitation and exclusion prac- tices that limit the cockroach's ability to establish or reinvade; chemical control alone will not solve the prob- lem. If insecticides are used, they must always be used with extreme care. Indoor chemical control is war- ranted only if the cockroach popula- tion is established but not for an incidental intruder or two. Dusts. One effective dust for control of cockroaches is boric acid powder, which is a contact poison. It is the least repellent of all the insecticides for cockroach control, and if it re- mains dry and undisturbed, it pro- 'ides control for a very long time. Because it has a positive electrostatic charge, the dust clings to the body of a cockroach as it walks through a treated area and the cockroach in- gests small amounts when it grooms itself. Because boric acid powder is fairly slow acting, it may take 7 days or more to have a significant effect on a cockroach population. Because of its toxicity to plants, boric acid is not recommended for outdoor use. Blow dust into cracks and crevices or lightly spread it in areas where visible residues are not a problem and where people will not contact it. Remove kick panels on refrigerators and stoves and apply a light film of dust throughout the entire area under- neath these appliances. A thin film of dust is more effective than a thick layer. Holes that are the same size as the tip of a puff-type applicator can be drilled into the top of kick panels be- neath cabinets and powder may be applied through the holes to these areas as well as under the sink, in the dead space between the sink and wall, and around utility pipes. Also treat along the back edges and in corners of shelves in cabinets, cupboards, pantries, and closets. Boric acid powder, does not decom- pose and is effective for as long as it is left in place, if it remains dry. For- mulated as an insecticide, boric acid dusts usually contain about % of an additive that prevents the powder from caking and improves dusting properties. If it gets wet and then dries and cakes, it loses its electro- static charge and will not be picked . 4• November 1999 Cockroaches up readily by the cockroach. If this occurs, reapply powder to these areas. Baits. Baits are formulated as pastes, gels, granules, and dusts. The most popular use of baits in homes is within bait stations, which are small plastic or cardboard units that con- tain an attractive food base along with an insecticide. Bait gels are placed in small dabs in cracks and crevices where cockroaches will find it. The advantage of bait stations is that in- secticides can be confined to a small area rather than being dispersed and they are relatively child resistant. Baits in plastic containers also remain effective for many months whereas the bait gels dehydrate in about 3 days when left in the open air. But while they are fresh, bait gels are very effective when placed in locations where they will be found by cock- roaches. To remain effective, how- ever, the gels need to be reapplied frequently. Most insecticides used in baits are slow acting; cockroaches quickly learn to avoid fast-acting ones. Conse- quently an effective bait program does not give immediate results, but may take 7 days or longer. Baits can be quite effective for long-term con- trol of cockroaches unless the cock- roaches have other food sources available to them. Baits do not control all cockroaches equally. Female cockroaches with egg cases do very little feeding and avoid open spaces; consequently they are less likely to be immediately affected by a bait. Commercial baits available (see Table 1) contain abamectin, boric acid, fipronil, hydramethylnon, or sulfiuramid mixed with a food base. Sulfluramid is not as effective as the other materials because it is some- what volatile and there has been some development of resistance to it. As with sticky traps, baits do not at- tract cockroaches so place them near hiding spaces or where roaches are likely to encounter them when forag- ing. When placed next to a sticky trap that contains an attractant phero- mone, bait consumption by the roaches is reported to increase. Bait stations can also be placed next to fecal specks and droppings of cock- roaches, which contain a natural ag- gregation pheromone. Look for these fecal specks and droppings under kitchen counters, behind kitchen drawers, and in the back of cabinets. Insect Growth Regulators. The insect growth regulator OCR) hydroprene prevents immature cockroaches from becoming sexually mature. It also has the added advantage of stimulating cockroaches to feed. When placed next to a bait it can increase bait con- sumption. Under normal circum- stances an adult female cockroach carrying an egg case doesn't feed much, but exposure to an ICR will induce her to feed. Sprays and Aerosols. Applying low- residual insecticides to get a quick knockdown of cockroaches in an in- fested area can provide immediate relief from a cockroach infestation but generally does not give long-term control. Common home use insecti- cides include combinations of pyre- thrin and piperonyl butoxide or pyrethroids such as cyfluthrin, cyper- methrin, and permethrin. The safest application method for home users is the crack-and-crevice spray used in combination with sanitation and ex- clusion. Avoid the use of insecticide aerosol sprays, bombs, or foggers, as these will just disperse the cock- roaches and may actually increase problems. The faster the knockdown activity of an insecticide, the quicker cock- roaches learn to avoid it. Cock- roaches are repelled by deposits of residual insecticides such as syner- gized pyrethrins and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of pyre- throids such as cyfluthrin, cyper- methrin, and permethrin. Wettable powder formulations are generally less repellent and more effective on a wide range of surfaces; however, they may be unsightly. It should be noted that many cock- roach populations, especially the German cockroach, have developed resistance (or tolerance) to many insecticides used for their control. Resistance has been documented with allethrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, cypermethin, fenvalerate, and others. Do not expect instant results from an insecticide spray application, but if the cockroaches seem to be unaf- fected the following day, a different material or strategy may be required. Under extreme circumstances when professional pest control services are warranted to alleviate a persistent TABLE 1. Baits Currently Available for Use in Homes Active ingredient Brand name Formulation Where to get product abamectin Avert gel, powder pest control company abamectin plus hydroprene Raid Max Plus bait station retail stores Egg Stoppers boric acid Stapleton's Magentic paste Blue Diamond Phone: (800) 237-5705 Niban granules pest control company and others (ipronil Maxiorce bait station pest control supply store Maxiorce gel pest control supply store hydramethylnon Combat bait station retail stores Combat granules retail stores Maxiorce gel pest control supply store Siege gel pest control company .5. November 1999 Cockroaches cockroach infestation, everything should be removed from kitchen drawers, cabinets, cupboards, and closets and stacked in out-of-the-way places and covered to prevent their contamination with the spray. This also allows for thorough coverage of surfaces. Do not replace these items until the spray is dry. Treated sur- faces should not be washed or the effectiveness of the treatment will be reduced. Always combine the use of insecti- cides with sanitation and exclusion, apply dusts or use bait stations, alter- nate the types of active ingredients and formulations that are used, or use insecticides, such as boric acid, that do not repel cockroaches or for which cockroaches have not developed resistance. If you wish to avoid sprays and aero- sols completely, a thorough vacuum- ing with a HEPA or triple filter vacuum cleaner followed by the use of boric acid dust in cracks and crev- ices and a baiting program can effec- tively control severe infestations. Follow-Up After a cockroach control program has been started, evaluate the effec- tiveness of the methods that are being used. Use traps or visual inspections to help determine if further treatment is necessary. If populations persist, reevaluate the situation. Look for other sources of infestations, make sure that all pos- sible entryways are blocked, be cer- tain that food and water sources are eliminated as much as possible, and continue sealing and eliminating hid- ing places. When cockroach populations are un- der control, continue monitoring with traps on a regular basis to make sure reinfestation is not taking place. Main- tain sanitation and exclusion tech- niques to avoid encouraging a new infestation. If severe reinfestations con- tinue to recur, consider having the infested areas modified or remodeled to reduce the amount of suitable habi- tat for cockroaches. REFERENCES Ebeling, W. 1974. Boric Acid Powder for Cockroach Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. One-Sheet Answers #206. Quarles, W. 1998. Pheromones and non- toxic cockroach control. IPM Practitioner, Vol. XX (5/6)1-7. Rust, M. K., J. M. Owens, and D. A. Reierson, eds. 1995. Understanding and Controlling the German Cockroach. New York: Oxford University Press. Slater, A. J. 1978. Controlling Household Cockroaches. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res, Leaflet 21035. For more information contact the University of California cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. CONTRIBUTORS: M. K. Rust, D. A. Reier- son, and A. J. Slater EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf ILLUSTRATIONS: U.S. Depts. of Food and Agric. and Health and Human Services. 1991. Insect and Mite Pests in Food, Vol. It. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, Ag. Handbook No. 655. TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint. DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) C-11 UC+IPM To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar prod- ucts that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported be the Extension Service, U.S. Department olAgricul- lure, under special project Section 3ldt, Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the Container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Dispose olempty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse the containers. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your count)' agricultural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never burn pesticide containers. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age. sexual Orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended lobe consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, I 111 Franklin, 61h Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200; (510) 987-0096 .6. I (actual size) soldier reproductive Figure 1. Western drywood termite. - - - - - - -. 62 carpenter drywood dampwood ant termite termite Figure 2. The fecal pellets produced by drywood termites are elongate with rounded ends and have six flattened or roundly depressed surfaces separated by six longitu- dinal ridges. DRYWOOD TERmaEs Integrated Pest Management in the Home The western drywood termite, incis- itermes minor (Fig. 1), is California's second most important termite pest after the western subterranean termite. It is a native insect that has been here millions of years, mostly attacking trees along river washes and arroyos. In California drywood termites are most prevalent in southern California and the Central Valley but also can be found infesting wood along the coast, in bay areas south of San Francisco, and in the southern California desert. For more information on the biology and distinguishing characteristics of this and other termite species common in California, see Pest Notes: Termites, listed in References. Because of the difficulty in detecting drywood termites and determining the extent of the damage done, do-it- yourself treatments are not recom- mended; consult a pest control profes- sional. Over-the-counter products with drywood termites on the label for do- lt-yourself enthusiasts do not exist. Except for wood removal, homeowners should seek help from pest control professionals. This publication is in- tended to provide homeowners with sufficient background information so that they can better discuss treatment options with pest control professionals; it is not intended as a treatment guide. DETECTION Drywood termites are secretive insects and are difficult to detect. They live deep inside wood and, except during periods when they swarm or when repair work is being done on infested homes, they are seldom seen. Colonies are small (usually fewer than 1,000 individuals), can be widely dispersed, and take years to mature. While a homeowner may initially detect the presence of termites when they swarm or if fecal pellets are discovered, in- specting for drywood termites and determining the extent of an infestation require experience. The minimum requirement by Califor- nia state law for drywood termite in- spections includes visual searches of accessible areas. However, detection of difficult-to-find infestations may re- quire removal of walls, paneling, and stucco as well as the use of ladders and scaffolds. During a visual inspection for drywood termites, inspectors look for feeding damage, shed wings, termite fecal pellets, and kickout holes (Fig. 2), which are small holes the size of BB shot through which termites push fecal pellets out of the wood. Fecal pellets, hexagonal in shape, are diagnostic for drywood termites. However, whether the infestation is currently active or what the extent of the infestation is EST OTES Publication 7440 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised September 2002 September 2002 Drywood Termites cannot be determined from pellets alone. Cleaning up the fecal pellets around a kickout hole and checking a few days later to see if new pellets have appeared can help to determine if an infestation is active. (Building vibra- tions/movements may cause Some pellets to appear.) If an active infesta- tion of drywood termites is found in your structure, you should have it treated. Other detection methods include the use of dogs, odor detectors, and feeding-sensitive (acoustic emission) devices, but these are infrequently used. Fiber optics, borescopes, and movement-sensitive devices using microwaves have also been tried, but their reliability has not yet been scien- tifically tested on drywood termites. Except for feeding-sensitive devices, most detection methods are still con- sidered experimental because adequate research has not been conducted on their effectiveness. Visual searches by inspectors for evidence of termites and damage remain the mainstay of the industry. ELIMINATING EXISTING INFESTATIONS All drywood termite control methods can be categorized as either whole- structure or localized. A whole- structure treatment is defined as the simultaneous treatment of all infesta- tions, accessible and inaccessible, in a structure. A localized or spot treatment is more restrictive, often applied to a single board or small group of boards. Homeowners are advised to know the distinction between whole-structure and spot treatments when deciding which method to select because all treatment methods are not equivalent. Whole-structure treatments have an advantage over spot treatments in that they can eliminate all infestations, even hidden ones. With the uncertainty of current detection methods, particularly when drywall or other wall coverings conceal infestations, there is always some doubt as to the extent of dry- wood termite colony boundaries within homes. Consequently one can never be sure that all infestations have been treated when applying spot treat- ments. The strengths and limitations of whole-structure and spot/localized treatments are outlined in Table 1. Whole-structure Treatment Fumigants (sulfuryl fluoride) treat all infestations simultaneously and have high levels of efficacy if correctly ap- plied. Sulfuryl fluoride kills drywood termites in about 3 days. A monitored fumigation, which involves installing gas monitoring lines inside the struc- ture undergoing treatment, has the highest rate of treatment success. Non- monitored fumigation may not have enough gas concentration to kill infes- tations, and failures may occur. Fumi- gation's advantage over localized treatment is that it may eliminate infes- tations that are hidden from view. Ma- jor issues to consider with the use of fumigants include the difficulty of installing tarpaulins, the difficulty in determining the proper dosage, the need to protectively bag food items, and the lack of residual control. Re- sidual control means long-term protec- tion (several years or more) from drywood termite attack. (Generally, only chemicals added to or onto wood provide residual control.) It will also be necessary to vacate the structure for 2 to 3 days while it is being treated and then ventilated. Additionally, roofs may be damaged by having tarpaulins dragged across them. Methyl bromide was another fumigant used for many decades in California to control drywood termites. However, because of environmental concerns about the atmospheric ozone layer, the strong odors of some formulations, the long aeration times for fumigated structures, and the need for extensive aeration buffer areas around struc- tures, this fumigant has been phased out for urban use in California. Heat is a nonchemical option for whole-structure treatments. Excessive heat kills drywood termites by disrupt- ing cellular membranes and denatur- ing enzymes needed for their survival. The treatment process involves heating all wood in the structure to a minimum of 120°F and holding this temperature for at least 33 minutes. The benefit of heat treatment is the ability to treat the entire structure without the use of chemicals and the relatively short period of time the structure must be vacated (hours instead of days, as with the use of fumigants). An additional advantage is that portions of large structures can be treated separately, which is very useful in apartments and condominiums. The major drawbacks of heat treatments include the diffi- culty in raising the internal core tem- perature of large structural beams that are infested and heat sinks, which are areas within the structure that are diffi- cult to heat, such as wood on concrete or tile. As more powerful and efficient heaters are developed, larger homes can be efficiently treated with heat. Other issues to consider include dam- age to heat-sensitive items in homes including plastics (e.g. electrical outlet covers) and cable wiring. Also, like fumigants, heat treatments have no residual control. Of course, preventive chemicals can be applied to areas treated with fumigants or heat for long-term protection (see preventive section in Table 1). Localized or Spot Treatments There are many localized /spot treat- ment methods available (Table 1) that include both chemical and non- chemical options. The chemical options include aerosol pyrethrum and aerosol and liquid pyrethroids (cyuluthrin, permethrin, bifenthrin), liquid iniidacloprid, liquid nitrogen, and liquid and dust formulations of disodium octaborate tetrahydrate. Chemicals that have been phased out of commercial use include organophos- phates, carbamates, silica-gel, and dri- die. For liquid and dust insecticides to be effective, termites must touch or ingest them. Spot treatments should be applied only by licensed applicators. Home use products are not effective. Depending on the chemical used for spot treatments, laboratory studies have shown a variation of 13% to 100% .2. September 2002 Drywood Termites TABLE 1. Summary of Commercially Available Dnjwood Termite Management Options. Treatment - Efficacy in field Strengths Considerations/Limitations Damage to structure EXISTING INFESTATIONS Whole-structure Fumigants up to 100% 1,23 hidden sites correct dosage must be achieved; gas pilots must be treated residents must leave house: no extinouished before residual treatment; possible damage to roof from tarpaulins or if walked on lethal temperature must be possible damage to roof achieved in the core of all infested if walked on and for some wood; no residual; heat sinks may heat-sensitive household affect efficacy items few active ingredients commercially yes, if drill holes used available; detection accuracy critical; chemical residual; results vary with active ingredient used and concentration; infestation may rebound no published efficacy studies yes, drilling holes Heal up to 100%2 hidden sites treated Localized/Spot treatments Chemical Chemical liquids & dusts up to 9Q%3 long-term Chemical foams no information coverage of hidden infestation, long-term Liquid nitrogen 74 to 100%2 benign material highly dependent on dosage: yes, drill holes detection accuracy critical; no residual Nonchemical Biological control no information no chemicals Electrocution 44 to 98% 2 portable Heat up to 100%' semi-portable Microwaves 89 to 98%' semi-portable PREVENTIVE Chemical liquids & dusts up to 90% 3 long-term Pressure-treated wood no information long-term Nonchemical Barriers (screens/paint) no information long-term Resistant woods no information long-term few commercially available; don't know research needed detection accuracy critical; many yes, if drill holes used disclaimers; infestation may rebound lethal temperature must be may be to wood or heat- achieved in the core of all infested sensitive household wood; no residual; heat sinks may items affect efficacy detection accuracy critical: highly may be to wood or dependent on treatment time and household items wattage; heat sinks may affect efficacy few active ingredients available; yes, if drill holes used chemical residual; results vary depending on active ingredient used and concentration; infestation may rebound few active ingredients commercially no available; chemical residual; results vary with active ingredient used and concentration; environmental persistence barriers degrade & can be no breached; some feeding damage may occur efficacy highly variable depending no on species of wood; costly; availability; some feeding damage may occur 1 - Su & Scheffrahn 1986; 2- Lewis & Haverty 1996; 3 - Scheffrahn et at. 1997 .3. September 2002 Drywood Termites in their effectiveness in controlling drywood termites. However, many of these chemicals have not been tested in large-scale field-tests. A newer insecti- cide (imidacloprid) with very good lab and field results is available and will be used increasingly in California. Botanical-based products (orange oil and neem oil) have been tried, but there are no published studies that verify the efficacy of these materials in controlling drywood termites. Recent experiments evaluating surface or gal- lery injections of aqueous disodium octaborate tetrahvdrate did not effec- tively control a closely related species of drywood termites, lucisitermes synderi (Scheffrahn et al. 1997). Liquid nitrogen is different from other spot treatment methods in that its mode of action is thermal; it causes a sudden drop in temperature, which kills the termites. Laboratory studies have shown drywood termites are killed after momentary exposures of temperatures in the range of -5.8°F to 1.4°F when temperatures were lowered from room temperature at a rate of 33.8°F per minute (Rust et al. 1997). Studies on liquid nitrogen show that dosages exceeding 30 pounds per en- closed wall space between 2 by 4s achieve high levels of effectiveness. Although most chemicals used for spot treatments give long-term control, liquid nitrogen has no residual activity when used alone. Minor damage to the structure occurs from the holes drilled for spot treatments of chemicals and for liquid nitrogen insertion. For all chemical spot treatments, including liquid nitrogen, it is critical that all infestations in a structure are detected so that they all receive treatment. There are four nonchemical options for drywood termite control with spot or localized application (Table 1), in- cluding heat, which is used for both spot and whole-structure treatments. The advantages and disadvantages discussed for heat as a whole-structure treatment also apply to spot treat- ments. Microwave devices are also available for drywood termite control. Microwaves kill termites by causing fluids inside their cells to boil, which destroys cell membranes; in short, the termites are cooked inside the wood. There are a number of firms now offer- ing microwave treatments. One advan- tage of microwaves is their relative portability; another advantage is that they leave no chemical residue. When using microwaves, however, detection accuracy is critical to success. Both microwaves and heat treatments may damage the surface or interior of wood boards, depending on the power of the device. (The wattage or power of mi- crowave or heating devices may vary from several hundred to more than 10,000 watts.) Lab studies revealed no relationship between increasing micro- wave wattage and drywood termite mortality (Lewis et al. 2000). As with heat treatments, it may be difficult to heat areas with heat sinks to high enough temperatures with microwaves for effective control. High voltage electricity, or electrocu- tion, is another nonchemical option for controlling drywood termites. The device currently marketed uses high voltage (90,000 volts) but low current (less than 0.5 amps). Death to drywood termites occurs by electric shock, al- though delayed mortality may also occur from the destruction of intestinal protozoa. The advantage of electrocu- tion is that the equipment is portable. The limitations include detection accu- racy and the possible reduced efficacy from the interfering actions of common building materials, for example metal, concrete, and glass. If drill holes are used to enhance the flow of current into wood, damage occurs to wall cov- erings, walls, and structural wood members. Wood replacement is another remedial treatment option. However, similar to other spot treatments, its effectiveness is highly dependent on detection accu- racy and extent and location of the infestation, and it may be expensive to accomplish. There is little research on biological control of drywood termites. Biological control is the use of other life forms (e.g., insects, nematodes, or microbes) to control pest insects. Although predators, parasites, and pathogens have been shown to control other in- sect pests, their efficacy for drywood termite control has not been explored. LONG-TERM PREVENTIVE TREATMENTS Although chemicals are commercially available in California for long-lasting prevention against infestation, there is little data on their effectiveness against the drywood termites that occur in California. Recent research from the University of Florida demonstrates that new colony establishment by another species of drywood termite, Crypto- ternies bret'is, could be prevented using dust formulations of commercially available disodium octaborate tetra- hydrate (Scheffrahn et al. 2001). Draw- backs with some chemical preventive treatments include damage from drill holes and unsightly appearance from dusts. Pressure- treated wood (chemically treated wood that is green in color) for drywood termite prevention can be effective for species that occur in Cali- fornia. However, the use of most wood preservatives has been restricted. Painting of wood with enamel, shellac, or varnish gives very little protection against drywood termite feeding. Integrating nonchemical and chemical treatments to ensure that termites are not able to colonize over the long term is a strategy used by some pest control professionals. Nonchemical, long-term preventive methods include physical barriers, such as metal screens. Resis- tant woods can reduce but do not eliminate damage. There are few stud- ies that demonstrate the efficacy of combinations of methods or of non- chemical, long-term preventive treat- ments directed against drywood termites. DID I MAKE THE RIGHT CHOICE? When planning treatment for drywood termites, consider whether the whole structure is to be treated or just local- ized areas. Localized /spot treatment methods make it more difficult to en- sure complete control because of the .4. September 2002 Drywood Termites difficulty in determining the extent of a drywood termite infestation. There also appears to be considerablevaria- tion in effectiveness of various tech- niques from applicator to applicator. Read your guarantee carefully; you may wish to consider an annual in- spection service. Also important is a company's reputation. There are thou- sands of pest control companies in the state. They don't all have the same services or performance. Obtain at least three vendor bids before you decide. Check the reliability of the vendor by asking for client referrals and check the status of its business license and con- sumer complaints with the California Department of Consumer Affairs, Structural Pest Control Board, in Sacra- mento and with your local Better Busi- ness Bureau. For added information on safety of chemicals to humans and structures, request the Material Safety Data Sheets or equivalent information for nonchemical control methods from the pest control company. In summary, research indicates that if you correctly locate the colony and get the chemical or nonchemical treatment directly onto the termites, the effective- ness of control will be high (90%). For failed treatments, an additional call- back treatment may lead to better results. REFERENCES Lewis, V. R. 1997. Alternative control strategies for termites. I. Agnic. Entomol 14: 291-307. Lewis, V. R., and M. 1. Haverty. 1996. Evaluation of six techniques for control of the Western drywood termite (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in structures. I. Econ. Entomol. 89 (4): 922-934. Lewis, V. R., A. B. Power, and M. 1. Haverty. 2000. Laboratory evaluation of microwaves for control of the west- em drywood termite. Forest. Prod. I. 50:79-87. Rust, M. K., and D. A. Reierson. 1977. Using wood extracts to determine the feeding preferences of the western drywood termite, Incisitermes minor (Hagen). I. Chem. Ecol. 3: 391-399. Rust, M. K., and R. H. Scheffrahn. 1982. Performance of treated surfaces against western drywood termites. Insect. Ac- an. 7: 234-235. Rust, M. K., E. 0. Paine, and D. A. Reierson. 1997. Evaluation of freezing to control wood-destroying insects (Isoptera, Coleoptera). I. Econ. Entomol 90(5):1215-3221. Scheffrahn, R. H., and M. K. Rust. 1983. Drywood termite feeding deterrents in sugar pine and antitermitic activity of related compounds.). Chem. Ecol. 9(l):39-55. Scheffrahn, R. H., N.-Y. Su, and P. Busey. 1997. Laboratory and field evaluations of selected chemical treat- ments for control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae). I. Econ. Entomol. 90(2): 492-502. Scheffrahn, R. H., N.-Y. Su, J. Krecek, A. V. Liempt, B. Maharajh, and C. S. Wheeler. 1998. Prevention of colony foundation by Crypt otermes brevis and remedial control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) withe- lected chemical treatments. I. Econ. Entomol. 91(6):1387-1396. Scheffrahn, R. H., P. Busey, J. K. Edwards, J. Krecek, B. Maharajh, and N.-Y. Su. 2001. Chemical prevention of colony foundation by Cry ptotermes brevis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae) in attic modules.!. Econ. Entomol. 94(4): 915- 919. Su, N.-Y., and R. H. Scheffrahn. 1986. Field comparison of sulfuryl fluoride susceptibility among three termite species (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae, Rhinotermitidae) during structural fumigation.]. Econ. Entomol. 79(4): 903- 908. UC Statewide IPM Program. July 1997. Pest Notes: Termites. Oakland: Univ. Caliv. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 7415. Also available online at http:/ /www.ipm. ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/ pn7415.html .5. September 2002 Drywood Termites For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: V. R. Lewis EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: D. Kidd Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Program, Universi- ty of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (htlp://www.ipm.ucdavls.edu) UC+IPM I4D 11 PEER This publication has been anonymously peer re- viewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualified profes- sionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals In the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner foradditional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Dr., Oakland, CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. .6. adult Figure 2. Life stages of the flea (egg not shown). FLEAS Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home Cat fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) are fre- quently encountered in homes and are common pests on domestic cats and dogs. Dog fleas (Ctenocephalides canis) look like cat fleas, but are rare in Cali- fornia. Sticktight fleas (Echidnophaa gallinacea) can become a problem when pets frequent areas near poultry. Female sticktight fleas firmly attach themselves around the ears and eyes of their host. Fleas on either cats or dogs in California are most likely cat fleas. IDENTIFICATION Adult fleas (Fig. 1) are very small in- sects (up to /8 inch). so it is difficult to see a number of the characteristics used to describe them. These reddish brown to black, wingless insects are compressed from side to side so that they look like they are walking on edge." They have piercing-sucking mouthparts through which they obtain blood meals from their hosts. Flea lar- vae are tiny (up to /i& inch long), hairy, and wormlike with a distinct, brownish head, but no eyes or legs. LIFE CYCLE Female cat fleas remain on the host (unlike most other fleas) and lay about 20 to 30 eggs per day on the animal. Cat flea eggs are pearly white, oval, and about 1/32 inch long. The eggs are smooth; they readily fall from the pet and land on surfaces like bedding and carpeting in the animal's environment. They hatch in about 2 days. The whit- ish, wormlike larvae (Fig. 2) feed on dried blood and excrement produced by adult fleas feeding on the pet. Lar- val development is normally restricted to protected places where there is at least 75% relative humidity. They feed and crawl around for 5 to 15 days at 70° to 90°F before they build small silken cocoons in which they develop into adult fleas (pupate). The pupae are usually covered with local debris for visual camouflage. Flea larvae develop more quickly at higher temperatures. At cool temperatures, fully formed fleas may remain in their cocoons for up to 12 months. Warm temperatures and mechanical pressure, caused by walking on the carpet, vacuuming, and so on, stimulate emergence from the cocoon. At room temperatures, the en- tire life cycle may be completed in about 18 days. An adult cat flea gener- ally lives about 30 to 40 days on the host; it is the only stage that feeds on blood. Fleas may be found on pets throughout the year, but numbers lend to increase dramatically during spring and early summer. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH FLEAS The cat flea is suspected of transmit- ting murine typhus to humans, but its primary importance is in its annoyance to people and pets. Cat fleas readily try ize) Figure 1. Adult flea. to feed on almost any warm-blooded animal. Some people are bothered by the sensation of fleas walking on their skin, but bites are the major nuisance. Bites tend to be concentrated on the lower legs but can also occur on other parts of the body. The bite consists of a small, central red spot surrounded by a red halo, usually without excessive swelling. Flea bites usually cause mi- nor itching but may become increas- ingly irritating to people with sensitive or reactive skin. Some people and pets suffer from flea bite allergic dermatitis, characterized by intense itching, hair T Publication 7419 University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised November 2000 November 2000 Fleas loss, reddening of the skin, and sec- ondary infection. just one bite may ini- tiate an allergic reaction, and itching may persist up to 5 days after the bite. Cat fleas may also serve as intermedi- ary hosts of dog tapeworms. Cats or dogs may acquire this intestinal para- site while grooming themselves by in- gesting adult fleas that contain a cyst of the tapeworm. MANAGEMENT The best approach to managing fleas is prevention. New, safer, and more ef- fective products aimed at controlling fleas on the pet have made flea man- agement without pesticide sprays fea- sible in many situations. Management of fleas on the pet must be accompa- nied by regular, thorough cleaning of pet resting areas indoors and outside. Once fleas infest a home, control will require a vigilant program that in- cludes cleaning and treating infested areas indoors, eliminating fleas on pets, and cleaning up and possibly treating shaded outdoor locations where pets rest. On the Pet Several types of products are available to control fleas on dogs and cats. The most effective and safest products in- hibit normal growth or reproduction of fleas. Use of these products must be supplemented with good housekeep- ing in areas where the pet rests. Con- tact your veterinarian for advice and assistance in selecting the best flea con- trol product for your situation. Preferred On-pet Flea Treatment Products. New product innovations have made it possible to effectively, conveniently, and safely prevent flea populations from building up on pets. These products are more effective and safer than the traditional insecticide dusts and sprays, which until a few years ago were the only choices for pet owners. The new products contain in- sect growth regulators (lGRs) such as methoprene (Precor) or pyriproxyfen (Nylar), and insect development in- hibitors (IDIs) such as lufenuron (Pro- gram). The IGRs are available as flea collars or spot-ons applied to one or two places on the pet's coat. IDIs come formulated as a systemic treatment that must be administered orally and are available from veterinarians. These products work by either preventing the larvae from turning into adults (lGRs), or the eggs from hatching (IDIs), and are virtually nontoxic to pets and people. Two other new types of safe and effective chemicals are flpronil and imidacloprid, which are used as spot- ons. If properly applied before flea sea- son begins and reapplied as necessary, any of these products can prevent a flea infestation. Spot-on Formulations. lmidacloprid (Ad- vantage) and fipronil (Front-Line) are available from veterinarians and are applied to the animal's skin; a single application provides flea control for I to 3 months. These spray and spot-on formulations are much easier to use than baths and are more acceptable to the animal. A few drops of the spot-on formula applied to the animal's shoul- der blades move through the animal's coat, providing whole-body treatment. Both materials kill adult fleas within hours of the flea jumping on the ani- mal. Also, these compounds have lower mammalian toxicity than tradi- tionally used flea control products con- taining carbamates and organophos- phates and are safer to use on pets. Generally the spot-on formulations can withstand bathing; check the label for specific instructions. Systemic Oral Treatments. Several flea control products are internal medica- tions that are administered on a regu- lar basis in the form of a pill or food additive. Older types of medications contained insecticidal materials, mostly organophosphates, that were trans- ported to all skin areas through the animal's blood. Newer products con- tain insect development inhibitors that do not have the toxicity of the older materials and are much safer to use. The insect development inhibitor lufenuron (Program) can be given as a pill (dogs) or as a food additive (cats) once a month to suppress flea popula- tions. It can also be administered as an injection every 6 months. While this compound does not kill adult fleas, it does prevent flea reproduction. If its use is initiated early in the year before flea populations begin to build, it can prevent the establishment of a flea population in the home, though an oc- casional adult flea may be sighted on the animal. Flea Collars. Flea collars containing the insect growth regulators methoprene and pyriproxyfen are virtually non- toxic to pets and humans and can be used on both cats and dogs. The growth regulator is released by the col- lar and distributed throughout the coat of the pet. Adult fleas coming in con- tact with the growth regulator absorb it into their bodies where it accumulates in their reproductive organs. Eggs laid by the adult female do not hatch. Flea collars may contain the insect growth regulator as the sole active ingredient or it may be combined with an insecti- cide. If the collar contains only the in- sect growth regulator, use another treatment, such as a spot-on product, to control adult fleas if necessary. Flea collars containing methoprene are ef- fective for 4 to 6 months on dogs and up to a year on cats. Traditional Insecticide Products. Until recently, pet owners had to rely on products containing conventional in- secticides (pyrethrins, permethrin, d-limonene, chlorpyrifos, or carbaryl) to control fleas on their pets. These products were formulated as soaps, shampoos, powders, dusts, spray-on liquids, and dips. Although many of these products are still available, they are not as effective or as safe to use as the products listed in the section above titled "Preferred On-pet Flea Treat- ment Products." Some products are not safe for some pets, such as permethrin products on some cats, and small chil- dren and infants should be kept away from animals treated with any of these materials for at least a day or two. Nonchemical Treatments. Special combs are available that help remove adult fleas from the coat of a short- haired pet. Removing fleas may pro- vide comfort to the animal and reduce 2. November 2000 Fleas flea breeding. Combing pets at regular intervals is also a good way to monitor the flea population and help you de- cide when other control measures may be necessary. Studies have shown that neither Vita- nun Ri (thiamine hydrochloride) supplements nor brewer's yeast pre- vents fleas from feeding; also, herbal collars and ultrasonic devices are not effective flea repellents. Indoors Controlling cat fleas in buildings re- quires a variety of approaches. Before starting a control program, look through each room in the building to determine areas where larval develop- ment occurs. Flea populations are highest in places where dogs or cats regularly sleep. Flea larvae are not usu- ally found in areas of heavy pedestrian traffic or locations that receive expo- sure to sunlight: they are likely to be present in areas where adult fleas have left dried blood and feces. Sanitation. Thoroughly and regularly clean areas where adult fleas, flea lar- vae, and flea eggs are found. Vacuum floors, rugs, carpets, upholstered furni- ture, and crevices around baseboards and cabinets daily or every other day to remove flea eggs, larvae, adults, and food sources. Vacuuming is very effec- tive in picking up adults and stimulat- ing preemerged adults to leave their cocoons. Flea eggs can survive and de- velop inside vacuum bags and adults may be able to escape to the outside, so immediately destroy bags by burning or by sealing them in a plastic trash bag and placing them in a covered trash container. Launder pet bedding in hot, soapy water at least once a week. Thoroughly clean items brought into the building, such as used carpets or upholstered furniture, to prevent these from being a source of flea infestation. Insecticides. Several insecticides are registered for controlling fleas indoors. Sprays are only needed when you de- tect an infestation in your home. The most effective products contain one of the insect growth regulators: metho prene or pyriproxyfen. Fleas are known to build up resistance to insecti- cides, so always supplement sprays with other methods of control such as thorough, frequent vacuuming. Use a hand sprayer or aerosol to apply insecticides directly to infested areas of carpets and furniture. Total release aerosols ('room foggers") do not pro- vide the coverage and long-term effec- tiveness of direct sprays unless they contain an insect growth regulator. Treatments with insecticides other than lCRs often fail to control flea larvae because the treatment material fails to contact them at the base of carpet fibers where they develop. Spray carpets, pet sleeping areas, car- peted areas beneath furniture, baseboards, window sills, and other areas harboring adults or larvae. Use an insect growth regulator (metho- prene or pyriproxyfen) that specifically targets the larvae and has a long re- sidual life. As soon as the spray dries, vacuum to remove additional fleas that emerge from the pupal stage in carpets and upholstery. Fleas will continue to emerge for about 2 weeks after treat- ment because pupae are not killed by sprays. Continue to vacuum and do not treat again for at least several weeks. Always seal and discard vacuum bags so fleas don't escape. Outdoors Outdoor flea populations are most prevalent in coastal localities and other places with moderate daytime tem- peratures and fairly high humidities. In Central Valley locations, popula- tions can become very numerous in shaded and protected areas such as sheltered animal enclosures, crawl spaces where pets may sleep, or vegetated areas adjacent to buildings. If an infested outdoor location is not treated, the flea problem may reoccur if pets are reinfested. However, treat- ment of the pet with any of the pre- ferred pet treatment products listed above will normally prevent reinfestation. Outdoor sprays are not necessary un- less you detect significant numbers of adult fleas. One way to do this is to Handling a Flea Emergency If your home is heavily infested with fleas, take these steps to get the situation under control. Inside the Home Locate heavily infested areas and concentrate efforts on these areas. Wash throw rugs and the pet's bedding. Vacuum upholstered furniture. Remove and vacuum under cushions and in cracks and crevices of furniture. Vacuum carpets, especially beneath furniture and in areas frequented by pets. Use a hand sprayer to treat all carpets with an insecticide that contains an insect growth regulator. Allow carpet to dry and vacuum a second time to remove addi- tional fleas that were induced to emerge. Continue to vacuum for 10 days to 2 weeks to kill adult fleas that continue to emerge from pupal cocoons. On the Pet I. Use a spot-on treatment, which can be purchased in pet stores or from vets, or a systemic oral treatment, which is available from vets only. Outside the Home Sprays are only necessary outdoors if you detect lots of fleas. Locate and remove debris in heavily infested areas, especially where pets rest. Concentrate treatment in these areas with a spray containing a residual insecticide and the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen. Open areas to sunlight by removing low hanging vegetation. walk around pet resting areas wearing white socks pulled up to the knee. If fleas are present, they will jump onto socks and be readily visible. The best products for elimination of fleas outdoors are formulations that contain a knockdown material such as .3. November 2000 Fleas pyrethrin or permethrin plus an insect growth regulator (pyriproxyfen) to in- hibit larval maturation. Avoid prod- ucts containing diazinon or chlorpy- rifos as these materials pollute water- ways when they are washed into storm drains by rain, hosing, or irrigation. Apply sprays directly in locations where pets rest and sleep such as dog- house and kennel areas, under decks. and next to the foundation. It is seldom necessary to treat the whole yard or lawn areas. Flea larvae are unlikely to survive in areas with sunlight exposure or substantial foot traffic. Regular lawn watering will help destroy larvae and prevent development of ex- cessive flea populations. If possible, open pet sleeping areas to sunlight by removing low-hanging vegetation. SUGGESTED READING Dryden, M. W., and M. K. Rust. 1994. The cat flea: Biology, ecology and con- trol. Veterinary Parasitology 52:1-19. Hinkle, N. C., M. K. Rust, and D. A. Reierson. 1997. Biorational approaches to flea (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae) sup- pression. J. Agric. Entomol. 14(3):309-321. Potter, M. 1997. Ridding Your Home of Fleas. Lexington: University of Ken- tucky. (http:/fwww.uky.edu/Agriculzure/ Entomology/entfacts./struc/e1602.htm; and ht tp://u'ww. uky. edu/Agriculture/Entornol- ogy/entfacts1strude1628.htm) Rust, M. K., and M. W. Dryden. 1997. The biology, ecology, and management of the cat flea. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42:451-473. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. CONTRIBUTORS: M. Rust, M. Dryden, M. L. Flint, N. Hinkle, E. Mussen, J. Glenn, V. Lazaneo, V. Lewis, P. O'Connor-Marer EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: D. Kidd PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi- cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer- sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) 11 F.1 11 UC+IPM To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named prod- ucts is Intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, under special project Section 3(d). Integral- ad Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendation s given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional Information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietna m - e r a veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provision of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agricultur e a n Natural Resources. 1111 Franklin. 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200; (510) 987-0096. .4. PUPA N FLIES Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home Figure 1. Life cycle of the fly. Of the thousands of species of flies, only a few are common pests in and around the home. Four of the more frequent pests are the house fly (Musca domestica), the face fly (Musca autumnalis), the stable fly (Stonzoxys calcitrans), and the little house fly (Fannie spp.). These pests breed in filthy locations from which they can contaminate food and transmit dis- eases; stable flies feed on mammalian blood. All flies undergo complete metamor- phosis with egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages in their development (Fig. 1). The female fly deposits her eggs in moist organic material where the larvae, or "maggots," complete their development. When the maggots have completed their development and are ready to undergo the next iI 7 LARVA step in their metamorphosis, they convert their last larval skin into the puparium, a hardened shell within which the pupa develops. The pupa then transforms into the adult fly, which pops off the end of the pu- parium and emerges. By pumping body fluids into the veins, the fly un- folds and expands its wings, allowing them to dry and harden before it can fly. Under optimal conditions the egg- to-adult development may require as little as 7 to 10 days. Once the female fly has mated, she can lay several batches of eggs, typically containing over 100 eggs each. While humans are most commonly bothered by the adult stage, the larval stage should be the prime target for control. Elimination of larval habitat is the preferred method of pest fly Suppression. By removing the mate- rial in which larvae develop, the life cycle of the fly can be broken, pre- venting subsequent production of the adult pests. While chemical pesticides may be necessary for suppressing adult fly populations in some situa- tions, they are not a substitute for prevention through the elimination of breeding sites. Because flies can quickly develop resistance to insecti- cides in a few generations, use them only as a last resort to obtain immedi- ate control. HOUSE FLY Identification and Life Cycle The house fly (Musca donzestica) is a cosmopolitan companion of humans and domestic animals. House flies are less than one-half inch in length. They are gray, with four dark stripes down the dorsum of the thorax (Fig. 2). House flies have sponging mouthparts and can ingest only liquids. However, they can eat solid food (e.g., sugar, flour, pollen) by first liquefying it with their saliva. Under favorable conditions the house fly can reproduce prodigiously be- cause of its short generation time and ze) Figure 2. House fly. E TES Pu lication 7457 University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources February 1999 February 1999 Flies (actual size) Figure 3. House fly larva. the large number of eggs produced by each female—several batches of about 150 eggs. Eggs are laid in warm, moist, organic materials such as manure, garbage, lawn clippings, decaying vegetables and fruits, or soils contaminated with any of these materials. Under good conditions the eggs hatch in less than a day. The cream-colored larvae can then com- plete development within a week. Larvae of the house fly have a blunt posterior end and taper to a point at the head end (Fig. 3). Larvae seek drier areas to pupate. Pupation lasts 4 to 5 days and a generation can be completed in less than 2 weeks; dur- ing the summer 10 to 12 generations can develop. Damage Because they have sponging mouth- parts, house flies cannot bite; how- ever, they have been demonstrated to mechanically transmit the caus- ative agents of diarrhea, cholera, yaws, dysentery, and eye infections. Flies are also implicated as mechani- cal vectors of Shigella and Saline- nella, the latter being a pathogen responsible for food poisoning. Management of House Flies Most measures to control house flies are nonchemical. In almost all cases where flies are seen inside a building they have entered from the outside. Therefore, mechanical control re- mains the first line of defense against house flies. Cracks around windows and doors where flies are entering should be sealed. Well-fitted screens will also limit their access to build- ings. For commercial facilities, air doors can provide effective barriers to fly entry, and light traps attract any of those that still manage to get in. A fly swatter can be used effec- tively against the stray individual that finds its way into a house. Out- doors, regularly remove (at least twice a week) and dispose of or- ganic waste, including dog feces, to reduce the attractiveness of a site to flies and limit their breeding areas. Garbage should not be allowed to accumulate and should be kept in containers with tight-fitting lids. In general, poor exclusion and lack of sanitation are the major contribu- tors to fly problems. Fly papers or ribbons are effective at eliminating a few flies, but are not effective enough to manage heavy infestations. Inverted cone traps can be effective if the food attractant used draws flies, but they cannot compete with garbage or other aro- matic substances in the surrounding area. Bug zappers should only be used indoors and not be visible from the outside through windows or open doorways. Bug zappers outdoors or improper placement indoors can attract more flies than they kill. They should also not be used near food preparation areas because they may actually result in increased food contamination with insect parts. Selective use of insecticides against house flies is one component of a total fly management program but should only be used after all pos- sible nonchemical strategies have been employed. To kill flies indoors, a nonresidual pyrethrin space spray or aerosol can be used. Keep the room closed for several minutes after treatment until all the flies are dead. Outside, apply residual insec- ticides to surfaces such as walls and ceilings that are being used by the flies as resting areas. Fly baits used in trash areas are effective in reduc- ing the number of flies around build- ings if good sanitation practices are followed. When flies have access to garbage, however, they will not be controlled by baits. Always follow the directions on the insecticide label for safe application. LITTLE HOUSE FLY Identification and Life Cycle While little house flies (Fannia spp.) are found throughout the United States, populations of two species thrive in the particular climatic condi- tions of southern California. Both Fan- nia canicularis and Fannia frrnoralis can be abundant during the cooler months in southern California and are considered major winter pest flies. Adults are approximately one-half to two-thirds the size of the house fly, Mzisca domestica, and they lack its distinctive thoracic markings (Fig. 4). Fannia at rest hold their wings more over the back than Musca, creating a narrower V-shape to the wing outline. Flying clusters of male Fannia typically form in areas with still air; these mill- ing groups maintain a position 5 or 6 feet above the ground. Females typically spend most of their time feeding and laying eggs near the larval development site. The immature stages are adapted to tolerate a wide moisture range in the larval develop- ment substrate. Egg laying and larval development frequently occur in ani- mal wastes, but various moist organic materials can serve as suitable sub- strates. Larvae of Fannia spp. are brown in color and spiny (Fig. 5). Backyard compost heaps and decom- posing piles of grass clippings can produce large numbers of Fannia. Figure 4. Little house fly. .2. February 1999 Flies Figure S. Little house fly larva. Damage Little house flies are more reluctant to enter homes than are house flies; instead, they tend to congregate in outdoor areas such as patios, entryways, and garages. Their habit of hovering at face height makes them annoying, though they move readily out of the way when approached. They seldom land and are not consid- ered a significant disease vector. Strong air currents tend to disperse the male aggregations. As tempera- tures decline, they seek cover in buildings or protective vegetation. As temperatures rise in late spring and earl)' summer, populations of Fannia diminish. In southern California Fan- nia are the main pest fly from Novem- ber to June, with Musca donzestica assuming major pest status between June and November. Management of Little House Flies Eliminating the breeding site is the preferred method of controlling Fan- nia. Piles of moist, decaying grass clippings are ideal developmental sites, as are accumulations of moist manure. Fannia are not attracted to the same fly baits or traps that collect house flies. FACE FLY Identification and Life Cycle Face flies (Musca antumnalis) are par- ticularly a problem in rural areas of northern and central California where livestock are present. The hotter, drier weather in southern California is not conducive to their development. The face fly looks virtually identical to the house fly but is somewhat larger and darker in color. Like the house fly it also has sponging mouthparts and cannot bite. However, face fly behav- ior is distinctive because they are attracted to the eyes, nose, and mouth of cattle and horses. Female face flies lay their tiny stalked eggs in fresh manure. The yellowish larvae feed on the manure until ma- ture, when they crawl away to a suit- able site and pupate in the soil. The life cycle is completed in about 2 weeks. Damage Face flies feed on the secretions and sweat of cattle and horses in the sum- mer months. Their habit of feeding around the eyes makes them success- ful vectors of the causative agent of pinkeye in livestock. They can be- come pests of humans in fall when swarms of flies enter the walls of buildings to hibernate. Then, on warm days, these hibernating flies can be- come active and move in large num- bers to the inside of the building. Once inside the building they are at- tracted to light, so they are frequently found flying around windows or lights. Management of Face Flies The first step in control is to locate the area where the face flies are hiber- nating and then treat them directly. The inspection should start on the outside of the south and west sides of the building, because these walls re- ceive the majority of the sun's rays in fall and winter and are therefore usu- ally the warmest parts of the building. The flies are attracted to these warm areas in search of protective harbor- age for the winter. These flies swarm, then enter cracks and crevices that often lead to structural voids. Some- times these void spaces are acces- sible for inspection such as in a crawl space, attic, or false ceiling. The best nonchemical control method is to vacuum the flies off the surfaces on which they are resting. In areas inaccessible to vacuuming, a residual insecticide such as a pyrethroid can be applied. For application of residual insecticides, contact a reputable pest control company. Dusts are ideal for- mulations for use in void spaces, but avoid bendiocarb or boric acid dusts because they have given poor results. To prevent future infestations, cracks on the outside that may serve as entry points for flies should be sealed. STABLE FLY Identification and Life Cycle The stable fly (Sto;noxys calcitrans), sometimes called the "biting fly" or "dog fly," is a common fly attacking people living in neighborhoods with populations of animals or that are close to livestock facilities. These flies are almost indistinguishable from house flies, except that stable flies have a bayonetlike mouthpart (pro- boscis) protruding from the front of the head (Fig. 6). Depending on weather conditions, stable flies typically appear in mid- spring, become severe in early sum- mer, and decrease in numbers by late summer. During prime breeding times in summer, the stable fly can develop from egg to adult in just 2 weeks. The female fly lays over 100 eggs per batch and may lay four or five such batches in her lifetime, so there is potential for rapid population increases. Piles of moist, decaying plant refuse (grass clippings, hay, silage, etc.) should be considered potential sources of stable flies; this is where female stable flies Figure 6. Stable fly. .3. February 1999 Flies Jay their eggs and where the larvae develop. Larvae of the stable fly re- semble larvae of the house fly (Fig. 3). Stable flies do not breed in pure, fresh manure but will develop quite well in manure mixed with hay or other plant material, especially when dampened by urine. Backyard compost heaps and piles of grass clippings are ideal breeding sites for stable fly larvae and may serve as the production source for an entire neighborhood infesta- tion. Damage Stable flies bite people and feed on their blood but are not known to be significant vectors of disease. Stable flies also bite animals and tend to feed preferentially on the legs and under- side of animals such as cattle and horses. On dogs, stable flies typically feed around the periphery of the ear. Undisturbed, the stable fly can fully engorge in less than 5 minutes. It then flies away to a suitable resting site where it is protected while the blood meal is digested. It is seldom neces- sary for this pest to fly far to find hosts from which to take a blood meal. When stable flies are a problem in an area, they probably are originat- ing locally. Management of Stable Flies The most effective and economical method for reducing populations of the stable fly is elimination of breed- ing sources. To prevent larval devel- opment, moist grass clippings should be spread thinly to dry. Maintain com- post piles to promote rapid decompo- sition of organic matter, which generates heat and makes the pile unsuitable to fly larvae. Another nonchemical measure is pest-proofing the outside of a structure to prevent flies from entering. This technique includes caulking cracks, weather- stripping doors, and installing screens. For protection of dogs and horses that are bothered by stable flies, insect repellents containing permethrin or pyrethrins are effec- tive, but neither provides long-term control, so repeated applications ev- ery other day are necessary. Because the stable fly season is relatively short, this approach may be feasible. REFERENCES Ebeling, Walter. 1975. Urban Entomol- ogy. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. and Nat. Resources. Hedges, Stoy. 1994. Field Guide for the Management of Structure-infesting Flies. Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. WRITTEN BY John Klotz, Les Greenberg, Nancy Hinkle, and Stephen A. Klotz ILLUSTRATIONS: Ellen Montgomery Parker and D. E. Cardwell EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf. TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint. DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush. PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620. This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) F.1 UC9'IPM To simplify information, trade names of products. have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar prod- ucts that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agricul- lure, under special project Section NO, Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Disposeof empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse thecontainers. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your county agricultural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never burn pesticide containers. The University of California, in accordance with applicable Federal and State law and University policy, does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, disability, age, medical condition (cancer-related), ancestry, marital status, citizenship, sexual orientation, or Status as a Vietnam- era veteran or special disabled veteran. The University also prohibits sexual harassment. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action Director. University of California, Agricultureand Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin St., Oakland, California 94607-5200,,(510) 987-0096. .4. LAWN INSECTS Integrated Pest Management for the Home Gardener Insects are not a common cause of resi- dential lawn damage in California, but certain species occasionally damage or kill turfgrass. Insect feeding can cause grass to turn yellow or brown, or die, especially if the grass is already stressed. Damage usually begins in small, scattered patches, which may merge into large dead areas. However, lack of proper cultural care and use of inappropriate grass species in a par- ticular location are more likely respon- sible for unhealthy or dying lawns than insects. Disease-causing pathogens, excessive or inappropriate use of chemicals such as fertilizers and herbi- cides, and dog urine also produce damage resembling that of insects. Be- lore taking any insect control action, be sure that it is insects causing the prob- lem and not something else. Insects that may cause damage in Cali- fornia lawns include various root-, crown-, and leaf-feeding caterpillars; white grubs, which are the larvae of scarab beetles such as the black turfgrass ataenius and masked chafers; billbugs, which are weevils with white, grublike larvae; and chinch bugs, which are true bugs in the order He- miptera. Each species produces some- what different damage symptoms and must be managed differently. Study Figure I for identifying characteristics and Table I for damage symptoms as- sociated with each species. In addition to the pests in Table I, leafhoppers may occur in lawns, sometimes caus- ing yellowing of leaf blades, but rarely occur in numbers justifying treatment. Many other insects may be observed while examining grass. However, con- trol is rarely or never needed for most types of insects because they are harm- less or beneficial. Common beneficial insects include predatory ants, ground beetles, rove beetles, and blister Figure 1. Identifying features of various lawn pests. Blllbug adult is a small weevil (Snout beetle), 1/3 inch long, with a long, downward-pointing Snout and elbowed, clubbed antennae. It is often seen walking on paved areas but is difficult to find in turf unless a drench test is used. .( Bilibug larva is a creamy white, legless, 3/s-inch-long grub with a brown head. The absence of legs distinguishes a bilibug larva from a while grub larva. Black turfgrass ataenius adult is a shiny jet black beetle, 1/5 inch long, with club-end antennae Chinch bug (southern) adult is small (less than 1/5 inch long) and black with mostly white wings folded flat over the body. Both long- and short-winged forms may be present. Nymphs are bright red to black. Armyworm and cutworm adults are dull brown or grayish, relatively large (up to 11/2 inches long), night-active moths. Armyworm and cutworm larvae are up to 2 inches long at maturity; larvae often curl up and lie still when disturbed. Skipper (fiery) adult is a 1-inch-long, orange to brownish butterfly with a hooked knob at the end of the antennae. Lawn moth has an appendage in front of the head resembling a snout. Resting adults appear slender. When disturbed, the moth makes a short flight close to the grass. Adults are up to 3/4 inch long. Sod webworm (lawn moth) larva is cream colored, 3/4 inch long, and has a distinctive double row of brown or black spots down its back, located at the base of long bristles. White grub (chafer) adult is a golden brown, up to 3/4-inch-long beetle with a dark brown head; it is hairy on the underside of its thorax. White grub larva has a distinct brown head capsule and legs, is . up to 11/2 inches long; the posterior portion of its abdomen is enlarged, and it typically curls tightly into a C-shape. EST OTES Publication 7476 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised March 2003 March 2003 Lawn Insects beetles. Other common arthropods that are primarily decomposers and do no significant injury to turfgrass include springtails and millipedes. MANAGING LAWN INSECTS Good cultural practices are the primary method for managing insect damage to lawns. Growing appropriate grass spe- cies for a particular location and pro- viding lawns with proper care are especially important. Practices such as irrigating and fertilizing have a major impact on lawn health. Physical con- trols, such as thatch removal, choice of mowing height and frequency, and providing grass with more light by pruning tree branches, are also impor- tant in certain situations. Naturally occurring biological control may limit some insect pests. Most home lawns in California do not need to be treated with insecticides if proper cultural practices are followed. Insecticides should never be applied unless a pest is identified and detected at damaging levels. If insecticides are necessary, choose materials that have minimum impacts on beneficial organisms and the environment. Preventing Pest Problems The best way to prevent damage from lawn pests is to keep grass healthy. Healthy lawns require few, if any, in- secticide treatments. Also, if the turfgrass is under stress and a pesticide is applied, it stands a greater chance of suffering phytotoxic damage from the pesticide itself. The publications on managing your lawn listed in Sug- gested Reading give detailed informa- tion on how to grow a healthy lawn. Choose Appropriate Varieties. There are a number of grasses available for planting in California. These grasses are often referred to as either cool-sea- son grasses (examples include annual ryegrass, bentgrass, fine fescue, Ken- tucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue) or warm-season grasses (bermudagrass, kikuyugrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass). Warm-season grasses produce most of their growth during summer and usu- ally have a dormant period when they turn brown during winter. Cool-season grasses are green year-round, but pro- duce most of their growth in spring and fall. The type of grass and the vari- eties within each type vary in their shade tolerance, salinity tolerance, wa- ter needs, disease resistance, and cul- tural needs. A formerly thriving lawn variety may decline with changes in light, such as more or less shade caused by growth or removal of nearby trees. These factors are outlined in Se- lecting the Best Turfgrass, listed in Sug- gested Reading. Selection of the appropriate grass species and variety will allow you to grow a hardy lawn with minimal maintenance inputs. Care for Lawns Properly. Inappropri- ate irrigation is the most common cause of lawn damage. Overwatering (shallow, frequent sprinkling) retards deep root growth and increases lawn Table 1. Some Lawn Pests, Appearance of Their Damage, and Cultural Control Methods. Pest (Scientific name) Hosts Damage appearance Cultural control armyworms, cutworms all grasses, dichondra leaves and base of leaves chewed and cut reduce thatch; eliminate soggy (Pseudaletia unipuncta, beginning in small, irregular spots that can areas; overseed lawn Peridroma seucia, Agrotis spp.) spread to patches extending many feet in width bilibugs all grasses brown, thin, dying grass, beginning in irrigate and fertilize adequately; (Sphenophorus spp.) small, irregular spots that can spread to increase mowing height patches extending many feet in width black turfgrass ataenius annual bluegrass, brown, dying grass, few roots; lawn is increase mowing height; aerate (Afaenius spretulus) bentgrass, ryegrass, easily peeled off soil to improve root growth Kentucky bluegrass fiery skipper bentgrass, 1- to 2-inch-diameter spots of lawn turn reduce thatch; overseed with (Hylephila phyteus) bermudagrass, brown; spots may join to form large, grass species that are not St. Augustinegrass irregular dead patches; leaves chewed or preferred missing lawn moths, sod webworms all grasses, especially lawn brown; leaves chewed or missing reduce thatch; irrigate and (Crambus sperryellus, Tehama bentgrass, bluegrass, fertilize appropriately bonifatel!a) clovers southern chinch bug primarily St. irregular patches of lawn turn yellowish, reduce thatch; reduce nitrogen (Blissus insulans) Augustinegrass then brown and begin dying during hot fertilization; irrigate adequately; weather plant resistant varieties such as Floralawn, Floratam, or FX-10 if growing St. Augustinegrass white grubs—immatures of all grasses, especially brown dying grass; lawn can be rolled up if irrigate and fertilize masked chafers (Cyclocephala bluegrass, ryegrass heavily infested appropriately; overseed lawn spp.), May and June beetles (Phyiophaga spp.) Some pests specific to bermudagrass and dichondra are not included in this table. Other invertebrates that occasionally d a m a g e l a w n s include crane flies, fruit flies and other flies, flea beetles, leafhoppers, Lucerne moths, plant bugs, mealybugs, scale insects, and mites. Adapted from Ali and Elmore (1989) and Costa et al. (2000); for more information consult publications in Suggested Readin g . .2. March 2003 Lawn Insects susceptibility to stress. Poorly main- tained sprinklers can apply too much water in certain spots while under- watering other areas. Brown spots from uneven water applications occur frequently and are often caused by im- properly spaced irrigation heads, sunken or tilted heads, or unmatched heads that apply differing amounts of water. Correcting these physical prob- lems with irrigation systems can de- crease water waste by over 50%, decrease water bills, and most impor- tantly, improve the health of your lawn. Lawns should be irrigated deeply and no more often than twice a week. Appropriate fertilization encourages a dense, thick lawn that allows grass to tolerate some insect feeding. The ap- propriate timing and amount of fertil- izer (primarily nitrogen) varies depending on factors including season, grass species, and local growing condi- tions. In general, most California grasses used for lawns require from 3 to 6 pounds of actual nitrogen over a 1,000-square-foot area annually during their active growing season. Keep the blades on your lawn mower sharp and cut your turf at a mowing height appropriate for the type of lawn grass to minimize depletion of food reserves needed to outgrow insect in- jury. Mowing frequency and height depend on grass species, season, and the particular use of that lawn. Cool- season lawns have suggested mowing heights of 13/2 to 21/2 inches, while warm-season lawns should be mowed to a height of 3/4 to 1 inch. No more than one-third of the grass height should be removed at one time. Lawns also benefit from aeration. To increase water penetration and reduce soil compaction, periodically remove soil plugs using hollow tines. Thatch, which is the layer of undecomposed organic material on the soil surface, can build up and result in poor water, fertilizer, and air penetration. Thatch that is greater than /2 inch thick en- courages caterpillar and chinch bug populations. Thatch also reduces insec- ticide efficacy because insecticides can- not penetrate to reach root-feeding insects. Prevent thatch by avoiding excess nitrogen application, irrigating deeply and infrequently, and minimiz- ing the use of lawn pesticides that can reduce populations of microorganisms responsible for decomposing the thatch. If it is more than /2 inch thick, physically remove thatch with a gar- den rake, mechanical dethatcher, verti- cal mower, or power rake. Other methods include topdressing lawns by adding a thin layer (1/8_1/4 inch) of soil and raking or sweeping it into the thatch to encourage decomposer microorganisms. Core aerification also mixes soil into thatch, speeding decomposition. Biological Control Certain insects, other invertebrates, and microorganisms that occur natu- rally in lawns feed on or parasitize lawn pests. This type of control, called biological control, may help to prevent many lawn-dwelling insects from be- coming pests. To protect beneficial in- sects, avoid using broad-spectrum pesticides that will kill them along with the pests. Biological pesticides containing organisms such as Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and beneficial nema- todes are commercially available for controlling specific lawn insects These materials have minimal impacts on natural enemies of insect pests and other beneficial organisms such as earthworms. Birds, moles, and other vertebrates also feed on lawn insects from time to time. Detecting Problems in Your Lawn Examine your lawn weekly or just be- fore each mowing to detect problem areas. At the same time, look for weeds. A dense stand of healthy grass prevents most weeds from growing, so abundant weed growth indicates that the lawn is unhealthy and susceptible to other pests. New turfgrass is espe- cially vulnerable to problems and has different irrigation and fertilizer re- quirements than established turfgrass. An indication that a lawn may be in- fested with insects is when the adults (e.g., moth or beetle stage) of pests are drawn to lights at night or when verte- brate predators (birds, raccoons, or skunks) are digging in your lawn for caterpillars and grubs. However, the insects coming to light may be drawn .3. from far away and vertebrate activity is not a foolproof indicator. They may be feeding on earthworms instead of insects; also, vertebrates will return to where they previously found food, so they may dig in lawns even if insect pests are no longer abundant. If you observe damage, the next step is to determine the actual cause. If you think the damage is caused by insects, confirm your suspicions by looking for the pest. The most accurate way to do this is by using either the drench test or by inspecting around roots (Table 2). The drench test is effective for detect- ing chinch bugs and caterpillars in- cluding armyworms, cutworms, and sod webworms, but it does not detect grubs. Locating and correctly identify- ing a pest is important because differ- ent pests require different treatment materials, timing, and application methods. Identify the insects you find using de- scriptions in this publication (Fig. 1) and other publications such as Hand- book of Turfgrass Pests or Turfgrass Pests listed in Suggested Reading. The LIC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Turf,grass is available on the World Wide Web (www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ PMG/ selectnewpest.turIgrass.htnil) and contains color photos of some turf- grass pests. After identifying the in- sects, count the number of each type of insect found. Some of the insects you find may be beneficial or nondamag- ing. In home lawns, you usually need only to be concerned with the insects listed in Table 1. Remember that the mere presence of an insect pest does not imply that it is the cause of unhealthy lawns or that an insecticide treatment is needed. It is normal to find a few pest insects in any healthy lawn. Generally treatments are not recommended unless the popula- tion level of the insect pest reaches a predetermined level called a threshold (Table 2). Thresholds are the popula- tion levels at which the number of in- sects feeding exceeds the ability of a healthy lawn to withstand the damage they cause. For example, an insecticide usually is not needed unless there are more than about 5 armyworms and cutworms or 15 lawn moth larvae per March 2003 Lawn Insects Table 2. Lawn Pest Detection Methods, Treatment Targets, Thresholds, and IPM-compatible Materials. Suggested treatment IPM-compatible Insect Detection method Treatment target threshold materials armyworms, drench test for fat, dull gray, green, or brownish crowns, leaves, 5/yd' A, Bt, P, Sc cutworms larvae up to 2 inches long; inspect outdoor lights thatch around dawn for 1 1/4 inch brownish to gray moths billbugs dig around roots for whitish, C-shaped, legless grubs crown, roots 1/ft2 I, Sc up to /8 inch long with reddish heads; inspect outdoor tights around dawn for 1/3 inch brownish to gray snout beetles black turfgrass dig around roots for whitish, C-shaped grubs up to 1/3 roots, thatch soil 40/1`12 Hb, I, Sc ataenius (see also inch long with 6 legs and reddish heads; inspect interface white grubs) outdoor lights around dawn for shiny black adults 1/5 inch tong chinch bug, southern drench test or inspect around grass bases for crowns, stems 135/yd2 or P reddish, purple, black, or gray bugs up to 1/2 inch 15 nymphs & tong adults/ft2 lawn moths (sod drench test for slender, grayish larvae up to 3/4 inch crowns, leaves, 15/yd-' A, Bt, P, Sc webworms) tong; whitish or brownish moths up to 3/4 inch long fly thatch when grass is disturbed skipper, fiery drench test for larvae up to 1 inch long with pink- leaves, stems 151yd2 Bt, Hb, P green body and red and black head; orangish butterflies 1 inch wide with knobbed antennae feed at flowers; mere presence of this insect does not warrant control white grubs (the dig around roots in late winter or summer for whitish roots 6/ft2 Hb, I, Sg immatures of masked to yellow, wrinkled, C-shaped grub up to 11/2 inches chalers. May and long with 6 legs and a reddish head; look for June beetles; see yellowish brown adults 1/2 inch long. also black turfgrass ataenius) Check current labels for permitted uses and proper application methods. Adapted from All and Elmore (1989) and Costa et al. (2000). IPM-compatible materials Predaceous nematodes A = azadirachtin or neem (Safer BioNeem) Hb = Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Bt = Bacillus thuringiensis (BT WormKitler, Caterpillar Clobber) Sc = Steinernema carpocapsae = imidacloprid (Bayer Advanced Lawn Grub Control, Grubex, etc.) Sg = Steinernema glaseri P = pyrethrin/potash soap (Safer Yard & Garden Insect Killer) square yard. Sample several different areas of the lawn to better estimate populations overall, especially if num- bers are close to suggested thresholds. Drench Test. To detect chinch bugs, adult billbugs, and caterpillars includ- ing armyworms, cutworms, and larvae of lawn moths (sod webworms), per- form a drench test by mixing I to 2 fluid ounces (2-4 tablespoons) of dishwash- ing liquid (such as Lemon Joy) to a gal- lon of water. If you are using a concen- trate (i.e., Ultra) version of a dish- washing liquid, 11/2 tablespoons per gal- lon of water is adequate. Two gallons may be required where soils are dry. Apply the solution to I square yard of lawn as evenly as possible using a sprinkling can (Fig. 2). Test an area that includes both relatively healthy grass and adjoining unhealthy grass. The drench will cause insects to move to the surface. During the next 10 min- utes, identify and count the number of pest insects. Inspect Around Roots. The drench test does not indicate the presence of bill- bug larvae, black turfgrass ataenius larvae, or white grubs (masked chafers, May beetles, and June beetles). To de- tect white grubs, dig or cut beneath thatch (Fig. 3) and examine the soil around roots and crowns (where roots and stems meet). Look for the white, legless larvae of billbugs (a weevil) or the C-shaped, six-legged larvae of scarab beetles such as black turfgrass ataenius and masked chafers. When these are numerous, roots are eaten away and turf often can be rolled back like a carpet. If you find more than about one bilibug larva, six white grubs, or 40 black turfgrass ataenius grubs per square foot, control may be needed. TREATMENT If cultural practices are not enough to prevent damage, and a drench test or root inspection indicates treatment is warranted, choose selective, least toxic, IPM-compatible products (Table 2) whenever possible to control pests. The microbial insecticide Bacillus ihuringiensis and insect-killing nema- tode products that can be applied like insecticides have minimal negative im- pacts on nontarget organisms. The in- secticides azadirachtin, pyrethrum (pyrethrins), and imidacloprid are also .4. ! CJ ATh (b) Figure 3. Detect billbug larvae, black turfgrass ataenius, and white grubs by dig- ging around the root zone with a hand trowel. Alternatively, make three connected cuts through grass and thatch in the shape of a capital "I" (a); then lift back (b) and inspect underneath. If the area examined is 6 inches long and 4 inches wide, inspect six such areas to uncover a total of I square foot and compare the number of insects discovered to the suggested thresholds. March 2003 Lawn Insects Figure 2. Detect chinch bugs, adult bill- bugs, and caterpillars by drenching a 1- square-yard area of lawn with a soap solution to irritate insects so they come to the surface. relatively safe products for lawn insect management. Each of these products is effective only on certain pests and all must be properly timed and applied to be effective. Avoid the use of diazinon; urban use of this material has been identified as a source of pollution in California's creeks and rivers. Other broad-spectrum insecticides, including carbaryl and pyrethroids, are available. However, these materials pose risks for beneficial and nontarget organisms. Use them only when IPM-compatible insecticides cannot control the infesta- tion. Avoid the use of lawn fertilizer prod- ucts that also contain insecticides for preventative treatment. Insecticide treatment at the time of fertilizing is usually not justified and may reduce the presence of beneficial insects. Mow the lawn and reduce excess thatch (greater than 1/2 inch) before applying insecticides. Unless otherwise directed on the product label, irrigate and allow grass blades to dry before treating caterpillars and other insects that feed on grass blades and stems. Do not treat if rainfall is expected and do not irrigate for at least 48 hours after spraying for leaf-feeders to allow the insecticide to remain on grass blades as long as possible. When treating white grubs.and other root-feeders, wait to irrigate until after application so the insecticide is moved down into the soil. Certain chemicals may injure lawns, especially if used on seedlings, when temperatures are too high, or if grass is stressed. Injury may also result from excess amounts, repeated applications, the wrong formulation, or from mixing incompatible materials. Inert ingredi- ents, such as wetters, spreaders, emul- sifiers, diluents, and solvents, may also injure lawns. Bacillus thurin,giensis (Bt) kurstaki. Bt kills only caterpillars. When infected with Bt, caterpillars stop feeding within a day and usually die within a few days. Unlike broad-spectrum insecticides that kill on contact, caterpillars must eat Bt-sprayed foliage to be killed, so proper timing and thorough spray cov- erage are very important. Bt is most effective on caterpillars when they are young. Once the caterpillars become large they are harder to kill with this material, and other control measures may be necessary. Apply Bt during warm, dry weather when caterpillars are feeding actively. Sunlight inacti- vates Bt on foliage, so make applica- tions in the evening. Repeat treatment after about 7 to 10 days. Nematodes. Insect-attacking nema- todes can be applied to control cater- pillars or grubs. Each nematode species is effective on a different range of pests. Select the nematode species most effective against the target pest(s) (Table 2). All nematode species are most effective when applied during the early part of the season for that pest .5. (Fig. 4) when grubs or caterpillars are active. A second application about 2 weeks after the first increases the likeli- hood that nematodes will reproduce and provide long-term pest control. Irrigate before and after application. Apply to warm (at least 60°F), moist but not soggy soil. Several irrigations may be needed during the 2 weeks af- ter each application to keep soil moist. Because nematodes are killed by light and heat, apply them in the evening, especially in hot areas. Nematodes usually must be mail or- dered. Because they are very perish- able, store them as directed (usually under cool, dark conditions) and do not store them for long periods. Purchase from a reputable producer or supplier of fresh nematodes. Sources include those listed in the free pamphlet Suppli- ers of Beneficial Organisms in North America available on the California De- partment of Pesticide Regulation Web site (http: I /www.cdpr.ca.gov/ dprnews.htm). Suppliers and details on nematode use are also available at http: / /www2. oardc.ohio-state.edu / nematodes. Azadirachtin. The botanical pesticide azadirachtin is extracted from the seeds of the neem tree. It is used to control cutworms, armyworms, and the larvae of lawn moths. Azadirachtin is ab- sorbed by the plant and is able to move to a limited degree within the plant.. Because azadirachtin acts partly as an insect growth regulator (i.e., it prevents the caterpillar from reaching maturity), most caterpillars are not killed until March 2003 Lawn Insects several days after application, and azadirachtin's effectiveness is not im- mediately apparent. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agricultural commissioners office in your county. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHORS: S. H. Dreistadt, M. A. Hanvandi, H. Costa. and J. S. Harlin EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig.1: Adult chafer— A. S. Packard. 1876. Guide to the Study of In- sects. New York: Henry Holt; Sod webworm—R. M. Bohart. 1947. Hilgardia 17(8): 275; other in-sect line art—Chittenden, Martatt. or Webster from Sanderson, E. D. and C. F. Jackson. 1912. Elementary Entomology. Boston: Ginn. Fig. 2: Christine M. Dewees; Fig. 3: adapted from Gelenter, W. D. Calif. Fairways, Jan-Feb: pp. 6-8; Fig. 4: adapted from Ali, A. D., and C. L. Elmore, eds. 1989. Turfgrass Pests. Oak-land: UC ANR Publ. 4053. PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California. Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http:l/www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) Mill c-i UC UC+IPM PEERING REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer re-viewed for technical accuracy by University of Cali- fornia scientists and other qualified professionals. This review process was managed by the ANA Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. Imidacloprid. Imidacloprid is a chloronicotinyl insecticide that moves systemically within plants. It is effec- tive against black turfgrass ataenius, white grubs, and weevils. Imidacloprid has relatively long persistence. Because initial effectiveness can be delayed for days after application, it may be best to apply it during the early part of the season (Fig. 4), when the grubs are in their earliest stages. In lawns that had damaging infestations the previous year, make treatments when adults are found in early to midsummer. If lawns are heavily infested with damaging levels of grubs later in the season, a more quick-acting, broad-spectrum insecticide may be necessary. Pyrethrin. Pyrethrum, a botanical from flowers of certain chrysanthemums, contains pyrethrins, which are toxic to insects. Many pyrethrum products in- clude the synergist piperonyl butoxide. Insects may only be temporarily para- lyzed (knocked-down) and pests may .6. recover from temporary effects of exposure to pyrethrum unless pipero- nyl butoxide is added. SUGGESTED READING Au, A. D., and C. L. Elmore, eds. 1989. Turfgrass Pests. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 4053. Brandenburg, R. L., and M. G. Villani, eds. 1995. Handbook of Turfgrass Pests. Lanham, MD: Entomological Society of America. Costa, H., R. Cowles,]. Martin, K. Kido, and H. Kaya. 2000. Insects and Mites in UC 1PM Pest Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3365-T. Flint, M. L., and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook: The Illustrated Guide to Biological Pest Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3386. Ilarivandi, M. A., and V. A. Gibeault. 1996. Managing Lawns in Shade. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7214. Harivandi, M. A., and V. A. Gibeault. 1996. Mowing Your Lawn and Grasscycling. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 8006. Hari'andi, M. A., and V. A. Gibeault. 1997. Managing Lawns on Heaz'y Soils. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7227. liarivandi, M. A., W. B. Davis, V. A. Gibeault, M. J. Henry, J. A. Van Dam, L. Wu, and V. B. Younger. 1990. Selecting the Best Turfgrass. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2589. UC Statewide IPM Program. UC Guide to Healthy Lawns Web site.http://www. ipm.ucdavis.edu/TOOLS/TLTRF/ Figure 4. Approximate times to monitor for some lawn insects. Actual treatment time varies depending in part on location, temperature, rainfall, and the specific insecticide used. Before applying an insecticide, monitor for insects to confirm pest presence and that their numbers exceed thresholds. Insect Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct armyworm, cutworm _________________ billbug _____________ black turfgrass ataenius _________________ chinch bug — — — — — — — — — — — — fiery skipper sod webworm, lawn moth while grub WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (covered veterans are special disabled veterans, recently separated veterans, Vietnam-era veterans, or any other veterans who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended lobe consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's equal employment opportunity policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Drive, 6" Floor, Oakland, CA 94612- 3550,(510) 987-0096. WHITEFLIES Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Professional Landscapers Whiteflies are tiny, sap-sucking insects that are frequently abundant in veg- etable and ornamental plantings. They excrete sticky honeydew and cause yellowing or death of leaves. Out- breaks often occur when the natural biological control is disrupted. Man- agement is difficult. IDENTIFICATION AND LIFE CYCLE Whiteflies usually occur in groups on the undersides of leaves. They derive their name from the mealy, white wax covering the adult's wings and body. Adults are tiny insects with yellowish bodies and whitish wings. Although adults of some species have distinctive wing markings, many species are most readily distinguished in the last nymphal (immature) stage, which is wingless (Table ). Whiteflies develop rapidly in warm weather, and populations can build up quickly in situations where natural enemies are destroyed and weather is favorable. Most whiteflies, especially the most common pest species—green- house whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) and silverleaf or sweetpotato whiteflies (Bemisia spe- cies)—have a wide host range that includes many weeds and crops. In many parts of California, they breed all year, moving from one host to another as plants are harvested or dry up. Whiteflies normally lay their tiny, ob- long eggs on the undersides of leaves. The eggs hatch, and the young white- flies gradually increase in size through four nymphal stages called instars (Fig. 1). The first nymphal stage (crawler) is Figure L Greenhouse whitefly life cycle. barely visible even with a hand Jens. The crawlers move around for several hours, then settle and remain immo- bile. Later nymphal stages are oval and flattened like small scale insects. The legs and antennae are greatly reduced, and older nymphs do not move. The winged adult emerges from the last nymphal stage (for convenience some- times called a pupa). All stages feed by sucking plant juices from leaves and excreting excess liquid as drops of honeydew as they feed. Table I lists common whiteflies in Cali- fornia gardens and landscapes. DAMAGE Whiteflies suck phloem sap. Large populations can cause leaves to turn yellow, appear dry, or fall off plants. Like aphids, whiteflies excrete honey- dew, so leaves may be sticky or cov- ered with black sooty mold. The honeydew attracts ants, which inter- fere with the activities of natural en- emies that may control whiteflies and other pests. Feeding by the immature silverleaf whitefly, Beniisia argentifolii, can cause plant distortion, discoloration, or sil- vering of leaves and may cause serious eggs v C) adult crawler (actual ( size) second instar fourth instar n / nymph third inslar nymph EST OTE Publication 7401 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised September 2002 September 2002 Table 1. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common Whiteflies. Ash whitefly Host plants: many broadleaved trees and shrubs (Siphoninus phi!Iyreae) including ash, citrus. Bradford pear and other - Tt \ .\ ) flowering fruit trees, pomegranate, redbud, toyon Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have a very thick band of wax down the back and a fringe of tiny tubes, each with a liquid droplet at the end. Adults are white. Bandedwinged whilefly Host plants: very broad including cotton, cucurbits, (Trialeurodes abulilonea) other vegetables -. :.• fi Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have short, waxy filaments around their edges. Adults have brownish bands across the wings, and their body is gray. Citrus whitefly Host plants: citrus, gardenia, ash, ficus, pomegranate (Dialeurodes c/tn) Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have no fringe around their edges but have a distinctive V-shape on their backs. Adults are white. Crown whitefly Host plants: oak, chestnut (Ale uroplatus corona ía) Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs are black with large amounts of white wax arranged in a crownhike pattern. Adults are white. Giant whitefly Host plants: begonia, hibiscus, giant bird of paradise, (Aleurodicus dugesii) orchid tree, banana, mulberry, vegetables, and ç•. )-ThK many ornamentals; currently only in Southern California Characteristics: Adults are up to 0.19 inch long. They leave spirals of wax on leaves. Nymphs have long filaments of wax that can be up to 2 inches long and give leaves a bearded appearance. For more information, see Pest Notes: Giant Whitefly, listed in References. Greenhouse whitefly Host plants: very broad including most vegetables and (Tnaleurodes vaporariorum) herbaceous ornamentals Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have very long waxy filaments and a marginal fringe. Adults have white wings and a yellow surface or substrate. Iris whitefly Host plants: iris, gladiolus, many vegetables, cotton and (Aleyrodes spiraeoides) other herbaceous plants Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have no fringe or waxy filaments but are located near distinctive circles of wax where egg laying took place. Adults have a dot on each wing and are quite waxy. Continued on next page Whiteflies losses in some vegetable crops. Some whiteflies transmit viruses to certain vegetable crops. With the notable ex- ception of the citrus whitefly, white- flies are not normally a problem in fruit trees, but several whiteflies can be problems on ornamental trees (see Table 1). Low levels of whiteflies are not usually damaging. Adults by them- selves will not cause significant dam- age unless they are transmitting a plant pathogen. Generally, plant losses do not occur unless there is a significant population of whitefly nymphs. MANAGEMENT Management of heavy whitefly infesta- tions is very difficult. \Vhiteflies are not well controlled with any available insecticides. The best strategy is to prevent problems from developing in your garden to the extent possible. In many situations, natural enemies will provide adequate control of whiteflies; outbreaks may occur if natural enemies that provide biological control of whiteflies are disrupted by insecticide applications, dust)' conditions, or inter- ference by ants. Avoid or remove plants that repeatedly host high popu- lations of whiteflies. In gardens, white- fly populations in the earl)' stages of population development can be held down by a vigilant program of remov- ing infested leaves, vacuuming adults, or hosing down (syringing) with water sprays. Aluminum foil or reflective mulches can repel whiteflies from veg- etable gardens and sticky traps can be used to monitor or, at high levels, re- duce whitefly numbers. If you choose to use insecticides, insecticidal soaps or oils such as neem oil may reduce but not eliminate populations. Biological Control White/lies have many natural enemies, and outbreaks frequently occur when these natural enemies have been dis- turbed or destroyed by pesticides, dust buildup, or other factors. General predators include lacewings, bigeyed bugs, and minute pirate bugs. Several small lady beetles including Clitostethus arcuatus (on ash whitefly) and scale predators such as Scyinnus or Chilocorus species, and the Asian multi- .2. September 2002 Whiteflies Figure 2. Look at empty nymphal cases to detect parasitism: a healthy adult whitefly emerged from the T-shaped hole in the mature nymph on the left, whereas an adult parasite emerged from' the round hole on the right. colored lady beetle, Harinonia axyridis, feed on whiteflies. Whiteflies have a number of naturally occurring para- sites that can be very important in con- trolling some species. Encarsia spp. parasites are commercially available for release in greenhouse situations; however, they are not generally recom- mended for outdoor use because they are not well adapted for survival in temperate zones. An exception is the use of parasite releases for bayberry whitefly in citrus in southern Califor- nia. You can evaluate the degree of natural parasitization in your plants by checking empty whitefly pupal cases. Those that were parasitized will have round or oval exit holes and those from which a healthy adult whitefly emerged will have a T-shaped exit hole (Fig. 2). Whitefly nymphs can some- times be checked for parasitization before emergence by noting a darken- ing in their color. However, some whitefly parasites do not turn hosts black and many whitefly nymphs that occur on ornamentals are black in their unparasitized state. Avoiding the use of insecticides that kill natural enemies is a very important aspect of whitefly management. Prod- ucts containing carbaryl, pyrethroids, diazinon or foliar sprays of imidaclo- prid can be particularly disruptive. Control of dust and ants, which protect whiteflies from their natural enemies, can also be important, especially in citrus or other trees. Removal Hand-removal of leaves heavily in- fested with the nonmobile nymphal and pupal stages may reduce popula- tions to levels that natural enemies can contain. Water sprays (syringing) may also be useful in dislodging adults. A small, hand-held, battery-operated vacuum cleaner has also been recom- mended for vacuuming adults off leaves. Vacuum in the early morning or other times when it is cool and whiteflies are sluggish. Kill vacuumed insects by placing the vacuum bag in a plastic bag and freezing it overnight. Contents may be disposed of the next day. Mulches Aluminum foil or reflective plastic mulches can repel whiteflies, especially away from small plants. Aluminum- coated construction paper is available in rolls from Reynolds Aluminum Company. Alternatively, you can spray clear plastic mulch with silver paint. Reflective plastic mulches are also available in many garden stores. To put a mulch in your garden, first remove all weeds. Place the mulch on the plant beds and bury the edges with soil to hold them down. After the mulch is in place, cut 3- to 4-inch diam- eter holes and plant several seeds or single transplants in each one. You may furrow irrigate or sprinkle your beds if you use aluminum-coated con- struction paper or other porous mulch; the mulch is sturdy enough to tolerate sprinkling. Plastic mulches will require drip irrigation. In addition to repelling whiteflies, aphids, and leafhoppers, the mulch will enhance crop growth and control weeds. Mulches have been shown to deter the transmission of viruses in commercial vegetable crops. When summertime temperatures get high, however, remove mulches to prevent overheating plants. Traps In vegetable gardens, yellow sticky traps can be posted around the garden to trap adults. Such traps won't elimi- nate damaging populations but may reduce them somewhat as a compo- nent of an integrated management program relying on multiple tactics. Whiteflies do not fly very far, so many traps may be needed. You may need as many as one trap for every two large plants, with the sticky yellow part of the trap level with the whitefly infesta- tion. Place traps so the sticky side faces plants but is out of direct sunlight. Commercial traps are commonly avail- able, or you can make traps out of Y4-inch plywood or masonite board, painted bright yellow and mounted on pointed wooden stakes that can be driven into the soil close to the plants that are to be protected. Although com- mercially available sticky substrates such as Stickem or Tanglefoot are com- monly used as coatings for the traps, you might want to try to make your Table 1, continued. Major Economic Hosts of Some Common White flies. Mulberry whitefly Host plants: citrus, other trees (Tetraleurodes mon) Characteristics: Nymphs have blackish, oval bodies with white, waxy fringe. Silverleaf and sweetpotato Host plants: very broad including many herbaceous and whiteflies (Bemisia some woody plants such as cotton, cucurbils, tomatoes, argentiiolii and B. tabacs) peppers, lantana, cole crops, and hibiscus O Characteristics: Fourth-instar nymphs have no waxy filaments or marginal fringe. Adults have white wings and El A yellow body; they hold their wings slightly tilted to surface or substrate. Woolly whitefly Host plants: citrus, eugenia (Aleurothrixus Iloccosus) Characteristics: Nymphs are covered with fluffy, waxy filaments. .3. September 2002 Whitef lies own adhesive from one-part petroleum jelly or mineral oil and one-part household detergent. This material can be cleaned off boards easily with soap and water, whereas a commercial sol- vent must be used to remove the other adhesives. Periodic cleaning is essen- tial to remove insects and debris from the boards and maintain the sticky surface. Insecticide Sprays Insecticides have only a limited effect on whiteflies. Most kill only those whiteflies that come in direct contact with them. For particularly trouble- some situations, try insecticidal soap or an insecticidal oil such as neem oil or narrow-range oil. Because these prod- ucts only kill whitefly nymphs that are directly sprayed, plants must be thor- oughly covered with the spray solu- tion. Be sure to cover undersides of all infested leaves; usually these are the lowest leaves and the most difficult to reach. Use soaps when plants are not drought-stressed and when tempera- tures are under 80°F to prevent pos- sible damage to plants. Avoid using other pesticides to control whiteflies; not only do most of them kill natural enemies, whiteflies quickly build up resistance to them, and most are not very effective in garden situations. REFERENCES Bellows, T. S., J. N. Kabashima, and K. Robb. Jan. 2002. Pest Notes: Giant Whit efly. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7400. Also available online at http:/ /www.ipm.ucdavis. edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7400.html Flint, M. L. 1998. Pests of the Garde,, and Sinai! Farm. 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3332. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your county. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: M. L. Flint EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: from M. L. Flint. July 1995. Whiteflies in California: a Resource for Cooperative Extension. UC IPM Publ. 19. Giant whitefly in Table 2 by D. H. Hendrick. Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http:/Iwww.Ipm.ucdavis.edu) 11 ,1I1 fl UC Ir ,&iMr4 a PEER a UCrIPM REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer re- viewed for technical accuracy by University of Cali- fornia scientists and other qualified professionals. This review process was managed by the ANR As- sociate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed. away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containtng fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or bum the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws, Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Dr., Oakland, CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. .4. WEED MA NA GEMEN T iN LA WNS Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Weeds occur in every lawn, but they seldom become problems in well-man- aged, vigorously growing turfgrass. Proper site preparation and turfgrass selection before planting are essential to give a new lawn a healthy start. Once a lawn is established, poor maintenance practices that weaken it—such as im- proper irrigation, fertilization, or mow- ing—are the primary factors likely to predispose it to weed invasion. Activi- ties that lead to compaction also con- tribute significantly to turfgrass stress, making it easier for weeds to invade. An integrated weed management pro- gram can reduce most weed popula- tions to tolerable levels and prevent large, unsightly weed patches. Total eradication of weeds is not a realistic or necessary goal for most lawns and park turfgrass; however, with good manage- ment practices a lawn can be practically weed-free without the extensive use of chemicals. WEED IDENTIFICATION Identifying weeds and knowing their life cycles are essential to management. Three general categories of weeds may be found in lawns: broadleaves, grasses, and sedges (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). Take care to distinguish weedy grasses from similar-looking lawn grass species. The life cycle of weeds may be an- nual, biennial, or perennial. Annual weeds are most commonly identified as either winter/cool-season or summer/ warm-season and survive only one season. If not controlled before they flower, they can produce seed that will sprout the following year. Biennial weeds survive for two growing seasons, reproducing vegetatively or by seed; however, seed is not produced until the second year. Perennial weeds survive many years, and though some may produce seed, many primarily repro- duce vegetatively by creeping stems ...• j: ..-- 4, 41 \fr' ; dandelion (stolons and rhizomes), tubers, or fleshy roots. Perennial weeds are the hardest to control once established. The most troublesome weed species in lawns are listed in Table 1. For additional weeds, see the Turfgrass Weed Photo Gallery on the UC IPM Web site. WEED INVASION Weeds often invade turfgrass that is over- or under-watered, improperly fertilized, improperly mowed, or highly compacted. Lawns that have been weakened by plant pathogens or insect pests are also likely to become weedy because there is more open space for a weed to establish. Most weed invasions can be prevented with proper lawn maintenance and good preventative practices or remedied with overseeding. The most troublesome weed species that invade turfgrass are often associ- ated with specific conditions (see Table I). Identifying the weed species present may give an indication of the underly- ing problem responsible for the inva- lion utsedge Figure 3. Sedges resemble grasses, but have leaves arranged in sets of three and stems that are triangular in cross-section. sion and tell you what can be done to reduce the weed infestation. See the Pest Notes of the major weed species listed in Table I for detailed information. Figure 1. Broadleaves have wide leaves Figure 2. Grasses have narrow leaves of various shapes with veins branching with parallel veins, arranged in sets of out in different directions. two, and have round or flattened stems. ii blication 74113 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources January 2004 January 2004 . Weed Management in Lawns Table 1. Special Weed Problems in Lawns and Their Associated Conditions. Weed species Associated condition(s) - Cultural management comments ANNUAL GRASSES annual bluegrass overwatering; compacted soil reduce irrigation; aerate crabgrass (smooth and large) overwatering or frequent light water longer and less often; check watering; mowing too short mowing height goosegrass . overwatering; compacted soil reduce irrigation; aerate .. •• crabgrass PERENNIAL GRASSES I" bermudagrass previous bermudagrass lawn or remove plants before they spread; infestation; close mowing; sun increase mowing height and heat dallisgrass overwatering; compacted soil remove plants before they spread; $bermudagrass reduce irrigation; aerate ANNUAL BROADLEAVES 40 California burciover, black medic low nitrogen fertility fertilize common knotweed compacted soil aerate spurges (spotted and prostrate) closely mowed turfgrass with open check mowing height; remove plants areas; low nitrogen fertility before they spread spurge PERENNIAL BROADLEAVES \ white clover low nitrogen fertility fertilize k Creeping woodsorrel nearby sources of infestation remove plants before they spread dandelion poorly maintained thin areas or remove plants by hand; improve nearby sources of infestation turfgrass management practices English daisy moist areas of turfgrass mostly in keep turfgrass on dry side; improve coot coastal climates turfgrass management practices plantains (buckhorn and overwatering; compacted soil; reduce irrigation; aerate; improve broadleaf) poorly maintained open turfgrass turfgrass management practices plantain areas; shaded areas in warm climates SEDGES .. / green kyllinga overwatering; poor drainage; reduce irrigation 'I sun and heat •... nutsedge •• overwatering, poor drainage, reduce irrigation; remove plants before / t \ sun and heat; nearby infestation they spread green kyllinga Pest Notes are available for all listed species except goosegrass and English daisy. .2. January 2004 Weed Management in Lawns WEED MANAGEMENT BEFORE PLANTING Prepare Your Site A health)' lawn begins with a properly prepared site. Before planting, remove existing vegetation and prepare the bed. If you expect annual weeds to be a problem, irrigate the site to allow weeds to germinate. Follow up with a shallow cultivation or an application of a nonse- lective herbicide such as glyphosate. Repeat this process if necessary. Perennial weeds are harder to control than annuals. For perennials, dig out and remove as many weeds and other vegetation as possible. Cultivate the soil to bring up buried propagules (stems, rhizomes, and tubers). It is best to do this when conditions are warm and dry so that the propagules will desiccate on the soil surface. If you have particularly troublesome weed problems, continue to work the soil without irrigating for several months to bring up new propagules. A few species such as field bindweed and purple nutsedge cannot be controlled in this manner. A nonse- lective herbicide such as glyphosate, applied when weeds are actively grow- ing, can also be used to kill many diffi- cult-to-control perennials. Soil solarization can be very effective at controlling many weed species prior to planting and is ideal for gardeners who want to avoid herbicide use. Once the area is cultivated, amended, and prepared for planting, place clear poly- ethylene plastic I to 2 mils (0.025-0.050 mm) thick over the moist soil surface and cover the edges with soil to hold them in place. For best results, soil so- larization must be carried out during the time of highest solar radiation— from June to August in inland Califor- nia—and the tarps must remain on the infested soil for 4 to 6 weeks. Solariza- tion is less effective or ineffective in cooler coastal areas or in the shade. Many annual weeds can be controlled with this method; however, soil solar- ization is not as effective at controlling certain perennials such as field bind- weed and nutsedge. See Soil Solariza- tion: A Nonpeslicidal Method for Controlling Diseases, Nematodes and Weeds, listed in References, for more information. Many soils need to be amended with organic matter or nutrients. Amend- ments can improve drainage in tightly compacted clay soils or improve the water-holding capacity in sandy soils. The ability of soils to drain water and simultaneously hold enough water is extremely important in establishing the turfgrass root system and maintaining healthy lawns. Lawns thrive in soils with good drainage that allow the unre- stricted flow of oxygen, nutrients, and water. When adding topsoil, make sure it is from a reputable source and that it is free of rocks, weed propagules such as rhizomes or tubers, and herbicide residues. Select an Appropriate Turfgrass Species Turfgrass species vary in their tolerance to extreme temperatures, shade, drought, and amount of wear. Cool- season species such as tall fescue, per- ennial ryegrass, and Kentucky blue- grass do best in northern and coastal California climates and actively grow during the spring and fall. Warm- season grasses such as bermudagrass, St. Augustinegrass, and zoysiagrass grow best in southern or Central Valley climates where summers are hot and dry and winters are relatively mild. Tall fescue is planted in many inland valleys of California and performs well in spring and fall, but becomes stressed during cold winter and hot summer months. Bermudagrass is planted in inland valleys and southern coastal areas, where it performs well in the heat; however, it goes dormant during winter months when soil temperatures drop below 52°F. When planting a lawn, choose a species that best fits your specific conditions (Table 2). Poorly adapted species are more sus- ceptible to weed invasions and require more intense maintenance than well- adapted species. It is essential to choose a planting time that allows the turfgrass species to establish quickly and out-compete weeds. Warm-season grasses should be planted from mid-spring to midsum- mer. Cool-season grasses should be planted in early spring or fall. Lawns will compete with weeds more effec- tively if established quickly. Lawns established from sod have few weed problems from the moment they are planted. Lawns planted from seed, stolons, or plugs can take up to 2 months to become established and are therefore more susceptible to weed invasions. WEED MANAGEMENT IN NEWLY PLANTED LAWNS Even if a planting site has been care- fully prepared, some weeds will prob- ably develop in a new lawn. Remove weeds by hand as they appear. This will prevent them from producing seed and extending the invasion. Properly timed irrigation, mowing, and fertilization can keep weeds under control. In the first few weeks after planting, turfgrass roots are fairly short, extending only into the top few inches of soil. Water lightly to keep the root zone moist with- out saturating the soil. Once the turf- Table 2. Turfgrass Species Best Adapted to Most California Conditions. Turfgrass species Tolerance Temperature adaptation Heat Cold Drought Shade Salinity Wear/Traffic bermudagrass high low high low high high warm-season Kentucky bluegrass' low high low mod low mod cod-season perennial ryegrass' low high low low mod high cool-season red fescue' low high mod high low mod cool-season St Augustinegrass high low mod high high mod warm-season tall fescue mod - high mod mod mod mod mod - high cool-season When planted as a mixed turfgrass (combining two or more turfgrass species) this species may have higher tolerance for heat if properly managed. .3. January 2004 Weed Management in Lawns grass becomes established, encourage healthy root growth with deep, infre- quent watering. Mow new lawns for the first time when their roots are firmly planted in the soil. Be sure the soil is fairly dry so that the young turfgrass is not torn from the ground. WEED MANAGEMENT IN ESTABLISHED LAWNS Irrigation Many lawns are watered incorrectly. Poor irrigation practices can weaken turfgrass growth, allowing weeds to invade. Annual bluegrass, crabgrass, dallisgrass, and nutsedge are just a few weed species that thrive in poorly irri- gated lawns. To maintain a healthy lawn, uniform coverage is needed. Sprinkler heads that are broken, ob- structed, or set too low or too high may not reach all areas of the lawn and can result in dry or dead spots in an other- wise healthy turfgrass. In general, deep, infrequent irriga- tion will encourage healthy root growth. Light, frequent watering is only required when the turfgrass has just been planted and the root system is developing. Watering established turf- grass lightly and frequently creates a shallow-rooted lawn, making it less durable and allowing shallow-rooted weeds such as crabgrass to get the com- petitive edge. Ideally, turfgrass should be irrigated deep enough to penetrate the soil to a depth of 6 to 8 inches. Al- low the soil to partially dry out between waterings. The top I to 2 inches of soil should be fairly dry before water is applied again. Water requirements vary among turfgrass species and also vary depend- ing on climate, time of year, and grow- ing conditions. As a general rule, warm-season grasses only need to be watered once or twice a week. Cool- season grasses require more frequent watering, up to three times a week in hot weather. Turfgrass species growing in shade require less water than the same species growing in full sun. Turf- grass growing on clay soils does not need to be watered as frequently as turfgrass growing on sandy soils. Clay soils retain water longer than sandy soils; sandy soils dry out quickly. For specific irrigation requirements for warm- and cool-season turfgrasses in various regions of California and at different sprinkler outputs, see Lawn Watering Guide for California listed in References. Mowing Each turfgrass species has specific mowing height requirements. Mowing some grasses too short can weaken the turfgrass and increase weed invasions. Alternatively, if some grasses are not mowed short enough, the thatch layer can build up, reducing water penetra- tion and weakening the turfgrass. See The UC Guide to Healthy Lawns listed in References for mowing requirements for common turfgrass species. Mow grasses more frequently when they are actively growing. A standard guide is to remove no more than one- third of the leaf blade at each mowing. If too much is removed at one time, it can take some time for the grass to re- cover, giving weeds a chance to invade. Lawns with weed invasions often ap- pear uneven. Mow weedy lawns fre- quently enough to avoid this patchy appearance and prevent flower and weed seed formation. Be sure that mower blades are sharp enough so that the turfgrass is not damaged. If mowers are moved from weedy lawns to other lawns, be sure to wash off the blades to avoid transport of weed seeds and propagules. Avoid mowing lawns when the soil is wet, such as after rain or irrigation; moving a mower over wet soil can lead to compaction. Fertilizing To maintain a healthy lawn, follow fertilizing guidelines carefully. Begin a regular fertilization program approxi- mately 6 weeks after planting. In gen- eral, lawns need to be fertilized about four times a year with no more than I pound of actual nitrogen per 1,000 square feet per application. See Practical Lawn Fertilization in References for re- quirements for specific turfgrass species. Thatch Regular thatch removal will help keep your turfgrass healthy and competitive with weeds. Thatch is a layer of organic matter (stems, stolons, roots) that devel- ops between the turfgrass blades and the soil surface. A thin layer of thatch is normal and even beneficial; it can help limit weed germination. Some turfgrass species, particularly creeping grasses, develop thick thatch layers that can prevent the circulation of air, water, and nutrients in the soil. Generally, you should dethatch your lawn when the thatch layer is more than ½ inch thick. Fbr some species, such as zoysiagrass, bermudagrass, or Kentucky bluegrass, this may mean dethatching every year. For other species, such as tall fescue, dethatching may only be needed every 5 years or not at all. Use a thatching rake on small lawns to loosen the layer of thatch. On creeping-type grass lawns, such as bermudagrass, use a verticutter, or dethatcher, to cut through the lawn to the soil surface. Aeration Heavy traffic can compact soil over time. Soil compaction restricts the flow of oxygen, water, and nutrients into the roots, causing the turfgrass to grow slowly and making it more susceptible to weed invasions. Alleviate soil com- paction with regular aeration. Lawns on heavy clay soils or lawns with heavy foot or equipment traffic may need to be aerated several times a year while lawns with little activity may only need to be aerated once a year or less. Aerators, sometimes called aerifiers, remove small cores of soil or create pores or channels in the rooting zone. A hand-held aerifier may be adequate on small lawns. For larger lawns, machine- driven aerifiers are more practical and can be gotten from equipment rental businesses. Aerate when the turfgrass is actively growing. Hand-weeding Controlling occasional weeds by hand- pulling maybe all that is necessary if you practice regular and proper mainte- nance procedures. Hand-weeding is particularly important for preventing infestations of creeping woodsorrel, nutsedge, dandelion, spurge, dallis- grass, and bermudagrass. Remove weeds while they are still young and before they set seed or produce rhi- zomes or tubers. Remove small patches before they get large. Making this a regular habit will greatly reduce the number of weeds in your lawn. Be sure to remove the entire weed, including the root. A dandelion fork, or fishtail .4. January 2004 Weed Management in Lawns weeder, is useful for removing weeds with a thick taproot. Herbicides If your lawn is properly maintained, herbicides will generally not be necessary. When they are needed, use them as part of an integrated manage- ment program that includes good cul- tural practices. No single herbicide will control all lawn weeds, and not all her- bicides can be used on all lawn species. You must identify your weed prob- lem(s) and turfgrass species before choosing an herbicide. A few of the most serious lawn weeds, such as some perennial grasses, cannot be effectively controlled with herbicides without kill- ing the turfgrass as well. Herbicides are classified in several ways: preemergent or postemergent contact or systemic selective or nonselective. Preemergent herbicides are applied before weeds emerge from the soil; they kill weed seedlings as they germinate and try to emerge. In lawns they are primarily used against annual grass weeds such as annual bluegrass and crabgrass, but there are also preemer- gent herbicides that are effective against many broadleaf weeds. Postemergent herbicides are applied after weeds have emerged from the soil; they control actively growing weeds. Postemergent herbicides may have either contact or systemic activity. Contact herbicides cause localized injury where the chemi- cal comes in contact with the plant. In contrast, systemic herbicides move within the plant causing injury at addi- tional sites in the plant and can control older weeds. Examples include glypho- sate (Roundup), triclopyr (Turfion), or 2,4-Dldicamba /mecoprop mixtures. Selective herbicides kill target weeds without damaging desirable turfgrass species. They are toxic to only certain plants or weeds. For example, 2,4-13 selectively kills only broadleaf plants and not grasses, and pendimethalin controls crabgrass as it germinates but does not injure established turfgrass. Nonselective herbicides kill all or most vegetation including turfgrass; use them only prior to planting a lawn, during renovation, or as spot treatments. The herbicide you choose will de- pend on the types of weeds you are trying to control and the tolerance of your turfgrass species. Table 3 lists some common herbicides labeled for use on turfgrass or for turfgrass renova- tion and highlights the types of weeds or special weed problems they control. PLEASE NOTE THAT SEVERAL OF THE PESTICIDES MENTIONED HERE ARE AVAILABLE FOR PROFESSION- AL USE ONLY. Herbicides for Broadleaves. The easiest weeds to control in grass lawns are annual broadleaves. Many products are available and formulated for specific weeds or for use on specific turfgrass species. Generally these weed killers are postemergent, systemic herbicides con- taining combinations of two or three active ingredients, such as dicamba, mecoprop. or 2,4-D, and are very effec- tive in controlling numerous broadleaf weeds. Triclopyr is also an effective broadleaf herbicide but will cause in- jury to bermudagrass lawns and other stoloniferous turfgrass: it is safe to use on most cool-season turfgrass such as bluegrass, ryegrass, and tall fescue lawns. Dicamba, mecoprop, triclopyr, and 2,4-D and their combinations are also effective against perennial broadleaves. Herbicides for Grass Weeds. Annual grasses such as crabgrass, foxtail, and annual bluegrass can be effectively controlled in established lawns with preemergent herbicides such as benefin, bensulide, dithiopyr, oryzalin, pen- dimethalin, and prodiamine. The key to success is to apply the herbicide 2 to 3 weeks prior to weed germination and to thoroughly water the herbicide into the lawn. It may take two applications per year (late winter and mid-spring) to clean up a heavy weed infestation, but herbicides should not be needed year after year if cultural practices are modi- fied to favor the turfgrass. Specific preemergent herbicides will effectively control specific weeds. It is very impor- tant to identify the weed to be con- trolled and understand the time of year it most often germinates. It is much more difficult to control weedy grasses with postemergent prod- ucts. Products containing calcium acid methanearsonate, DSMA, or MSMA reduce crabgrass and dallisgrass infes- tations but not as effectively, and sev- eral applications are needed in summer and in subsequent years. Some peren- nial grasses, such as bermudagrass or knotgrass growing in a tall fescue lawn, are extremely difficult to control. Oftentimes a nonselective, systemic herbicide such as glyphosate is needed. Make spot treatments because glypho- sate will kill turfgrass as well. It must be applied when weeds are actively growing and is most successful when applied in early fall before the ber- mudagrass goes into dormancy. Ber- mudagrass growing in a tall fescue lawn can also be suppressed with re- peated applications of triclopyr (Turfion). See the label for specific directions. Herbicides for Sedges. Sedges, such as yellow and purple nutsedge and green kyllinga, can be killed with spot treat- ments of a nonselective postemergent herbicide such as glyphosate. Alterna- tively you can make two applications with halosulfuron (Manage) using a nonionic surfactant or you can repeat- edly spray with a postemergent selec- tive herbicide such as bentazon or MSMA. No preemergent herbicides kill nutsedge tubers in turfgrass. Metola- chlor (Pennant Magnum) is registered for control of yellow nutsedge but is for professional use only and can only be used on warm-season turfgrasses. Most preemergent materials, such as benefin, DCPA, and pendimethalin, are effective at killing seeds of green kyllinga. Herbicides for Newly Seeded Lawns. Special care should be taken when ap- plying herbicides on newly seeded lawns because of the sensitivity of seed- ling plants. Among the preemergence herbicides, DCPA (Dacthal) can be used "at greening" when a solid stand of turfgrass is apparent. Dacthal is one of the safest herbicides for most turfgrass species. It is used primarily for annual bluegrass and crabgrass control but will also control several broadleaf weeds including short-term control of spurge. Another preemergent herbicide, siduron (Tupersan), can be used on .5. January 2004 Weed Management in Lawns newly seeded or established, cool- season turfgrass for control of broadleaf seedlings and warm-season grass weeds. Siduron should not be used on warm-season turfgrass species. Among the postemergent herbicides, broadleaf weed killers such as dicamba, triclopyr (Turfion), or 2,4-D can be used for broadleaf control once the turfgrass has produced several tillers and has been mowed two or three times. Weed and Feed Products. Some fertil- izer products contain either preemer- gent or postemergent (or both) herbicides for weed control (usually crabgrass prevention or broadleaf weed control). Use these combination prod- ucts only when the lawn has a known weed problem and not every time you fertilize. Herbicides should only be applied when you have observed high numbers of weeds and are sure treat- ment is necessary. With preemergent products, this means relying upon weed populations observed last season. Be sure the active ingredient in the product is one that will control the weed species causing your problems and also that the timing of the applica- tion is right. There is no point in apply- ing preemergent herbicides after target weeds have emerged. Be aware that certain broadleaf herbicides, such as dicamba and triclopyr, can be absorbed by tree roots growing in lawns and may cause tree injury if applied too close to the tree drip line. Precautions are al- ways listed on the herbicide label. Other Weed Control Products. Corn gluten meal is a line yellow powder that is a waste product left over from the processing of corn and is now mar- keted for weed control. It has high ni- trogen content and can be top-dressed onto established turfgrass. Research conducted in the Midwest suggests that repeated applications of corn gluten meal may prevent the emergence of some weeds, but the research results are not consistent. In experiments con- ducted in California lawns, corn gluten meal did not provide satisfactory con- trol. One hypothesis about why corn gluten meal may appear to help in weed management is that its high nitro- gen content acts as a fertilizer, making the turfgrass more competitive with weeds. Corn gluten meal has no effect on already emerged weeds. It is also significantly more expensive than other registered preemergent products known to be effective. Herbicide Success Tips. Lawn and garden companies market their own brand names of herbicides. These trade names are so numerous and change so Table 3. Example Herbicides in Home Lawns. Group I. Selective Preemergent Herbicides (Herbicides applied before weeds emerge). Readily available to Common name Sample trade name(s) home gardeners Comments benefin Balan no controls grasses and a few broadleaves (e.g., speedwell); has some turfgrass species restrictions benefin + oryzalin Green Light Amaze yes controls grasses and some broadleaves on warm-season turfgrass species XL 2G no and tall fescue (with some restrictions) benefin + trifluralin Green Light Crabgrass Preventer yes has extended grass control; has some turfgrass species restrictions Team 2G no bensulide Green Light Betasan yes controls many grasses (primarily annual bluegrass) and some broadleaves Betasan, Pre-San no (e.g., henbit); exclude children and pets until treatment area has been thoroughly sprinkler-irrigated DCPA Dacthal no controls grasses and some broadleaves (e.g., spurge); exclude children and pets until treatment area has been thoroughly sprinkler-irrigated; has some turfgrass species restrictions dithiopyr Vigoro Crabgrass Preventer yes controls grasses (with some postemergence activity on young crabgrass) and Dimension no broadleaves (e.g., oxalis, spurge); may injure some turfgrass species isoxaben Green Light Portrait Broadleaf Weed yes controls broadleaves (e.g., oxalis, spurge) and has very minimal activity on Preventer grasses; has some turfgrass species restrictions Gallery no metolachior Pennant Magnum no controls yellow nutsedge, some grasses, and some broadleaves; for use on warm-season turfgrass species only napropamide Devrinol no controls grasses and some broadleaves oryzalin Monterey Weed Stopper yes controls grasses and some broadleaves; for use on warm-season turfgrass Surfian no species and tall fescue (with some restrictions) pendimethalin Scotts Halts Crabgrass Preventer yes controls grasses (very effective on crabgrass) and some broadleaves; has Pendulum, Pre-M no some turfgrass species restrictions prodiamine Barricade no controls grasses (very effective on annual bluegrass and crabgrass) and some broadleaves; has some turfgrass species restrictions and may thin grass siduron Tupersan no used in new or newly renovated cool-season lawns to suppress warm-season grass weeds; not for use on warm-season turfgrass species Continued on next page .6. January 2004 Weed Management in Lawns Table 3. Example Herbicides in Home Lawns, continued Group II: Selective Postemergent Herbicides (Herbicides applied after weeds emerge). Readily available Common name Sample trade name(s) to home gardeners Comments mixtures of 2,4-D, Trimec Lawn Weed Killer yes combines 3 active ingredients and controls most broadleaves dicamba, and Spectracide Weed Stop yes (weak on oxalis); dicamba products may kill ornamentals if roots mecoprop (MCPP) Ortho Weed-b-Con Weed Kilter for Lawns yes are in lawn or drift occurs Bayer Southern Weed Killer yes mixtures of 2,4-0, Bayer All in One Weed Killer yes combines 4 active ingredients and controls most broadleaves dicamba, MCPP, Gordon's Trimec Plus no (stronger on oxalis in warm-season lawns than the mixture above); and MSMA some grass control if MSMA added; dicamba products may kill ornamentals if roots are in lawn or drift occurs 2,4-0 + 2,4-DP + Monterey Weed Whacker yes combines 3 active ingredients and controls spurge, oxalis, MCPP dandelion, and other broadleaf weeds bentazon Monterey Nutgrass Nihilator yes controls yellow nutsedge and some broadleaves (e.g., purslane, henbit); has some turfgrass species restrictions calcium acid Ortho Weed-b-Con Crabgrass Killer for Lawns yes controls some grasses and sedges methanearsonate (CMA, CAMA) DSMA Drexel DSMA Slurry no controls some grasses, nutsedge, and some broadleaves; has some turfgrass species restrictions halosulfuron Manage no controls sedges MSMA Monterey Weed-Hoe yes controls some grasses and sedges; can injure turfgrass MSMA Crabgrass Killer yes triclopyr Monterey Turfion Ester yes controls broadleaves (especially clover, oxalis) and suppresses Turfion no bermudagrass and kikuyugrass in coot-season lawns; not for use on warm-season turfgrass species; do not apply around trees or shrubs because injury may result triclopyr + MCPA + Monterey Spurge Power yes controls a broader spectrum of broadleaves (e.g., spurge, wild dicamba violet, dandelion); has some turfgrass species restrictions; not for use on warm-season turfgrass species; dicamba products may kill ornamentals if roots are in lawn or drift occurs Group Ill. Nonselective Herbicides for Use in Turfgrass Renovation (Will kill existing lawn and plants). Common name (sample trade name) cacodylic acid and sodium cacodylate (Monterey Weed Ender) diquat (Spectracide Grass and Weed Killer) diquat + fluazifop (Spectracide Systemic Grass & Weed Killer 2) glufosinate (Finale Weed & Grass Killer) glyphosate (Roundup) glyphosate + imazapyr (Ortho Groundclear Complete Vegetation Killer) pelargonic acid (Monterey Quik Weed Killer) These are example trade names. Trade names and registrations change frequently. Not all listed products may currently be registered. Although herbicide products containing fertilizers are available, they are not included. For more details on herbicide products available to professionals, see UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Turfgrass-Weeds, listed in References. often that they cannot all be listed in this publication. Shop for herbicides by looking for the common name or active ingredient that appears on the label in small print under the title "Ingredi- ents." Unlike brand names, common names for active ingredients do not change from company to company. Different products will vary in the per- centage of active ingredient they con- tain. Some products are formulated as ready-to-use to allow for the conve- nience of no mixing; others are formu- lated as granules; and many others as higher concentration liquid sprays that require mixing. Follow all label directions carefully and only apply herbicides at the time of year and at the rates recommended. Be sure the herbicide is effective against the weed you are trying to control and that it is recommended for your type of lawn. Improper use could injure or kill desirable turfgrass or other plants in the landscape. Many broadleaf weed herbi- cides are prone to drift or can be injuri- ous to shallow tree roots growing in the lawn, especially dicamba, so exercise proper caution. Do not apply herbicides under hot, dry, or windy conditions as they could injure turfgrass or nearby ornamentals. If you are applying preemergent herbicides, remember .7. January 2004 Weed Management in Lawns that you cannot reseed desirable turf- grass species for several months after application. If you are applying preemergent herbicides, apply them after aerating. Otherwise, the herbicides will be removed from the soil with the cores. RENOVATING LAWNS Before renovating your lawn, identify the reasons why the lawn became weedy. Were you growing the right turfgrass species for your area? Did you follow recommended irrigation, fertili- zation, and mowing practices? Did you have good drainage? Before you re- plant, correct the problems that allowed weeds to invade your lawn previously. Use good management practices on your lawn to reduce new weed invasions. If weeds have completely taken over a small area of your lawn, you may want to consider a partial renovation. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agricultur- at commissioners office in your county. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHORS: M. LeStrange and C. A. Reynolds TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN, COORDINATION, AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs 1 & 2: Common Weeds of the United States. 1971. USDA. Fig. 3: Christine M. Dewees. Table 1: crab- grass, bermudagrass, spotted spurge - Common Weeds of the United States. 1971. USDA (G.P.O.). buckhorn plantain, green kyllinga - Christine M. Dewees. Produced by IPM Education and Publications, UC Statewide IPM Program, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note Is available on the World Wide Web (httpllwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu) UC+IPM UEC REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer re- viewed for technical accuracy by University of Califor- nia scientists and other qualified professionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor Is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. Dig Out the affected area, remove and destroy weeds, and work the soil with a garden rake to break up clods and re- move weed debris. Add soil amend- ments and starter fertilizer and then level and firm the site. Irrigate and patch the soil with sod, seed, stolons, or plugs and irrigate again. If your lawn is primarily weeds, a complete renovation may be necessary. The first step in a complete renovation is to kill and remove the existing turf- grass and weeds. There are a few ways to remove a lawn. For instance, you can dig out the turfgrass and weeds, pre- pare the site for planting, and then so- larize the soil. Alternatively, you can rototill the old lawn and rake up the old turfgrass and weeds. You will need to repeat the tilling and raking until all of the debris is gone. Another method is to apply a nonselective herbicide such as glyphosate to kill the existing lawn and weeds, remove all the plant material you can, and work the soil until debris is gone. Once the old lawn is removed, prepare the site and plant the new lawn. REFERENCES Ali, A. D., and C. L. Elmore. 1989. Turf- grass Pests. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 4053. Elmore, C . L., J. J. Stapleton, C. E. Bell, and). E. DeVay. 1997. Soil Solarization: A Non pesticidal Method for Controlling Diseases, Nematodes and Weeds. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 21377. Elmore, C. L., C. A. Wilen, D. W. Cudney, V. A. Gibeault, and M. A. Harivandi. June 2003. UC IPM Pest Managment Guidelines: Turfgrass—Weeds. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 3365-T. Available online at http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMGI selectnewpest.turfgrass.html Harivandi, M. A., V. A. Gibeault, J. M. Henry, L. Wu, P. M. Geisel, and C. L. Unruh. 2001. Turfgrass Selection for the Home Landscape. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 8035. Harlin, J., P. M. Geisel, and C. L. Unruh. 2001. Lawn Watering Guide for California. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 8044. Henry,). M., V. A. Gibeault, and V. F. Lazanec. 2002. Practical Lawn Fertiliza- tion. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 8065. Reynolds, C. A., and M. L. Flint. 2002. The UC Guide to Healthy Lawns. Avail- able online at http:/ /www.ipm. ucdavis.edu/TOOLS/TURF/ UC Statewide IPM Program. Pest Notes series: Annual Bluegrass. Berniudagrass. Clot'ers. Common Knoiweed. Common Purslane. Crabgrass. Creeping Woodsorrel/ Bermuda Buttercup. Dallisgrass. Dandeli- ons. Field Bindweed. Green Kyllinga. Kiku- yugrass. Nutsedge. Plantains. Spotted Spurge. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Also available online at http:/ / www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/ selectnewpest.home.html WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift Onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (covered veterans are special disabled veterans, recently separated veterans, Vietnam-era veterans, or any other veterans who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's equal employment opportunity policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Drive, 6" Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-3550, (510) 987-0096. .8. WEED MANAGEMENT IN LANDSCAPES Integrated Pest Management for Landscape Professionals and Home Gardeners Weed management in landscape plantings is often made difficult by the complexity of many plantings: usually more than one species is planted in the landscaped area and there is a mix of annual and perennial ornamentals. The great variety of ornamental species, soil types, slopes, and mulches creates the need for a variety of weed manage- ment options. There are also consider- ations regarding public concern about the use of chemicals to control weeds. The choice of a specific weed manage- ment program depends on the weeds present and the types of turf or orna- mentals planted in the area. Because of the many variables, weeds in land- scape plantings are controlled by a combination of nonchemical and chemical methods. Most landscape plantings include turfgrass, bedding plants, herbaceous perennials, shrubs, and trees. Informa- tion on integrated pest management for turfgrass can be found in UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Turfgrass (see "References"). Use this publication as a practical review and guide to weed management options suited to general types of landscape plantings. WEED MANAGEMENT BEFORE PLANTING An integrated approach, utilizing sev- eral options, is the most economical and effective means of controlling weeds. Begin your weed management plan for landscapes before planting by following these five basic steps: 1. Site assessment. Before soil prepara- tion and when the weeds are visible, evaluate the soil, mulch, and slope of the site. Identify the weed species in the area, with particular emphasis on perennial weeds. The best time to look for winter annual weeds is mid- to late winter; perennials and sum- mer annuals are easiest to identify in mid- to late summer. Site preparation. The most often over- looked aspect of a landscape mainte- nance program is site preparation. Control existing weeds, especially perennials, before any grading and development are started. Glvphosate (Roundup, etc.) can be used to kill existing annual and perennial weeds. Preplant treatment with fumigants (available to licensed pesticide appli- cators only) or soil solarization can be used if time allows; however, 6 weeks are required for solarization to work and it is most effective when done during the time of highest sun radiation—from June to August in California. Define the type of planting. There are more weed control options if the planting consists entirely of woody plants as opposed to herbaceous annuals or perennial plants, or a mixture of all three. Don't introduce weeds. Weeds are sometimes introduced in the soil brought to the landscape site either when amending the soil or in the potting mix of transplants. Encourage rapid establishment of de- sired plants. Use the best manage- ment practices to get the plants established as quickly as possible so that they become competitive with weeds and more tolerant of herbi- cides applied to the site. Hand- weeding and keeping weeds from producing seeds in the landscape will greatly reduce overall weed populations. WEED MANAGEMENT AFTER PLANTING When developing a weed management plan for an existing planting or after an installation is in place, consider the types of plants present and the weeds present and their life cycles (annual, biennial, perennial) (Table I). TABLE 1. Common Weeds in Landscape Plantings. Annuals annual bluegrass clover (black medic and burciover) common groundsel + crabgrass (large and smooth) + little mallow (cheeseweed) pigweed (redroot and prostrate) prickly lettuce purslane sowthislle spurge (prostrate and creeping) + wild barley wild oat Biennials bristly oxtongue + Perennials bermudagrass + creeping woodsorrel + dandelion field bindweed + kikuyugrass nulsedge (yellow and purple) + oxalis (creeping woodsorrel and Bermuda buttercup) + especially troublesome E OTES ublication 7441 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001 August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes Weed control options in the landscape include hand-weeding and cultivation, mowing, mulching, hot water treat- ments, and chemical control. All of these methods are used at one time or another in landscape maintenance op- erations (Table 2). After elimination by hand-pulling, cultivation, or a post- emergent herbicide application, the subsequent growth of annual weeds can be discouraged with mulches and/ or preemergent herbicides. Cultivation and Hand-weeding Cultivation (hoeing) and hand- weeding selectively remove weeds from ornamental plantings. These methods are time-consuming, expen- sive, and must be repeated frequently until the plantings become established. Cultivation can damage ornamentals with shallow roots, bring weed seeds to the soil surface, and propagate pe- rennial weeds. When cultivating, avoid deep tilling, as this brings buried weed seeds to the soil surface where they are more likely to germinate. Perennial weeds are often spread by cultivation and should be controlled or removed by other methods. Frequent hand-removal of weeds when they are small and have not yet set seed will rapidly reduce the number of annual weeds. If weeds are scattered at a site, hand-weeding may be the pre- ferred management method. Hand- TABLE 2. How to Manage Weeds in Five Types of Landscape Plantings. Type of planting and comments Woody Trees and Shrub Beds. Densely shaded plantings reduce weeds. Preplant weed control is not as critical as in other types of plantings. It is often necessary to combine treatments for complete weed control. Woody Ground Cover Beds. Woody ground covers should exclude most weeds; however, weed encroachment during establishment is likely. Annual Flower Beds. A closed canopy will help shade out many weeds. Periodic cultivations (at 3- to 4-week intervals and between display rotations) will suppress many weeds. Herbaceous Perennial Beds. Weed management options in herbaceous perennial beds are similar to those for annual flowers, except (1) it is more important to eradicate perennial weeds as there will be no opportunity to cultivate or renovate the bed for several years; and (2) fewer species are included on herbicide labels. Mixed Plantings of Woody and Herbaceous Plants. Weed management is complex because of the diversity of species. Different areas of the bed could receive different treatments. Site preparation is critical because postplant herbicide choices are few. Recommendations Control perennial weeds before planting (although control may be possible after planting); use geotextile fabrics with a shallow layer of mulch or use a thick layer of mulch without a geotextile base: use a preemergent herbicide, if needed, and supplement with spot applications of postemergent herbicides and/or hand-weeding. Perennial weeds may be controlled by manual removal, spot applications of glyphosate or glufosinate, or, in some instances, dormant-season applications of preemergent herbicides. Escaped weeds may be controlled manually or with spot applications of postemergent herbicides. Control perennial weeds before planting, although perennial grasses may be selectively controlled after planting with fluazifop (Fusilade, Ornamec), clethodim (Envoy), or other selective grass herbicides. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulch plus a preemergent herbicide, supplemented with some hand-weeding. Use geotextiles where possible but do not use them where ground covers are expected to root and spread. After planting, it is difficult to make spot applications of nonselective herbicides without injuring desirable plants. Postemergent control of most annual and perennial grasses is possible. Control perennial weeds before planting and carefully select flower species for weed management compatibility. Annual weeds may be controlled with mulches, preemergent herbicides, frequent cultivation, and/or hand-weeding. Perennial grasses can be selectively controlled with clethodim or fluazifop, or other grass- selective herbicides, but other perennial weeds cannot be selectively controlled after planting. Geotextiles generally are not useful because of the short-term nature of the planting. Avoid nonselective herbicides after planting. Control perennial weeds before planting; use geotextiles where possible; use mulches with a preemergent herbicide; and supplement with hand-weeding. Plant the woody species first; control perennial weeds in the first two growing seasons, then introduce the herbaceous species. Plant close together to shade the entire area. Another option may be to define use-areas within the bed that will receive similar weed management programs. .2. August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes weeding can be time consuming and costly but should be included in all weed management programs to keep weeds from seeding. Young weeds in open areas also can be controlled with small (laming units. Propane burners are available to rap- idly pass over young weeds to kill them. A quick pass over the plant is all that is necessary; do not burn the weed to the ground. Flaming is more effec- tive on broadleaf weeds than grasses. Be careful not to flame over dry veg- etation and dry wood chips or near buildings and other flammable materi- als, and don't get the flame near de- sired plants. The top growth of older weeds can be controlled by using a string trimmer. Annual broadleaf weeds are more ef- fectively controlled than annual grasses because the growing points of grasses are usually below ground. Pe- rennial weeds regrow rapidly after using a string trimmer. Be careful not to girdle and kill desirable shrubs and trees with repeated use of a string trimmer. Mowing Mowing can be used to prevent the formation and spread of weed seeds from man)' broadleaf weeds into culti- vated areas by cutting off flower heads. However, weeds that flower lower than the mowing blade are not con- trolled. Repeated mowing tends to favor the establishment of grasses and low-growing perennial weeds. Mow- ing of some ground covers can rejuve- nate them and make them more competitive against weeds. Mulches A mulch is any material placed on the soil to cover and protect it. Mulches suppress annual weeds by limiting light required for weed establishment. Many types of landscape mulches are available. The most common are bark and other wood products and black plastic or cloth materials. Other prod- ucts that are used include paper, yard compost, hulls from nuts (pecans) or cereals (rice), municipal composts, and stones. Organic mulches include wood chips, sawdust, yard waste (leaves, clip- pings, and wood products), and hard- wood or softwood bark chips or nuggets. Bark chips are moderate- sized particles (½ to ½ inch) and have moderate to good stability, while bark nuggets are larger in size (½ to 2½ inches) and have excellent stability over time. These materials can be used in landscape beds containing herba- ceous or woody ornamentals. The thickness or depth of a mulch necessary to adequately suppress weed growth depends on the mulch type and the weed pressure. The larger the particle size of the mulch, the greater the depth required to ex- clude all light from the soil surface. Coarse-textured mulches can be ap- plied Lip to 4 inches deep and provide long-term weed control. Fine-textured mulches pack more tightly and should only be applied to a depth of about 2 inches. If the mulch is too decom- posed, it may serve better as a weed propagation medium rather than a means of prevention. Plan to periodi- cally replenish landscape mulches, regardless of particle size, because of decomposition, movement, or settling. If seedlings germinate in mulches, a light raking, hoeing, or hand-weeding will remove the young weeds. Inorganic mulches, which include both natural and synthetic products, are generally more expensive and less widely used in the landscape. Natural inorganic mulches are stable over time and include materials such as sand, gravel, or pebbles. Most of these prod- ucts are used in public and commer- cial plantings. If using a rock mulch, consider placing a landscape fabric underneath it. The fabric creates a layer between the mulch and soil, preventing rock pieces from sinking into the soil. The fabric prevents soil from moving above the rock layer, which would bring weed seed to the surface. Black plastic (solid polyethylene) can be used underneath mulches to im- prove weed control. It provides excel- lent control of annual weeds and suppresses perennial weeds, but lacks porosity and restricts air and water movement. For this reason, black plas- tic may not be the preferred long-term weed control method in landscape beds. Synthetic ,nulches, which are manu- factured materials that are called geotextile or landscape fabrics, have been developed to replace black plastic in the landscape. Geotextiles are porous and allow water and air to pass through them, overcoming the major disadvantage of black plastic. Al- though these materials are relatively expensive and time-consuming to in- stall, they become cost-effective if the planting is to remain in place for 4 or more years. Geotextiles are used mainly for long-term weed control in woody ornamental trees and shrubs. Geotextiles should not be used where the area is to be replanted periodically, such as in annual flower beds or in areas where the fabric would inhibit the rooting and spread of ground cov- ers. Tree and shrub roots can penetrate the materials and if the material is re- moved, damage can occur to the plant's root system. This might be a concern if a fabric has been in place longer than 5 years. At least one geotextile fabric (BioBarrier) has an herbicide encapsulated in nodules on the fabric that reduces root penetration problems. Placing a landscape fabric under mulch results in greater weed control than mulch used alone. There are differ- ences in the weed-controlling ability among the geotextiles: fabrics that are thin, lightweight, or have an open mesh allow for greater weed penetra- tion than more closely woven or non- woven fabrics. To install a landscape fabric, you can plant first and then install the fabric afterwards using U-shaped nails to peg it down. After laying the cloth close to .3. August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes the ground, cut an "X" over the plant and pull it through the cloth. If laying down a fabric before planting, cut an "X" through the fabric and dig a plant- ing hole. Avoid leaving soil from the planting hole on top of the fabric be- cause this could put weed seeds above the material. Fold the "X" back down to keep the geotex tile sheet as continu- ous as possible. Weeds will grow through any gap in the landscape fab- ric, so it is important to overlap pieces of fabric and tack them down tightly. Apply a shallow mulch layer (about I inch deep) to thoroughly cover the fabric and prevent photodegradation. If weeds grow into or through the geotextile, remove them when they are small to prevent them from creating holes in the fabric. Maintain a weed- free mulch layer on top of the fabric by hand-weeding or by applying herbi- cides. Use of a rock mulch above a landscape fabric can have greater weed control than fabric plus organic mulch combinations. Yellow nutsedge grows through all geotextiles but some fabrics are better at suppressing yellow nutsedge than others (for more information, see Pest Notes: Nutsedge, listed in "References"). Problems with Organic and Natural Inorganic Mulches. There are several problems associated with the use of organic and inorganic mulches. Peren- nial weeds such as field bindweed and nutsedges often have sufficient root reserves to enable them to penetrate even thick layers of mulches. Some annual weeds will grow through mulches, while others may germinate on top of them as they decompose. Weeds that are a particular problem are those that have windborne seeds such as common groundsel, prickly lettuce, and common sowthistle. Ap- plying mulches at depths of greater than 4 inches may injure plants by keeping the soil too wet and limiting oxygen to the plant's roots. Disease incidence, such as root or stem rot, may increase when deep mulches are maintained. When mulches are too fine, applied too thickly, or begin to decompose, they stay wet between rains and allow weeds to germinate and grow directly in the mulch. For best weed control, use a coarse-textured mulch with a low water-holding capacity. When used alone, mulches rarely provide 100% weed control. To improve the level of weed control, apply preemergent her- bicides at the same time as the mulch (see Table 3). Supplemental hand- weeding or spot spraying may also be needed. Avoid mulches with a pH less than 4 or that have an "off odor" such as am- monia, vinegar, or rotten egg smell. These mulches were stored incorrectly and contain chemical compounds that may injure plants, especially herba- ceous plants. If using a composted mulch, tempera- tures achieved during the composting process should have killed most weed seeds. However, if the compost was stored uncovered in the open, weed seeds may have been blown onto the mulch. Be sure the mulch is not con- taminated with weed seeds or other propagules such as nutsedge tubers. Hot Water or Steam Treatments There are several machines currently available that use hot water or steam to kill weeds. These machines are most effective on very young annual weeds or perennials that have recently emerged from seeds. The effect is simi- lar to that of a nonselective, post- emergent herbicide. Hot water and steam are not very effective on peren- nial weeds with established storage organs, such as rhizomes and bulbs, nor do they control woody plants. In general, broadleaf weeds are more easily controlled by this method than grasses. The equipment is expensive to purchase and maintain, so these ma- chines are not appropriate for home use. However, commercial landscap- ers may find them useful in certain situations where the use of herbicides is not desired such as when line- marking playing fields, in play- grounds, around woody plants, for edging, and for weeds growing along fence lines. Some brands of equipment travel slowly (about 2 mile/hour) and are probably not cost-effective for weed control along roadsides. Because these methods employ boiling water or steam, workers must be adequately trained in the use of the machines to prevent severe burns. Herbicides for Landscape Plantings Herbicides have been effectively used in many types of landscape plantings and are most often integrated with the cultural practices discussed above. Generally, home gardeners should not need to apply herbicides to existing landscape plantings. Hand-weeding and mulching should provide suffi- cient control and avoid hazards to de- sirable plants associated with herbicide use. Many herbicides listed here are for use by professional landscape pest managers and are not available to home gardeners. To determine which herbicide(s) are in a product, look at the active ingredients on the label. Preemergent Herbicides. When weeds have been removed from an area, preemergent herbicides can then be applied to prevent the germination or survival of weed seedlings. Preemer- gent herbicides must be applied before the weed seedlings emerge. Examples of preemergent herbicides include: DCPA (Dacthal), dithiopyr (Dimen- sion), isoxaben (Gallery), metolachlor (Pennant), napropamide (Devrinol), oryzalin (Surflan, Weed Stopper), oxadiazon (Ronstar), oxyfluorfen (Goal), pendimethalin (Pendulum, Pre- M), and prodiamine (Barricade). DCPA, dithiopyr, oryzalin, napro- pamide, pendimethalin, and prodia- mine control annual grasses and many broadleaf weeds and can be used safely around many woody and herba- ceous ornamentals. Metolachlor has become popular because it controls yellow nutsedge as well as most an- .4. August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes nual grasses. Isoxaben is used for con- trol of broadleaf weeds. Timing of a preemergent herbicide application is determined by when the target weed germinates, or by when the weed is in the stage that is most sensitive to the herbicide. In general, late summer/early fall applications of preemergent herbicides are used to control winter annuals, while late win- ter/early spring applications are used to control summer annuals and seed- lings of perennial weeds. 11 heavy rain- fall occurs after preemergent herbicide application or if a short residual prod- uct was applied, a second preemergent herbicide application may be needed. Generally, herbicides degrade faster under wet, warm conditions than un- der dry, cool conditions. No cultivation should occur after an application of oxyfluorfen; however, shallow cultivation (1 to 2 inches) will not harm napropaniide, pendimeth- aIm, or oryzalin. Also, soil type and pH can affect the activity of some herbi- cides. Use the information contained in herbicide labels and from your local county Cooperative Extension office to determine the tolerance of an ornamen- tal plant species to a given herbicide. Match herbicides with weeds present, and consider using herbicide combina- tions. Combinations of herbicides in- crease the spectrum of weeds con- trolled and provide effective control of grasses and many broadleaf weeds. Commonly used combinations include tank mixes of the materials listed above or isoxaben/trifluralin (Snap- shot), oryzalin/benefin (XL), oxyflu- orfen/oryzalin (Rout), and oxyflu- orfen /pendimelhalin (Ornamental Herbicide 11). Check the label to deter- mine which ornamental species the material can safely be used around and which species of weeds are controlled. Postemergent Herbicides. When weeds escape preemergent herbicides or geotextile fabrics, postemergent herbicides can be used to control estab- lished weeds. Postemergent herbicides control existing plants only and do not give residual weed control. Their pri- mary function is to control young an- nual species, but they are also used to control perennial species. Clethodim and fluazifop selectively control most annual and perennial grasses. Glufo- sinate (Finale), diquat (Reward), and pelargonic acid (Scythe) are nonselec- tive, contact herbicides that kill or in- jure any vegetation they contact. They kill annual weeds, but only "burn off" the tops of perennial weeds. Glypho- sate (Roundup Pro and others) is a systemic herbicide. It is translocated to the roots and growing points of ma- ture, rapidly growing plants and kills the entire plant. It is effective on most annual and perennial weeds. Mulch and Herbicide Placement. The placement of an herbicide in relation to an organic mulch can affect the herb- icide's performance. Additionally, the characteristics of organic mulches can affect how herbicides work. A mulch that primarily consists of fine particles can reduce the availability of some herbicides. The finer the organic mate- rial (compost or manure, compared to bark), the greater the binding of the herbicide. Most herbicides are tightly bound by organic matter, and while the binding minimizes leaching, it can also minimize an herbicide's activity. Mulch that is made up of coarse par- Gallery (isoxaben) OHll (pendimethalin plus oxyfluorfen) Pennant (metolachlor) Ronstar (oxadiazon) Rout (oryzalin plus oxyfluorfen) Surfian (oryzalin) Surfian plus Gallery Treflan (trifluratin) XL (oryzalin/benefin) tides will have little effect on herbicide activity. Another important factor is the depth of the mulch. An herbicide applied on top of a thin mulch may be able to leach through to where the weed seeds are germinating, but when applied to the top of a thick layer of mulch it may not get down to the zone of weed seed germination. Products like oxadiazon (Ronstar) and oxyfluorfen (Goal) that require a continuous surface layer must be placed on the soil surface un- der the mulch. Suggestions for use of mulch with herbicides are given in Table 3. Avoiding Herbicide Injury. Because of the close proximity of many different species of plants in the landscape, herbicide injury may occur, resulting in visual plant damage. Herbicide in- jury symptoms vary according to plant species and the herbicide and can in- clude yellowing (chlorosis), bleaching, root stunting, distorted growth, and the death of leaves. Granular formula- tions of preemergent herbicides are less likely to cause injury than spray- able formulations. Using a granular formulation reduces the potential for foliar uptake, but granules of oxadi- azon (Ronstar) or oxyfluorfen (Goal) mixtures will injure plants if they col- lect in the base of leaves or adhere to best under the mulch, moderate control when applied on top of mulch works well both under or over mulch under the mulch over the mulch works well both under or over mulch best under the mulch but provides some control when applied on top of mulch under the mulch but will give a fair amount of control even when applied on top of mulch under the mulch under the mulch TABLE 3. Suggestions for Placement of Herbicide with an Organic Mulch. Herbicide Application Devnnol (napropamide) under the mulch .5. August 2001 Weed Management in Landscapes wet leaves. Apply nonselective herbi- cides such as diquat, pelargonic acid, or glyphosate with low pressure and large droplets on a calm day. Use shielded sprayers when making appli- cations around ornamentals to avoid contact with nontarget plants. Herbicide injury to established plants from soil-applied chemicals is often temporary but can cause serious growth inhibition to newly planted ornamentals. Herbicides that contain oryzalin or isoxaben are more likely to cause this injury. Injury may result when persistent herbicides are applied to surrounding areas for weed control in turf, agronomic crops, or complete vegetative control under pavement. Activated charcoal incorporated into the soil may adsorb the herbicide and minimize injury. Usually it just takes time for herbicide residues to corn- pletely degrade. To speed degradation, supplement the organic content of the soil and keep it moist but not wet dur- ing periods of warm weather. COMPILED FROM: Derr, J. F. et al. Feb 1997. Weed Man- agement in Landscape and Nursery Plantings, from Weed Management and Horticultural Crops. WSSA/ASHS Symposium. REFERENCES Dreistadt, S. H. 1992. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Pub]. 3359. Fischer, B. B., ed. 1998. Grower's Weed Identification Handbook. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Publ. 4030. UC Statewide IPM Project. Pest Notes series: Annual Bluegrass. Bermuda- grass. Common Knotweed. Common Purslane. Crabgrass. Creeping Woodsorrel /Bermuda Buttercup. Dande- lion. Dodder. Field Bindweed. Green Kyllinga. Kikuyugrass. Mistletoe. Nut- sedge. Poison Oak. Plantains. Russian Thistle. Spotted Spurge. Wild Blackber- ries. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Also available online at http: / / xvww.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/ selectnewpest.home.htrnl UC Statewide IPM Project. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Turfgrass. Oak- land: Univ. Calif. Agric Nat. Res. Pub]. 3365-1. Also available online at http: www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMGI select new pest. turfgrass.html For more information contact the University of California cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: C. A. Witen and C. L. Elmore EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http:llwww.lpm.ucdavis.edu) 11 (-1 UC 6 PEERa UC IPM REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualified profes- sionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products Is Intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or lake unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your County agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status. age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran. Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or In a campaign or expedition forwhich a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Dr., Oakland, CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. .6. TERMITES Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home Termites are small, white, tan, or black insects that can cause severe destruc- tion to wooden structures. Termites belong to the insect order Isoptera, an ancient insect group that dates back more than 100 million years. The Latin name Isoptera means "equal wing" and---refers to the fact that the front set of wings on a reproductive termite is similar in size and shape to the hind set. Although many people think termites have only negative impacts, in nature they make many positive contributions to the world's ecosystems. Their great- est contribution is the role they play in recycling wood and plant material. Their tunneling efforts also help to ensure that soils are porous, contain nutrients, and are healthy enough to support plant growth. Termites are very important in the Sahara Desert where their activity helps to reclaim soils damaged by drying heat and wind and the overgrazing by livestock. Termites become a problem when they consume structural lumber. Each year thousands of housing units in the United States require treatment for the control of termites. Termites may also damage utility poles and other wooden Ant Antenna Wings if elbowed present) have Thin waist few veins. Hind wings are smaller than front wings. worker soldier winged reproductive Subterranean Termite \I soldier reproductive Drywood Termite structures. Termite pests in California include drywood, dampwood, and subterranean species. These pests cause serious damage to wooden struc- tures and posts and may also attack stored food, books, and household furniture. IDENTIFICATION Termites are social and can form large nests or colonies, consisting of very different looking individuals (castes). Termite / " '- Antenna not elbowed Broad waist Wings (if present have many small veins. Front and hind wings are same size. 4: ) soldier Pacific Dampwood Termite Physically the largest individual is the queen. Her function is to lay eggs, sometimes thousands in a single day. A king is always by her side. Other indi- viduals have large heads with powerful jaws, or a bulblike head that squirts liquid. These individuals are called soldiers. But the largest group of ter- mites in a colony is the workers. They toil long hours tending the queen, building the nest, or gathering food. While other species of social insects have workers, termites are unique among insects in that workers can be male or female. Surprisingly, termites can be long-lived: queens and kings can live for decades while individual workers can survive for several years. Signs of termite infestation include swarming of winged forms in fall and spring and evidence of tunneling in wood. Darkening or blistering of wooden structural members is another indication of an infestation; wood in Figure 2. Distinguishing features of ants and termites. Figure 1. Subterranean, drywood, and dampwood termites. ."EST OTES Publication 7415 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2001 May 2001 Termites damaged areas is typically thin and easily punctured with a knife or screw- driver. There are more than 2,500 different types of termites in the world and at least 17 different types of termites in California. However, most of this di- versity can be lumped into four dis- tinct groups: dampwood, drywood, subterranean, and mound builders. Mound builders do not occur in North America, but the other three species do (Fig. 1). Dampwood termites are very limited in their distribution: most spe- cies are found only in California and the Pacific Northwest. Dampwood termites derive their name from the fact that they live and feed in very moist wood, especially in stumps and fallen trees on the forest floor. Drywood termites are common on most continents and can survive in very dry conditions, even in dead wood in deserts. They do not require contact with moisture or soil. Subterra- nean termites are very numerous in many parts of the world and live and breed in soil, sometimes many feet deep. Lastly, the mound builders are capable of building earthen towers 25 feet or more in height. Mounds may be located either in the soil or in trees, and where they occur in Africa, Australia, Southeast Asia, and parts of South America, they are very noticeable and remarkable. Termites are sometimes confused with winged forms of ants, which also leave their underground nests in large num- bers to establish new colonies and swarm in a manner similar to that of reproductive stages of termites. How- ever, ants and termites can be distin- guished by checking three features: antennae, wings, and waist (Fig. 2). Dam pwood Termites Dampwood termites are fairly com- mon in central and northern coastal areas in California. They nest in wood buried in the ground, although contact with the ground is not necessary when infested wood is high in moisture. Be- cause of their high moisture require- ments, dampwood termites most often are found in cool, humid areas along the coast and are typical pests of beach houses. Winged reproductives typically swarm between July and October, but it is not unusual to see them at other times of the year. Dampwood termite winged reproductives (sometimes called swarmers) are attracted to lights. Dampwood termites produce distinc- tive fecal pellets that are rounded at both ends, elongate, and lack the clear longitudinal ridges common to drywood termite pellets (Fig. 3). Final confirmation of pellet identification may require help from an expert. The Nevada dampwood termite, Zootermopsis nevadensis, occurs in the higher, drier mountainous areas of the Sierras where it is an occasional pest in mountain cabins and other forest struc- tures; it also occurs along the northern California coast. The Pacific dampwood termite, Zootermopsis angusticollis, is almost one inch long, making it the largest of the termites occurring in Cali- fornia. Winged reproductives are dark brown with brown wings. Soldiers have a flattened brown or yellowish brown head with elongated black or dark brown mandibles. Nymphs are cream colored with a characteristic spotted abdominal pattern caused by food in their intestines. Nevada dampwood termites are slightly smaller and darker than the Pacific species; reproductives are about 3/4 inch long. Drywood Termites Drywood termites infest dry, unde- cayed wood, including structural lum- ber as well as dead limbs of native trees and shade and orchard trees, utility poles, posts, and lumber in storage. From these areas, winged reproduc- tives seasonally migrate to nearby buildings and other structures usually on sunny days during fall months. Drywood termites are most prevalent in southern California (including the desert areas), but also occur along most coastal regions and in the Central Valley. Drywood termites have a low moisture requirement and can tolerate dry condi- tions for prolonged periods. They re- main entirely above ground and do not connect their nests to the soil. Piles of their fecal pellets, which are distinctive in appearance, may be a clue to their presence. The fecal pellets are elongate (about inch long) with rounded ends and have six flattened or roundly depressed surfaces separated by six longitudinal ridges (see Fig. 3). They vary considerably in color, but appear granular and salt and pepperlike in color and appearance. Winged adults of western drywood termites (Incisifernies minor) are dark brown with smoky black wings and have a reddish brown head and thorax; wing veins are black. These insects are noticeably larger than subterranean termites. Subterranean Termites Subterranean termites require moist environments. To satisfy this need, they usually nest in or near the soil and maintain some connection with the soil through tunnels in wood or through shelter tubes they construct (Fig. 4). These shelter tubes are made of soil with bits of wood or even plasterboard (drywall). Much of the damage they cause occurs in foundation and struc- tural support wood. Because of the moisture requirements of subterranean termites, they are often found in wood that has wood rot. The western subterranean termite, Ref iculitermes hesperus, is the most de- structive termite found in California. Reproductive winged forms of subter- ranean termites are dark brown to brownish black, with brownish gray wings. On warm, sunny days follow- drywood dampwood V>.....termite termite Figure 3. Fecal pellets of drywood and dampwood termites. .2. working tubes exploratory tubes drop tubes Figure 4. Subterranean termites construct three types of tubes or tunnels. Working tubes (left) are constructed from nests in the soil to wooden structures; they may travel up concrete or stone foundations. Exploratory and migratory tubes (center) arise from the soil but do not connect to wood structures. Drop tubes (right) extend from wooden structures back to the soil. Figure S. Subterranean termite colony with multiple nesting sites. .3. May 2001 Termites ing fall or sometimes spring rains, swarms of reproductives may be seen. Soldiers are wingless with white bod- ies and pale yellow heads. Their long, narrow heads have no eyes. Workers are slightly smaller than reproductives, wingless, and have a shorter head than soldiers; their color is similar to that of soldiers. In the desert areas of Califor- nia, Heterolerines nnreus, is the most destructive species of subterranean termites. Another destructive species in this group, the Formosan subterra- nean termite, Coplolerrnesforrnosanus, is now in California but restricted to a small area near San Diego. Unlike the western subterranean termite, Formosan subterranean termites swarm at dusk and are attracted to lights. LIFE CYCLE Most termite species swarm in late summer or fall, although spring swarms are not uncommon for subter- ranean and drywood termites. New kings and queens are winged during their early adult life but lose their wings after dispersing from their origi- nal colony. An infestation begins when a mated pair finds a suitable nesting site near or in wood and constructs a small chamber, which they enter and seal. Soon afterward, the female begins egg laying, and both the king and queen feed the young on predigested food until they are able to feed them- selves. Most species of termites have derstand methods of control. In most cases it is advisable to hire a profes- sional pest control company to carry out the inspection and control program. Management techniques vary depend- ing on the species causing an infesta- tion. Multiple colonies of the same species of termite or more than one species of termite can infest a building (Fig. 5). Any of these variables will influence your control approach. Sub- terranean, and less frequently, dampwood termites can have nests at or near ground level, so control meth- ods for these can be similar. However, drywood termites nest above ground, therefore the approach for eliminating them is unique. Use an integrated program to manage termites. Combine methods such as modifying habitats, excluding termites from the building by physical and chemical means, and using mechanical and chemical methods to destroy exist- ing colonies. Inspection Before beginning a control program, thoroughly inspect the building. Verify that there are termites, identify them, and assess the extent of their infesta- tion and damage. Look for conditions within and around the building that promote termite attack, such as exces- sive moisture or wood in contact with the soil. Because locating and identify- ing termite species is not always easy, it may be advisable to have a profes- sional conduct the inspection. microscopic, one-celled animals called protozoa within their intestines that help in converting wood (cellulose) into food for the colony. Once workers and nymphs are pro- duced, the king and queen are fed by the workers and cease feeding on wood. Termites go through incomplete metamorphosis with egg, nymph, and adult stages. Nymphs resemble adults but are smaller and are the most nu- merous stage in the colony. They also groom and feed one another and other colony members. MANAGEMENT Successful termite management re- quires many special skills, including a working knowledge of building con- struction. An understanding of termite biology and identification can help a homeowner detect problems and un- Table 1. Relative Resistance of Lumber to Termites' Moderately or Slightly resistant or very resistant Moderately resistant nonresistant Arizona cypress bald cypress (young growth) alder bald cypress (old growth) Douglas fir ashes black cherry eastern white pine aspens black locust honey locust basswood black walnut loblolly pine beech bur oak longleaf pine birches catalpa shorileaf pine black oak cedars swamp chestnut oak butternut chestnut tamarack cottonwood chestnut oak western larch elms gambel oak hemlocks junipers hickories mesquite . maples Oregon white oak pines osage orange poplars Pacific yew red oak post oak spruces red mulberry true firs redwood sassafras white oak Adapted from: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. USDA Agriculture Handbook No. 72. The heartwood of the tree offers the greatest resistance to termite attack. May 2001 Termites Prevention Building design may contribute to termite invasion. Keep all substructural wood at least 12 inches above the soil beneath the building. Identify and correct other structural deficiencies that attract or promote termite infesta- tions. Stucco siding that reaches the ground promotes termite infestations. Keep attic and foundation areas well ventilated and dry. Use screening over attic vents and seal other openings, such as knotholes and cracks, to dis- courage the entry of winged drywood termites. Although screening of foun- dation vents or sealing other openings into the substructure helps block the entry of termites, these procedures may interfere with adequate ventila- tion and increase moisture problems, especially if a very fine mesh is used in the screening. Inspect utility and ser- vice boxes attached to the building to see that they are sealed and do not provide shelter or a point of entry for termites. Reduce chances of infestation by removing or protecting any wood in contact with the soil. Inspect porches and other structural or foundation wood for signs of termites. Look for and remove tree stumps, stored lum- ber, untreated fence posts, and buried. scrap wood near the structure that may attract termites. Consult your local city building codes before beginning re- pairs or modifications. Recent research has proved the effec- tiveness of foundation sand barriers for subterranean termite control. Sand with particle sizes in the range of 10 to 16 mesh is used to replace soil around the foundation of a building and some- times in the crawl space. Subterranean termites are unable to construct their tunnels through the sand and therefore cannot invade wooden structures rest- ing on the foundation. Stainless steel screening may also be available soon as a physical barrier for subterranean termites. Replacing Lumber in Structures. Structural lumber in buildings is usu- ally Douglas fir, hemlock, or spruce. Of these materials, Douglas fir is moder- ately resistant to termites, whereas the other two are not (Table 1). Lumber used in foundations and other wood in contact with the soil may be chemically treated to help protect against termite damage in areas where building de- signs must be altered or concrete can- not be used. The most effective method of chemi- cally treating wood is through pressure treatment. Chemicals currently used in pressurized treatments include chromated copper arsenate (CCA), ammoniacal copper zinc arsenate (ACZA), disodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT), and wolman salts (sodium fluoride, potassium bichro- mate, sodium chromate, and dinitro- phenol). Wood containing CCA is tinted green and ACZA is brownish. DOT (borate) is clear in appearance on the wood surface when used at labeled amounts. Borates are gaining in popu- lar usage because of their low mamma- lian toxicity. Many of the chemicals used in pressur- ized lumber can also be applied topi- cally to the wood by brushing or spraying it on. Pressure treatment is preferred over topical application be- cause the chemical penetrates the lum- ber much deeper (1/4 to 1/2 inch) than it does when applied by brush or spray. Some of the more porous lumbers such as the southern yellow pines (loblolly- Pinus taeda; longleaf-P. pahstris; and shortleaf-P. echinata) may be com- pletely penetrated by the chemical during the pressurized process. Topical applications are most effective when used as spot treatments on pressure- treated lumber to treat newly exposed wood when the lumber is cut and drilled during construction. Pressure-treated lumber is toxic to termites and discourages new kings and queens from establishing colonies in it. If susceptible wood is used above the treated wood, however, subterra- nean termites can build their shelter tubes over chemically treated wood and infest untreated wood above. Use only "exterior grade" pressure- treated lumber for areas that are ex- posed to weather; otherwise the chemical in the lumber may leach from .4. May 2001 Termites the wood. All topical treatments, espe- cially borates, that will be exposed to weather, must also have a sealer coat to prevent leaching into the soil follow- ing rain. Because they contain pesti- cides, disposal of treated lumber requires special handling. For more information on proper disposal of treated lumber, contact your local Household Hazardous Waste Collec- tion site. For the site nearest you, call 1-00-253-2687. Treating Lumber in Structures. Treat- ing infested lumber in a structure re- quires drilling and injecting chemicals into the wood to reach the colony. Because of toxicity and complexity of use, most wood preservatives that are applied to wood in a structure are professional-use only. Controlling Drywood Termites Drywood termite colonies are usually small and difficult to detect. Treat- ments for this pest include whole- structure applications of fumigants or heat and localized or spot treatments of chemicals or treatments that use heat, freezing, microwaves, or electric- ity. Techniques to prevent infestations of this species include the use of chemicals, pressure-treated wood, barriers, and resistant woods. For more details on these control methods and their effectiveness, see Pest Notes: Dnjwood Termites, listed in "Compiled From." Controlling Subterranean and Da;npwood Termites Subterranean and dampwood termites in structures cannot be adequately controlled by fumigation, heat treat- ment, freezing, or termite electrocution devices because the reproductives and nymphs are concentrated in nests near or below ground level in structures out of reach of these control methods. The primary methods of controlling these termites are the application of insecti- cides or baiting programs. Use of insecticides or baits should be supplemented with the destruction of their access points or nests. To facilitate control of subterranean termites, de- stroy their shelter tubes whenever pos- sible to interrupt access to wooden substructures and to open colonies to attack from natural enemies such as ants. For dampwood termites, if infes- tations are small, destroy accessible nests by removing infested wood. Re- moving excess moisture from wood will also destroy dampwood termite nests. Insecticides. Insecticides are applied to the soil either in drenches or by injec- tion. Special hazards are involved with applying insecticides to the soil around and under buildings and a licensed professional does these procedures best. Applications in the wrong place can cause insecticide contamination of heating ducts, radiant heat pipes, or plumbing used for water or sewage under the treated building. Soil type, weather, and application techniques influence the mobility of insecticides in the soil; soil-applied insecticides must not leach through the soil profile to contaminate groundwater. In the past, chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides (e.g., chlordane) and orga- nophosphates (chlorpyrifos) were ex- tensively used for termite control but many of these materials have been phased out because of health and envi- ronmental concerns. Active ingredients in currently available termiticides can be broadly classified as repellent or nonrepellent. Pyrethroids, such as permethrin and cypermethrin (Dragnet and Demon), are considered to be re- pellent. This means that the termites are able to detect the insecticide, which basically serves as a barrier, and they are repelled by it without receiving a dose that will kill them. Therefore, when using these materials it is impor- tant to make sure there are no gaps or breaches in the barrier. Also, any ad- joining structures must be monitored to ensure that the repelled termites don't infest them. Recently introduced chemicals (imidacloprid and fipronil) are now available that are less toxic to humans and other mammals than the older insecticides but highly toxic to insects. Both of these insecticides are also nonrepellent to termites and have been shown to be effective in killing termites at low dosage rates under California's climatic conditions. Generally, the most effective insecticides are only available to licensed structural pest control operators. Baiting. Baits for subterranean termites are commercially available in Califor- nia. While this method of controlling termites is very appealing because it does not require extensive site prepara- tion such as drilling or trenching and extensive application of insecticide to the soil or structure, research is still ongoing to develop the most effective baits and delivery systems. Several bait products (e.g., Sentricon with hexaflumuron and FirstLine with sulfluramid) are available for profes- sional use only. There is also an over- the-counter product (Terminate with sulfluramid) available in retail stores. Currently, baits are only available for subterranean termites, not drvwood or dampwood termites. Because subterra- nean termites in California vary in their foraging and in the times that they will take baits, the placement of bait stations and the time of installa- tion is a crucial component in a suc- cessful baiting program. Be sure to read and follow all the label directions for the product you use. Once a termite infestation is controlled, it is essential that the bait stations continue to be monitored monthly. Spring is an espe- cially critical time to detect invasion by new colonies. Other Methods. Experimental efforts have been made to control soil- dwelling termites using biological con- trol agents, including use of Argentine ants and nematodes. However, these methods are not yet effective enough to be recommended. COMPILED FROM: Lewis, V. R. July 1997. Pest Notes: Drywood Termites. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7440. Also available online at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu .5. May 2001 Termites Marer, P. 1991. Residential, Industrial, and Institutional Pest Control. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 3334. REFERENCES Potter, M. F. 1997. Termites. In A. Mallis, ed. Handbook of Pest Control, 811, ed. Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co. ScheIfrahn, R. H., N.-?. Su and P. Busey. 1997. Laboratory and field evaluations of selected chemical treat- ments for control of drywood termites (Isoptera: Kaloterrnitidae). I. Econ. Entoniol. 90: 492-502. Online References California: CAL Termite Web page, www.cnr.berkeley.edu/lewis International: UNEP/FAO/Global IPM Facility Workshop on Termite Biology and Management, www.chem.unep.ch/ pops/ pdf/ termrpt.pdf For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR (revision): V. R. Lewis, EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1, 3,4: D. Kidd; Fig. 2: Adapted from Termites and Other Wood- Infesting Insects. Oakland: UC DANR Leaf- let 2532: Fig. 5: Adapted from Mallis, A. 1997. Handbook of Pest Control. 8th ed. Cleveland: Franzak & Foster Co. Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http:llwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu) n ucr UC 9' 1PM PEER A II L) REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qua)ifued profes- sionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor iscriticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported bythe Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully 10110w all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers In a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers ordispose of them In such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr., Oakland, CA 94607-5200; (510) 987-0096. .6. SPIDERS Integrated Pest Management In and Around the Home Many people fear or dislike spiders but, for the most part, spiders are ben- eficial because of their role as predators of insects and other arthropods, and most cannot harm people. Spiders that might injure people—for example, black widows—generally spend most of their time hidden under furniture or boxes, or in woodpiles, corners, or crevices. The spiders commonly seen out in the open during the day are unlikely to bite people. IDENTIFICATION Spiders resemble insects and some- times are confused with them, but they are arachnids, not insects. Spiders have eight legs and two body parts—a head region (cephalothorax) and an abdo- men. They lack wings and antennae. Although spiders often are found on plants, they eat mainly insects, other spiders. and related arthropods, not plants. Most spiders have toxic venom, which they use to kill their prey. How- ever, only those spiders whose venom typically causes a serious reaction in humans are called "poisonous" spiders. Black Widow Spider The black widow spider. Latrodectus hesperus (Fig. I), is the most common harmful spider in California. Venom from its bite can cause reactions rang- ing from mild to painful and serious, but death is very unlikely and many symptoms can be alleviated if medical treatment is obtained. Anyone bitten by this spider should remain calm and promptly seek medical advice: it is helpful if the offending spider can be caught and saved for identification. The typical adult female black widow has a shiny black body. slender black legs, and a red or orange mark in the shape of an hourglass on the underside of the large, round abdomen (Fig. 2). The body, excluding legs, is /16 to /8 EST inch long. The adult male black widow is one-half to two-thirds the length of the female, has a small abdomen, and is seldom noticed. The male black widow does possess venom, but its fangs are too small to break human skin. The top side of its abdomen is olive greenish gray with a pattern of cream-colored areas and one light- colored band going lengthwise down the middle. The hourglass mark on the underside of the abdomen typically is yellow or yellow-orange and broad- waisted. The legs are banded with alternating light and dark areas. Con- trary to popular belief, the female black widow rarely eats the male after mat- ing, but may do so if hungry. Like males, young female black widow spi- ders are patterned on the top side. In the early stages they greatly resemble males, but gradually acquire the typi- cal female coloration with each shed- ding of the skin. In intermediate stages they have tan or cream-colored, olive gray, and orange markings on the top side of the abdomen, a yellowish or- ange hourglass mark on the underside, and banded legs. Only the larger im- mature female and adult female spi- ders are able to bite through a person's skin and inject enough venom to cause a painful reaction. Webs and Egg Sacs. The web of the black widow is an irregular, tough- stranded, sticky cobweb mesh in which the spider hangs with its underside up. During the day it often hides under an object at the edge of the web or stays in a silken retreat in the center. The black widow may rush out of its hiding place when the web is disturbed, especially if egg sacs are present. The egg sacs are mostly spherical, about 112 inch long and /8 inch in diameter, creamy ye!- low to light tan in color, opaque, and tough and paperlike on the surface. A female may produce several egg sacs. Tiny, young black widows, which are OTES (acmuai size of body) Figure 1. Adult black widow spider. nearly white in color, disperse to new locations by ballooning and infest new areas. Where the Spiders Live. Black widow spiders occur in most parts of Califor- nia. They and their associated webs usually are found in dark, dry, shel- tered, relatively undisturbed places such as among piles of wood, rubbish, or stones; in culverts, hollow stumps, and old animal burrows; in garages. sheds, barns, crawl spaces, utility meter boxes, and outhouses; and some- times among plants. People are most likely to be bitten when they disturb the spider while they are cleaning out or picking up items in such places. A sensible precaution is to always wear gloves and a longsleeved shirt when working in areas that have been undis- turbed for a time and where there are good hiding places for spiders. Figure 2. Two variations of hourglass markings of black widow spider. Publication 7442 University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2000 May 2000 Spiders Effects of the Bite. The symptoms of a black widow bite are largely internal; little more than local redness and swelling may develop at the bite site. The internal effects may range from mild to severe. Pain tends to spread from the bite to other parts of the body and muscular spasms may develop. In severe cases the abdominal muscles may become quite rigid. Other effects can include profuse sweating, fever, increased blood pressure, difficulty breathing and speaking, restlessness, and nausea. Typically, the pain and other symptoms reach a maximum within a day of the bite, then gradually subside over the next 2 to 3 days. Most people who are bitten spend a few hours under observation by a physi- cian but do not develop symptoms severe enough to require treatment. Small children, the elderly, and per- sons with health problems are likely to suffer some of the more severe conse- quences of the bite. Block widow bites are fairly common in California. Yellow Sac Spider The common house-dwelling agrarian sac or yellow sac spider, Cheiracan- thium inclusum. is a small spider that spins a silken sac web in the corners of ceilings and walls, and behind shelves and pictures: it is also commonly found outdoors in shrubbery. This spider is light yellow and has a slightly darker stripe on the upper middle of the abdomen (Fig 3). The eight eyes of this spider are all about equal in size and arranged in two horizontal rows (Fig. 4). Yellow sac spiders can be seen running on walls and ceilings at night and quickly drop to the floor to escape if they are disturbed. Bites usually occur when the spider becomes trapped against a person's skin in clothing or bedding. It is estimated that sac spiders are responsible for more bites on people than any other spider. Typical symptoms of a bite include initial pain, redness, and sometimes swelling. A small blister may form, often breaking, leaving a sore that heals over a period of several weeks. Soreness near the bite may last for a few days to several weeks or may not occur at all, depend- ing on the individual. Recluse Spiders Recluse spiders of the genus Loxosceles include the well-known brown recluse spider, L. reclusa, which does not occur of body) Figure 3. Adult yellow sac spider. Figure 4. Head region of recluse spider (left) and yellow sac spider (right). Note the arrangements of the eyes: the recluse spider has six eyes arranged in three pairs and the yellow sac spider has eight eyes arranged in two rows of four. in California. While the brown recluse has occasionally been brought into California in household furnishings, firewood, and motor vehicles, it does not reside in the state. However, an- other recluse spider, the Chilean re- cluse spider (L. laeta), was introduced into Los Angeles County in the late 1960s. In Chile, South America it is known to have a bite that is toxic to humans. The native recluse spider of California (L. deserta) is found in the desert regions of southern California and neighboring states. Its bite can cause problems, but it is not as toxic as that of the Chilean recluse. In any case, bites from either species are rare. Both the native desert recluse spider and the Chilean recluse spider occur princi- pally in the drier areas of southern California. Recluse spiders can have a violin. shaped mark (with the neck of the vio- lin pointing backward) on the top side of the head region (cephalothorax). However, the mark is not always dis- tinct, so it should not be used as an identifying character. A unique feature of recluse spiders is their six eyes, ar- ranged in pairs in a semicircle (Fig. 4), Spider Bites Unlike mosquitoes, spiders do not seek people in order to bite them. Generally, a spider doesn't try to bite a person unless it has been squeezed, lain on, or similarly provoked to defend itself. Moreover, the jaws of most spiders are so small that the fangs cannot penetrate the skin of an adult person. Sometimes when a spider is disturbed in its web, it may bite instinctively because it mistakenly senses that an insect has been caught. The severity of a spider bite depends on factors such as the kind of spider, the amount of venom injected, and the age and health of the person bitten. A spider bite might cause 110 reaction at all, or it might result in varying amounts of itching, redness, stiffness, swelling, and pain—at worst, usually no more severe than a bee sting. Typically the symptoms persist from a few minutes to a few hours. Like reactions to bee stings, however, people vary in their responses to spider bites, so if the bite of any spider causes an unusual or severe reaction, such as Increasing pain or extreme swelling, contact a physician, hospital, or poison control center (in California, the number is 1-800-876-4766 or 1-800-8-POISON). Sometimes a person may not be aware of having been bitten until pain and other symptoms begin to develop. Other species of arthropods whose bites or stings may be mistaken for that of a spider include ticks, fleas, bees, wasps, bedbugs, mosquitoes. the conenose (kissing) bug (Triatonia protracia), deer flies, horse flies, and water bugs ('Lethocerus spp.). For first aid treatment of a spider bite, wash the bite, apply an antiseptic to prevent infection, and use ice or ice water to reduce swelling and discomfort. If you receive a bite that causes an unusual or severe reaction, contact a physician. If you catch the critter in the act, capture it for identification, preserve it (or whatever parts of it remain), and take it to your county UC Cooperative Extension office. If no one there can identify it. ask that it be forwarded to a qualified arachnologist. '-I (actual size of body) May 2000 Spiders which can be seen with the use of a good hand lens. Most other spiders have eight eyes. All recluse spiders make large, irregu- lar, flattened, cobweb-type webs with thick strands extending in all direc- tions. These spiders avoid light, are active at night, and tend to build their webs in out-of-the-way places. Chilean recluse spiders may be found indoors in boxes, in corners, behind pictures, in old clothing hanging undisturbed, and in other similar places. Desert recluse spiders appear outdoors where they may be found under rocks or wood. A person bitten by a recluse spider may not be aware of having been bit- ten at the time of the bite. The first symptoms often appear several hours later. They consist of pain, formation of a small blister, redness, and swelling at the bite site. In the days following the initial bite, the tissue dies and sloughs off, exposing underlying flesh. The area develops into an open sore that is very slow to heal and may leave a sunken scar after healing. There may be accompanying flulike effects such as nausea, fever, chills, and restlessness. Bites from brown recluse spiders have never been confirmed in California. More detailed information on these spiders is available in Pest Notes: Brown Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders, listed in the "Suggested Reading" section. Other Spiders In addition to the species mentioned above, there are only a few other spe- cies of spiders in California that may on occasion bite humans. (Remember, if the bite of any spider causes an un- usual or severe reaction, contact a physician.) One kind of red and black jumping spider, Phidippus johnsoni. may bite if it is disturbed, but the bites are usually not serious. The female spiders are black with red on the top side of the abdomen whereas the males are all red. These spiders range in size from 1/4 to /2 inch long. Tarantulas are long-lived spiders that occupy burrows in the ground during the day but often come out at night to hunt insects near the burrow. They commonly are feared because of their large size and hairy appearance. Some poisonous tarantulas occur in tropical parts of the world, but the bites of Cali- fornia tarantulas are not likely to be serious—at worst, they are similar to a bee sting. The hobo spider, Tegenaria agrestis, also called the aggressive house spider, is a common spider in the Pacific Northwest. It builds funnel-shaped webs in dark, moist areas such as base- ments, window wells, wood piles, and around the perimeter of homes. It is a large (I to 1/4 inch, including legs), fast-running brown spider with a her- ringbone or multiple chevron pattern on the top of the abdomen. Bites most commonly occur when a person picks up firewood with a spider on it or when a spider finds its way into clothing or bedding. Reactions to bites of the hobo spider are similar to those caused by brown recluse spiders. The major difference between the two is that sometimes the bite of the hobo spider is accompanied by a severe headache that does not respond to aspirin. The hobo spider has not been documented in California, but it has been documented as expanding its range into other states that border Washington and Oregon. One spider frequently found indoors is the common house spider. Achaearanea tepidariorum (Fig. 5), which makes a cobweb in corners of rooms, in win- dows, and in similar places. Another is the marbled cellar spider. I-Iolocnemus pluchei, which was introduced into the state in the 1970s and has since dis- placed the once common Iongbodied cellar spider, Pholcus phalanioides (Fig. 6), a longlegged spider that re- sembles a daddy-longlegs. These spi- ders are incapable of biting humans because their fangs are too short to pierce people's skin: they primarily cause problems by producing messy cobwebs. Various kinds of small hunting spiders may wander indoors and occasionally, rather large. hunting-type spiders are discovered in homes or garages. Often these are fully grown wolf spider or tarantula males that have reached ma- turity and are searching for females. When these spiders are wandering, one Figure 5. Adult common house spider. I—I lual size body) Figure 6. Adult longbodied cellar spider. or more may accidentally get indoors. New houses and other structures in developments may be invaded by wolf spiders that have lost their usual Out- door living places. The more insects there are inside a building, the more likely it is to have spiders living there. Usually spiders are most abundant in fall following the first few rains of the season. Immature and adult female burrow-living spiders sometimes wan- der for a time during the rainy season if they have had to abandon wet burrows. MANAGEMENT Remember that spiders are primarily beneficial and their activities should be encouraged in the garden. Pesticide control is difficult and rarely neces- sary. The best approach to controlling spiders in and around the home is to remove hiding spots for reclusive spi- ders such as black widows and regu- larly clean webs off the house with brushes and vacuums. Prevention and Nonchemical Control Spiders may enter houses and other structures through cracks and other openings. They also may be carried in on items like plants, firewood, and boxes. Regular vacuuming or sweeping of windows, corners of rooms, storage areas, basements, and other seldomly used areas helps remove spiders and their webs. Vacuuming spiders can be May 2000 Spiders an effective control technique because their soft bodies usually do not survive this process. Indoors, a web on which dust has gathered is an old web that is no longer being used by a spider. Individual spiders can also be removed from indoor areas by placing a jar over them and slipping a piece of paper under the jar that then seals off the opening of thejar when it is lifted up. To prevent spiders from coming in- doors, seal cracks in the foundation and other parts of the structure and gaps around windows and doors. Good screening not only will keep out many spiders but also will discourage them by keeping out insects that they must have for food. In indoor storage areas, place boxes off the floor and away from walls, when- ever possible, to help reduce their use- fulness as a harborage for spiders. Sealing the boxes with tape will pre- vent spiders from taking up residence within. Clean up clutter in garages. sheds, basements, and other storage areas. Be sure to wear gloves to avoid accidental bites. For more information contact the University or California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. CONTRIBUTORS: R. Vetter, P. O'Connor- Marer, E. Mussen, L. Allen, K. Daane, G. Hickman, A. Slater, P. Phillips, R. Hanna EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 3: J. L. Lockwood; Fig. 5: V. Winemiller PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi- cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer- sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http:Ilwww.ipm.ucdavis.edu) F.1 UC+IPM To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named prod- ucts is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agri- culture, under special project Section 3(d). Integrat- ed Pest Management. Outdoors, eliminate places for spiders Sorptive dusts containing amorphous to hide and build their webs by keep- silica gel (silica aerogel) and pyre- ing the area next to the foundation free thrins, which can be applied by profes- of trash, leaf litter, heavy vegetation, sional pest control applicators only, and other accumulations of materials. may be useful in certain indoor situa- Trimming plant growth away from the tions. Particles of the dust affect the house and other structures will dis- outer covering of spiders (and also courage spiders from first taking up insects) that have crawled over a residence near the structure and then treated surface, causing them to dry moving indoors. Outdoor lighting at- out. When applied as a dustlike film tracts insects, which in turn attracts and left in place, a sorptive dust pro- spiders. If possible, keep lighting fix- vides permanent protection against tures off structures and away from spiders. The dust is most advanta- windows and doorways. Sweep, mop, geously used in cracks and crevices hose, or vacuum webs and spiders off and in attics, wall voids, and other buildings regularly. Insecticides will enclosed or unused places. not provide long-term control and should not generally be used against COMPILED FROM: spiders outdoors. Barr, B. A., C. W. Hickman, and C. S. Koehler. 1984. Spiders. Oakland: Univ. Chemical Control Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet Typically pesticide control of spiders is 2531. difficult unless you actually see the spider and are able to spray it. There SUGGESTED READING are various insecticides available in Akre, N. D., and E. P. Catts. 1992. retail outlets labeled for spider control, Spiders. Pullman: Wash. State Univ., including pyrethrins, resmethrin, al- Cooperative Extension Publ. EB1548. lethrin, or combinations of these prod- ucts. Avoid products containing Hedges, S. A., and M. S. Lacey. 1995. chlorpyrifos or diazinon because they Field Guide for the Management of Urban have been implicated in storm water Spiders. Cleveland: Franzak and contamination. If you spray a spider, it Foster Co. will be killed only if the spray lands directly on it; the spray residual does Marer, P. 1991. Residential. Industrial, not have a long-lasting effect. This and Institutional Pest Control. Oakland: means a spider can walk over a Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. sprayed surface a few days (and in Publ. 3334. many cases, a few hours) after treat- ment and not be affected. Control by Vetter, R. S. Jan. 2000. Pest Notes: Brown spraying is only temporary unless ac- Recluse and Other Recluse Spiders. companied by housekeeping. It is just Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. as easy and much less toxic to crush Res. Publ. 7468. Also available online the spider with a rolled up newspaper at: hup:f/www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/ or your shoe or to vacuum it up. selectnewpest. home. him] WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers In a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Dispose of empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reuse the containers. Make sure empty containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your county agricultural commissioner for correct ways of disposing of excess pesticides. Never bum pesticide containers. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or In a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California. Agriullure and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin, 6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200: (510) 987-0096. SNAILS AND SLUGS Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners Snails and slugs are among the most bothersome pests in many garden and landscape situations. The brown garden snail (Helix aspersa) (Fig. 1), is the most common snail causing problems in California gardens; it was introduced from France during the 1850s for use as food. Several species of slugs are frequently damaging, including the gray garden slug (Agriolimax reliculalum) (Fig. 2), the banded slug (Lintax niarginalusi), the tawny slug (Limaxflavus), and the greenhouse slug (Milax gagates). Both snails and slugs are members of the mollusk phylum and are similar in structure and biology, except slugs lack the snail's external spiral shell. IDENTIFICATION AND BIOLOGY Snails and slugs move by gliding along on a muscular "foot." This muscle con- stantly secretes mucus, which later dries to form the silvery "slime trail" that signals the presence of either pest. Slugs and snails are hermaphrodites, so all have the potential to lay eggs. Adult brown garden snails lay about 80 spherical, pearly white eggs at a time • into a hole in the topsoil. They may lay eggs up to six times a year. It takes about 2 years for snails to mature. Slugs reach maturity after about 3 to 6 months, depending on species, and lay clear oval to round eggs in batches of 3 to 40 under leaves, in soil cracks, and in other protected areas. Snails and slugs are most active at night and on cloudy or foggy days. On sunny days they seek hiding places out of the heat and bright light; often the only Figure 1. Brown garden snail. clues to their presence are their silvery trails and plant damage. In mild-winter areas such as southern coastal locations, young snails and slugs can be active throughout the year. During cold weather, snails and slugs hibernate in the topsoil. During hot, dry periods or when it is cold, snails seal themselves off with a parchmentlike membrane and often attach themselves to tree trunks, fences, or walls. DAMAGE Snails and slugs feed on a variety of living plants as well as on decaying plant matter. On plants they chew ir- regular holes with smooth edges in leaves and flowers and can clip succu- lent plant parts. They can also chew fruit and young plant bark. Because they prefer succulent foliage or flowers, they are primarily pests of seedlings and herbaceous plants, but they are also serious pests of ripening fruits, such as strawberries, artichokes, and tomatoes, that are close to the ground. However, they will also feed on foliage and fruit of some trees; citrus are especially sus- ceptible to damage. Look for the silvery mucous trails to confirm damage was caused by slugs or snails and not ear- wigs, caterpillars, or other chewing insects. MANAGEMENT A good snail and slug management program relies on a combination of methods. The first step is to eliminate, to the extent possible, all places where Figure 2. Gray garden slug. ES Publication 7427 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised May 2003 May 2003 Snails and Slugs crushed and left in the garden. House- hold ammonia diluted to a 5 to 1076 solution in water can also be sprayed on collected slugs to kill them. Traps Snails and slugs can be trapped under boards or flower pots positioned throughout the garden and landscape. Inverted melon rinds make good traps. You can make traps from 12" x 15" boards (or any easy-to-handle size) raised off the ground by 1-inch runners (Fig. 3). The runners make it easy for the pests to crawl underneath. Scrape off the accumulated snails and slugs daily and destroy them. Crushing is the most common method of destruction. Do not use salt to destroy snails and slugs; it will increase soil salinity. Figure 3. A snail trap can be made from a board with 1-inch strips. snails or slugs can hide during the day. Boards, stones, debris, weedy areas around tree trunks, leafy branches growing close to the ground, and dense ground covers such as ivy are ideal sheltering spots. There will be shelters that are not possible to eliminate e.g., low ledges on fences, the undersides of wooden decks, and water meter boxes. Make a regular practice of trapping and removing snails and slugs in these areas. Also, locate vegetable gardens or susceptible plants as far away as pos- sible from these areas. Reducing hiding places allows fewer snails and slugs to survive. The survivors congregate in the remaining shelters, where they can more easily be located and removed. Switching from sprinkler irrigation to drip irrigation will reduce humidity and moist surfaces, making the habitat less favorable for these pests. Choose snail-proof plants for areas where snails and slugs are dense. Copper barriers can be useful for protecting especially susceptible plants. Though baits can be part of a management program for snails and slugs, by themselves they don't provide adequate control in gar- dens that contain plenty of shelter, food, and moisture. Choice of plant can greatly affect how difficult your battle with snails and slugs will be. Snails and slugs favor seedlings and plants with succulent foliage and these plants must be vigi- lantly protected. Some plants that are seriously damaged include basil, beans, cabbage, dahlia, delphinium, hosta, lettuce, marigolds, strawberries, and many vegetable plants. On the other hand, many plants resist damage from snails and slugs including begonias, California poppy, luchias, geraniums, impatiens, lantana, nasturtiums, and purple robe cup flower, and many plants with stiff leaves and highly scented foliage like lavender, rosemary, and sage. Most ornamental woody plants and ornamental grasses are also not seriously affected. If you design your landscape using plants like these, you are likely to have very limited damage from snails and slugs. Handpicking Handpicking can be very effective if done thoroughly on a regular basis. At first it should be done daily. After the population has noticeably declined, a weekly handpicking may be sufficient. To draw Out snails, water the infested area in the late afternoon. After dark, search them out using a flashlight, pick them up (rubber gloves are handy when slugs are involved), place them in a plastic bag, and dispose of them in the trash; or they can be put in a bucket with soapy water and then disposed of in your compost pile. Alternatively, captured snails and slugs can be Beer-baited traps have been used to trap and drown slugs and snails; how- ever, they are not very effective for the labor involved. Beer traps attract slugs and snails within an area of only a few feet, and must be refilled every few days to keep the level deep enough to drown the mollusks. Traps are buried at ground level, so the mollusks easily fall into them. It is the fermented prod- uct that attracts them and a sugar-water and yeast mixture can be used in place of beer. Traps must have deep, vertical sides to keep the snails and slugs from crawling out and a top to reduce evapo- ration. Snail and slug traps can also be purchased at garden supply stores. Barriers Several types of barriers will keep snails and slugs out of planting beds. The easiest to maintain are those made with copper flashing and screen. Copper barriers are effective because it is thought that the copper reacts with the slime that the snail or slug secretes, causing a flow of electricity. Vertical copper screens can be erected around planting beds. The screen should be 6. inches tall and buried several inches below the soil to prevent slugs from crawling through the soil beneath the barrier. Copper foil (for example, Snail-Barr) can be wrapped around planting boxes, .2. May 2003 Snails and Slugs headers, or trunks to repel snails for several years. When banding trunks, wrap the copper foil around the trunk, tab side down, and cut it to allow an 8-inch overlap. Attach one end or the middle of the band to the trunk with one staple oriented parallel to the trunk. Overlap and fasten the ends with one or two large paper clips to allow the cop- per band to slide as the trunk grows. Bend the tabs out at a 90° angle from the trunk. The bands need to be cleaned occasionally with a vinegar solution. When using copper bands on planter boxes, be sure the soil within the boxes is snail-free before applying bands. If it is not, handpick the snails and slugs from the soil after applying the band until the box is free of these pests. Instead of copper bands, Bordeaux mixture (a copper sulfate and hydrated lime mixture) or copper sulfate alone can be brushed on trunks to repel snails. One treatment should last about a year. Adding a commercial spreader or white latex paint may increase the persistence of Bordeaux mixture through two seasons. Barriers of dry ashes or diatomaceous earth, heaped in a band 1 inch high and 3 inches wide around the garden, have also been• shown to be effective. However, these barriers lose their effectiveness after becoming damp and are therefore diffi- cult to maintain and not very useful in most garden situations. Natural Enemies Snails and slugs have many natural enemies, including ground beetles, pathogens, snakes, toads, turtles, and birds, but most are rarely effective enough to provide satisfactory control in the garden. An exception is the use of domesticated fowl—ducks, geese, or chickens—kept penned in infested ar- eas. (Be careful, though, as these birds may also eat seedlings.) The predaceous decollate snail (Ruinina decollata) has been released in southern California citrus orchards for control of the brown garden snail and is providing very ef- fective biological control. It feeds only on small snails, not full-sized ones. Because of the potential impact of the decollate snail on certain endangered mollusk species, it cannot be released in California outside of Fresno, imperial, Kern, Los Angeles, Madera, Orange, Riverside, Santa Barbara, San Bernar- dino, San Diego, Ventura, or Tulare counties. Also, decollate snails may feed on seedlings, small plants, and flowers as well as be a nuisance when they cover the back patio on a misty day. Decollate snails will be killed by snail baits. Baits Snail and slug baits can be effective when used properly in conjunction with a cultural program incorporating the other methods discussed above. However, baits alone will not effec- tively control snails or slugs. Several types of snail and slug bait products are available. Baits containing the active ingredient metaldehyde are most com- mon. Metaldehyde baits are part icu- larly poisonous to dogs and cats, and the pelleted form is especially attractive to dogs. Metaldehyde snail baits should not be used where children and pets cannot be kept away from then,. Some metaldehyde products are formulated with carbaryl, partly to increase the spectrum of pests controlled to include soil and debris-dwelling insects, spi- ders, and sowbugs. However, carbaryl is toxic to soil-inhabiting beneficials like ground beetles and earthworms and should be avoided if snail and slug management is all that is required. Metaldehyde baits containing 476 metaldehyde are significantly more effective than those products containing only 2% metaldehyde; however, they are also more toxic to dogs and wildlife. Most currently available 476 products are formulated for use in enclosed bait stations to minimize their hazard. Avoid getting metaldehyde bait on plants, especially vegetables. Baits con- taining only metaldehyde are most reliable when temperatures are warm or following a rain when snails and slugs are active. Metaldehyde does not kill snails and slugs directly unless they eat a substantial amount; rather, it stimulates their mucous-producing cells to overproduce mucous in an attempt to detoxify the bait. The cells eventually fail and the snail dies. When it is sunny or hot, they die from desiccation. If baiting is followed by cool and wet weather, they may recover if they ingest a sublethal dose. Do not water heavily for at least 3 or 4 days after bait place- ment; watering will reduce effective- ness and snails may recover from metaldehyde poisoning if high mois- ture conditions occur. Most metalde- hyde baits break down rapidly when exposed to sunlight; however, some paste or bullet formulations (such as Deadline) hold up somewhat longer under conditions of sunlight and moisture. A recently registered snail and slug bait, iron phosphate (available under many trade names including Sluggo and Escar-Go), has the advantage of being safe for use around domestic animals, children, birds, fish, and other wildlife and is a good choice for a gar- den IPM program. Ingestion of the iron phosphate bait, even in small amounts, will cause snails and slugs to cease feeding, although it may take several days for the snails to die. Iron phos- phate bait can be scattered on lawns or on the soil around any vegetables, orna- mentals, or fruit trees to be protected. Iron phosphate baits may be more effec- tive against snails than slugs. Sprinkle baits in areas that snails and slugs regularly frequent such as areas around sprinkler heads. Placing baits repeatedly in the same areas maximizes control because molluscs tend to return to food source sites. Never pile bait in mounds or clumps, especially those baits that are hazardous, because piling makes a bait attractive to pets and chil- dren. Placement of the bait in a com- mercial bait trap reduces hazards to pets and children and can protect baits from moisture, but may also reduce their effectiveness. Thick liquid baits may persist better under conditions of rain and sprinklers. The timing of any baiting is critical; baiting is less effective during very hot, very dry, or cold times of the year be- cause snails and slugs are less active during these periods. Irrigate before .3. May 2003 Snails and Slugs applying a bait to promote snail activ- ity and apply the bait in the late after- noon or evening. Application on a warm, humid evening is ideal. Apply bait in a narrow strip around sprin- klers, close to walls and fences or in other moist and protected locations, or scatter it along areas that snails and slugs cross to get from sheltered areas to the garden. REFERENCES Dreistadt, S. H., J. K. Clark, and M. L. Flint. 1994. Pests of Landscape Trees and Shrubs: An Integrated Pest Management Guide. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3359. Flint, M. L. 1998. Pests of the Garden and Small Farm: A Grower's Guide to Using Less Pesticide. 2nd ed. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 3332. Hesketh, K. A., and W. S. Moore. 1979. Snails and Slugs in the Home Garden. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Leaflet 2530. Sakovich, N. J, J. B. Bailey, and T. W. Fisher. 1984. Decollate Snails for Control of Brown Garden Snails in Southern Cali- fornia Citrus Groves. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Pub]. 21384. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioner's office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: M. L. Flint EDITOR: B. Ohlertdorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Figs. 1 & 2: Seventeenth Street Studios. Fig. 3: DANR Leaflet 2530. Produced by IPM Education and Publica- tions, UC Statewide IPM Program, Universi- ty of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http:l/www.lpm.ucdavis.edu) I J UCJIP uc M PEERINJ REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer re- viewed for technical accuracy by University of Cal- ifornia scientists and other qualified professionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d). Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and Out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift Onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional information on safe Container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them In such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (covered veterans are special disabled veterans, recently separated veterans, Vietnam-era veterans, or any other veterans who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's equal employment opportunity policies may be directed to the Affirmative ActionlStaff Personnel Services Director, University of California. Agriculture and Natural Resources, 300 Lakeside Drive. 6" Floor, Oakland, CA 94612-3550, (510) 987-0096. .4. ROSES IN THE GARDEN AND LANDSCAPE: INSECT AND MITE PESTS AND BENEFICIALS Integrated Pest Management for Home Gardeners and Landscape Professionals Roses are among the most intensively managed plants in many home land- scapes. Part of this intensive manage- ment is the frequent application of pesticides. However, while insects and mites may attack roses from time to time, many rose enthusiasts are able to maintain vigorous plants and produce high quality blooms with little or no use of insecticides, espe- cially in California's dry interior val- leys. The key is careful selection of varieties, which vary significantly in susceptibility to insect and disease problems, good attention to appropri- ate cultural practices, and occasional handpicking or using water to spray away pests. Keep an eye Out for rising populations of natural enemies that often rapidly reduce the numbers of aphids, mites, and other pests. For management of diseases see UC IPM Pest Notes Publication 7463, Roses in the Garden and Landscape: Diseases and Abiolic Disorders, and for general tips on cultural practices and weed control, see UC IPM Pest Notes Publica- tion 7465, Roses in the Garden and Landscape: Cultural Practices and Weed Control. COMMON INSECT AND MITE PESTS Aphids are the most common insect pests on roses. The actual species I involved depends on where the roses size) are grown in the state and includes the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae, the potato aphid, M. euphorbiae, and the cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii among others. Aphids favor rapidly growing tissue such as buds and shoots. Low to moderate levels of aphids do little damage to plants, although many gardeners are concerned with their very presence. Moderate to high populations can secrete copious amounts of honey- dew, resulting in the growth of sooty mold, which blackens leaves. Very high numbers may kill buds or reduce flower size. Aphids have many natural enemies including lady beetles, soldier beetles, and syrphid flies (see the section on Common Natural Enemies) that may rapidly reduce increasing populations. Keep ants out of bushes with sticky barriers or traps to im- prove biological control. Lady beetles often increase in number when aphid populations are high. The convergent lady beetle is sold at nurseries for release against aphids and may reduce numbers when properly released. Releasing green lacewings against the rose aphid has not been shown to offer significant control in research trials. A naturally occurring fungal pathogen may control aphids when conditions are wet or humid. In most areas aphids are normally a problem for only about 4 to 6 weeks in spring and early summer before high summer temperatures reduce their numbers. In many landscape situations, knocking aphids off with a forceful spray of water early in the day is all that is needed to supplement natural control. Insecticidal soaps or neem oil can also be used to increase mortality of aphids with only moderate impact on natural enemies. Aphids are easy to control with insecticides such as the foliar systemic acephate (Orthene) or malathion, but such applications are seldom necessary. Soil-applied sys- temic insecticides may be effective but are not usually necessary. Insects and Mites That Cause Leaves to Stipple or Yellow Spider mites, Tetranychus spp., cause leaves to be stippled or bleached, often with webbing, or they may cause leaves to dry tip and fall. They are tiny (about the size of the period at the end of this sentence) and are best seen with the use of a hand lens. High numbers are usually associated with dry, dusty conditions. Spider mite numbers may greatly increase if their mans' natural enemies are killed by broad- spectrum insecticides applied for other pests. For instance, applications of carbaryl (Sevin) applied to control other pests are frequently followed by an increase in mite populations. Conserving natural enemies, provid- ing sufficient irrigation, and reducing dust may all help control mites. Over- head irrigation or periodic washing of leaves with water can be very effec- tive in reducing mite numbers. If treatment is necessary, spider mites can be controlled with insecticidal soap, horticultural oil, or neem oil. Releases of predator mites have been used in some situations. Rose leafhopper, Edwardsianna rosae, causes stippling larger lllW1III than mite stip- (act uat VlA pling but tends size) to be a problem only in certain EST TES Publication 74 University of California Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources September 1999 September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials localities. Cast skins and the ab- sence of webbing on the underside of leaves is a good indication that these pests are present. Plants can tolerate moderate stippling. Use an insecticidal soap if an infestation is severe. Insects That Distort or Discolor Blossoms Thrips. Western flower thrips, Fran- kiiniella occidentalis, and Madrone thrips, Thrips niadroni, cause injury primarily to rose flowers, causing blossom petals to streak with brown or become distorted. The tiny yellow or black thrips insects can be found within the bIos- f~ci3~r'i al soms. Thrips problems are more likely to be severe where many rose bushes located close to- gether provide a continuously bloom- ing habitat. Fragrant, light-colored or white roses are most often attacked and can be severely damaged. Culti- vars with sepals that remain tightly wrapped around the bud until blooms open have fewer problems. In most home garden and landscape situa- tions, thrips can be tolerated. Fre- quent clipping and disposal of spent blooms may reduce thrips problems. Control with insecticides is difficult because materials are mostly effective on early developmental stages, which are commonly found within buds or flowers where most pesticide applica- tions cannot penetrate. It should be noted that western flower thrips can have a beneficial role as a predator of spider mites. Insects That May Chew Blossoms and/or Leaves Fuller rose beetle. Adults of Fuller rose beetle, Asynonychus godniani, chew flowers and foliage leaving notched or ragged edges. Adult beetles A are pale brown wee- vils that are about 3/8inchlong.They are flightless and tactual hide during the day, suzel often on the under- sides of leaves; feeding takes place at night. The larvae are root feeders but do not seriously damage roses. Low numbers can be ignored; otherwise, handpick the beetles off the plant, use sticky material on stems, and trim branches that create bridges to walls and other plants. The adults are diffi- cult to control with insecticides be- cause they have a long emergence period that goes from June to Novem- ber. Parasitic nematodes may be help- ful if applied to the soil in early to midsummer. Hoplia beetle, 1-loplia callipyge, is about 1/4 inch long and chews holes mostly in the petals of open flowers. It is primarily a problem in the Central Valley from Sacramento south to Bakersfield. The hoplia beetle prefers feeding on light-colored roses (white, pink, apricot, and yellow) but does not damage leaves. Larvae are root feeders but do not feed on the roots of rose plants. There is only one genera- tion a year and I damage is usually (actual confined to a 2- to size) 4-week period in late spring. Adult hoplia beetles can be handpicked or infested rose blooms clipped off plants. Sprays are not very effective and should not be necessary in a garden situation. Leafcutter bees, I I Megachile spp., cut (length of bee) semicircular holes in the margins of leaves and carry leaf material back to use in lining thei nests. Bees are impor- tant pollinators and should not be killed. Tolerate this pest as there are no effective controls. Rose curculio, Merhynchites spp., is a red to black snout weevil about 1/4 inch long that prefers yellow and white roses. It punch- es holes in flowers and buds and may create ragged holes in blossoms or kill the develop- lactual ing bud. If weevils size) are numerous, terminal shoots may be killed as well. Larvae feed within buds, often killing them before they open. Handpick adults off plants and destroy infested buds. A broad-spectrum insec- ticide can be applied to kill adults if the infestation is severe. Caterpillars such as orange tortrix, tussock moth, fruittree leafroller, tent caterpillar, and omnivorous looper may feed on rose leaves; some of these cat- erpillars may also tie leaves with silk. Damage is usually not severe and treat- ment not usually necessary. Handpick or clip out rolled leaves. Small leaf- feeding caterpillars can be killed with an application of the microbial insecti- cide Bacillus thuringiensis. Some Cater- pillars, like the tobacco budworm, may occasionally bore into flower buds. Look for the caterpillar or its frass in- side. Prune and destroy damaged buds. Rose slug, Endelomyia aethiops, is the black to pale green, sluglike larva of a sawfly. Unlike pear slug, this species has apparent legs and looks like a cat- erpillar. Young larvae skeletonize the lower leaf surface while mature larvae chew t#1' large holes in leaves. j 1'f These pests have I many natural ene- mies. They may be washed off with a (actual strong stream of water or killed with an application of insecticidal soap. (Bacillus thuriugiensis will not work because these are wasp larvae and not the larvae of butterflies or moths.) Insects That Cause Canes to Die Back Flatheaded borers, Chrysobothris spp., may kill canes or an entire plant. Larvae are white and up to 1 inch long with enlarged heads. Adult beetles do not significantly damage laclual roses. Eggs tend to be laid size on stressed rose plants, especially in bark wounds caused by sunburn or September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials disease. Remove and destroy infested material and keep plants healthy by providing sufficient irrigation and avoiding excessive summer pruning. Raspberry horntail, I-iarti,gia cressoni, larvae are white, segmented caterpil- lars up to 1 inch long that can cause tips of canes to wilt and die in spring, reducing second cycle blooms. Adults are wasplike, black or black and yel- low, and about 1/2 inch long. Inspect canes in spring (mid-April to mid- June) for egg laying incisions or swell- ings caused by larvae and cut them off below the infestation. Prune off infest- ed canes until healthy pith is found. Scale insects including rose scale, Aulacaspis rosne, and San Jose scale, Quadraspidiotus perniciosus, are occa- sionally the cause of cane decline or dieback when numbers are high. These armored scales can be ob- served on canes as small, grayish, round to oval encrusta- tions, ranging in size from 1/8 to 1/4 inch. These in- sects have no legs or an- I' tennae for most of their 1/ lives and are immobile. / Ii In winter, cut back and /1 destroy infested canes and apply If insecticidal oil to remaining infested canes if necessary. Scales are attacked by many natural enemies. Look for exit holes in mature scale covers, which indicate parasiti- zation. An Insect Rarely Found in California Rose midge, Dasineura rhodophaga, was reported infesting roses in a nurs- ery in Petaluma, California in August 1996. Rose midges are tiny flies that lay their eggs inside the sepals of flow- er buds or on plant terminals. Hatch- ing larvae move into flower buds to feed, leaving the injured buds to with- er, blacken, and die. Pupation occurs in the soil and two to four generations can occur annually. When first report- ed in 1996, there was widespread fear that this pest would move rapidly through the state, caus- NNA severe damage to roses in gardens and commercial nurseries. However, few midges were found in 1997. factual The pest has been present in central Ore- gon and Washington for many years and is not known to be a major pest there. Hopefully it will not become a problem in California. Take any sus- pected infested material to your coun- t)' Agricultural Commissioner for identification. Don't confuse the rose midge with the similar looking benefi- cial midge, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, which feeds on aphids. Aphidoletes larvae are found on stem, bud, or leaf Surfaces feeding within aphid colo- nies, whereas Dasineura larvae are out of view at the base of developing buds in terminals. COMMON NATURAL ENEMIES OF INSECT AND MITE PESTS IN ROSES Aphid parasites. Tiny parasitic wasps are very important in the control of aphids in roses. Adults lay their eggs within the aphid and developing lar- vae, rapidly immobilizing them. Even- tually, the parasite kills them and turns them into bronze or black crusty, bloated mummies. The para- site pupates within the mummy and then cuts a neat round hole and emerges as a full grown wasp. Once you see one mum- my in the aphid colony, you are likely to (actual see more. size) Parasitic wasps are also important in the control of scale insects, caterpillars, and many other insect pests. Minute pirate bug. Minute pirate bugs, Onus trislicolor, are tiny true bugs with black and white markings as adults. They are often among the first predators to ap- pear in spring, and they feed on mites, (actual insect and mite eggs, size) immature scales, and thrips. Lacewings. Green lacewings in the genera Chrysopa and Chrysoperla are common natural enemies of aphids and other soft-bodied in- (, sects. The gray-green to L) brown alligator-shaped larvae are the predatory I stage of the Chrysopenla factual I species. The green lacy- size)' winged adults feed on honeydew. Lady beetles. Many different red and black lady beetle species are predators of aphids; the most common is the convergent lady beetle, Hippodamia convergens (see drawing). Another common species in the garden is the multi-colored Asian lady beetle, Harmo- nia axyridis. These lady beetles have the advantage of feeding primarily on aphids and are predators in both the adult and larval stages. Look for the black, alligator-shaped larva with or- ange dots and the oblong, yellow eggs that are laid on end • . j in groups. Releases • (aclual of commercially Size) available conver- gent lady beetles can reduce aphid numbers. However, large numbers must be released on each : .: (actual individual rose plant. size Mist lady beetles with a water spray before release. Make releases in the evening at dusk by plac- ing beetles on canes at the base of plants. Wet plants first with a fine spray of water. Expect 90% of the lady beetles to fly away in the first 24 hours. All released lady beetles are unlikely to lay eggs and will fly away once aphid populations have been substantially reduced. .3. September 1999 Roses: Insect and Mite Pests and Beneficials Leatherwings or soldier beetles. These moderate to large-sized beetles in the Cantharid family have leather- like dark wings and orange or red heads and thoraxes. They feed on aphids and are very common on roses. Many people mistake them for pests, but they are predaceous both as adults and larvae (in the soil). Sometimes they leave dark splotches of excrement on leaves. Syrphid flies. Syrphids, sometimes called flower flies or hover flies, are important predators of aphids and very common on roses. Adults, which superficially resemble wasps, feed on nectar and pollen before reproducing and are often seen hovering above flowers. Larvae, often found within aphid colonies, are legless and mag- got shaped. There are many species in I California and they vary in color from oclual dull brown or yellow to bright ' green, but most have a yellow longitudinal stripe on the back. Don't mis- (actual lake them for moth size) or butterfly larvae! Predaceous mites. A number of pred- atory mites feed on spider mites, fre- quently keeping them at tolerable levels. Predatory mites can be distin- guished from the plant-feeding spider mites by the absence of the two spots on either side of the body, their pear shape, and their more active habits. Compared to the plant-feeding spe- cies of mites that remain in one loca- tion feeding, predatory mites move rapidly around the leaf looking for prey. Because they are so small, a hand lens is helpful in viewing them. Spiders. All spiders are predators and many contribute significantly to bio- logical control. Many types of spiders including crab spiders, jumping spi- ders, cobweb spiders, and the orb- weavers occur in landscapes. REFERENCES Dreistadt, S. H. 1994. Pests of Land- scape Trees and Shrubs. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3359. Flint, M. L., and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 3386. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agricultural commissioner's office in your county. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHORS: Mary Louise Flint and John Karlik ILLUSTRATIONS: Child, Ashley: Fuller rose beetle; Hoplia beetle; Lacewing larva; Lady beetle adult; Lady beetle larva; Lealcutter bee; Rose curculio; Rose leafhopper; Scale insects; Syrphid fly larva Flint, M. L., and S. H. Dreistadt. 1998. Natural Enemies Handbook. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric & Natural Res., Publ. 3386: Aphid parasite (Table 7-1.A), Lacewing adult (Fig. 8-13); Minute pirate bug (Table 8-2.A); Syrphid adult (Table 8- 3.0 Packard, A. S. 1876. Guide to the Study of Insects. New York: Henry Holt & Co.: Rose slug (Fig. 148) Sanderson, E. D., and C. F. Jackson. 1912. Elementary Entomology. Boston: Ginn & Co.: Flatheaded borer (Fig. 208) Karlik, J., P. B. Goodell, and C. W. Osteen. 1995. Improved mite sampling may reduce acaricide use in roses. Calif. Agric. 49(3):38-40. UC 1PM Pest Notes: various pests of gardens and landscape. World Wide Web (http:/ / www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) and Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. Nat. Res. Sasscher, E. R., and A. D. Borden. 1919. The Rose Midge. Washington, D.C.: USDA, Bulletin 778: Rose midge UC IPM Pest Notes. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Div. Agric. and Nat. Resourses: Aphid (Publ. 7404, Jan. 1995); Raspberry horntail larva (Publ. 7407, Jan. 1995); Spider mite (Publ.7429, Jan. 1995); Thrips (Publ. 30, Feb 1996) EDITOR: B. Ohiendorl DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush PRODUCED BY IPM Education and Publi- cations, UC Statewide IPM Project, Univer- sity of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (hllp: //www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) C1 UC+IPM To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Depart- ment of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d), Integrated Pest Management. or excess pesticloes. Never ourn pestuctae containers. agrucuururar commissioner Tor correct ways or WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the Container label. Store alt chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift Onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits and/or vegetables ready to be picked. Disposeof empty containers carefully. Follow label instructions for disposal. Never reusethecontainers. Make sure empty Containers are not accessible to children or animals. Never dispose of containers where they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. Do not pour down sink or toilet. Consult your county The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duty during a war or in a campaign or expedition for which a campaign badge has been authorized). University Policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1111 Franklin, 61h Floor, Oakland, CA 94607-5200; 1510i 987-0096 .4. YELLOWJACKETS AND OTHER SOCIAL WASPS Integrated Pest Management in and around the Home Only a few of the very large number of wasp species in California live a social life; these species are referred to as social wasps. Some social wasps are predators for most or all of the year and provide a great benefit by killing large numbers of plant-feeding insects and nuisance flies; others are exclu- sively scavengers. Wasps become a problem only when they threaten to sting humans. One of the most trouble- some of the social wasps is the yellow- jacket. Yellowjackets, especially ground- and cavity-nesting ones such as the western yellowjacket (Fig. 1), tend to defend their nests vigorously when disturbed. Defensive behavior increases as the season progresses and colony populations become larger while food becomes scarcer. In fall, foraging yellowjackets are primarily scavengers and they start to show up at picnics, barbecues, around garbage cans, at dishes of dog or cat food placed outside, and where ripe or over- ripe fruit are accessible. At certain times and places, the number of scav- enger wasps can be quite large. IDENTIFICATION AND LIFE CYCLE In western states there are two distinct types of social wasps: yellowjackets and paper wasps. Yellowjackets are by far the most troublesome group. Paper wasps are much less defensive and rarely sting humans. They tend to shy away from human activity except when their nests are located near doors, windows, or other high traffic areas. Nests of both yellowjacket and paper wasps typically are begun in spring by a single queen who overwinters and becomes active when the weather warms. She emerges in late winter/ early spring to feed and start a new nest. From spring to midsummer nests are in the growth phase, and the larvae require large amounts of protein. Workers forage mainly for protein at this time (usually in the form of other insects) and for some sugars. By late summer, however, the colonies grow more slowly or cease growth and re- quire large amounts of sugar to main- tain the queen and workers. So foraging wasps are particularly inter- ested in sweet things at this time. Normally, yellowjacket and paper wasp colonies only live one season. In very mild winters or in coastal Califor- nia south of San Francisco, however, some yellowjacket colonies survive for several years and become quite large. Yellowjackets The term yellowjacket refers to a num- ber of different species of wasps in the genera Vespula and Dolichovespula (family Vespidae). Included in this group of ground-nesting species are the western yellowjacket, Vespula pensylvanica, which is the most com- monly encountered species and is sometimes called the "meat bee," and seven other species of Vespula. Vespula vulgaris is common in rotted tree stumps at higher elevations and V. germanica (the German yellowjacket) is becoming more common in many ur- ban areas of California, where it fre- quently nests in houses. These wasps tend to be medium sized and black with jagged bands of bright yellow (or white in the case of the aerial-nesting Figure 1. Western yellowjacket. Dolichovespula 1= Vespulai niaculata) on the abdomen, and have a very short, narrow waist (the area where the tho- rax attaches to the abdomen). Nests are commonly built in rodent burrows, but other protected cavities, like voids in walls and ceilings of houses, sometimes are selected as nest- ing sites. Colonies, which are begun each spring by a single reproductive female, can reach populations of be- tween 1,500 and 15,000 individuals, depending on the species. The wasps build a nest of paper made from fibers scraped from wood mixed with saliva. It is built as multiple tiers of vertical cells, similar to nests of paper wasps, but enclosed by a paper envelope around the outside that usually con- tains a single entrance hole (Fig. 2). If the rodent hole is not spacious enough, yellowjackets will increase the size by moistening the soil and dig- ging. Similar behavior inside a house -'EST ES lication 7450 University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources Revised August 2001 August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps Figure 2. Yellowjacket nest in spring (top), summer (center), and early fall (bottom). sometimes leads to a wet patch that develops into a hole in a wall or ceiling. Immature yellowjackets are white, grublike larvae that become white pu- pae. The pupae develop adult coloring just before they emerge as adult wasps. Immatures are not normally seen un- less the nest is torn open or a sudden loss of adult caretakers leads to an exodus of starving larvae. Aerial-nesting yellowjackets, Dcl itho- vespula arenaria and D. maculata, build paper nests that are attached to the eaves of a building or are hanging from the limb of a tree. The entrance is nor- mally a hole at the bottom of the nest. These aerial nesters do not become scavengers at the end of the season, but they are extremely defensive when their nests are disturbed. Defending D. arenaria sometimes bite and/or sting, simultaneously. Wasp stingers have no barbs and can be used repeatedly, es- pecially when the wasp gets inside clothing. As with any stinging incident, it is best to leave the area of the nest site as quickly as possible if wasps start stinging. Paper Wasps Paper wasps such as Polistesfiscatus aurifer, P. apachus, and P. dominulus are large (1 inch long), slender wasps with long legs and a distinct, slender waist (Fig. 3). Background colors vary, but most western species tend to be golden brown, or darker, with large patches of yellow or red. Preferring to live in or near orchards or vineyards, they hang their paper nests in protected areas, such as under eaves, in attics, or under tree branches or vines. Each nest hangs like an open umbrella from a pedicel (stalk) and has open cells that can be seen from beneath the nest (Fig. 4). White, legless, grublike larvae some- times can be seen from below. Paper wasp nests rarely exceed the size of an outstretched hand and populations vary between 15 to 200 individuals. Most species are relatively unaggres- sive, but they can be a problem when they nest over doorways or in other areas of human activity, such as fruit trees. Mud Daubers Mud daubers are black and yellow, thread-waisted, solitary wasps that build a hard mud nest, usually on ceil- ings and walls, attended by a single female wasp. They belong to the family Sphecidae and are not social wasps but may be confused with them. They do not defend their nests and rarely sting. During winter, you can safely remove the nests without spraying. INJURY OR DAMAGE Concern about yellowjackets is based on their persistent, pugnacious behav- ior around food sources and their ag- gressive colony defense. Stinging behavior is usually encountered at nesting sites, but scavenging yellowjackets sometimes will sting if someone tries to swat them away from a potential food source. When scaveng- ing at picnics or other outdoor meals, Figure 3. Paper wasp. Figure 4. Paper wasp nest. wasps will crawl into soda cans and cause stings on the lips, or inside the mouth or throat. Responses to wasp stings vary from only short-term, intense sensations to substantial swelling and tenderness, some itching, or life-threatening aller- gic responses. All these reactions are discussed in detail in Pest Notes: Bee and Wasp Stings (see "References"). Of specific concern is a condition that results from multiple-sting encounters, sometimes unfamiliar to attending health professionals, that is induced by the volume of foreign protein injected and the tissue damage caused by de- structive enzymes in wasp venom. Red blood cells and other tissues in the body become damaged; tissue debris and other breakdown products are carried to the kidneys, to be eliminated from the body. Too much debris and waste products can cause blockages in the kidneys, resulting in renal insuffi- .2. August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps ciency or renal failure. Patients in this condition require medical intervention, even dialysis. MANAGEMENT Most social wasps provide an ex- tremely beneficial service by eliminat- ing large numbers of other pest insects through predation and should be pro- tected and encouraged to nest in areas of little human or animal activity. Al- though many animals prey on social wasps (including birds, reptiles, am- phibians, skunks, bears, raccoons, spi- ders, preying mantids, and bald-faced hornets), none provides satisfactory biological control in home situations. The best way to prevent unpleasant encounters with social wasps is to avoid them. If you know where they are, try not to go near their nesting places. Wasps can become very defen- sive when their nest is disturbed. Be on the lookout for nests when outdoors. Wasps that are flying directly in and Out of a single location are probably flying to and from their nest. Scavenging wasps will not usually become a problem if there is no food around to attract them. When nuisance wasps are present in the outdoor envi- ronment, keep foods (including pet food) and drinks covered or inside the house and keep garbage in tightly sealed garbage cans. Once food is dis- covered by wasps, they will continue to hunt around that location long after the source has been removed. If wasp nests must be eliminated, it is easiest and safest to call for profes- sional help. In some areas of California, personnel from a local Mosquito and Vector Control District may be avail- able to remove nests. To determine if this service is available in your area, call the California Mosquito and Vector Control Association at (916) 440-0826. If a rapid solution to a severe yellow- jacket problem is essential, seek the assistance of a professional pest control operator who can use microencapsu- lated baits to control these pests. Do- it-yourself options include trapping wasps in a baited trap designed for that purpose, early-season removal of nests, or spraying the nest or nesting site with an insecticide labeled for that use. Trapping Wasps Trapping wasps is an ongoing effort that needs to be initiated in spring and continued into summer and fall, espe- cially when the yellowjacket popula- tion was large the previous year. In spring there is a 30- to 45-day period when new queens first emerge before they build nests. Trapping queens dur- ing this period has the potential to provide an overall reduction in the yellowjacket population for the season, and a study is currently underway to test this theory in some California Mos- quito and Vector Control districts (see "Online References"). The more traps put out in spring on an area-wide basis to trap queens, the greater the likeli- hood of reducing nests later in the summer. Usually one trap per acre is adequate in spring for depletion trap- ping of queens; in fall, more traps may be necessary to trap scavenging wasps, depending on the size of the popula- tion. There are two types of wasp traps: lure and water traps. Lure Traps. Lure traps are available for purchase at many retail stores that sell pest control supplies and are easiest to use. They work best as queen traps in late winter and spring. In summer and fall they may assist in reducing local- ized foraging workers, but they do not eliminate large populations. Lure traps contain a chemical that attracts yellow- jackets into the traps, but common lures such as heptyl butyrate are not equally attractive to all species. Pro- teins such as lunchmeat can be added as an attractant and are believed to improve catches. During spring, baited lure traps should have the chemical bait changed every 6 to 8 weeks. In summer, change the bait every 2 to 4 weeks; change bait more frequently when temperatures are high. Meats must be replaced more frequently because yellowjackets are not attracted to rotting meat. Also, periodically check the trap to remove trapped yellowjackets and make sure workers are still attracted to the trap. Water Traps. Water traps are generally homemade and consist of a 5-gallon bucket, string, and protein bait (turkey ham, fish, or liver works well; do not use cat food because it may repel the yellowjackets after a few days). The bucket is filled with soapy water and the protein bait is suspended I to 2 inches above the water. (The use of a wide mesh screen over the bucket will help prevent other animals from reach- ing and consuming the bait.) After the yellowjacket removes the protein, it flies down and becomes trapped in the water and drowns. Like the lure trap, these traps also work best as queen traps in late winter to early spring. In summer and fall they may assist in reducing localized foraging workers but usually not to acceptable levels. Place them away from patio or picnic areas so wasps aren't attracted to your food as well. Discouraging or Eliminating Nests Early in the season, knocking down newly started paper wasp nests will simply cause the founding female to go elsewhere to start again or to join a neighboring nest as a worker. As there is little activity around wasp nests when they are first starting, they are very hard to find. Wasps are more likely to be noticed later after nests and populations grow. Nest removal for controlling subterranean or cavity- dwelling yellowjackets is not practical because the nests are underground or otherwise inaccessible. Nest Sprays Aerosol formulations of insecticides on the market labeled for use on wasp and hornet nests can be effective against both yellowjackets and paper wasps, but they must be used with extreme caution. Wasps will attack applicators when sensing a poison applied to their nests, and even the freeze-type prod- .3. August 2001 Yellowjackets and Other Social Wasps uctS are not guaranteed to stop all wasps that come flying out. It is pru- dent to wear protective clothing that covers the whole body, including gloves and a veil over the face. In addi- tion, you need to wear protective eyewear and other clothing to protect yourself from pesticide hazards. Wasps are most likely to be in the nest at night. But even after dark and using formulations that shoot an insecticide stream up to 20 feet, stinging incidents are likely. Underground nests can be quite a distance from the visible en- trance and the spray may not get back far enough to hit the wasps. Partially intoxicated, agitated wasps are likely to be encountered at some distance from the nest entrance, even on the day following an insecticidal treatment. Hiring a pest control professional will reduce risks to you and your family; in some areas of California, this service may be available through your local Mosquito and Vector Control District. REFERENCES Ebeling, W. 1975. Urban Entomology. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Sci. Mussen, E. Feb 1998. Pest Notes: Bee and Wasp Stings. Oakland: Univ. Calif. Agric. Nat. Res. Publ. 7449. Also avail- able online at www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/ PMG /selectnewpest.home.html Online References California Mosquito and Vector Control Akre, R. D., A. Green, J. F. MacDonald, Web site (www.sac-yolomvcd .com) for P. J. Landolt, and H. G. Davis. 1981. information on yellowjacket control The Yellowjackets of America North of Mexico. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 552.102 pp. For more information contact the University of California Cooperative Extension or agri- cultural commissioners office in your coun- ty. See your phone book for addresses and phone numbers. AUTHOR: E. Mussen EDITOR: B. Ohlendorf TECHNICAL EDITOR: M. L. Flint DESIGN AND PRODUCTION: M. Brush ILLUSTRATIONS: Fig. 1: Courtesy of U.S. Public Health Service; Fig. 2: A. L. Antonel- Ii. Modified after Washington State Universi-ty Bulletin EB 0643, Vellowjackets and Paper Wasps. Figs. 3 and 4: D. Kidd. Produced by IPM Education and Publica-tions, UC Statewide IPM Project, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8620 This Pest Note is available on the World Wide Web (http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu) Rill U a 6 PEER h ai UCrlPM REVIEWED This publication has been anonymously peer reviewed for technical accuracy by University of California scientists and other qualified profes- sionals. This review process was managed by the ANR Associate Editor for Pest Management. To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement of named products is Intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products that are not mentioned. This material is partially based upon work supported by the Extension Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, under special project Section 3(d). Integrated Pest Management. WARNING ON THE USE OF CHEMICALS Pesticides are poisonous. Always read and carefully follow all precautions and safety recommendations given on the container label. Store all chemicals in the original labeled containers in a locked cabinet or shed, away from food or feeds, and out of the reach of children, unauthorized persons, pets, and livestock. Confine chemicals to the property being treated. Avoid drift onto neighboring properties, especially gardens containing fruits or vegetables ready to be picked. Do not place containers containing pesticide in the trash nor pour pesticides down sink or toilet. Either use the pesticide according to the label or take unwanted pesticides to a Household Hazardous Waste Collection site. Contact your county agricultural commissioner for additional Information on safe container disposal and for the location of the Household Hazardous Waste Collection site nearest you. Dispose of empty containers by following label directions. Never reuse or burn the containers or dispose of them in such a manner that they may contaminate water supplies or natural waterways. The University of California prohibits discrimination against or harassment of any person employed by or seeking employment with the University on the basis of race, color. national origin, religion, sex, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation, citizenship, or status as a covered veteran (special disabled veteran, Vietnam-era veteran, or any other veteran who served on active duly during a war or in a campaign or expedition forwhlch a campaign badge has been authorized). University policy is intended to be consistent with the provisions of applicable State and Federal laws. Inquiries regarding the University's nondiscrimination policies may be directed to the Affirmative Action/Staff Personnel Services Director, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. 300 Lakeside Dr., Oakland, CA 94612-3350; (510) 987-0096. .4. APPENDIX 5 References References City of Carlsbad Standard Urban Storm Water Mitigation Plan, April 2003 State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the 2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited Segments, February 2003 State Water Resources Control Board, Resolution NO. 2003-0009, Approval of the 2002 Federal Clean Water Act Section 303(d) List of Water Quality Limited Segments - Monitoring List, February 2003 Carlsbad Watershed Urban Runoff Management Program Document, January 2003 ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Residential Planning Areas 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 12, September 2003 ProjectDesign Consultants, Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Mass Graded Conditions Drainage Report, February 2003 ProjectDesign Consultants, Addendum to Drainage Report - Bressi Ranch Mass Grading CT 00-06, October 2004 Improvement Plans for Bressi Ranch, Drawing Number 397-2K, Sheet 4, Dated 2/12/03 California Stormwater Quality Association, Stormwater Best Management Practice Handbook - New Development and Redevelopment, January 2003 National Menu of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Phase II, US EPA California Department of Transportation BUT Retrofit Pilot Program, Proceedings from the Transportation Research Board 8th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C. January 7-11, 2001. Continuous Deflection Separation (CDS) Unit for Sediment Control in Brevard County, Florida, 1999 Herr, J.L., and Harper, H.H. Removal of Gross Pollutants From Stormwater Runoff Using Liquid/Solid Separation Structures. Environmental Research & Design, Inc., Orlando, FL. 14p Protocol for Developing Pathogen TMDLs, US EPA. 2002 .Aquashield, Inc. 2003 Stormwater Management Inc. AbTech Industries Kristar Enterprises, Inc. Comm Clean Bowhead Manufacturing Co. Ultra Tech International, Inc. CDS Technologies, Inc. Hydro International Stormceptor Technical Manual, Rinker Materials, January 2003. Vortechnics Design Manual, May 2000.